Communication and ethics. Moral principles and norms of human communication

Human communication is based on certain ethical principles, norms and rules. Without their observance, communication will slide down to satisfying one’s own needs, which will lead to the destruction of relationships between people.

The purpose of all ethical norms and rules of conduct is to unite and unite all members of society.

The most important rule of communicating with strong people: you cannot publicly doubt their infallibility.
Jennifer Egan. Citadel

Every person has a need to communicate with others. Some are more sociable, others less so, but for the main two forms of human interaction - friendship and love - communication is necessary. Any human actions always have some kind of framework, boundaries and rules. What norms and rules govern our communication and determine the culture of speech?

The problem of communication ethics

The ethics of speech communication is determined by the culture of speech. Ethics prescribes rules of moral behavior for people, etiquette determines behavior in certain situations and specific formulas of politeness. A person who observes etiquette but violates ethical standards of communication is hypocritical and deceptive. Ethical and highly moral behavior with non-compliance with the rules of etiquette also looks rather strange from the outside and does not inspire confidence.

Thus, the concepts of ethics of speech communication and speech etiquette need to be considered together. Basic ethical principles and moral standards of communication are always considered along with specific rules for conducting a conversation: greeting, request, question, gratitude, farewell, etc. And if almost everyone is familiar with speech etiquette (methods of greeting, gratitude, congratulations, expressing gratitude and sympathy, etc. are familiar to many), then we often forget about ethical principles and norms.

Ethical principles of communication

There is a so-called golden rule of communication, the essence of which is that you should treat others the way you would like to be treated by others. This rule can be extended to any situation. Thus, the following basic ethical principles of communication are considered:

• altruism (willingness to sacrifice something for another),
  virtue (establishing relationships with others from the standpoint of goodness and goodness),
  exactingness (making demands on oneself and others to fulfill a moral duty, responsibility),
  justice,
  parity (equality between people), etc.
  

  Thanks to goodwill, sincerity and openness, trust arises between people, without which communication is impossible. Communication also reveals the following moral qualities of a person: honesty, truthfulness, kindness, respectful attitude towards others, caring for others, politeness, etc.

  
  

  Also, ethical principles of communication affect the content of the speech itself. It must be logical, understandable to both parties, polite, meaningful, truthful and expedient. Everyone decides for themselves whether brevity is the sister of talent. To some, short speech seems unnatural (this depends only on the person’s personal characteristics).

  Types of ethical standards

  Ethical standards of communication can be divided into mandatory and recommended. A mandatory ethical norm is adherence to the principle “Do no harm.” In order not to cause harm to a person through communication, it is important to restrain negative emotions, not to insult another, not to humiliate, not to be rude and not to be jealous.

  
  
  

  Ethical standards are also determined by the motives of communication:

  
  

on the topic: Ethics of business communication.

1. COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS 3

2 BUSINESS ETIQUETTE 10

1. COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS

The interaction between communication and ethics is multifaceted. It covers the structural, functional and other aspects of ethics as a science of morality, as well as communication - as a complex process of establishing and developing contacts between people.

Ethics with from the moment of its emergence is in interaction with communication. Moral feelings and ideas about proper behavior arise in a person through living together with other people, “thanks to the communication of thoughts and ideas, for in this sense the word “communication” is used in relation to people...”

Psychological mechanisms such as imitation, infection, suggestion, and persuasion, inherent in the communication process, make it possible to introduce ethical thoughts and ideas into the minds of people and pass them on from generation to generation. Ethics should humanize and ennoble communication between people. Analysis

the interaction of ethics and communication presupposes first clarifying the content of morality, studied by ethics as a science. Ethics as a science arose a long time ago, during the birth of slave society. The word "ethics" was introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle as the name of the science of morality.

Ethics is the science of morality. What is morality? Morality - These are norms and rules that are presented to a person and the implementation of which is voluntary.

The word “ethics” comes from the Greek “ethos”, the word “morality” comes from the Latin “mos”. The meaning of these words is one - character, custom. The morals and customs of our ancestors constituted their morality and generally accepted norms of behavior. Since certain norms of behavior become stable, they form morals and customs, as well as moral traditions and habits.

Manners and customs - These are norms of behavior that are consistently manifested in people’s actions and that meet the requirements of a particular society. They constitute the traditional order of behavior characteristic of the mass of people of a given society, a given class. By morals and customs it is customary to understand not only the specified norms of people’s behavior, but also stable, characteristic of a given people forms or features of their life and communication: national cuisine, housing, greetings and clothing, holidays and much more.

The origin of many mores and customs goes back to distant times; their connection with the historical conditions of the development of a given society is often difficult to detect. They have very great stability; behind them is the powerful force of tradition. Having outlived their time, many customs and morals become unacceptable to new conditions. However, they are being eradicated very slowly precisely because they have the power of tradition behind them.

In every era in society, in its various social groups, there are different morals and customs, but society belongs to the area morality only those morals and customs that express his interests, his requirements for actions and people.

Morality, or morality, always expresses in its norms the interests of society or a certain social group, their requirements for the behavior of people, for their actions, i.e. forms norms of behavior. At the same time, we are talking not only about a person’s behavior within the framework of private life (in the family, a narrow circle of people), but about the norms of human behavior in relation to other people and society. The special nature of a person’s relationship to society and other people, existing in certain historical conditions, leaves its mark on the entire private life of a person.

So, ethics explores a number of questions: about the essence of morality, the patterns of its change and development, principles and norms of behavior; scientifically substantiates the provisions on moral relations, moral consciousness, moral responsibility, moral culture of human behavior and much more.

The increasing role of communication in life is associated with the growth of its culture, including moral

Moral culture - it is not just a sum of ethical knowledge and not only a set of moral values ​​and principles. This is the level of moral development of a person and society. Moral culture can be characterized as a systemic property of a society, a group of individuals, expressing the extent of their assimilation of moral norms of values. This is a certain moral state of the individual and society. The quality of moral life is manifested mainly in the social and humane relations between people, the combination of personal group and public interests.

The moral culture of society is assimilated by the individual. By mastering the moral experience of society, enshrined in ethical views and ideas, in moral principles and norms, a person acquires a moral culture. However, a person acquires moral culture not so much in the process of academic mastering the moral experience of society, as much as in real actions and deeds, relationships between people and relationships to society. We are talking about the extent to which morality is embodied in people’s lives, about moral culture as a quality inherent or not inherent in every individual. Between moral culture and moral responsibility

there is a certain connection. A person’s level of education, social status, and high professionalism do not at the same time imply the presence of a certain moral culture of the individual. But the presence of moral responsibility characterizes the moral culture of an individual. The higher a person’s moral responsibility, the higher the maturity of moral culture. In the ordinary sense, moral culture means respectful, compassionate, kind, friendly, caring relationships between people. In conditions of economic, political, spiritual crisis, in the process of emotional interaction of people, relationships of bias, non-acceptance, alienation often arise. One of the most common reasons for such relationships is

The moral culture of communication allows you to prevent and resolve conflicts that arise in the process of communication. In conflict, i.e. In the collision of people holding opposing views, opinions, and aspirations, various types of behavior appear. The variety of types of behavior is especially evident in a state of frustration, i.e. upset mental state caused by a real or imagined obstacle that prevents the achievement of a goal. When frustrated, a person's previous line of behavior changes. An active defensive reaction in such a mental state is anger, aggressiveness, impulsive disorderly activity, etc. A passive form of psychological defense is the inability to respond to rudeness and aggressiveness. Neither active nor passive forms of a defensive reaction can lead to a resolution of the conflict,

Social psychology names a number of specific ways to resolve conflicts: suppression, delay, turning the conflict into a business conversation.

So, increasing moral culture is one of the important factors that normalizes communication between the parties to the conflict. Positive moral feelings, moral conviction, moral responsibility for one’s behavior allow one to find ways out of conflict situations.

The role of moral culture is also manifested in the fact that it promotes increased need for communication. An individual or a group has different levels of need for communication. Not all members of a particular community receive such a need to develop properly. It can be difficult for a person to determine his position towards a communication partner, to act as the interlocutor preferred by those communicating. Not everyone has the ability to skillfully use the qualities of their personality in the process of communication." Communication culture certainly presupposes both a high need for communication and mastery of communication techniques.

The real process of communication is the communication of real, living people with individual personal qualities, emotions, inclinations and desires. Already in utilitarian communication, the commonality of human experiences, needs and interests is revealed. On this basis, likes and dislikes, friendly and comradely ties arise - in a word, everything that can be combined with the term "personal relationships". Communication not only accompanies labor, political and other activities, but often becomes an end in itself and

stimulated by the desire to exchange opinions, feelings, structure. Man, as a social being, has developed a specifically inherent moral need for communication, empathy, and a familiar social environment. The need for communication is one of the strongest needs of a social person. The most important human need is another person. A person loses immeasurably much if he cannot measure himself with another person, exchange thoughts with him, and orient himself towards him. Indifference, lack of attention, loneliness for many is tantamount to death. The higher a person’s personal culture, the stronger his need for communication. It affects his entire worldview. At the same time, people’s claims to each other are becoming more and more demanding, and it is becoming more difficult to satisfy their mutual expectations.

Only through communication does emotional and moral development of the individual occur, the awakening of deep spiritual interests, and emotional release. In the process of communication, a person’s need for individual self-affirmation and direct emotional contact is satisfied. The moral aspects of communication are especially strongly manifested in such a property as normativity. Communication, in whatever forms it appears, always exists as an ordered communicative connection. This orderliness is achieved through rules and norms that regulate communication depending on its goals and means. For example, communication between managers and subordinates, sellers and buyers, individual mass communications (meetings, rallies, official and informal communications). All of them differ not only in content, but also in form, style, and symbolism provided for by the relevant norms.

In utilitarian communication there is much more normativity than in personal communication, although it is not free from certain regulation. When entering into personal relationships, people are forced to take into account the accepted conventions, rules of etiquette, customs and traditions. Normativity, on the one hand, imposes certain restrictions on communication, and on the other hand, it programs a unique type and form of relationships between people entering into mutual contacts.

It is important to understand the nature of the norms governing human communication. Are they brought into the communication process by morality or are they a direct expression of the technology of communication itself? It is difficult to answer this question unambiguously. Norms of communication can regulate the nature of social-role relations, and then they are determined by the content of these relations and have no direct moral significance. But at the same time, this type of communication, like others, is an object of moral evaluation and, therefore, an object of moral regulation. Deep socio-economic factors influence communication through the type of spiritual culture and its integral form - morality.

In modern society, one can observe how relations of social inequality erect a number of complex moral and psychological barriers on the path of the communication process, limiting the circle of free communication, as a rule, to a socially homogeneous environment. They subordinate personal relationships to possessive psychology and utilitarianize even intimate human relationships.

Communication is a side of a broader phenomenon - people's behavior one of the sides of which is etiquette, those. established order of behavior. This order of behavior is established in the family, in public places: institute, school, institution, at work, in church, diplomatic activities, etc. Etiquette is formed primarily in accordance with morals and customs. Its formation depends on the entire system of regulating relations between people, including legal norms, moral norms, traditions, and public opinion.

Etiquette has great moral meaning. With its help, you can express recognition of the importance of the person with whom you come into contact, respect for him. If a person is a representative of the state or a certain company, then etiquette expresses the attitude towards his rank and his state, his company, etc. In this case, etiquette has a political meaning. Etiquette obliges to recognize the values ​​established by the state, such as rank, title, rank, etc. Military etiquette consists of maintaining discipline, organization, order, and expressing readiness to unquestioningly carry out the orders of senior ranks.

In other words, there are many forms of etiquette, but they all have the same focus - recognizing and maintaining the importance and respect of the person with whom contact occurs. Thus, the unity of the moral and segregative (separating) functions of etiquette is obvious. Recognizing the significance of each person, we also recognize the differences in this significance, depending both on the personal qualities of a person and on the responsibilities assigned to him, as well as on his titles, social status, even on gender and age. It should also be remembered that in the process of historical development of society, the meaning and significance of etiquette changed. The content of etiquette is the recognition of the importance of a person or the manifestation of respect for him, expressed in the form of politeness and courtesy.

2 BUSINESS ETIQUETTE

The definition of etiquette as an established procedure somewhere gives the most general idea of ​​it. Business Etiquette richer in content, since it relates to this category as something special to the general. Business etiquette is the most important aspect of the morality of professional behavior of an entrepreneur. Domestic aspiring businessmen fail to make many profitable deals, especially with foreign companies, due to the fact that they do not know the rules of business etiquette. And even more often they are “set up” by various consultants and secretaries. Many “new Russians” have bad taste in their clothes and behavior.

As a result, the “new Russians”, their consultants and secretaries become the subject of silent and impartial criticism from their partners. Entrepreneurs who respect themselves and the honor of their company stop all negotiations after the first meeting. And the reason for this is the behavior of the “new Russians,” which can be assessed in words from the famous fairy tale about the old woman who “can neither walk nor speak.”

In order not to get into an absurd situation, you need to know the rules of good manners. In the old days, Peter the Great taught them strongly. In 1709, he issued a decree according to which anyone who behaved “in violation of etiquette” was subject to punishment. Perhaps domestic businessmen should also introduce punishment for those who expose not only themselves, but also a shadow on Russian entrepreneurship, to ridicule. Maybe even introduce an exam on knowledge of business etiquette.

So, knowledge of business etiquette is the basis of entrepreneurial success.

Rules of etiquette, clothed in specific forms of knowledge, indicate the unity of its two sides: moral, ethical and aesthetic. The first side is an expression of a moral norm: preventative care, protection, etc. The second side - aesthetic - testifies to the beauty and grace of forms of behavior.

To greet, use not only the verbal (speech) means “Hello!”, “Good afternoon,” but also non-verbal gestures: bow, nod, wave of the hand, etc. You can indifferently say: “Hello,” nod your head and walk past. But it’s better to do it differently - say, for example: “Hello, Ivan Alexandrovich!”, smile warmly at him and stop for a few seconds. Such a greeting emphasizes your good feelings for this person, he will understand that you appreciate him, and the sound of your own name is a pleasant melody for any person.

An address without a name is a formal address: be it a subordinate or a boss, a neighbor on the landing or a fellow traveler on public transport. Calling by name, or even better - by name and patronymic, is calling a person. By pronouncing the name and patronymic, we emphasize respect for human dignity and demonstrate our spiritual state. Such a greeting speaks about a person’s culture and creates a reputation for him as a delicate, well-mannered, tactful person. Of course, people are not born with such qualities. These qualities are cultivated, and then become a habit. The sooner such education begins, the better: the sooner it becomes a habit. It is especially difficult for first-generation businessmen to form good intellectual habits, since they mostly have to go through trial and error. It’s not for nothing that the British say that in order to become a gentleman, you need to have three university degrees in your family: a grandfather, a father and a son.

Etiquette is a historical phenomenon. The rules of luck for people changed with changes in the living conditions of the substance and the specific social environment. Etiquette arose during the birth of absolute monarchies. Adhering to certain rules of behavior and ceremony was necessary for the exaltation of royalty: emperors, kings, tsars, princes, princes, dukes, etc. to consolidate hierarchy within class society itself. Not only a person’s career, but also a person’s life often depended on knowledge of etiquette and compliance with its rules. This was the case in Ancient Egypt, China, Rome, and the Golden Horde. Violation of etiquette led to enmity between tribes, peoples and even wars.

Etiquette has always performed and continues to perform certain functions. For example, division by rank, estate, nobility of the family, titles, property status. The rules of etiquette were and are observed especially strictly in the countries of the Far and Middle East.

In Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Western etiquette began to be increasingly introduced. Clothes, manners and external forms of behavior were transferred to Russian soil. The observance of these rules by the boyars and the noble class (especially in capital cities) was constantly and persistently, sometimes cruelly, monitored by Tsar Peter I himself. Violations of these rules were severely punished. Subsequently, during the reign of Elizabeth and Catherine II, those rules of etiquette were selected that met the requirements and characteristics of the national culture of Russia. Russia, as a Eurasian country, in many ways combined the opposites of Europe and Asia. And there were many of these opposites not only in the 18th century, but there are many of them now. R. Kipling said that the West is the West, the East is the East, and they will never meet. So, in Europe the mourning color is black, and in China it is white. Even within the borders of the Russian Empire, the rules of behavior of different peoples differed significantly.

Of course, social progress contributed to the interpenetration of rules of behavior and the enrichment of cultures. The world was getting smaller. The process of mutual enrichment of rules of conduct made it possible to develop mutually acceptable etiquette, recognized in its main features, and enshrined in customs and traditions. Etiquette began to prescribe standards of behavior at work, on the street, at a party, at business and diplomatic receptions, in the theater, on public transport, etc.

But besides the rules of etiquette, there are also professional etiquette. There have always been and will remain relationships in life that provide the highest efficiency in performing professional functions. Participants in any interaction always try to maintain the most optimal forms of this interaction and rules of behavior. They will demand from the newcomer strict adherence to the proven and proven rules of business communication, since they facilitate the performance of professional functions and help achieve their goals. In one or another team, group of workers, employees, or business people, certain traditions develop, which over time acquire the force of moral principles and constitute the etiquette of a given group or community.

In the practice of business relations there are always some standard situations that cannot be avoided. For these situations, forms and rules of behavior are developed. This set of rules is business communication etiquette. Here is one of the definitions of business etiquette - this is a set of behavior in business that represents the external side of business communication.

Business etiquette is the result of a long selection of rules for the forms of the most appropriate behavior that contributed to success in business relationships. It was not always easy to master these rules, so entrepreneurs “from the plow” often spoke about them not very flatteringly: “Why do I need this?” You can follow this principle. However, if you want to establish strong business relationships with foreign partners, then knowledge of business etiquette is a must.

We can recall how trade relations were established by medieval Japan, which until the famous Meiji era was almost completely closed to the rest of the world. A businessman, a merchant who arrived in the land of the rising sun to establish business connections, introduced himself to the emperor. The introduction procedure was so humiliating that not every foreign guest was able to do it. The foreigner had to crawl on his knees from the door of the reception hall to the place assigned to him, and after the reception in the same way, backing away like a cancer, leave his place and hide behind the door.

But just as in those ancient times, so now, the rules of business etiquette help bring together the economic and financial interests of traders and businessmen. Profit was and remains above all differences in national character, religion, social status, and psychological characteristics. These differences were subject to the etiquette of the country the businessman was interested in. Submission to the rules of the game of the determining party created the basis for the success of the transaction.

What rules of conduct should an entrepreneur know? First of all, it should be remembered that business etiquette includes strict adherence to the rules of a culture of behavior, which presupposes, first of all, deep respect for human individuality. The social role played by this or that person should not be self-sufficient, nor should it have a hypnotic influence on the business partner. A cultural entrepreneur will treat with equal respect both the minister and the ordinary technical worker of the ministry, the president of the company, the firm and the office cleaner, i.e. Show everyone sincere respect. This sincere respect should become an integral part of nature, but only if you learn to believe in the integrity of people. At the first meeting, it is impossible to detect even a sign that you imagine him as a “dark horse”, striving to bypass you on a straight line or a bend, or, more simply, to deceive you. Behavior should be based on a moral assessment: a business partner is a good person! Unless, of course, he has proven otherwise by his actions.

A culture of behavior in business communication is unthinkable without observing the rules of verbal (verbal" speech) etiquette associated with forms and manners of speech, vocabulary, i.e. at all speech style, accepted in communication among this circle of business people. There are historically developed stereotypes of speech communication. They were previously used by Russian merchants and entrepreneurs, and now they are used by cultured Russian and foreign business people. These words are: “ladies”, “gentlemen”, “sirs” and “madam”. Among other social groups, such addresses are not yet widely adopted, and we often observe how people experience a feeling of internal discomfort at meetings, because they do not know how to address each other: the word “comrade” seems to belittle their dignity due to a certain attitude towards this word, formed under the influence of the media. On the other hand, many have clearly not risen to the level of “masters” due to their miserable existence. Therefore, very often in transport, in a store, on the street we hear humiliating phrases: “Hey, man, move over,” “Woman, punch a ticket,” etc.

Among business people, the address "Mr." is the right to life. This word emphasizes that these citizens, a social group, are free and independent in their actions more than any other social group in modern Russia. Moreover, this form of address is not blindly borrowed from anywhere in the West or East. Thoughtless borrowings, most often launched into circulation by our not very cultured television and radio journalists, reporters, as a rule, hurt the ears and emphasize the wretchedness and pretentiousness of such borrowings, for example, “a presentation has taken place”, “a new mentality of Russians is being formed” or “sponsors of the vernissage” and etc. "Master" is a native Russian word. It has the most common meaning as a form of polite address to a group of people and an individual, used in the privileged strata of society. In addition, in its other meaning - “owner of property” there is also a respectful attitude towards a person.

In a business conversation, you must be able to answer any question. Even with the simplest questions, asked several times every day: “How are you?”, it is always necessary to remember a sense of proportion. Not answering anything or impolite; muttering “Fine” and walking by is also impolite, if not rude; to indulge in long discussions about one's affairs is to be considered a bore. In such cases, business etiquette prescribes answering something like the following: “Thank you, it’s fine,” “Thank you, it’s a sin to complain,” etc., asking, in turn, “I hope that everything is fine with you?” Such answers are neutral, they reassure everyone, they follow the norms that have developed in Russia: “Don’t jinx it when things are going well.”

However, among Czechs, Slovaks, Poles and Yugoslavs, when asked “How are you?” The rules of business etiquette do not prohibit you from briefly talking about difficulties, complaining, for example, about the high cost. But they talk about this, cheerfully emphasizing that a business person overcomes difficulties - there are many of them in his business, but he knows how to cope with them, and is proud of it. And only a slacker lives without difficulties and worries.

In verbal (verbal, speech) communication, business etiquette involves the use of various psychological techniques. One of them is the “stroking formula”. These are phrases like: “Good luck to you!”, “I wish you success”, well-known phrases: “For a big ship, a long voyage”, “No fluff, no feather!” etc., pronounced with different shades. Such verbal location signs as “Salute”, “No problem”, “Oh, okay”, etc. are widely used.

But you should avoid such obviously sarcastic wishes as “Your calf should eat the evil wolf.”

In the speech etiquette of business people, compliments are of great importance - pleasant words expressing approval, a positive assessment of business activities, emphasizing taste in clothing, appearance, balance in the actions of a partner, i.e. an assessment of the intelligence of a business partner. It was not in vain that the heroine of the once popular film “Big Sister” said that a kind word is also pleasant for a cat. From this point of view, a compliment is not a mechanism of flattery. Flattery, especially rude, is a mask behind which mercantile interest is most often hidden. A compliment, especially if you are dealing with a female partner, is a necessary part of speech etiquette. During business communication there is always a real opportunity for compliments. They inspire your business partner, give him confidence, and approve. It is especially important to remember the compliment if you are dealing with a newcomer or, for example, who failed at first. It is no coincidence that Japanese companies prohibit open criticism of their employees: this is unprofitable for the company, since labor activity and initiative are reduced.

Communication is one of the most important components of human life. Every day we come across a huge number of people, and with many of them we enter into conversations, both personal and work-related. At the same time, not every one of us has an understanding of the norms and moral principles of communication, the knowledge of which allows us to feel worthy in any conversation and dispute, as well as to earn respect from our interlocutor or opponent. Let's try to talk about the moral principles and norms of human communication in more detail.

Experts argue that the complete moral culture of an individual is manifested and also realized precisely in the culture of communication. Communication itself, as well as work and cognition, are the main manifestations of our activity; it is also called communicative activity. Such contact with others is a special form of human interaction and relationships between individuals.

It is thanks to communication that we have the opportunity to exchange some experience, various skills in work and at home, and also influence each other. Such contact ensures the normal formation of intelligence, the development of the emotional sphere and volitional qualities of a person. By interacting with other people through speech, we develop individual consciousness, basic mental properties, abilities and personal qualities. In addition, communication is important for the correction and development of forms of behavior or activity.
Accordingly, without it, a person simply cannot develop as a subject of activity or social relations. Every developed person feels the need for communication with other individuals; it is the most important part of our existence.

If we talk about the moral culture of communication, then it represents the ability of an individual to choose the necessary forms and means during communication, perceived and transformed by him even during his upbringing, as well as through self-improvement. Such a culture helps to intensify an individual’s desire for personal self-expression and self-affirmation, without discounting the need for complete moral and psychological mutual understanding, including when solving business problems.

The level of a person’s moral development can help full communication, or, on the contrary, it can cause a feeling of alienation and misunderstanding if this level is quite low.

A moral culture of communication presupposes the desire of interlocutors for complete mutual understanding and openness, sympathy and trust. Such people know how to speak and at the same time know how to listen.

In many ways, moral culture is based on the presence of certain moral values ​​in a person, which are a kind of standard. By choosing them, a person confirms his conscious attitude to the foundations of morality. Thus, the moral values ​​of goodness, duty and responsibility, honor and justice, as well as dignity and conscience, especially influence a person’s behavior, his relationships with others, and also, of course, the culture of his communication.

It is moral values ​​that determine the specifics of communicative attitudes in interaction and communication between people. Thus, if an individual defines humanity as a value, then his communication skills will be characterized by humanism. Accordingly, such a person will manifest himself in communication and interaction as decent, humane, honest and kind, treating others with respect.

To realize your abilities, you must be in harmony with the world and with yourself. At the same time, you need to adhere to just a couple of basic moral norms - do not do to others something that you would not want for yourself, and also understand that what you do for others, you do for yourself. When building a dialogue, it is worth observing such principles of communication as equality and goodwill, expressing trust and respect, showing tolerance and tact. The ability to listen, the presence of a certain delicacy and compassion also play an important role.

Accordingly, moral communication cannot involve manipulating others and seeking only one's own benefit, especially through the use of tricks, fraud and dishonesty. This golden rule of morality will help you achieve a high level of communication culture, revealing and bringing out your best qualities.

Of course, mastery of moral culture implies a person’s awareness of certain cultural models of behavior - general patterns, etiquette requirements and strategies. In addition, the individual must be able to adequately use such knowledge in all kinds of communication situations, and, if the need arises, find new ones.

Moral communication itself can be viewed as a creative act. An extremely important role is played by the ability to coordinate one’s behavioral traits with the behavior of the interlocutor, taking into account the peculiarities of psychophysiological interaction - voice timbre, reaction speed, etc.

Thus, moral communication implies knowledge and mastery of certain cultural communication tools, behavioral norms that are natural for the sociocultural environment, as well as the presence of a high moral culture of the individual.

In order to apply the methods indicated below, it is necessary to consider communication in the process of moral education.

According to N.E. Shchurkova, the class teacher independently selects the fundamental grounds for communication. He himself selects from the rich ways of communication what he considers important for raising children. Of course, in this matter, the level of culture of the class teacher is more likely to decide than his agreement or disagreement with pedagogical recommendations.

The first hard principle is to address the person by name. A name is a designation of the presence of a person in the world, the name of a person, a form of address to a person. The name, in psychological assessment, is the sweetest word for the bearer of the name.

It is possible for the guys to call each other by name in its diminutive form. This option is very fruitful, because mastery of an affectionate form of address gives the child a method of strengthening relationships with people close and dear to him.

The second principle of communication is goodwill. He is brought into the group, first of all, by the teacher. It is he who appears in the group in the “dress of benevolence,” and the children mirror this attitude: facial expressions and plasticity, intonation and vocabulary - everything carries benevolence and regards the partner as a worthy person. And as soon as the slightest degree of aggression occurs, the teacher immediately corrects the situation, preventing aggression towards another.

From the first moment of meeting with the class and throughout the entire history of working with her, the teacher persistently introduces the idea of ​​​​mutual gratitude from everyone to each other for joint work: the rule “thanks in return for thanks” is steadily followed, first by the teacher, then by the children too.

One of the most difficult foundations for relationships in a group for children, with their objective perception of the world, is the principle of personal inviolability. In the school version, it usually sounds like “you cannot encroach on another person.” The content of this basis is quite broad: the inviolability of the objective world of another person (you cannot touch other people’s things), the inviolability of personal space (keep distance in relationships), the inviolability of the inner world of the soul (do not ask about the secrets of the soul, do not ask painful questions, do not reveal the world of another to others without the will of another), a ban on any kind of personal damage (do not cause trouble, inconvenience, pain, grief to another person, do not put him in a position disadvantageous for his reputation).

Respect for individuality (accepting the other as a given) over time becomes one of the strongest principles of class life. By emphasizing individual characteristics, identifying the personal exclusivity of each student in the class, the class teacher thereby forms one of the highest value relationships - interest in others.

The following principle allows for the right of everyone (including teachers) to make mistakes, oversights, failures in activities and behavior.

One more thing remains to be included in the number of ethical principles - unconditional help to each other and selfless help to each other. In the future, these acts of selfless help will help children understand and accept the value of goodness as the basis of life.

The introduction of the indicated ethical and psychological foundations during the initial work with children will not immediately give lasting results. You should wait patiently, maintaining your positions and confirming the introduced foundations of the relationship. They will develop and deepen and become richer. No matter how rough the ethical environment may be, the class teacher, in spite of everything, continues to defend high human standards of communication, focusing children’s attention on their values, strictly correcting the usual sloppy forms of communication given to children by adults. To make it easier for children to master established ethical standards of communication, it is good to conduct role-playing and situational games. (23, pp.90-101).

From all this, we can highlight the rules of communication for younger schoolchildren and teachers:

Greet one and all upon arrival;

When addressing a person, call him by name;

Provide assistance to anyone who needs it;

Be friendly to everyone;

Respect every person;

Everyone has the right to make mistakes, oversights, failures in activities and behavior;

You cannot encroach on another person.

The formulated rules should be discussed with the children and, if anything, changed and supplemented.

Depending on the age and individual characteristics of schoolchildren, their interests and life experience, one or another form (method) acquires special significance and comes to the fore. Younger students need approval of their behavior and encouragement more than older ones. Lectures and debates on moral issues (dilemma method) are held, as a rule, in high school, and with younger students, conversations on specific issues and game situations are appropriate.

When preparing methodological developments (Appendix 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), we used materials from educational psychologists E.P. Ermakova (7, p.97-105) and M.A. Yanovskaya (24, p. 48,55).