What do we know about summer? Nikolaeva S.N., Komarova I.A.

Indian summer begins on September 14 (September 1, old style). For us, this means that autumn brings a little more summer warmth before the cold weather.

What do we know about “Indian summer”?...
It is interesting that the concept itself exists in other countries, but it is dated to different times. In Poland and the Czech Republic, “Indian summer” refers to prolonged warm weather in the fall, regardless of the month. In Bulgaria there is an “Indian Spring” - the so-called “Indian days” correspond to the end of March...

In some areas of Germany, at the end of the nineteenth century, there was one day or even several hours a year that were considered feminine. On this day, husbands had to obey their wives and unquestioningly fulfill all their desires and commands.

In Brussels there was also such a day - January 19, when a woman was considered the sovereign mistress of the house, and her husband was obliged to obey her in everything. In Ukraine, “Indian summer” begins from October 1 to October 8, old style. Why this particular time is explained by legend.

Once upon a time, there was a severe cold these days. Not all of the fruits in the gardens had been harvested yet, so they were bound to inevitably disappear. So the women, having gathered together, began to ask the Lord God to return warmth to them. The prayer was heard. And the warm time really returned, and the fruits were successfully collected. It was then that the first week after Intercession began to be called “Indian summer.”

Since in the customs of different countries this time was considered such when a man had to obey his wife, the assumption arises that the expression “Indian summer” contains a remnant of the former dominance of women over men, and the word “summer” denotes not the season, but the year, the time .

In Russia, for example, Indian summer has long been confined to the week from September 1 to 8, according to the old style. In this regard, there was an assumption that this time is called “Indian summer” because in September the constellation Pleiades, in other words, Baba, is visible in the sky.

Do you remember how at the beginning of September the thinnest cobwebs, barely visible to the eye, begin to fly? It is now known that it is woven by tiny spiders. And in ancient times, people did not know where the thinnest threads in the air came from. In pagan times, they believed that the appearance of cobwebs was the result of the work of the gods.

The pagan Slavs believed that one of the gods they worshiped entangled the entire world with invisible thin threads of a web. Later, after the adoption of Christianity, the origin of the threads began to be attributed to the Mother of God.

In the minds of the peasants, the threads of the web floating in the air meant that it was time to begin women’s work: weaving, spinning, sewing, knitting.

The time began for women at this time when they had to prepare fabrics and threads to sheathe and bind their entire family.

Indian summer begins on a day called Semin, or the day of Semyon the summer guide. On this day the Church remembers one of its great ascetics, Simeon the Stylite (IV-V centuries).

Since before 1700 the New Year began on September 1, many beginnings in peasant life are associated with this day. On Semyon's day they usually extinguished the old fire, and in the morning they made a wood fire again by rubbing wood against wood. There was a tradition on Semin's Day to complete trade-related agreements and transactions. For many centuries, there was a custom on the day of Simeon to put a boy who had reached four years of age on a horse.

From that day on, women soaked hemp, dried and crushed flax, and dug potatoes. There was also an amusing custom of burying flies and cockroaches on this day so that they would not be found.

The anticyclone is to blame
Indian summer is not summer at all, which returned for a week or two in mid-September. Warm autumn days are the last waves of the Azores anticyclone, thanks to which the air and soil do not have time to cool quickly.

The Azores anticyclone is a huge area of ​​high pressure in the Atlantic. In summer it affects only the northern hemisphere, from 40° to 65° north latitude. The USA, all of Europe and the European part of Russia are under its influence. Therefore, Indian summer is a local phenomenon.

From May to September, anticyclones bring heat, and in the remaining months - cold. Since the weather changes according to a sinusoid, approximately once every 5-7 days a cyclone is replaced by an anticyclone and vice versa. In this regard, September in mid-latitudes is no different from other months. So “Indian summer” is just an anticyclone that has not yet had time to “cool down” for winter.

How trees help
Since a cyclone replaces an anticyclone approximately once a week, why does Indian summer last longer? It is believed that fallen leaves are to blame for this.

Indian summer comes to us after the leaves begin to fall. Fallen leaves emit additional heat into the atmosphere, which does not allow the soil to cool quickly, and thereby delays the Indian summer for another couple of days.

Why doesn't Indian summer last longer?
If in Russia the arrival of Indian summer is traditionally expected by September 14, then in Ukraine, Europe and the USA, Indian summer comes much later. In America, “Indian summer” is expected from early October to mid-November, and in Germany - from late September to early November.

By October, the air masses of the Azores anticyclone, which gives us Indian summer, weaken. They can no longer cross Europe and reach Russia, because continental cold takes effect there. But Ukraine and European countries will enjoy the warmth brought from the ocean for several more weeks.

About spiders and cobwebs
In some countries, Indian summer is called “spider summer” or “Maryina yarn”. These names are associated with the fact that due to leaf fall, tree branches are exposed and previously invisible cobwebs become visible. Moreover, cobwebs often break off from trees and go flying.

Two Indian summers
Until the mid-20th century, it was believed that Indian summer came twice - at the end of August and mid-September. Each of them was associated with many signs, such as “if there is a lot of tenetnik (autumn cobweb) in the air, then the autumn will be clear and the winter will be cold”
or “Indian summer is dry - autumn is wet.”

Kyiv, Ukraine

Ontario, Canada

Austria

Paris, France

New York

Finland

Switzerland

Netherlands

Autumn, "Indian summer..."

The poet Fyodor Tyutchev wrote about Indian Summer:
“There is a short time in the original autumn. But it’s a wonderful time. The whole day is like crystal and the evenings are radiant”...

“And it’s scary that this magical, colorful fairy tale is about to end, rain and slush will begin, and my intoxicating miracle - Indian summer - will go away.”

Photos of autumn in some countries

After spring comes summer. People, plants, and animals were waiting for him. In the summer, the sun stands high in the sky during the day, shines brightly and warms - it becomes hot. The days are long, the nights are short and bright. Everything is blooming, smiling, enjoying the warmth. Now you can wear light clothes and shoes (or even barefoot) and take long walks. The water in the pond, river, lake is heated, so in the summer everyone enjoys swimming and sunbathing.

In summer there are thunderstorms and warm showers. The chicks begin to leave the nests and learn to fly. Dragonflies circle above the water, butterflies and bees above the flowers.

The gardens are filled with fruits and the juicy berries are ripening. In the meadows there is a lush carpet of herbs and flowers. There is a lot of work for people in the fields, meadows and summer cottages.

There are often thunderstorms in summer. Summer thunderclouds are made up of an infinite number of water droplets charged with electricity. Between two such clouds a high-power electric charge jumps. This is lightning. Sometimes lightning occurs between a thundercloud and the ground. Then a tree or haystack that was struck by lightning may catch fire. That is why during a summer thunderstorm you should not hide from the rain under lonely trees. During the discharge of thunderclouds, first we see the flash of lightning, and then the peals of thunder reach us. This happens because sound travels through air more slowly than light. If there is a very long interval between lightning and thunder, then this means that the thunderstorm is happening somewhere far away.

Usually you can see in advance that a thunderstorm is brewing: the sun is hot, moisture accumulates in the air, it becomes quiet and stuffy. A cluster of powerful cumulus clouds is noticeable on the horizon. They quickly approach and soon occupy the entire sky, which begins to change in a special way and even a special pre-storm light is felt. The wind blows in gusts, abruptly changes direction, and then intensifies, raising clouds of dust, tearing off leaves and breaking tree branches, and can tear off the roofs of houses. Then a wall of torrential rain falls from above from an approaching cloud, sometimes with hail. Lightning flashes, deafening rumbles of thunder are heard. A dangerous, but very beautiful sight!

How dangerous is a thunderstorm? First of all, a lightning strike. Lightning can cause a fire. A direct lightning strike can cause death! Another danger is strong winds that break tree branches and damage buildings. Trees falling from the wind often damage power lines. Because of them, people can get injured. And finally, heavy rain and hail. Hail destroys crops. If you don’t hide from it in time, you can’t avoid bruises and abrasions. Tell us about the sizes of hailstones, show them with examples!

After the rain, when the sun peeks through the thick curtain of clouds, A beautiful seven-color rainbow appears in the sky. She appears where the storm clouds go. A rainbow is visible as long as raindrops fall frequently and evenly on the ground. The larger the drops and the more often they fall, the brighter the rainbow.

The colors of the rainbow are arranged in a strictly defined order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors make up the white ray of sunlight, which when it rains is refracted in drops of rainwater. To remember this sequence, people came up with a sentence in which the first letter of each word is the same as the first letter of the name of the color: "Every Hunter Wants to Know Where the Pheasant Sits."

Usually we see a rainbow when the rain has not stopped yet, but the sun is shining in the sky. A rainbow can be seen not only in the sky, but also in a fountain, while swimming in a river, when a lot of splashes rise. The main thing is that the sun and water “work” together.

In summer you can see many insects: butterflies, ladybugs, flies, mosquitoes, bees, bumblebees.

In the summer, in the heat, you need to be careful about food, strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene, and also not eat uncontrolled perishable foods.

At the same time, you need to know the basic rules, the observance of which reduces the risk of contracting intestinal infectious diseases:

Before eating, be sure to wash your hands, and always with soap;

Products must be kept in the refrigerator or sold quickly; in hot weather they spoil very quickly;

When going to the forest, you need to dress properly. Clothes should be light and shoes should be high. It is advisable to cover your neck with something. Under no circumstances should you go into the forest in shorts, a sleeveless T-shirt and without a hat, since tick bites are very dangerous. Ticks are dangerous not only in the forest. This insect can enter a house with a bouquet of flowers, tree branches, grass, on the fur of pets, as well as on the outer clothing of a person returning from the forest. Therefore, when leaving the forest, you need to carefully inspect your clothes, and do it again at home.

In summer, people tend to crops in fields and gardens. At this time of year, it is necessary to fight weeds and insect pests, water and feed plants, and loosen the soil. To prevent plants from burning out due to drought, canals are built in the steppe regions and sprinklers are installed in the fields. This makes it possible to grow corn, melons, watermelons, and various vegetables.

People are busy in summer preparation of food for domestic animals. One such feed is silage. This is mown grass placed in special holes. The pits are closed so that air does not penetrate into them.

The haymaking season has just passed in July, and the peasants have even more new hard work to do. It’s not for nothing that they say that August is bitter hard labor, but afterwards the poppy will be sweet. In the warm soil, starchy potato tubers and sweet beet roots will ripen. In the fields the fields are waving widely, the ripe rye ear has grown heavy and is asking to be put into the thresher. The apples are filling up in the orchards; the raspberries and late strawberries have not yet left. Heads of cabbage are already curling up in the vegetable gardens, carrots are growing lusciously, and side-size tomatoes are ripening. “August is a bush eater, a thick eater, a pickle eater: plenty of everything.” The bounties of August are countless. They store bread for the whole year, obtain food, and prepare pickles: “Winter has a big mouth.” Discuss the proverbs:

August cooks, September serves.

August is the crown of summer.

It's August and it's a busy time for fish.

In August, the woman bends the ridge in the field; Yes, life is good for her: the days are shorter, the nights are longer; an aching back, and a mess on the table.

August prepares pickles for the winter table.

Whatever a man gathers in August will keep him fed throughout the winter.

What begins in April will grow in May, bloom and ripen in June - July, and be buried in bins and barns in August.

Essay Summer night (with the words quiet, wilderness, night, midnight, owl, reeds, rye, trembling)

What is a summer night? These are bright stars in the sky that can be seen in all their glory only in the wild. A summer night is a warm breeze that gets tangled in the hair and plays with it quietly, and they, in turn, enjoy a gentle embrace.

Essay Why I Love Summer

Summer is a wonderful time of year, isn't it? Nature shows its wonders in full force, dressing everything around in green (and many other) outfits. Animals are in full control of the streets, fulfilling their roles and tasks.

Essay Summer Rain

Rain is always the same, it doesn't change, but we look at it differently. Autumn rain brings sadness and thoughts, winter rain brings slush and swell, spring rain brings joy and thunder.

Today I will talk about my experience when I went to the sea for the first time. It was beautiful, bright, unforgettable. For those interested, read on.

Essay How I want to spend my summer

Holidays. This word evokes so many positive emotions, memories and new plans. We always look forward to them and cross out the remaining days on the calendar with a smile.

The last month of spring ends - May, and at the same time the next academic year. The long-awaited summer holidays are coming, where you can take a break from long classes and endless homework.

Essay Where would I like to go in the summer and why? 5th grade (at sea, to the village, to Paris)

I'm looking forward to the summer holidays. I really want to use them to visit my grandmother in the village. Last summer I spent almost three months with her.

Essay What do I expect from summer reasoning

Summer is the most wonderful time of the year. What do I expect from summer? First of all, I look forward to summer, like all those who study at school, college, and university, I look forward to the long-awaited summer holidays.

Essay My summer holidays

The long-awaited summer has arrived. Three months of rest. My parents decided to spend it not at the dacha, but to take me to the sea. So that I tan and improve my health. Because I can't handle heat well

Essay Summer is a little life

Summer is a special time. You can forget about school for three whole months. What to do in the summer and how to spend time profitably. Only in summer can you begin to harden your body. To do this, swim in a river, in a pond, under a shower with cool water or in a pool

Every summer is filled with bright events and pleasant memories. Last summer, my dad and I went to visit his brother. This trip was a real summer adventure

Essay Summer Country Nights

Summer village nights. Every person who is lucky enough to spend a night in the village at least once in his life will never forget these magical memories.

Summer is a wonderful time. I always look forward to this time of year, because in the summer it’s warm, you can walk longer, because it gets dark later. I love summer because at this time of year I have fun: I play with friends, go with my family to swim at the sea and relax

Essay on the most boring day of the holidays

Everyone says that the most boring days during the holidays are when it rains. But I don't agree with this. For me, the most boring day was the hottest one. When the stuffiness was unbearable

Like any child, I always look forward to summer. Life flies by quickly in summer, but you remember it more than anything else. My best day was the first time I visited the capital's amusement park

This summer I went to camp. The voucher was given to my mother at work. When I found out that I was going to the camp, I was very happy. I immediately started thinking about what I would need at camp. I decided that I would take a couple of toy cars

Essay How I spent my summer holidays

All schoolchildren love summer holidays: both those who do not really like school, and even excellent students

Summer is my favorite time of the year. Because every day of the summer holidays is filled with vivid impressions, new events, and interesting acquaintances.

This summer has been absolutely wonderful. I spent almost all my time at my grandmother’s dacha. She has a German Shepherd named Bars living in her yard. Even though the dog is a guard dog, it turned out to be very kind towards me.

Summer is my favorite time of the year, a wonderful time full of joy and fun! I always spend warm summer days with benefit and pleasure.

Essay on the topic Park in summer or summer in the park

The long-awaited summer has arrived - the city has become stuffy, dusty and very hot. However, every town, even the smallest one, has its oases. These are parks and squares. When you run into such a place from the scorching sun, it’s as if you find yourself in another world.

One summer, as always, I was walking with a neighboring boy, Vaska, on the outskirts of the village not far from my grandmother’s house. We have our own small house there, built by us from branches and unnecessary boards. And suddenly I heard squeaking sounds somewhere not far away.

Every year, in the summer, I go to the village to visit my grandmother. I spend the whole summer there. It's very good there. I have many friends there. And most of all I love spending time with my horse

Probably, each of us has certain memories that involuntarily make us think about something, reflect, or simply make us smile. This is exactly how I associate summer

What could be more beautiful than a summer walk in the forest? After all, many artists and poets dedicate their paintings to this. Only at this time of year the forest is beautiful in its own way and it seems that it has its own secret.

Just recently, the sun shone so brightly that you had to close your eyes while walking around the city. More and more often, a cold breeze makes you shiver from the unpleasant feeling of autumn on your shoulders

I spent this summer in my hometown. Every morning I woke up at 8, or even 9 o'clock in the morning. After breakfast, the boys and I played football and other games in the yard for a long time, or simply ran races.

Summer in the village means fresh air, blue skies, the fragrant smell of the forest, a variety of delicious berries and mushrooms. I'm looking forward to the hot summer days to experience the unforgettable atmosphere of being close to nature.

Essay Summer at sea (trip to the sea)

This summer, the whole family will go on vacation to the Black Sea again, as every year we try to adhere to this tradition. I'm looking forward to this magical time

Hooray! It's summer. This is the most favorite time of the year, as you really look forward to it. I was really looking forward to these holidays, as in the summer there is an opportunity to relax and gain new strength for the next school year

I like Indian summer. Autumn has arrived, it's rainy and cold. Sad. And then it turns out that they will give you another piece of summer. It becomes warm and beautiful. The leaves have already turned yellow.

The weather in summer is very warm and sunny. You can go to the river, to the outdoor pool and swim there