Philippok's main idea. L. Tolstoy Filipok (read, download, watch cartoon or listen to audio tale online)

12.08.2024

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote not only for adults, but also for children. The heroes of many of his children's stories are peasant children. It is extremely interesting to read about your peers who lived many years ago, to learn about their lives, about the world that surrounded them.
Tolstoy's famous story "Filipok" tells the story of a boy who really wanted to study. But he was still too small, so his mother did not let him go to school. Then the brave and inquisitive kid went to school alone. There were dogs on his way. But Filipok managed to escape from them and get to school. He was very afraid that the teacher would drive him away.

Finding himself in the classroom, the boy was at first confused and timid to the point that he could not utter a word: “And Filipok would be glad to say something, but his throat was dry from fear. He looked at the teacher and cried." But later, when he was allowed to stay at school, he quickly became bolder. When asked by the teacher who taught him to read, Filipok resourcefully replied: “Kostyushka! I'm poor, I immediately understood everything. I am so passionate!” The boy's curiosity, courage, and perseverance helped him achieve his goal: to become a schoolchild.

The author tells a small episode from the life of his hero. But we learned a lot about the boy, about his character, about the life of peasant children, and village life. This touching and bright work leaves a light and kind feeling after reading. The behavior of a peasant boy evokes joy and tenderness in us.

Reading the story by L.N. Tolstoy’s “Filipok” through the eyes of a modern student and even a modern teacher, we get a number of logical inconsistencies: over almost a century and a half, a not very thick information wall has grown up between the people of that and our time from forgotten background knowledge and new false stereotypes.

The story is often published in school textbooks and on the Internet in an “edited” form, sometimes without an episode with dialect pronunciation, sometimes without an episode with a prayer. A naive rationalist will say: who is now interested in the details of what happened in a pre-revolutionary rural school? And he will be right: indeed, few people do. So why are our children reading about this?

In this story, we can only be interested in the thoughts of the great Tolstoy, and not at all in any specific village (there are no specifics there, the subtitle “truth” is not about that at all) and not in a boy named Philip: maybe the boy never existed...

The reader needs to learn three simple truths from an early age:

In any work of art (not only literary) behind a specific image, character, or event there is hidden a large-scale, socially significant idea, and in terms of the scale of Tolstoy’s thought, it is also in Tolstoy’s children’s story. By the way, the author of “War and Peace” wrote in a letter to Strakhov dated November 12, 1872: “I am so sure that I erected a monument to this “ABC”” (as part of which our story was published).
The world depicted in a work of art is completely, down to the smallest detail, created by the author; therefore, if he was concerned about placing some small details in this world, it means he wanted to say something by this. This is well known to modern photographers: a true master will remove unnecessary, meaningless details that blur the image from his picture.
Any sign, every little thing in a work of art is a stimulus for the birth/turn of thought of the person to whom the work is addressed: reader, viewer, listener, i.e. Your thoughts, my dear Reader!

Do you doubt the skill of Leo Tolstoy? Then we will read his story with complete confidence, without suspecting the Master of sloppy talkativeness. The proposed commentary is just that, a commentary that does not require the reader to have any special linguistic knowledge or skills.

There was a boy, his name was Philip. Once all the boys went to school. Philip took his hat and wanted to go too. But his mother said to him: Where are you going, Filipok? - To school. “You’re still young, don’t go,” and his mother left him at home. The guys went to school. The father left for the forest in the morning, the mother went to work as a day laborer. Filipok and grandma remained in the hut on the stove. Filip became bored alone, his grandmother fell asleep, and he began to look for his hat. I couldn’t find mine, so I took my father’s old one and went to school.

All the kids go to school

First detail. It is clearly said, “let’s all the kids go to school.” The popular stories of teachers that “before not all children could go to school” (see publications of lessons) are not confirmed in the text. Filipka's mother leaves her at home only because of her age. Tolstoy wrote a story about post-reform Russia, after liberation from serfdom, and wrote precisely that now all people can determine their own destiny, all children go to school, including the children of poor rural residents. The story does not directly mention poverty or any social inequality; it depicts free villagers working... Only “day work” is not just work paid by the day, as explained in textbooks (if the work of any invited specialist is paid according to the number of workers days, his work will still not be called daily wages), but only unskilled and usually hard low-paid work. In winter in the village this could be the work of a laundress, a cleaner, or a house help. Reader, please note that all children go to school, including the children of rural day laborers. At the end of the story, it turns out that Filipok’s older brother, Kostyushka, goes to school, and Filipok has been asking to go there for a long time, which rules out an accidental adventure out of boredom.

Grandma on the stove

Second detail: Grandma lies on the stove, literally and figuratively. Firstly, modern children need to be shown, at least in a picture, a Russian stove with a bed, on which old people, children, and cats loved to lie...

Modern kids also like a warm traditional bed:

But there is another association: “lying on the stove” means “doing nothing”, as well as “not taking active actions”, “not changing anything in your life.”

Remember the fabulous Emelya, who goes to the king lying on the stove; in the fairy tale he is depicted quite approvingly: the Russian people still do not really like people who work exclusively for the sake of wealth, power or fame.

Leo Tolstoy writes a true story, not a fairy tale, so he shows a completely different situation: in the Filipok family, the adults work, only the grandmother, who, by the way, personifies antiquity, family, traditions, lies on the stove, as she should. Little Filip can also still “lie on the stove,” that is, not work, not care about anything, but he chooses movement... Movement is the main theme of the story, and this can be easily traced through the through chain of words with the meaning “movement.”

Reader, this is important: our hero easily overcame the first terrible (and very Russian) temptation - the temptation of laziness!

Reading the second paragraph:

The school was outside the village near the church. When Philip walked through his settlement, the dogs did not touch him, they knew him. But when he went out to other people’s yards, Zhuchka jumped out, barked, and behind Zhuchka was a large dog, Volchok. Filipok started to run, the dogs followed him. Filipok began to scream, tripped and fell. A man came out, drove the dogs away and said: where are you, little shooter, running alone?

Village, school, church

Third detail: “The school was outside the village near the church.”

Village in Russia in the 19th century. Only a relatively large settlement in which there is a church was officially named. That’s why it stands behind the village, because residents of all the surrounding villages go to it. But why is the school in this description tied to the church?

Firstly, children from several surrounding villages go to school, as well as to church.

Secondly, in Rus', Cyrillic writing was officially adopted along with baptism, and it appeared in direct connection with the Eastern Orthodox religious and cultural choice of the Slavic peoples; It was the monasteries that were the stronghold of ancient Russian literature, especially in the “Tatar-Mongol” era. Our peasant great-great-grandfathers received their primary education in parochial schools.

Thirdly: science and religion are two manifestations of human spiritual life, whether they compete or interact. Even the most stubborn materialism is also a manifestation of mentality, that is, spiritual life. And finally: the reader has, of course, already noticed that the entire plot of the story is Filip’s way to school; It is now clear that it also becomes a symbolic “road to the temple.”

Zhuchka and Volchok

Fourth detail: the familiar dogs did not touch Filipok, but in a strange settlement (in a strange part of the village, on a strange street) the dogs were unfamiliar. Tolstoy is confusing something: if they are strangers, how does Filipok know their nicknames? And here's where: Beetles called dogs as black as a beetle, and Tops, respectively, similar to a wolf. In the illustrations of various artists, a black dog is invariably present:

What difference does it make to a writer what the dogs are called and what they look like? The fact is that the black dog in Russian folklore has always been a symbol of evil. He guarded the border between the world of the living and the world of the dead. Here's an example:

Suddenly the waters on the river became agitated, the eagles screamed in the oak trees - a miracle Yudo with six heads was riding out. He rode out to the middle of the Kalinov Bridge - the horse stumbled under him, the black raven on his shoulder started up, behind him black dog bristled.(The fairy tale “Ivan - the peasant’s son and the miracle Yudo”, http://skazkoved.ru/index.php?fid=1&sid=1&tid=38)

In the biblical encyclopedia, dogs are persecutors. The wolf, of course, also symbolizes danger. So, danger arises on Philip’s path; the path is blocked by persecutors.

And he overcomes the second temptation, the temptation of fear!

The guy is a wonderful helper

Fifth detail: The man drove the dogs away.

Reader, remember how in Russian fairy tales, wonderful helpers appear out of nowhere and save the hero: some are a gray wolf, some are Sivka-Burka, some are a magic comb... This means that behind his success is the approval of popular opinion and higher powers.

Posrelenok

Sixth detail: The man asked: where are you running, little shooter?

An arrow is not just a naughty person, this word literally meant “shot” (our arrow has ripened everywhere!), and a shot is, first of all, a movement towards a specific goal. It is clear that Filipok ran even faster.

Filipok said nothing, picked up the floors and started running at full speed. He ran to the school. There is no one on the porch, but the voices of children can be heard buzzing in the school. Filip was filled with fear: what if the teacher chases me away? And he began to think what to do. To go back - the dog will eat again, to go to school - he is afraid of the teacher. A woman with a bucket walked past the school and said: everyone is studying, but why are you standing here? Filipok went to school. In the senets he took off his hat and opened the door. The whole school was full of children. Everyone shouted their own, and the teacher in a red scarf walked in the middle.

Baba with a bucket

Seventh detail: when Filipka began to overcome the third temptation, doubt, on the threshold of the school, a wonderful helper, a woman with a bucket, appeared again, out of nowhere. Artists depicted her in different ways: some with a heavy, full bucket, and some with a light, empty one.

A bucket, full or empty, is one of the most popular folk signs, foreshadowing good luck or bad luck, respectively. In order for the whole trip not to be in vain, Filipok himself must decide to enter, therefore the text does not say whether the bucket is full or empty, and the woman, like the man-savior, only asks a motivating question.

And the temptation of doubt has been overcome!

Red scarf

Eighth detail: A red scarf that makes the teacher stand out. Colors in general “represent differentiation, something revealed, diversity, affirmation of light. Colors that reflect light, for example, orange, yellow and red, are active, warm, directed towards the beholder... (http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/sim.html). Red is the zenith of color, symbolizing activity, life among many peoples, and in any case making its wearer the center of attention. In Tolstoy’s novel, all the Rostovs blush endlessly, and all the “white” characters - the little princess with white teeth, Helen with white shoulders, Anatole in a white uniform, Prince Andrei with white hands - they all die. And even before the Battle of Austerlitz, Bolkonsky sees from a hill white Russian soldiers on red soil...

- What are you doing? - he shouted at Filip. Filipok grabbed his hat and said nothing. - Who are you? – Filipok was silent. - Or are you dumb? “Filipok was so scared that he couldn’t speak. - Well, go home if you don’t want to talk. “And Filipok would be glad to say something, but his throat is dry from fear.” He looked at the teacher and began to cry. Then the teacher felt sorry for him. He stroked his head and asked the guys who this boy was.

- This is Filipok, Kostyushkin’s brother, he has been asking to go to school for a long time, but his mother won’t let him, and he came to school on the sly.

“Well, sit on the bench next to your brother, and I’ll ask your mother to let you go to school.”

The teacher began to show Filipok the letters, but Filipok already knew them and could read a little.

- Come on, say your name. - Filipok said: hwe-i-hvi, le-i-li, pe-ok-pok. - Everyone laughed.

“Well done,” said the teacher. -Who taught you to read?

Filipok dared and said: Kostyushka. I'm poor, I immediately understood everything. I am passionately so clever! “The teacher laughed and said: do you know prayers?” “Filipok said: I know,” and began to speak to the Mother of God; but every word he spoke was wrong. The teacher stopped him and said: stop boasting, and learn.

Since then, Filipok began going to school with the children.

Eternal questions

Ninth detail: Everyone asks Filipk questions - the man who drove the dogs away, and the woman with the bucket, and the teacher simply bombarded him with questions. Where are you running, why are you standing, what are you (why did you come?), who are you...

Agree, reader, the questions are meaningful, eternal, associated with the foundation of world idioms (quo vadis, kamo gryadeshi, etc.). Questions that the Russian people have been trying to answer for centuries and cannot answer unambiguously... Filipok, in essence, did not answer them, and, therefore, it was Tolstoy who left them open.

About Russian language

Tenth detail:

Filipok, who has barely learned the alphabet, correctly puts his name together from the letters, but pronounces the name of the letter F strangely.

In some Russian dialects there was no sound [f] and it was replaced by the combination [xv]. Now it’s clear why Leo Tolstoy named his hero Philip: the diminutive name turned out to be so cute, round, affectionate, and you can’t confuse it with fairy-tale heroes, and the dialect pronunciation is easy to clearly and clearly demonstrate. Filipok speaks his native speech only in its uncultivated local version; he does not know the literary language, the language of culture and science, which makes us all a single people, regardless of the characteristics of our “small homeland.” This is equivalent to the case when a modern teenager, in admiration, finds only the word “cool” instead of “good, correct, beautiful, cute, charming, wonderful, smart...”, and simply does not understand many words in the texts. Just as dialects retained traces of the ancient division of the future Russian nation into many tribes, so modern slangs divide us into groups and groups according to age, education, occupation, making a person a stranger in another area of the city and even in his own family. In this sense, the “nationality” of speech does not at all serve the unity of the Russian people. So, maybe Orthodoxy will save us?

Prayer

Eleventh detail: Filipok and in prayer “pronounced every word incorrectly.” This means that his faith turns out to be a meaningless mechanical muttering; You also need to learn prayer! Any religion is also a kind of Teaching.

In the episodes with Philip's dialect pronunciation and prayer, we encounter echoes of a long-outdated polemic around the concept, which is now often referred to as “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality”; it is of interest only to historians. But discussions continue between purists and anti-normalizers, disputes between supporters of “people’s speech” (in particular, freedom of slang and swearing in public communication and literature: “the people say so!”) and defenders of literary and ethical norms in speech. The revived influence of religion and the church also raises a number of pressing questions for society and the state. Therefore, Tolstoy’s thought is quite applicable to our lives. Without denying nationality and Orthodoxy as the beginnings of Russian life, the great writer proves the need for widespread public education and movement forward, development, and not stagnation.

Wait to brag

Twelfth detail:

Boast " I'm poor, I immediately understood everything. I am passionately so clever!" turned out to be completely groundless. Doesn’t it remind you, reader, of modern glorifications of our Russian intelligence? What did Tolstoy answer to this in the words of the teacher? Directly and without any allegories: “ Stop boasting and learn.”

Of course, there is an element of subjectivity in my reading. In the sense that you, the reader, will, of course, find in this story other reasons for comment and reasoning. For example, find out the symbolic meaning of details associated with his father: he went into the forest, and Filipok put on his hat...

Illustrations by A.F. were used. Pakhomova, G.K. Spirin, as well as footage from the filmstrip by R.V. Bylinskaya (Lapina).

The text has been verified (including spelling and punctuation of the dubious sentence in the third paragraph: There's no one on the porch, but at school audible the voices of the boys are buzzing.) according to SS in 20 volumes - M.: GIHL, vol. 10, 1963, p. 12-13.

The school was outside the village near the church. When Philip walked through his settlement, the dogs did not touch him, they knew him. But when he went out to other people’s yards, Zhuchka jumped out, barked, and behind Zhuchka was a large dog, Volchok. Filipok started to run, the dogs followed him. Filipok began to scream, tripped and fell. A man came out, drove the dogs away and said: where are you, little shooter, running alone? Filipok said nothing, picked up the floors and started running at full speed. He ran to the school. There is no one on the porch, but the voices of children can be heard buzzing in the school. Filip was filled with fear: what if the teacher chases me away? And he began to think what to do. To go back - the dog will eat again, to go to school - he is afraid of the teacher. A woman with a bucket walked past the school and said: everyone is studying, but why are you standing here? Filipok went to school. In the senets he took off his hat and opened the door. The whole school was full of children. Everyone shouted their own, and the teacher in a red scarf walked in the middle.

What are you doing? - he shouted at Filip. Filipok grabbed his hat and said nothing. - Who are you? - Filipok was silent. - Or are you dumb? - Filipok was so scared that he couldn’t speak. - Well, go home if you don’t want to talk. “And Filipok would be glad to say something, but his throat is dry from fear.” He looked at the teacher and began to cry. Then the teacher felt sorry for him. He stroked his head and asked the guys who this boy was.

This is Filipok, Kostyushkin’s brother, he has been asking to go to school for a long time, but his mother won’t let him, and he came to school on the sly.

Well, sit on the bench next to your brother, and I’ll ask your mother to let you go to school.

The teacher began to show Filipok the letters, but Filipok already knew them and could read a little.

Come on, put your name down. - Filipok said: hwe-i-hvi, -le-i-li, -peok-pok. - Everyone laughed.

Well done,” said the teacher. -Who taught you to read?

Filipok dared and said: Kostyushka. I'm poor, I immediately understood everything. I am passionately so clever! - The teacher laughed and said: do you know prayers? “Filipok said: I know,” and began to speak to the Mother of God; but every word he spoke was wrong. The teacher stopped him and said: stop boasting, and learn.

Since then, Filipok began going to school with the children.

Review of Leo Tolstoy’s story “Filipok,” written as part of the “My Favorite Book 2015” competition. Khalyavina Polina (8 years old), Khalyavina Anastasia (14 years old).

“Filipok” is an exceptional story about a little boy who was driven by a thirst for knowledge. From my point of view, Filipok is an extraordinary child. Despite the fact that the hero is a little younger than me, he was able to teach me a lot. He showed me that you need to set a goal, go towards it and achieve your dreams, despite all the small and large difficulties. Using his story as an example, I realized that we cannot retreat under any circumstances, that we must fight to the end.

“If you set your mind to something, then backing down is almost the same as hanging a sign on your chest that says “loser.” © Oleg Roy.

After reading this book for the second time, I realized that Filipok had become a role model for me. I am pleased with his courage and determination. I believe that this is exactly what a person should be - a “warrior”, a fighter for his happiness!

For this little boy, his highest goal is to study. “Learning is light, not learning is darkness.” Our ancestors thought so, Filipok thought so, and I think so too! Some will say that Philip's goal is insignificant. On the one hand, yes, he didn’t dream of conquering the world, the country, or at least his village; that’s not why he went to school, overcoming all the obstacles that were huge for such a small boy. But study gives rise to science, and science benefits not only the person himself, but also the state.

“If you are patient and diligent, then the sown seeds of knowledge will certainly bear fruit. The root of learning is bitter, but the fruit is sweet” ©Leonardo da Vinci.

As you know, you need to start small, since all the great scientists who changed the course of history also just came to school/university one day!

I believe that the further history goes, the more unique this unusual boy, Filipok, becomes. For example, now it is very difficult to meet a person who would strive to learn and want to go to school. Now other values and knowledge do not play any role when we evaluate a person as an individual. Nowadays we look at external beauty, forgetting that sometimes the cover of a book does not correspond to its content. In my opinion, knowledge is intelligence, and it reflects the true inner spiritual beauty of a person!

Perhaps that is why for me Filipok is something more than just a little boy who, through great work, came to his goal!

Khalyavina Polina (8 years old)
Khalyavina Anastasia (14 years old)
Serov city, Sverdlovsk region

There was a boy, his name was Philip.

Once all the boys went to school. Philip took his hat and wanted to go too. But his mother told him:

Where are you going, Filipok?

To school.

You’re still young, don’t go,” and his mother left him at home.

The guys went to school. The father left for the forest in the morning, the mother went to work as a day laborer. Filipok and grandma remained in the hut on the stove. Filip became bored alone, his grandmother fell asleep, and he began to look for his hat. I couldn’t find mine, so I took my father’s old one and went to school.

A man came out, drove the dogs away and said:

Where are you, little shooter, running alone?

Filipok said nothing, picked up the floors and started running at full speed.

He ran to the school. There is no one on the porch, but in the school you can hear the voices of the children buzzing. Fear came over Filip: “What, as a teacher, will drive me away?” And he began to think what to do. To go back - the dog will eat again, to go to school - he is afraid of the teacher.

A woman walked past the school with a bucket and said:

Everyone is studying, but why are you standing here?

Filipok went to school. In the senets he took off his hat and opened the door. The whole school was full of children. Everyone shouted their own, and the teacher in a red scarf walked in the middle.

What are you doing? - he shouted at Filip.

Filipok grabbed his hat and said nothing.

Who are you?

Filipok was silent.

Or are you dumb?

Filipok was so frightened that he could not speak.

Well, go home if you don’t want to talk.

And Filipok would have been glad to say something, but his throat was dry from fear. He looked at the teacher and began to cry. Then the teacher felt sorry for him. He stroked his head and asked the guys who this boy was.

This is Filipok, Kostyushkin’s brother, he has been asking to go to school for a long time, but his mother won’t let him, and he came to school on the sly.

Well, sit on the bench next to your brother, and I’ll ask your mother to let you go to school.

The teacher began to show Filipok the letters, but Filipok already knew them and could read a little.

Well, put your name down.