Russia. Science cities of Russia: the country's intellectual potential

Science city in Russia is municipality with the status of an urban district, or an area of ​​a larger city with high scientific and technical potential, with a city-forming scientific and production complex.

The term science city was introduced for the first time in the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow region, by Spartak Petrovich Nikanorov and Natalya Konstantinovna Nikitina in 1991 when creating the Union for the Development of Science Towns movement.

The movement proactively developed a draft Concept of State Policy for the Preservation and Development of Science Cities.

The first versions of the draft law “On the status of a science city” Russian Federation"*, were developed in 1995. One is in the Federation Council, the other is in the State Duma.

Obninsk became the first Russian science city in 2000, where developments in the field of peaceful atom were and are being carried out.

By 2004, seven science cities had already received the official status of “Science City of the Russian Federation” (Obninsk, Korolev, Dubna, Koltsovo, Michurinsk, Reutov, Fryazino), six more had passed all examinations and approvals at the federal level (Biysk, Zhukovsky, Petergof, Pushchino, Seversk , Troitsk).

As of January 5, 2015, already thirteen urban districts have the status of a science city, assigned in accordance with federal law: Biysk (Altai Territory), Dubna (Moscow Region), Zhukovsky (Moscow Region), Koltsovo (Novosibirsk Region), Korolev (Moscow Region), Michurinsk ( Tambov region), Obninsk (Kaluga region), Protvino (Moscow region), Pushchino (Moscow region), Reutov (Moscow region), Troitsk (Moscow), Fryazino (Moscow region), Chernogolovka (Moscow region).

Main specialization of science cities

There are seven main specializations of Russian science cities:

1. aviation, rocketry and space research;
2. electronics and radio engineering;
3. automation, mechanical and instrument engineering;
4. chemistry, chemical physics and creation of new materials;
5. nuclear complex;
6. energy;
7. biology and biotechnology.

Currently, the number of unofficial science cities in Russia includes 65 urban and rural settlements, located mainly in the main settlement zone of the country. About half of them are located in the Moscow region (namely, 29, including the city of Zelenograd, which is administratively part of the city of Moscow, but located on the territory of the region).

Outside the capital region in Central Russia There are 8 more similar territorial entities in the Vladimir, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod, Tver and Yaroslavl regions.

Moscow is considered the first and most recognized scientific center, but the Moscow region is no less large, and according to some indicators (experimental, testing base, etc.) a more significant scientific and scientific-industrial complex.

The second region of the country in terms of concentration of science cities is the Urals. Most of them are concentrated in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. On the third place - Western Siberia, in the southern part of which there are 6 science cities - in the Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions.

Director of the Union for the Development of Science Cities Mikhail Kuznetsov

According to Mikhail Kuznetsov, director of the Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia:

“It is now almost obvious that innovative development is essentially the only opportunity for Russia to take its rightful place in the global economic space of the 21st century and maintain (or restore) the status of a Great Power. Exploited and exported natural resources (primarily oil and gas) and their primary processing products fundamentally cannot be the basis for this; moreover, they make Russia dependent on the developed countries of the world.

It is necessary to move from a fuel and raw material orientation of the economy to its innovative development, stimulating the use of results scientific research, intellectual activity in energy, transport, mechanical engineering, instrument making, aerospace, and other knowledge-intensive industries, as well as in education, medicine, information and biotechnologies. To do this, it is necessary to activate and stimulate powerful intellectual, scientific and technical potential, which is currently in demand to a very small extent, primarily due to the unprecedented drop in production that occurred in the nineties, especially in knowledge-intensive sectors of industry.”

Assessments of Russian intellectual, scientific and technical potential as outdated, cumbersome, superfluous, which took place in some analytical and senior management circles in Russia in these years, do not stand up to criticism. The use abroad of Russian developments that “leak away” in various ways in combination with the “brain drain” from Russia and the “hunt” of foreign companies for Russian young scientists, graduate students and even students speaks precisely of his high level and relevance."

From the history of science cities

Russian scientific and technical potential was distributed very unevenly territorially. Just ten years ago, approximately 70% of all scientific research was carried out in research centers, universities and laboratories located in Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, the Novosibirsk region and the Urals.

Most science cities were created in the 30s, 50s and 70s by special resolutions of the highest authorities of the country to solve the most important state tasks: the general strategic and political goals of the leadership of the USSR required the development of the military-industrial complex and its scientific and technical support. The implementation of major projects - first aviation, then atomic (nuclear), rocket and space, and later biological - led to the creation of corresponding scientific and technical complexes with corresponding settlements.

Until recently, many of them were not shown on maps, were not mentioned in reference books and had special code, often “numbered” names.

In the list of science cities accompanying the map showing their location on Russian territory, some of these former names are indicated in parentheses. These are cities such as Sarov, Snezhinsk, Seversk, Zheleznogorsk, Ozersk and others. These cities are still relatively open today. They began to talk and write more about them, but they have a special status established by law as Closed Administrative Territorial Entities (CATE) with a number of restrictions.

Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26, Sotsgorod, Atomgrad), Krasnoyarsk Territory, photo: Sergey Filinin

In other cities, “closedness” was manifested in a ban on visits by foreign citizens and the absence of references to a number of city-forming enterprises and organizations in the open press. Such science cities include Obninsk, Troitsk, Protvino, Zhukovsky, Khimki, Korolev, Dzerzhinsky, Sosnovy Bor and many others.

Today's science cities are very different in scale, nature, and types of activities.

Based on the nature and profile of scientific complexes, science cities are divided into:

> monoprofile
> mono-oriented
> complex

A typical example of a single-industry science city is Obolensk, which socially and infrastructurally provides one State scientific center - the Scientific Research Institute of Applied Microbiology. This type includes Beloozersky, Koltsovo, Krasnoznamensk, Mendeleevo, Protvino, Snezhinsk and others.

Vaccine production at the Microgen plant, Obolensk

Mono-oriented science cities have several city-forming enterprises in the same sphere of scientific and technical activity. This is, for example, Zhukovsky, where the largest research, testing and production complexes for aviation are located. Science Center Russian Academy Sciences in Chernogolovka, created in 1959. Currently, there are 7 research institutes and 2 research and production enterprises operating in Chernogolovka. The main areas of research are chemical physics. Zelenograd, Krasnoobsk, Pushchino, Trekhgorny, Yubileiny are also mono-oriented.

International Aerospace Salon MAKS-2015 in Zhukovsky

The most typical example of a comprehensive science city is Dubna, where, in addition to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, there are scientific, design and scientific-production centers for aerospace, instrument-making, shipbuilding, and an international university.

Klimovsk, Kovrov, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Korolev, Obninsk, Reutov belong to the same type. Complex science cities also include a number of academic towns of scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which include scientific organizations of various profiles.

At the same time, a number of unofficial science cities are original testing grounds and experimental testing complexes, or are primarily such, having other enterprises and organizations on their territory. These are, for example, cities and towns such as Autopolygon (Dmitrov-7), Beloozersky, Znamensk, Krasnoarmeysk, Mirny, Novostroika, Raduzhny, Remmash and others.

Science cities of the future

On September 28, 2010, Dmitry Medvedev signed the Federal Law “On the Skolkovo Innovation Center”.

Skolkovo (Moscow region)- the first scientific and technological innovation center in Russia in post-Soviet times to be built from scratch for the development and commercialization of new technologies. The project is conceived as one of the key elements of Russian modernization, designed to end the resource-based orientation of the economy and transfer it to an innovative path of development, and provides for the creation of a favorable environment for the concentration of Russian and international intellectual capital capable of independently generating innovations.

> cluster of biomedical technologies;
> cluster of information and computer technologies;
> cluster of space technologies and telecommunications;
> cluster of energy efficient technologies;
> nuclear technology cluster.

A technology park will also operate within Skolkovo. Its strategic goal is to provide innovative companies participating in the project with all the necessary support for the successful development of their technological assets and corporate structures. The technopark plans to implement this task by attracting the infrastructure and resources available to the Skolkovo project and its partners.

In addition, in Tatarstan, on the right bank of the Volga River, since 2012, the second innovative science city Innopolis, an analogue-partner of Skolkovo near Moscow and a satellite city of Kazan, is being built in Russia, designed for 155 thousand residents.

Innopolis, Tatarstan - what the city will look like

Nowadays, a number of objective (issues of taxation, land ownership and land use) and subjective reasons (extremely slow review of documents in the bureaucratic structures of federal ministries and departments) in many cases aggravate relations between various actors in science cities, generate disbelief in the ability of the government to implement the stated priorities, to make them systemic management, development and use of their innovative potential in science cities.

It is necessary to provide not so much funding for the urban infrastructure of science cities, but to stimulate innovation activity on their territory. The experience of Dubna, Obninsk, Koltsovo and other science cities shows that a small government funding innovative projects with a competent policy make it possible to attract many times greater resources from non-state sources.”

M.I. Kuznetsov

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O. Buchholz

The emergence and development of cities - scientific centers - is quite natural. It is associated with rapid scientific and technological progress. The scope of scientific work is expanding, and the human and material resources involved in this area are increasing. The number of people employed in science is approximately 4% of all those employed in the country's national economy. In the Soviet Union, the number of scientists doubles every 6-7 years, which is twice as fast as in the capitalist countries of Europe as a whole. Soviet Union the rapid development of science is especially important in connection with the need for ever deeper development of vast territories and natural resources, especially Siberia, the Far East, and the North.

According to their functions, cities of science are divided into two groups: highly specialized, most often centers applied research, for example, geological, biological and broader centers, in which scientific institutes and institutions are concentrated, conducting theoretical and, to a lesser extent, applied research in various branches of science.

It is characteristic of a scientific center that science in it is a city-forming factor that attracts other sectors of the economy. Naturally, “specialization” in this case creates optimal conditions for scientific research. Such centers are primarily provided with the latest equipment as well as good housing for scientists and their families. Cities of science are located, as a rule, in the lap of nature. Their planning and development provides for a clear division of the territory into scientific and residential zones, and in addition, reserve areas for future expansion But their main advantage is the merging of theoretical and applied research with pilot production and scientific training of personnel, especially highly qualified specialists - candidates and doctors of science.

Cities of science are not closed little worlds. A huge role in the activities of these centers is played by their scientific and industrial relations with major cities countries, such as Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk and others, in which there are many research institutions that train personnel and are sources of information. It is in the suburban areas of large cities that branches of scientific institutions are increasingly appearing, on the basis of which satellite cities with new scientific research are being created -research institutes and experimental productions.

The geography of science cities is very wide. They are found in large urban agglomerations, especially in Moscow, and in new areas of natural resource development. Cities - scientific centers are increasingly appearing in eastern regions countries - in the Urals, in Siberia, in the Far East. More than a third of the cities and towns with academic research institutions are located in the Asian part of the Soviet Union.

One of the oldest cities of science is the city of Apatity in the Arctic, developed on the basis of the Kola Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It arose in connection with the need to study the subsoil of the Murmansk region. Geological, geophysical, and mining and metallurgical institutes were created here. The scientific topics of the institutes are mainly related to the production needs of industrial enterprises Arctic region (development of apatite-nepheline, copper-nickel, iron ore deposits, etc.)

In the south of the Moscow region near the Prioksko-terrasny reserve, it is being built amazing city Sciences, Center for Biological Research - Pushchino. When you approach it from Moscow, already near Serpukhov near the bridge over the Oka you can see a multi-storey white city located on a high hill. Around there are forests and fields of the Priokskaya lowland, under the mountain there is the calm, light expanse of the Oka with snow-white passenger boats.

The highway, straight from the quiet countryside, suddenly breaks out onto the wide Avenue of Science - the main thoroughfare of the city. The avenue separates residential areas, green areas and research institutes. Everything in this city is incredibly calm, measured rhythm of life, an abundance of clean air, light and sun in institutes and nine-story tower houses with deep niches of loggias, haymaking in the green zone and on the streets and squares of the city that have not yet been built up.

Among the young cities of science, Akademgorodok, located 25 km from Novosibirsk, stands out. Its construction began in the late 50s, when the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was created.

The resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 18, 1957 stated: “Consider the main task of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences to be the comprehensive development of theoretical and experimental research in the field of physical, technical, natural and economic sciences aimed at solving the most important scientific problems and problems contributing to the most successful development of the productive forces of Siberia and the Far East.”

In 1957-1958 Many institutes of the Siberian Academic Town began to operate: mathematicians, nuclear physics, inorganic chemistry, geology and geophysics, economics and industrial organization. The core of the researchers of this scientific center consisted of prominent scientists who came from Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Kharkov, Tbilisi and others, as well as gifted youth.

Now there are more than 35 thousand residents in Akademgorodok. Of these, approximately a third work in research institutes and universities. In Akademgorodok there are several research institutes, a computer center, a university with 44 departments and special physics, mathematics and chemistry and biology boarding schools, Botanical Garden. The Siberian Academy Town itself, in turn, becomes the center of a future group of scientific cities. A satellite appeared near him - Right Choms. It will house various design bureaus, medical and agricultural camps.

The Siberian Academy Town stands at the head of all scientific research conducted in Siberia. The close connection of these studies with practice is evidenced by the fact that since 1965, in the Siberian scientific center, every three days, scientists transferred one scientific achievement to industry!

The Far East, with its enormous natural resources of land and sea, also required a wide application of scientific forces. A Far Eastern center has been created here, which will have 17 academic institutes. The natural resources of the Far East - land and sea minerals, rich forests, fish resources - are being more and more vigorously explored and developed every year. The study and development of natural resources and the development of productive forces will increase sharply in connection with the creation of a scientific center of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Far East. In comparatively short time Academic towns will appear in Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, new institutes will appear in Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and Magadan. Their task will be to study issues of geology and geophysics, biology and ocean problems, as well as economics, automation and management problems.

The development of scientific centers and the construction of cities of science help to realize the important historical task set by the 24th Congress of the CPSU: “... to organically combine the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution with the advantages of the socialist economic system, to more widely develop our forms of combining science with production, inherent in socialism.”

Now few people remember that the first capital in Russian state there was Veliky Novgorod, and Yekaterinburg at one time enthusiastically discussed the possibility of moving the administrative center of the country to its territory, just like Novosibirsk, by the way. After hosting the APEC summit, Vladivostok also turned out to be not averse to receiving the status of a royal city. Just like by the way Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk or Rostov-on-Don.
These sentiments are still relevant today - in Russia there is still an unspoken status of the capital on on different grounds have several settlements at once.
We have selected six of the brightest of them.

Novosibirsk is the scientific capital of Russia

Novosibirsk is the only Russian city that is a full member of the World Association of Technopolises. For a population of approximately just over one and a half million people, it has about 100 organizations involved in basic and industrial science. According to 2014 data, every thousandth resident of Novosibirsk has a doctorate degree. Scientists and engineers from the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS took an active part in the assembly and launch of the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland.
In addition, Novosibirsk is one of the few Russian cities in which the basis of the economy is not only industry, trade, services and construction, but also science and scientific services.

What to see in Novosibirsk:

Opera and Ballet Theatre

The business card and pride of Novosibirsk is the greatest theater building Russia, under the huge dome of which the Moscow Bolshoi Theater can completely fit.

Bridges of Novosibirsk

Since the development of Novosibirsk has always been closely connected with the construction of bridges, in this city they are almost elevated to a cult. On the territory of the metropolis you can count 9 of the largest crossings across the Ob. The first railway bridge, built in 1897 and becoming part of the Trans-Siberian Railway, is considered the ancestor of Novosibirsk. The scientific capital of Russia also has the world's longest metro bridge.

Monument to Sausage

Among unusual sculptures Novosibirsk Sausage Monument is a leader in all respects. It brings a condescending smile to many, but for the most part both townspeople and city guests treat the art object with curiosity. It appeared in the 90s of the last century at the entrance to the North Chemsk market. For what purpose and by whom it was made is not known. Its existence is explained only by popular poetic lines placed nearby: “Is your life hard? And who has it easy now? Hey, don’t hang your nose, eat more sausage!”

Where to stay:

Many large international hotel chains are present in Novosibirsk. For example, Doubletree by Hilton, Marriott and AZIMUT. The level of service in these hotels in any geographical location is, as a rule, always equally good.
But there are also good local hotels in the city. Among them is the River Park Hotel, whose room windows offer panoramic views of the city and the Ob River; and the Novosibirsk Congress Hotel, located in the very center of the scientific capital of Russia. Both hotels are classified as four stars.

Veliky Novgorod - the historical capital of Russia

According to some chronicles, the first capital Old Russian state became Veliky Novgorod. It was here in 862, according to legend, that Rurik was called to reign, during whose reign the Russian statehood. After the capital was moved to Kyiv in 882, Novgorod retained its role as the second most important center of the country, and the rivalry between the two capitals - northern and southern - became a characteristic feature of Russian history in subsequent historical eras.

What to see in Veliky Novgorod:

Novgorod child

The first thing to see in the historical capital of Russia is the oldest surviving Kremlin in Russia. The time of its construction dates back to the middle of the 11th century. According to chronicles that have survived to this day, the Novgorod Detinets, located on the left bank of the Volkhov River, was the site of the meeting - a unique form of government.

Saint Sophia Cathedral

This temple was erected by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Vladimir in 1045 - 1050 and today is considered one of the most outstanding monuments of ancient Russian architecture. Novgorod Sofia - the oldest monument stone architecture of Russia, which appeared a whole century earlier than Notre Dame Cathedral. As befits such an old building, many legends and historical speculations are associated with the temple.

Rurik settlement

This archaeological site 9th century is located 2 kilometers south of the city center. More than a thousand years ago, the residence of the Novgorod princes was located on its territory, and it was here, according to historians, that Rurik was called. In addition, according to excavations, people have lived here continuously since the 8th – 3rd millennium BC, that is, immediately after the Ice Age.

Where to stay:

Of the international chains in Veliky Novgorod, perhaps only the Park Inn by Radisson hotel is present. The four-star hotel is located in a park area on the banks of the Volkhov River near historical center cities. In 2014, it won the annual All-Russian tourism award as the best regional hotel.
All other hotels in Novgorod have three stars or less. Some of the most popular, judging by the reviews of city guests, are “Volkhov”, located a few minutes walk from the ancient Kremlin and Sofiyskaya embankment; and “Intourist”, also located in the center and even offering accommodation in apartments, but causing bewilderment with a facade in the best traditions of the USSR.

Ekaterinburg is the industrial capital of Russia

Yekaterinburg was built in the 18th century as the capital of the mining region, spread over a vast territory in two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. In the very first years of operation, the Ekaterinburg plant surpassed all other metallurgical enterprises in the country in terms of technological equipment. And several centuries later, during the Great Patriotic War, Sverdlovsk became the flagship of the USSR industry, receiving about sixty enterprises evacuated from Central Russia and Ukraine. Today, 220 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered in Yekaterinburg. Including the city there are several headquarters of large Russian companies. In 2014, Ekaterinburg took third place after Moscow and St. Petersburg among Russian cities that are popular among foreign tourists.

What to see in Yekaterinburg:

Monument The group Beatles

This is the first and so far only monument to the Beatles in Russia. Its appearance in Yekaterinburg in 2009 did not particularly surprise anyone, since the capital of the Urals, which is also the industrial capital of Russia, is also one of the rock centers of the country and the birthplace of many famous groups, such as “Nautilus Pompilius”, “Urfene Juice” , " Semantic hallucinations", "Agatha Christie", "Chaif". The size of the monument is slightly higher than human height. It is made of Ural cast iron and is located on the embankment of the Iset River in the “Beatles courtyard”.

Mill Borchaninov-Pervushin

This ancient Yekaterinburg building, which looks little like a mill, is rather a monument to the resourcefulness of Ural entrepreneurs. They say that at the beginning of the 20th century, the owner of the building, A. Borchaninov, planning to build the largest mill not only beyond the Urals, but also in the country in general, wanted to conceal its purpose, since the construction of mills near railway tracks was prohibited at that time. By telling everyone around him that he was building a hotel, the entrepreneur fully expected to keep the flour milling production a secret and at the same time take advantage of the logistics advantage of the enterprise. The owner of the mill failed to evaluate his idea - he died at the construction site of his brainchild. The mill was launched in 1908 and operated until 2006.

Keyboard Monument

This is the first land art sculpture in Yekaterinburg and, perhaps, the only one in the country dedicated to computer culture. The keyboard was created in 2005 and is a 30:1 scale concrete replica of the original. Several years ago, this art object participated in a federal competition to be awarded the status of one of the seven wonders of Russia.

Where to stay:

Since Yekaterinburg has become very attractive for foreign guests over the past few years, many international hotel chains are actively moving into the city. In particular, Haytt Regency, Park In by Radisson, Novotel, Ramada and many other international hotels offer four- and five-star service to their clients.
There are also small but very decent hotels in the city. For example, "Chekhov" in XIX style century, offering guests a European level of service and a very intimate atmosphere; and "Richmond" - also small, with only 49 rooms, in a classic style, but with winter garden and with four stars in the hotel passport.

Novy Urengoy - the gas capital of Russia

The gas industry occupies a leading place in the economic complex of New Urengoy. The city is home to industrial giants of global scale. It is noteworthy that these companies together account for more than three quarters of all gas production in Russia. Eight out of ten Novy Urengoy residents are employed in the fuel and energy industry of the city.

What to see in Novy Urengoy:

Tazovskaya tundra

The Tazovskaya tundra is a vast valley that is located between the left bank of the Yenisei River and the right bank of the Taza River. Essentially, this is a marshy area covered with mosses, hummocky grass, low-growing willow grass, birch slant and spruce trees. In summer and early autumn, the Tazovaya tundra attracts tourists with its incredible beauty and riot of colors, unusual for this region.

Borehole Monument

The monument to the drilling well and people is one of the symbols of New Urengoy. The sculpture was installed in memory of the day when the country's first natural gas was produced in the USSR. It was from the place where the sculpture was installed that the history of the city began in 1966, and with it the history of modern Gazprom.

Stele "Arctic Circle"

The Arctic Circle stela is located outside the city, but is one of the calling cards of New Urengoy. It symbolizes the location of the border of the Arctic Circle and is almost the first place where tourists flock to perform the ritual of transition to the extreme northern latitudes.

Where to stay:

New Urenoga, perhaps, cannot be called a paradise for tourists, and the choice of hotels in this city, frankly speaking, is very scarce. Of those that are popular among guests of the Gas Capital of Russia, only a couple can be highlighted - the small Yamal Hotel, the star rating of which remains unknown even after visiting the official website; and the Yamburg Hotel with a slightly larger number of rooms, four stars in the passport and
Gazprom logo on the roof.

Krasnodar - Cossack capital of Russia

The unofficial status of Krasnodar is the capital of Kuban. This city was founded by the Black Sea Cossacks in 1793, and it was the Cossacks who were the first to equip it as a military camp, and a little later - as a fortress. Until 1920, it was called Ekaterinodar in memory of the fact that this land was given to the Kuban Cossacks by Empress Catherine II.

What to see in Krasnodar:

Alexander's Triumphal Arch

It was erected in Krasnodar specifically for the visit of Emperor Alexander III in 1888. True, the architectural structure, created in the best traditions of the ancient Moscow style, did not stand for long - after 40 years, in 1928, the arch was destroyed. According to the official version, she interfered with tram traffic - “tram conductors broke their foreheads against her.” However, a little less than a century later, in 2009, the historical building was reconstructed and installed in its original location.

Monument “Zaporozhye Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan”

The sculpture was created based on a painting by I. E. Repin and installed in the very center of Krasnodar. The figures in the composition are life-size and located at sidewalk level. The author of the monument intentionally left one empty seat on the bench next to the Cossacks, so that every resident or guest of the city could sit at the same table with the Cossacks and feel like they were part of history.

Monument to the wallet

This is a copy of a wallet located in Melbourne near the former main post office building. It appeared in Krasnodar in 2008.
Local residents believe that if you rub your money on your wallet or sit on it for a while, prosperity and financial well-being will be ensured for a long time. A few years after its opening, this sculpture was included in the top 50 most unusual monuments Russia.

Where to stay:

There are more than 80 hotels of various classes in Krasnodar. The largest of them are “Intourist-Krasnodar”, “Caucasus”, “Tourist” and “Moscow”. The only international class hotel operating in Krasnodar is the Hilton Garden Inn. The four-star hotel has been welcoming guests to the Cossack capital of Russia since 2013.

Sevastopol - the sea capital of Russia

As you know, Sevastopol is considered the city of Russian naval glory. Founded during Russian Empire, it was its most important port and fortress on the Black Sea. During the Soviet era, there were several hundred ships and vessels of almost all existing classes in the bays of Sevastopol. Now the main naval base of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation is located in the Sea Capital of Russia.

What to see in Sevastopol:

Warships of Sevastopol

There are 37 bays in Sevastopol, and in each there are ships. Anyone can see them: dozens of excursion boats with guides on board depart from the Grafskaya pier at intervals of 10 minutes, who tell in detail and with stops about the naval colossuses towering nearby.

"Balaclava"

Naval museum complex"Balaklava" is considered one of the central attractions of the city. For tourists, it is interesting not only for its exhibits - numerous visitors come here to see with their own eyes a secret military facility during the Cold War, after the construction of which Balaklava received the status of a closed area of ​​​​Sevastopol for several decades.

Chersonesos

3 kilometers from the city center lie the ruins of the ancient Greek city of Chersonesus, where Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Christianity. This is where, according to historians, the Russian Orthodox Church originated. Here is the historical and archaeological museum-reserve “Tavrichesky Chersonesos”. It includes not only permanent exhibition, but also excavation sites, ancient Chora, where tourists can even take part in an expedition.

Where to stay:

Since Sevastopol is not only a port city and the Sea Capital of Russia, but also a bit of a resort city, its guests do not experience a shortage of hotels. Among the five-star hotels, one can highlight Aquamarine, which opened relatively recently. Among the three-star hotels, Dakkar Resort and the Admiral Guest House are popular among guests of Sevastopol.

This, of course, is not the entire list of alternative capitals of Russia. In total, there are about three dozen cities that call themselves the third most important in the Russian Federation. We have selected only the most interesting of them, in our opinion, from the point of view of tourist attractiveness.

© Online magazine “Global City” Nadezhda Plotnikova

In the post-industrial period, information and knowledge become a much more important factor in economic development than the presence or absence of certain natural resources. The factor of the knowledge-intensity of the economy has acquired key importance, and, consequently, the need for qualified specialists has rapidly increased.

Intellectual capital accumulates the scientific knowledge of employees and intellectual property. The introduction of achievements of scientific and technological progress served as the basis for the creation of intellectual infrastructure Foreign Europe. Science and culture are increasingly intertwined with the branches of material and non-material material production, becoming the most important productive forces of European society.

In creating innovations, in improving the range and quality of products, a large role belongs to the development of the sphere of scientific research and development (R&D). They have become one of the most important sectors of the EU economy - the production of knowledge, surpassing in size the largest sectors of material production. Back in the 19th century. The British established a system for quickly introducing new technologies into mass production. In the second half of the 20th century. technoparks appeared. The most famous in Europe: Sophia Antipolis (France, founded in 1969), Hariot-Watt and Cambridge (Great Britain, both since 1972). Some of them are surrounded by high-tech enterprises. For example, the British " Silicon Valley" in , technology regions of Cambridge and Grenoble, "Silicon Isar" under. IN Lately The concept of creating an information city is developing: various kinds of “teleports” (Metz, Rotterdam), “telematics and communication cities” (Barcelona, ​​).

Technical Development Centers (TDCs) have become widespread. They were created to facilitate the structural restructuring of old industrial areas (Ruhr, etc.) and transfer them to “post-industrial tracks” of development. When the MDGs appeared, they rather contributed to the rise of the provinces: more than half of them were located in peripheral regions, including the most backward ones.

Cities - scientific centers of Foreign Europe

Group	Cities
Super-large science centers	London
Largest scientific centers	Amsterdam, The Hague, Paris
Large scientific centers	Basel, Barcelona, ​​Berlin, Brussels, Cambridge, Copenhagen, Dortmund, Edinburgh, Frankfurt am Main, Mainz, Geneva - Lausanne, Madrid, Manchester, Milan, Munich, Oxford, Rome, Leeds, Stockholm, Uppsala
Small scientific centers	Birmingham, Bristol, Budapest, Dublin, Hamburg, Helsinki, Lyon, Oslo, Prague, Stuttgart, Warsaw, Vienna, Zurich

Source; Matthiessen Ch. W., Schwatz L. W, Scientific centers in Europe; an analysis of research strength and patterns of specialization based on bibliometric indicators // Urban studies. 1999. Vol. 36. No. 3.

The synthesis of intelligence and production has given rise to new structures: consulting, marketing, engineering and venture capital firms, of which there are thousands today in Foreign Europe.

European universities combine fundamental education with applied ones. For example, there are 83 universities and polytechnic institute with university status. Their activities are funded by parliament. In polytechnic universities, the scientific knowledge acquired by students is focused on their application in industry. Many technological and vocational-oriented universities offer on-the-job training. With the advent of diversification in the field higher education the number of universities limiting themselves to clear professional tasks is increasing, such as the higher vocational schools in Germany or the higher vocational educational establishments V .

Within the framework of the pan-European program, two institutions of post-university education have been operating for a long time: the European College (opened in 1949), which produces highly qualified specialists in the most different areas, and a college in Florence (1972), which aims to promote the development of the cultural and scientific heritage of Europe in its unity and diversity.

There is a clear understanding that intellectual potential is the basis of the economy of the 21st century. Therefore, education and science here have long been the main priorities within the framework of both the general EU policy and the internal state policy of the participating countries.

Overseas European R&D centers with highest economic productivity (1990s)

Scientific direction	Leading cities
Biochemistry and molecular biology	London, Paris, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Basel, Mannheim, Oxford, Copenhagen, Uppsala
pharmacology and pharmaceutics	London, Paris, Amsterdam, Milan, Basel, Stockholm, Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin
Fine chemistry	Paris, London, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Amsterdam, Prague, Basel, Dortmund, Zurich
Biotechnology and applied microbiology	London, Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Madrid, Oxford, Stockholm, Helsinki

Leading universities and research institutes are concentrated in Moscow, which can confidently be called the scientific center of Russia. Almost 20 percent of Russian organizations involved in research and development are located here.

Meet the latest scientific achievements and you can communicate with famous scientists at the All-Russian festival “Science 0+”. It is in Moscow that, according to tradition, the main events of this holiday of knowledge take place. From October 6 to 8, there will be more than 100 lectures, seminars and master classes by major Russian and foreign scientists, as well as film screenings, interactive exhibitions and other entertainment and educational events.

0+ in the name of the festival is not an accidental detail: an important characteristic of modern science is its lack age restrictions. After all, research today is carried out with youth, and the inventions of scientists have become firmly established daily life even the smallest children.

Moscow actively supports the position “without age restrictions”, opening children's technology parks and centers for youth innovative creativity and developing projects such as “University Saturdays”, “Engineering class in a Moscow school” and “Medical class in a Moscow school”.

Lectures by leading scientists and teleconferences

The central venues of the festival in Moscow are the Fundamental Library and the Shuvalov Building of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, as well as Central exhibition complex"Expocentre". In total, more than 90 sites will operate in universities, museums and scientific centers of the capital.

All the festival events are interesting, but if we highlight the loudest ones, then this is, of course, the lecture of the co-founder Apple Steve Wozniak, dedicated to big data, artificial intelligence and professions of the future. By the way, main theme This year's festival is all about big data.

Also not to be missed is the lecture by the Israeli physicist and chemist laureate Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals by Dan Shekhtman. You should definitely visit the large-scale interactive exhibition, which will unfold at the Expo Center on an area of ​​seven thousand square meters.

Several unique teleconferences will be held in the Shuvalovsky building of Moscow State University. October 7 - with the International Space Station. Festival guests will be able to ask questions to cosmonaut Sergei Ryazansky. And on October 8, one after another there will be teleconferences with the European Organization for Nuclear Research and the Antarctic station.

Capital of Science

More than 230 thousand Muscovites are employed in science and scientific services, which is over 32 percent of Russia’s scientific personnel. In addition, the capital has the highest coefficient of inventive activity: 7.14. It is calculated as follows: the number of patent applications for inventions per 10 thousand people is taken into account. 33 percent of all patent applications for inventions are filed in Moscow.

The capital has created unique conditions for the development of scientific and technical activities and technological entrepreneurship. The innovation infrastructure complex includes almost 1.5 thousand objects. These are technology parks, business incubators, coworking spaces, testing laboratories, certification centers, technology transfer, prototyping and others. In addition, the capital's researchers, engineers and developers have more than 3.5 thousand units of modern high-tech equipment at their disposal.

Prizes for young scientists

One of the main tasks is to support the initiatives of young researchers. For this purpose, the Moscow Government Prize for Young Scientists was established in 2013. During its existence, more than two thousand researchers announced their developments. 142 of them received awards. And the total amount of monetary incentives was 77 million rubles.

The developments of the prize winners are being implemented in production processes. We will tell you about several projects of winners of the Moscow Government awards for young scientists, which are already being used in practice.

Vera Ershova, Maria Polismakova and Daria Sandulyak solved the problem of removing ferroimpurities from various raw materials and technological media. The developments have already been successfully used at food, processing, polymer and other industries in Moscow and Russia.

Anton Grigoriev, Timur Khanipov and Elena Kuznetsova created the software and hardware complex “Automatic Vehicle Classifier AKTS-4”. It has become an indispensable solution for vehicle classification at highway toll booths. The complex provides recognition quality of 99.7 percent even in bad weather. The development of young scientists is used at toll points for federal roads M1, M4 and Western High-Speed ​​Diameter in St. Petersburg. In addition, at the Hannover Fair in 2016, the laureates entered into contracts with French and South Korean companies.

Andrey Nuikin received an award for the development and introduction into mass production of a complex of microcircuits for smart cards and radio frequency identification. His invention is used daily by many Moscow residents. Microchips are used in the production of smart cards for paying for public transport “TAT” and “Ediny”. They are also used in more advanced smart cards: banking, electronic medical policies and new generation electronic passports.

Alexey Titov, Kirill Krasnoshchekov and Alexander Evsyukov became prize winners for developing a transport model for the Moscow agglomeration. A macroscopic model, built using the latest computer algorithms, makes it possible to optimize the movement of residents around the city, improve the quality of the capital’s transport system, and reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere. And the main thing is to predict the development of the capital for decades to come. The model is used in the work of the Research and Design Institute of the General Plan of Moscow.

Georgy Faranosov, Ivan Belyaev and Oleg Bychkov investigated one of the significant sources of noise for modern aircraft - the interaction of the jet stream and the wing. The researchers made recommendations to reduce noise levels for existing and planned aircraft, increasing their competitiveness in the global market.

New season: award 2017

You can already apply for the Moscow Government Prize for Young Scientists 2017. This year they plan to award 33 prizes of one million rubles each. Prizes are awarded in 22 categories - 11 in the field of research and 11 in the field of development.

The competition is open to scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers, graduate students, doctoral students and specialists conducting scientific and scientific-technical activities in organizations and universities in Moscow. As well as specialists from Moscow economic and social sphere who are working on experimental developments.

Young scientists must be under 36 years of age. They can participate in the competition either individually or as part of a team of up to three people. Doctors of Science have an advantage: holders of this academic degree up to and including 40 years of age can apply for the award.

Applications will be accepted until October 30. All the necessary information can be found on the website youngscientists.rf. The results of the competition will be announced by February 15 next year.