Fairy tales are an integral part of childhood. There is hardly a person who, when he was little, did not listen to many of the most different stories. Having matured, he retells them to his children, who understand them in their own way, drawing images in their imagination acting characters and experiencing the emotions that the tale conveys.
What kind of fairy tales are there? We will try to answer these questions further.
Definition
According to scientific definition in literature, fairy tale - "epic" literary genre, a story about some magical or adventurous events, which has a clear structure: a beginning, a middle and an ending." From any fairy tale, the reader should learn some lesson, a moral. Depending on the type, the fairy tale also performs other functions. There are many classifications genre.
Main types of fairy tales
What kind of fairy tales are there? Each of us will agree that fairy tales about animals should be distinguished as a separate type. The second type is fairy tales. And finally, there are so-called everyday fairy tales. All types have their own characteristics, which become clear through comparative analysis. Let's try to understand each of them in more detail.
What kinds of fairy tales about animals are there?
The existence of such stories is quite justified, because animals are creatures that live in close proximity to us. It was this fact that influenced the fact that folk art uses images of animals, a wide variety of them: both wild and domestic. At the same time, you should pay attention to the fact that the animals found in fairy tales are presented not as typical animals, but as special animals endowed with human traits. They live, communicate and behave like real people. Such artistic techniques make it possible to make an image understandable and interesting, while filling it with a certain meaning.
In turn, tales about animals can also be divided into tales involving wild or domestic animals, objects or objects of inanimate nature. Often literary scholars, when talking about what genres of fairy tales there are, classify them into magical, cumulative and satirical. This classification also includes the fable genre. You can divide fairy tales about animals into works for children and for adults. Often in a fairy tale there is a person who can play a leading or secondary role.
Children are usually introduced to fairy tales about animals between the ages of three and six years. They are most understandable to young readers, since they meet regular characters: sly fox, cowardly hare, gray wolf, smart cat and so on. As a rule, the main feature of each animal is its characteristic feature.
What are the different constructions of a fairy tale about animals? The answer is very different. Cumulative tales, for example, are selected according to the principle of plot connection, where the same characters meet, just in different circumstances. Often stories have names in a diminutive form (Fox-Sister, Bunny-Runaway, Frog-Frog, and so on).
The second type is a fairy tale
What are there literary tales about magic? The main characteristic feature of this type is the magical, fantastic world in which the main characters live and act. The laws of this world are different from the usual ones, everything in it is not as it really is, which attracts young readers and makes this type of fairy tales undoubtedly the most beloved among children. The magical setting and plot allow the author to use all his imagination and use as many relevant artistic techniques, with the goal of creating a work specifically for a children's audience. It's no secret that children's imagination is limitless, and satisfying it is very, very difficult.
In most cases, this type of fairy tale has a typical plot, certain heroes and a happy ending. What kinds of fairy tales about magic are there? These can be stories about heroes and fantastic creatures, tales about unusual objects and various trials that are overcome thanks to magic. As a rule, in the finale the heroes get married and live happily ever after.
Let us note that the heroes of fairy tales embody many of the main themes of this literary genre - the struggle between good and evil, the struggle for love, truth and other ideals. The one who will be defeated in the final must be present. The structure of a fairy tale is usual - beginning, main part and ending.
Everyday tales
Such stories tell about events ordinary life, illuminating various social problems and human characters. In them, the author ridicules the negative. Such tales can be social and satirical, with elements fairy tale and many others. Here they are ridiculed negative qualities rich and vain people, while the representatives of the people embody positive features. Everyday tales show that the main thing is not money and power, but kindness, honesty and intelligence. Literary scholars claim - and this is a fact - that they were written at a time when people were experiencing social crises and sought to change the structure of society. Among the popular artistic techniques here, satire, humor, and laughter stand out.
What types of fairy tales are there?
In addition to the above classification, fairy tales are also divided into author's and folk. Already from the names it is clear that author's tales are those that were written by a specific famous writer-storyteller, and folk tales are those that do not have one author. Folk tales are passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation, and the original author is no one. Let's consider each type separately.
Folk tales
Folk tales are rightfully considered a powerful source historical facts, information about everyday life and social order a certain people. Each of the peoples in their history came up with great amount instructive stories for adults and children, passing on their experience and wisdom to the next generations.
Folk tales also reflect the change moral principles, show that the basic values remain unchanged, teach to draw a clear line between good and evil, joy and grief, love and hate, truth and falsehood.
The peculiarity of folk tales is that in a simple and easy way readable text the deepest is hidden social meaning. Plus, they preserve wealth. vernacular. Which folk tales are there? They can be both magical and everyday. Many folk tales tell about animals.
The question often arises about when the first Russian folk tale was invented. This will probably remain a mystery, and one can only speculate. It is believed that the first “heroes” of fairy tales were natural phenomena - the Sun, Moon, Earth, etc. Later they began to obey humans, and images of people and animals entered fairy tales. There is an assumption that all Russian folk narratives have a basis in reality. In other words, some event was retold in the form of a fairy tale, changed over the centuries and came to us in the form to which we are accustomed. We figured out what kind of Russian folk tales there are. It's time to talk about fairy tales whose authors are well known to readers.
Author's fairy tales
Usually original work is a subjective processing folk plot, however, new stories are found quite often. The characteristic features of the author's fairy tale are psychologism, sublime speech, bright characters, the use of fairy tale cliches.
Another feature of this genre is that it can be read on different levels. Thus, the same story is perceived differently by representatives of different age groups. Children's fairy tales by Charles Perrault seem like an innocent story to a child, while an adult will find serious problems and morals in them. Often books that are initially aimed at young readers are interpreted by adults in their own way, as well as fantasy stories for adults are suitable for children.
Who are they, the authors of fairy tales? Surely everyone has heard about “The Tales of My Mother Goose” by Charles Perrault, the fairy tales of the Italian Gozzi, the works German writer the Brothers Grimm and the Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen. We must not forget about the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin! Their stories are loved by children and adults around the world. Entire generations grow up listening to these fairy tales. At the same time, all author’s works are interesting from the point of view of literary criticism; they all fall under a certain classification and have their own artistic features and author's techniques. The most famous and beloved fairy tales are used to make films and cartoons.
Conclusion
So, we figured out what kind of fairy tales there are. Whatever the fairy tale is - the author's, folk, social, everyday, magical or telling about animals - it will definitely teach the reader something. The most interesting thing is that it doesn’t matter who reads the story. Both adults and children will definitely learn something useful from it. A fairy tale will make everyone think, convey the wisdom of the people (or the author) and leave an indelible good impression in the minds of readers. The effect is not at all exaggerated. There are even so-called therapeutic tales who are able to re-educate and wean from a variety of bad habits!
11.03.2016
A fairy tale, like any other literary genre, has a clear structure. If you follow it, you will easily succeed entertaining story for children and adults. And he developed a model for constructing magical stories famous linguist V. Ya. Propp. Based on his works, we can say that the structure of a fairy tale is based on the following rules:
1. The main and constant element is the functions or actions of the main characters. They connect the plot parts. A novice storyteller needs to remember that all the actions of the heroes should influence the course of history. Otherwise they are simply not needed.
2. The number of functions itself is limited. Propp identified only 31 actions, known to the world fairy tale
3. The sequence of functions is the same regardless of the storyline. 
In the fairy tale, there are only 7 roles for the characters. This is: the sender, the princess or her father, the hero, false hero, helper, giver and antagonist. However, all characters involved can transform and change roles.
The structure of a folk tale: details
Any magical story begins with a preparatory part. The following options are possible here:
1. Absenteeism. One of the characters leaves, goes to war, etc.
2. Prohibition. The hero receives some instructions. For example, do not go off the path or enter the room.
3. Violation. The hero forgets about the ban.
4. Scouting. The antagonist is trying to get information.
5. Providing information.
6. The catch. Actor tries on himself new image. As an example, we can recall how the Wolf imitated the voice of the Mother Goat.
7. Complicity. The hero performs an action with the participation of another character (for example, eats poisoned food).
8. Initial trouble or shortage. The hero disappears or falls ill, the princess is kidnapped, etc.
The preparatory part is followed by the beginning. In the structure of a fairy tale, it is expressed by the following functions:
1. Mediation. The hero receives information or guidance from another character.
2. Beginning opposition. Main character receives permission to “try his luck” in an action that is unusual for him.
3. Dispatch. The hero sets off on his journey. 
The main part involves the appearance of the donor. Establishing contact with him requires a reaction from the hero. Then he receives a magical remedy (potion, horse, magic phrase, etc.). Together with the gift, the hero moves to another kingdom. Here he will definitely face struggle and branding (receiving special sign, by which he can always be recognized). After the hero’s victory, the shortage from the preparatory part is eliminated: the king recovers, the maiden king comes out of prison. Then the hero returns home. At this stage, pursuit and rescue from it are possible.
Sometimes a fairy tale can continue with an additional line. There is already a false hero operating within her. He commits sabotage (stealing prey, for example) and a real hero Once again forced to hit the road and find a new magical remedy. The following functions are possible here:
1. Secret arrival in hometown.
2. Another character claims the hero’s victories.
3. The hero is given a difficult task.
4. Finding a solution.
5. Recognition of the hero by other characters.
6. Reproof, or revelation of the truth.
7. Transfiguration. The hero changes due to some action. For example, he bathes in a magical spring and becomes more beautiful than before.
8. Punishment of the guilty.
9. Wedding or accession.
All the described functions do not have to be present in a fairy tale. A magical story is a puzzle that you can put together as your heart desires. If you prepare cards with functions in advance, you can “assemble” the fairy tale together with your child. For clarity, be sure to take a playing field on which to mark the plot parts, for example, the plot, a special circumstance (prohibition, illness, etc.), the test and appearance of an assistant, the victory of the hero, the punishment of the guilty and a happy, instructive ending. And then expand on the story parts with other features, making up the story as you go.
Features of a fairy tale story
Earlier fairy tale images were drawn from myths. That's why magical stories universal for any people. They are based on primitive ideas about the world, and most of constructive elements were born from the idea of initiation and reflections on the other world. Initially, fairy tales rarely had a happy ending. Such a denouement became possible when the roles of helper and donor appeared. 
From the fairy tale it is easy to determine how people lived, what they dreamed about and what they were afraid of. It always reflects existing traditions. So, in one of the first versions of Little Red Riding Hood, the girl ate the remains of her grandmother. The very mention of this takes us back to a time when cannibalism was not yet a strict taboo. And in the girl’s basket there could be not only pies and a pot of butter, but also a bottle of wine, fresh fish and a whole head of young cheese. A novice storyteller should pay attention to this. A good story contains familiar cultural codes. The clearer you are Magic world, the closer the narrative and the more effective it is.
The main purpose of a fairy tale is to convey knowledge. It has not lost its educational component even today. But it is very important that didactic material was hidden deep. The child should not have to guess what he is being taught. This is the most important feature of a fairy tale story.
Once you know the structure of a folk tale, you can easily create your own stories. This can be done not only to entertain the child, but also to answer his most difficult questions.
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Interesting explains the important role of magical folk tales in psychological development child and the formation of his personality, author M. Maksimov in his book “Not only love”.
For thousands of years, peoples have been passing on fairy tales to children from generation to generation... This means that it is not just like that and is needed for something...
According to the author, personality development does not occur gradually, but in leaps and bounds: you need to go through the required stages, climbing the steps. Each step is “served” by a corresponding tale necessary to climb to the next step.
Fairy tales are necessary for the formation of a healthy, psychologically stable personality.
In India they are very attentive to the inner, spiritual life of a person, so fairy tales are used there as a therapeutic tool. A patient comes to the doctor. The doctor listens to his complaints and prescribes him... a fairy tale. Sit and meditate on the Indian “Little Red Riding Hood” for three months. And then you come, and I’ll close the ballot for you.
Bruno Bettelheim (a pediatrician who spent 1.5 years in Hitler’s concentration camps and treated children with mental trauma) saw, firstly, that the child’s attitude to the corresponding fairy tale helps to recognize the nature of the mental trauma he received in the family, and secondly, this most importantly, the child, working on a fairy tale, heals his emotional wounds. A FAIRY TALE HELPES A CHILD TO BRING ORDER IN HIS SOUL.
In addition, every time he reads a fairy tale, depending on his age and state of mind, the child extracts from it something special that he needs now.
RECONCILIATION OF CONFLICTING FEELINGS.
An adult knows how to curb his instincts and reconcile his conflicting feelings; he has a clear boundary between ideal world and real. The child is torn by contradictions: love and hatred, fear and thirst for achievements. The world around him is a forest with evil and good spirits, wolves, goblins and firebirds. And to bring order to this chaos of feelings, a fairy tale comes to the rescue. In it, every fear can be imagined as a suitable fairy tale character and in these specific images, see the elusive movements of your feelings, follow their collision, understand their purpose and learn to manage them. The child begins to compose fairy tales himself, placing the characters he needs in the most incredible, newly invented situations. He can play out in a fairy tale what worries him in this moment, thus mastering the problem facing him.
It is also important for us adults to speak out when something bothers us. The process of storytelling itself is important to us. We are putting into words something that is amorphous and changeable, something that is now troubling us. And thus we restore order in our soul.
But children's intelligence is still very weak, the child is not yet ready to discuss, he can only play with what is going on inside him. And a fairy tale makes it easy to play, because there are no halftones in it: the hero is either good or bad. Therefore, it is easy for a child to “stick” his confused feelings onto fairy-tale characters. Fairy-tale heroes express their feelings through actions and deeds. If he is scared, he runs, if he is bitter, he cries. The feeling of security, warmth and satiety is home. The feeling of abandonment, powerlessness, fear - this is the forest. The hero's personality is transformed through death and rebirth, emergence from the womb of an animal, rebirth with the help of drops of living water, purification in cauldrons of boiling milk, and so on.
Fairy-tale transformations greatly help a child to master the contradictory feelings that he simultaneously experiences towards his mother or father. When a child perceives his father as a rival in the struggle for his mother’s love, he naturally experiences hatred and a desire to destroy him. But it is very scary to realize hatred for your own father, because the father is protection and support. This split personality is painful for a child. Fairy tales help to understand this (father and dragon, mother and stepmother, etc.).
SUPPORT.
Very often the hero is helped (impossible tasks are solved for him) magic items, magical animals or good wizards. To a child, much of what adults can do seems fantastic and impossible tasks. He understands that he cannot cope without the help of adults. And in a fairy tale, he also needs support, which is precisely what magical helpers provide.
Ivanushka the Fool is one of the most common heroes among all nations. Children like to identify themselves with him - the youngest, stupidest and most helpless of all the brothers, because children themselves seem helpless. And the fact that in all fairy tales, Ivan the Fool ultimately defeats everyone, instills in the child confidence that when he grows up, he can do all this.
SELF CONFIDENCE.
Fairy-tale kings are people to whom no one can ever order anything. A child, under the “pressure” of parental care and guardianship, imagines an adult as such a “king.” And in the fairy tale, the child gains confidence that even though now he is Ivanushka the Fool, he will definitely become a king later, although he may have to experience many misfortunes along the way, and maybe even die and be reborn as a king again.
Fairy tales are a necessary element of a child’s spiritual food. Plunging into fairy world, the child plunges into the depths of his soul, in which chaos is happening, there he gets acquainted with various characters of his psyche, and masters this information. And when he returns to real world, then he feels more confident that he can cope with himself and with life’s difficulties. It is important for a child to have an active, well-developed imagination, the ability to improvise freely, without fear of dangers and adventures. To achieve this, he needs a lot of fairy tales. What does it mean when a child asks you to read the same fairy tale every day for a whole month? This means that he now has some kind of serious problem, a wound in the soul, and a fairy tale for him is a medicine that heals this wound. Until the wound heals, he needs a fairy tale.
Reading or telling a child the same favorite fairy tale over and over again, we, willy-nilly, begin to ask ourselves questions. Why do children like fairy tales so much? Why did a child at this stage of his development choose this particular fairy tale and is ready to listen to it again and again? What is the meaning of these short stories that adults have been telling children for centuries?
Of course, everyone famous love Children's attention to folk tales attracted the attention of child psychologists. And it turned out that the most famous fairy tales which are listened to by dozens of generations of children, are filled with material for the development of the emotional and cognitive sphere of the child, like a carrot freshly picked from the garden - with vitamins. Fairy tales help develop attention, memory, thinking, primary mathematical representations(quantity, counting, size, sequence), ideas about composition, cause-and-effect relationships, social and moral standards, speech, imagination. Reading fairy tales to children (in this case, however, like any fiction) has the most stimulating effect on speech development: it expands lexicon, emotional component of speech, dialogue, sense of rhythm and rhyme.
There were also explanations for a phenomenon known to many parents - a child can listen to the same fairy tale many, many times in a row, demand only it and not agree to anything else. Firstly, as mentioned above, a fairy tale provides very rich material and the child does not want to move on to new things until he has learned the lesson. Secondly, the child is not yet completely confident in the constancy of the world. Have you seen how a six-month-old baby throws a toy over and over again to make sure that it falls for the hundredth time and does not fly up to the ceiling? Also, an older child wants to hear the constant plot of a fairy tale, to make sure that a frog frog always comes for the little mouse, and the mouse always wags its tail and the egg always breaks. This creates a feeling of security and convinces him of the constancy of the laws of nature and society.
Introducing your child to folk tales, you can do more than just read picture books. You can, following old traditions, tell fairy tales yourself before going to bed or while walking. Invite your child to tell a fairy tale with you and himself for his favorite doll or teddy bear, role-play. A finger can become an indispensable assistant in such games. puppet show and other toys based on Russian folk tales.
Below we provide a list of fairy tales that all parents tell their children. Without thinking about what this fairy tale develops, without suspecting its polysemy, we simply tell our children these fairy tales because we ourselves heard them in childhood from our mother or grandmother.
Chicken Ryaba
One of the most beloved first fairy tales. And one of the most mysterious. Its meaning is completely incomprehensible to adults. What versions have not been put forward about what this very simple and slightly absurd plot symbolizes. There is a version that this tale is a metaphor for the creation of the universe from a world egg. Gestalt psychologists believe that its main value lies precisely in absurdity; it accustoms the child to the fact that what happens in life is sometimes completely incomprehensible to us. It is possible that a child is attracted to a fairy tale by the simplicity of the plot, which is easy for him to remember and keep in his attention. Did you know that there is another more long version this fairy tale?
Kolobok
Today, this fairy tale sounds primarily like a story with a moral about how you need to obey and respect your parents, not run away from home and not talk to friendly strangers. But they say that once it was a story about the lunar cycle. Each person Kolobok met took a bite of it, just as the moon diminishes during the lunar month.
turnip
A tale of family and mutual assistance. A wonderful fairy tale for training your memory and getting your first ideas about size and sequence.
In its more ancient version, the tale symbolically points to the relationship between generations, as well as the interaction of temporary structures, forms of life and forms of existence. IN modern version This tale lacks two more elements that existed originally - the Father and the Mother.
In the original tale there were nine elements, each of which had its own hidden image:
The turnip is the heritage and wisdom of the family, its roots. It seems to unite the earthly, underground and aboveground. The turnip was planted by the Ancestor, the most ancient and wise.
Grandfather - ancient wisdom;
Grandmother - traditions, home, housekeeping;
The father is the protection and support of the family;
Mother - love and care;
Granddaughter (daughter) - children, grandchildren; offspring, continuation of the race;
Zhuchka - protection of wealth in the family;
A cat is a blissful environment in the clan, in a given family;
Mouse - the well-being of the family, home. Mice are found where there is plenty, where crumbs are not counted.
Initially, the meaning was as follows: to have a connection with the family and ancestral memory, live in harmony with relatives, work together and have happiness in the family.
Mother's love.
The little dragon got lost on the big planet. He cried and looked for his parents. He asked everyone he met, but when they saw a real dragon, everyone ran away from him in fear. And the Little Dragon was very kind, he even helped his mother clean the cave, helped his father spread his wings when he flew across the seas to protect planet Earth from the evil alien Dragons. Everything was fine, but one day the little Dragon came out of the cave and, seeing a beautiful squirrel, began to talk to her and the little squirrel led him through the taiga and began to talk about his life, about the taiga. So they wandered until the evening, but soon the squirrel went to bed, and the little dragon was left alone. He didn’t know how to get back, the places were unfamiliar, his wings had not yet grown, he was very small and defenseless. He cried and sobbed, but no one helped him - everyone was afraid - he was a dragon! Eagle owls were hooting, scops owls were crying pitifully... somewhere far away jackals were howling and suddenly the little dragon heard the roar of a tiger not far from him... The little dragon was very scared of this roar, how could he defend himself?... He was a baby, and therefore his mother punished:
- Be afraid of the tiger, you are still small and there is no escape from him..
And the bloodthirsty tiger was nearby and prepared to jump on the little dragon!
- Mother…. Mom--- he shouted, “Save me...
The dragon was still very small and defenseless.
Inner voice told the mother that her son was in trouble, and she began to pray to her gods to help her son, the little dragon, escape.
– We cannot protect him from wild animals - but we have the power to turn him into stone... And he will live for centuries... .
The mother began to cry, but she had to agree, being in a hopeless situation...
- Son, stand on the rock and stand still!
- I hear you, mommy! I stood on the ledge...
And instantly he turned to stone, but the tiger had already jumped on the dragon, but could not defeat the little Dragon, and only deep marks from the tiger’s paws remained on the soft stone body. Having petrified the dragon instantly, the tiger was no longer able to defeat it. Growling with indignation and indignation, the tiger went to hunt the turtles, but they too were petrified with fear.
And in the morning, when dawn broke, the Dragon's mother went to look for her son and saw her petrified son, the Dragon, on a rock ledge. and instantly petrified for centuries...
Hundreds of thousands of years have passed, and today in the Ussuri taiga everyone sees the saint mother's love mother to her child. And it doesn’t matter that it’s a Dragon and a Baby Dragon, it’s important that love for your child, even if he’s a Baby Dragon, is immortal!
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