Arguments from modern literature for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. Arguments from modern literature for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language The problem of the need for revenge Arguments from literature

What a wonderful childhood memory there can be! How much has already been written about this by the classics of Russian literature! But it’s a strange thing: each new generation of writers again turns to the memories of childhood and finds in them only their innermost... “Happy, happy time of childhood...” These words of L. Tolstoy can also be attributed to these memories

A person lives for himself only in childhood. Only in childhood is he happy with his happiness and full, having filled his own tummy. Only in childhood is he infinitely sincere and infinitely free. Only in childhood everyone is brilliant and everyone is beautiful, everyone is natural, like nature, and, like nature, devoid of anxiety. Everything is only in childhood, and that’s why we are so drawn to it when we grow old, even if it was tough, like a soldier’s overcoat.

Charity

A sensational statement was made by the famous Russian businessman and one of the richest people on the planet, Vladimir Potanin. The head of the Interros holding decided that after his death, his entire fortune, estimated at billions of dollars, would be donated to charitable purposes, mainly to support educational projects.

Joy

The book by the English writer E. Porter “Pollyanna” prompted me to think like this. The heroine’s father taught her to find the positive sides in everything. He showed her that even in an unpleasant situation, you can find a reason for joy. For example, when a poor girl was given crutches by a charitable society instead of a doll, she was consoled by the fact that she did not need these crutches. Since then, Pollyanna has been involved in an exciting game: she began to look for joy in all life’s trials, even those when “there seems to be nothing to be happy about.”

Writer

It is my deep conviction that writers should always be at the top of their game and should remain dedicated to their work until the end of their lives. Overcoming unbearable pain, N. A. Nekrasov and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin did not let go of the pen from their ossified hands. Everything that the poet lived with was heard with amazing power in his dying poems. In the poem “Sowers” ​​Nekrasov calls: Sow the reasonable, the good, the eternal! Sow!

The writer's sincerity is his only pass into the reader's soul.

It seems to me that the Writer is the Creator.

He creates a world that did not exist before, and populates it with people born not of a woman, but of himself. He controls events in this world he created, he knits stories from events, he makes the sun shine when he wants it, and sends rain and bad weather of his own free will. He has enormous, divine power in the worlds he has woven from his own insomnia, and that means he must be fair, like the highest judge. And justice is the victory of good.

Loneliness

Loneliness is a terrible punishment for a person at any age, especially when the “autumn of life” begins. In this regard, I recalled lines full of bitterness from the famous story by K. Paustovsky “Telegram” Through the mouth of Katerina Ivanovna, the author says: “God forbid you live to such a lonely old age!”

For 15 years, Rabizon Crusoe lived alone on a desert island. Why hasn't he forgotten how to speak? Why did he survive? Defeated loneliness?! Crusoe was helped by communication.

“That was the happiest year of my life on the island. After all, now I was no longer alone, Friday was with me, and this made me braver ... "

Good, good deeds

In the story “Gooseberry,” Chekhov writes that behind the door of every happy person there should be a man with a hammer and with his knocking, remind of those who are unhappy, destitute, and in need of help. It seems to me that the writer himself was such a “man with a hammer.” True, he did not stand behind the door, but he himself took care of those in need, trying to remake and change the lives of each of us for the better.

The most important thing in the final essay is examples from the literature. They are the ones who determine the jury’s attitude towards the work. This is why it is so important to take the time to read high-quality collections with arguments that will reveal the main themes within one direction. This is exactly the article you see. But we need your help to improve it! Write in the comments which books need to be added to our list, and the Literaguru team will definitely do it.

In M. Gorky's play "At the Depths" the relationships of the characters are built on bitterness and revenge. Each of them, without hesitation, takes revenge on everyone else for falling to the bottom of life. All these poor people pull each other even deeper, because no one should have a way back if you don’t have one yourself. This is the unwritten law of the night shelter. For example, Vasilisa tyrannizes her younger sister out of jealousy. Her lover, Vaska Pepel, showed sympathy for her, and the despotic woman was outraged by this. Her revenge reached its climax in the finale, when her legal husband died as a result of a fight. Now Ash faces certain hard labor, but his former lady love does nothing to save him, on the contrary: she diligently drowns everyone in her slander. Even her “love” for Vaska does not stop the heroine’s vengeful nature. It is obvious that revenge is a feeling that destroys a person from the inside and expels all virtues from him.

In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the heroes are not inclined to show generosity. On the contrary, they strive to hurt and prick each other more painfully, because poverty expels from them everything that makes a person human. But there is one wanderer who breaks the vicious circle of insults and insults. This is Luka. He also lived a difficult life, even hinting that he escaped from hard labor. But these trials did not harden him. The old man finds gentle words of support and participation for each interlocutor. His eyes shine with true generosity towards everyone around him. He gave the inhabitants of the bottom hope for a bright future, and they themselves are to blame for the fact that this was not enough for their moral revival. In their caustic environment, the wanderer did not last long and left, probably realizing that these poor people not only have no home, but also no heart, since they mercilessly drown each other. Unfortunately, generosity cannot always help people.

A. I. Kuprin, “Duel”

In A. I. Kuprin’s book “The Duel,” the main character is courting an officer’s wife, and the woman encourages his attempts at rapprochement. Romashov is sincerely in love, but Shurochka plays with his feelings. She mercilessly condemns him to death for the sake of her husband's advancement. It’s not that her loved one is important to her, she just longs for a transfer to a new place where she can have fun. Because of gossip and anonymous notes, the deceived husband assigns a duel to Romashov. He wants to take revenge for his violated honor. Shura assures the hero that they will fight “for fun,” only so that Nikolaev will not be considered a coward. A young second lieutenant believes the woman he loves, but during a duel her husband kills his opponent, rising in the eyes of his fellow soldiers. Unfortunately, in the society of that time, revenge was considered the norm, so hundreds of young people who were capable of more became its victims. We can conclude that revenge is dangerous for people because, out of a sense of imaginary justice, they arrogate the right to dispose of other people's lives.

In A. I. Kuprin’s book “The Duel,” Romashov abandons his annoying mistress. But the woman does not want to let the young man go and swears that she will take revenge on him at any cost. Raisa Alexandrovna Peterson was a desperate adventurer. She decided that it was necessary to compromise the second lieutenant’s new relationship, but he and Shurochka had absolutely nothing. But Mrs. Peterson, because of her depravity, thought differently and sent out anonymous letters exposing the betrayal of Nikolev’s wife. The deceived husband lost his temper and demanded a duel. As a result of the intrigues of Shurochka herself, Romashov was killed, and her husband victoriously “defended the honor of the family.” The consequences of revenge are always tragic: an innocent person is killed, and no tricks can bring him back.

A. S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”

In A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin,” revenge led to tragedy: the young poet Lensky was killed. It all started with the fact that the main character received a letter where Tatyana confessed her love to him. He rejected the girl’s feelings, citing his unsuitability for family relationships. Naturally, he did not want to embarrass her with his presence, but an enthusiastic friend invites him to Tatyana’s name day. There he expects to spend a pleasant evening with his bride. Evgeny agrees, but during the evening he feels extremely awkward. He blames Vladimir for everything and decides to take revenge on him by flirting with his lover, Olga, a flighty coquette. Lensky was furious because he didn’t get the girl’s attention. He challenged his opponent to a duel, and Evgeniy could not refuse. As a result, Onegin killed his comrade because of his petty and stupid revenge. These are the consequences of the imaginary pursuit of justice.

The novel by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” depicts the ideal of a generous woman. This is Tatyana Larina. Her soul can truly be called great, because she neglected her passion for the sake of preserving family well-being. Once in her youth, a girl fell deeply in love with a visiting nobleman, who did not take her feelings seriously. But the heroine kept them in her heart forever, even though she married another man. She did not love the general, but she respected him and was grateful to him for the adoration with which he treated her. When, many years later, Evgeniy returned from traveling around the world, he was inflamed with passion for Tatyana. But she was married and refused the one whom she still loved selflessly. The heroine generously rejected her own happiness in order to preserve the peace and joy of her loved one. After all, true generosity requires self-denial.

A. S. Pushkin, “The Queen of Spades”

In A. S. Pushkin’s drama “The Queen of Spades,” the hero tries with all his might to find out the secret of three cards - the secret that always allowed him to win at cards. He wanted to make a big fortune and take a high place in society, but many years of work seemed ridiculous to him when he learned from Tomsky that his relative could tell him how to always win. Then Hermann launched an attack on the countess’s pupil, confessing his feelings to the unfortunate girl. She could not resist and invited the young man to a night date in the house. The hero came, but he was not interested in Lisa, but in the old woman with her secret. He scared the unfortunate woman and she died. But her ghost returned and revealed the desired secret in exchange for a promise to marry Lisa. Hermann, of course, did not restrain him, but sat down at the gaming table. However, the decisive battle let him down: he spent all the money he had earned. The old woman's revenge was terrible: the young man went crazy with grief. The author teaches an important lesson: revenge cannot be predicted, it will appear at any moment, so you should not commit reprehensible acts in the hope of avoiding retribution.

Lack of generosity can destroy a person. This example is demonstrated by A. S. Pushkin in the drama “The Queen of Spades”. The hero uses an innocent girl for selfish purposes, trying to find out the secret of three cards from her patroness in order to always win in card fights. To achieve this, he does not hesitate to deceive. Lisa lets him into the countess's house, but Hermann came there only to find out the secret. He did not spare the elderly woman either, actually bringing her to death with his threats. After the ghost finally shares the necessary information with him, the hero still does not come to his senses, breaking his word. He did not marry the abandoned Lisa. He was only concerned about his own success, and he did not feel sorry for the people who played with him and suffered ruin. As a result, Hermann loses his mind, because after the collapse, no one will help him, an egoist, and he knows it. If the hero were generous, he would achieve his goal in an honest way and live a happy life full of love, compassion and harmony, and not a short moment of success consisting of deception, crimes and sins.

M. Yu. Lermontov, “Hero of Our Time”

In M. Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time,” the author describes the tragic consequences of revenge using the example of Kazbich, who killed a kidnapped girl to take revenge on Pechorin. At the beginning of the chapter, Maxim Maksimych reports that Grigory fell in love with a Caucasian beauty and decided to kidnap her by bribing her brother. He promised him the horse Kazbich, famous throughout the region, which Azamat dreamed of. The deal was completed, Bela was captured by Pechorin. But Kazbich sought her hand, so he became very angry when he learned about this and decided to take revenge on the offender. When Grigory and Maxim Maksimych went hunting, the hero took the girl, but they were quickly caught up. Fleeing from the chase and realizing that the two of them cannot escape, the kidnapper kills the victim and leaves him on the road. Did he achieve justice with his revenge? No. He only killed the beautiful Bela, leaving him with nothing.

In the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time,” the entire failure of revenge is proven. Grushnitsky tried to achieve justice with her, but he himself fell victim to his desire. The fact is that he was trying to impress Princess Mary. He was in love, but the girl remained indifferent to him, because next to her was a more skillful gentleman - Pechorin. Gregory made the young girl fall in love with him, acting out his coldness towards her, which spurred her pride and kindled her curiosity. In desperation, the cadet decided to take revenge on his successful opponent. Together with his friends, he noticed Pechorin leaving the princess’s house at night. He left his mistress Vera, but Grushnitsky accused him of seducing Mary. Naturally, Gregory challenged the liar to a duel. Then the cowardly slanderer decided not to load his pistol in order to be sure to win the duel and get rid of his opponent. But Grigory saw through the deceiver, and it was Grushnitsky who became the victim. What did he achieve with his revenge? Nothing but your own death.

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The essay requirements for the Unified State Exam have changed several times in recent years, but one thing has remained unchanged - the need to prove the correctness of your judgments. And for this you need to choose the right arguments.

The problem of repentance will interest us first of all. In this article we will present several options for arguments selected from the school reading list. From it you can choose those that are best suited for your work.

What are arguments for?

When writing an essay for part C, you need to express your opinion regarding the given topic. But your thesis needs evidence. That is, it is necessary not only to express your position, but also to confirm it.

Very often the problem of repentance comes up in exams; it is quite easy to find arguments for it if the student is well acquainted with the school literature curriculum. However, not everyone manages to immediately remember the desired work, so it is better to select several arguments in advance on the most common topics.

What are the arguments?

In order to fully reveal the problem of repentance, arguments must be selected based on the basic requirements of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. According to them, all evidence is divided into three types:

• Personal experience, that is, facts taken from your life. They do not have to be reliable, since no one will check whether this actually happened.
• Information that the student received from the school curriculum. For example, from geography, history, etc. lessons.
• Literary arguments that will interest us in the first place. This is the reading experience that the examinee must acquire during training.

Arguments from literature

So, we are interested in the problem of repentance. Arguments from literature will be necessary if you want to get a high score for your essay. At the same time, when selecting arguments, you need to give priority attention to those works that are included in the school curriculum or are considered classics. You should not take texts from little-known authors or popular literature (fantasy, detective stories, etc.), as they may be unfamiliar to the inspectors. Therefore, you need to refresh your memory in advance of the main works that were studied during your school years. Usually in one novel or story you can find examples on almost all topics found in the Unified State Exam. The best option would be to immediately select several works that are familiar to you. So, let's look at the classics that raise the issue of repentance.

"The Captain's Daughter" (Pushkin)

The problem of repentance is very common in Russian literature. Therefore, it is quite easy to select arguments. Let's start with our most famous writer A.S. Pushkin and his novel “The Captain's Daughter”.

At the center of the work is the love of the protagonist Peter Grinev. This feeling is broad and comprehensive, like life. What interests us about this feeling is that it was thanks to him that the hero realized the evil that he had caused to his loved ones, realized his mistakes and was able to repent. Thanks to the fact that Grinev reconsidered his views on life and attitude towards others, he was able to change the future for himself and his beloved.

Thanks to repentance, his best qualities appeared in Peter - generosity, honesty, selflessness, courage, etc. We can say that it changed him and made him a different person.

"Sotnik" (Bykov)

Now let's talk about Bykov's work, which presents a completely different side of the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature can be different, and you need to choose them depending on your statement, so it’s worth stocking up on a variety of examples.

Thus, the theme of repentance in “The Sotnik” is not at all similar to Pushkin’s. First of all, because the characters themselves are different. Partisan Rybak is captured and in order to survive, he needs to hand over a comrade to the Germans. And he commits this act. But years pass, and the thought of betrayal does not leave him. Repentance overtakes him too late, this feeling can no longer correct anything. Moreover, it does not allow the Fisherman to live in peace.

In this work, repentance did not become an opportunity for the hero to get out of the vicious circle and get rid of suffering. Bykov did not consider Rybak worthy of forgiveness. On the other hand, a person must answer for such crimes throughout his life, since he betrayed not only his friend, but also himself and his loved ones.

“Dark Alleys” (Bunin)

The problem of repentance may appear in a different light. Arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam should be varied, so let’s take Bunin’s story “Dark Alleys” as an example. In this work, the hero did not have enough strength to admit his mistakes and repent, but retribution overtook him. Once in his youth, Nikolai seduced and abandoned a girl who sincerely loved him. Time passed, but she could not forget her first love, so she refused the advances of other men and preferred solitude. But Nikolai did not find happiness either. Life severely punished him for his crime. The hero's wife constantly cheats on him, and his son has become a real scoundrel. However, all this does not lead him to thoughts of repentance. Here repentance appears before the reader as an act that requires incredible spiritual effort and courage, which not everyone can find within themselves. It is for indecision and lack of will that Nikolai pays.

As an argument, the example from “Dark Alleys” is suitable only for those who in their thesis addressed the problem of retribution and retribution for those who did not repent of their atrocities. Only then will mentioning this work be appropriate.

"Boris Godunov" (Pushkin)

Now let's talk about the problem of delayed repentance. The arguments for this topic will be slightly different, since we will only be interested in one aspect of repentance. So, this problem is perfectly revealed in Pushkin’s tragedy “Boris Godunov”. This example is not only literary, but also partly historical, since the writer turns to the description of epoch-making events that took place in our country.

In "Boris Godunov" the problem of late repentance is very clearly presented. Arguments for written work on this topic must be selected taking into account Pushkin’s tragedy. In the center of the work is the story of Godunov, who ascended the royal throne. However, he had to pay a terrible price for power - to kill the baby, the real heir, Tsarevich Dmitry. Several years have passed, and now the time has come to repent. The hero is no longer able to correct what he has done; he can only suffer and suffer. His conscience haunts him; Godunov begins to see bloody boys everywhere. Those close to the king understand that he is weakening and going crazy. The boyars decide to overthrow the illegal ruler and kill him. Thus, Godunov dies for the same reason as Dmitry. This is the hero’s retribution for a bloody crime, repentance for which overtook him only after several years.

The problem of human repentance. Arguments from Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”

The theme of repentance became the basis for another great work, which gained considerable popularity and love among readers.

The main character commits a crime to prove his inhuman theory about inferior and superior people. Raskolnikov commits murder and begins to suffer, but tries in every possible way to drown out the voice of his conscience. He doesn't want to admit he's wrong. Repentance becomes a turning point in the life and fate of Raskolnikov. It opens the way for him to faith and true values, makes him reconsider his views and realize what is truly precious in this world.

Throughout the entire novel, Dostoevsky led his hero precisely to repentance and recognition of his guilt. This feeling made Raskolnikov's best character traits emerge and made him much more attractive. Although the hero still suffered punishment for his crime, and it turned out to be very severe.

The problem of repentance: arguments from life

Now let's talk about another type of argument. It is very easy to find such examples. Even if nothing like this has ever happened in your life, you can come up with it. However, such arguments are rated lower than literary ones. So, for a good book example you will get 2 points, but for a real example - only one.

Arguments based on personal experience are based on observations of one’s life, the lives of parents, relatives, friends and acquaintances.

Must be remembered

There are several general requirements for any essay, including those that reveal the problem of guilt and remorse. Arguments must necessarily confirm the thesis you have expressed and in no case contradict it. The following points must also be taken into account:

• Reviewers take into account and evaluate only the first two arguments, so there is no point in giving more examples. It is better to pay attention not to quantity, but to quality.
• Remember that literary arguments are scored higher, so try to include at least one such example.
• Do not forget about examples taken from folklore or folk tales. Similar arguments are also taken into account, but are assessed with only one point.
• Remember that all arguments are worth 3 points. Therefore, it is best to follow the following scheme: one example from folklore or personal experience, the second from literature.

Now a few words about how to correctly write a literary argument:

• Be sure to include the author's last name and initials and the full title of the work.
• It is not enough to name the writer and the title; you need to describe the main characters, their words, actions, thoughts, but only those that are related to the topic of the essay and your thesis.
• The approximate amount of text per argument is one or two sentences. But these numbers ultimately depend on the specific topic.
• Start giving examples only after you have expressed your position.

Summing up

Thus, the problem of repentance is widely represented in literature. Therefore, choosing arguments for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language will not be difficult. The main thing is that all your examples confirm the thesis and look concise and harmonious. Often, the main problem of examinees is not the choice of work, but its description. Expressing an idea in a few sentences is not always easy. In order to avoid such a problem, you need to practice in advance. Take a sheet of paper and try to concisely and clearly describe your opinions, without going beyond the stated volumes.

The main thing is not to lose confidence and prepare as best as possible, then it will not be difficult to get it.

Friendship is a selfless personal relationship between people based on trust, sincerity, mutual sympathy, common interests and hobbies. People connected by friendship are called friends. In my opinion, a friend is someone who understands you as himself. Who knows all your shortcomings, but does not pay any attention to them. Such friendship is not afraid of distance, age difference, or different interests, because such friendship is REAL.

A.S. Pushkin “Pushchina”

Friendship A.S. Pushkin and Ivan Pushchin.

When the poet was in exile in Mikhailovskoye, his lyceum friend Pushchin, without fear of punishment for violating the ban, visited Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich was grateful to his friend for this last meeting, which was reflected in his poem “Pushchinu”

My friends, our union is wonderful!

He, like the soul, is inseparable and eternal...

Bright an example to follow is the attitude of Wilhelm Kuchelbecker towards his lyceum friend A.S. Pushkin. Kükhlya, as his comrades called him, was more aware than anyone else of the genius of the young poet and did not hide his sincere admiration for him. And A.S. Pushkin valued his comrade very highly. "The Snow Queen" by Andersen. Gerda overcame many obstacles to save Kai.

In the story V. Zheleznikova “Scarecrow” Lenka turns out to be betrayed by her friend. And such cases are not uncommon in people's lives. But not all people are able to survive this, although those who still cope with the situation will forever remember the bitterness and resentment. The “wind of the past” will “whip” them “in the face.” Lenka turned out to be a strong person, able to rise after such insult and humiliation, capable of remaining a merciful and devoted friend.

Let's remember another literary hero - Pechorin, to find a true friend who was also prevented by selfishness and indifference. This man was passionate only about himself, his own interests and experiments, so for him people were just means to achieve his goals.

The hero of the fairy tale by A. de Saint-Exupéry also needed a real friend. The little prince lived on his little planet and took care of the only close creature - the beautiful Rose. But Rosa was very capricious, her words often offended the baby, and this made him unhappy. But one day the Little Prince left his planet and went on a journey across the Universe in search of true friends.

Let us also remember one of A.S. Pushkin’s friends - V.A. Zhukovsky, who always came to the aid of the poet, even in the most difficult moments. For example, during the Mikhailovsky exile, Vasily Andreevich petitioned the court for the release of A.S. Pushkin, and in the 30s he tried to achieve reconciliation between his friend and the tsar, believing that this would benefit the poet. A.S. Pushkin saw this, appreciated and loved his elder friend, recognized him as his only adviser.

Here's another sad story about a lost friendship.. One of A. Aleksin’s works tells about two friends - Lyusya and Olya, whose friendly relations were doomed, because one of them - Lyusya - always showed concern for her friend, and the other did not. Even when Olenka had the opportunity to do something nice for Lucy, she did not consider it necessary to take advantage of it, which greatly offended her friend. Olya acted selfishly, she did not think about Lucy’s interests and desires, so their friendship came to an end.

Relationships between the main characters of A. Dumas’ novel “The Three Musketeers”- a classic example of true friendship. D'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos and Aramis live under the motto: “One for all, all for one,” the heroes of the novel overcome all difficulties thanks to true friendship