Charcoal pencil paintings. Charcoal drawing: from origins to modern times

As a material, coal has been used for many centuries. Its analogue was painted back in Ancient Greece. Craftsmen created “charcoal” by mixing charred willow branches, nuts and grapes. The history of the graphite pencil dates back to England in the 16th century.

Pencil and charcoal are materials with different characteristics. The first is a hard instrument, the second is a soft one. The technique of drawing with these materials differs, primarily due to these properties. Charcoal, unlike pencil, is not used for detailed objects. The soft material is intended for sketches, sketches, and chiaroscuro modeling.

Charcoal should be used on paper with a rough surface. Otherwise, the material will not adhere well to the base and will quickly crumble. You can draw with a pencil on the most ordinary paper.

Beginning artists are recommended to use graphite pencils to master drawing. You can easily control the line, erase failed details, drawing them again. These manipulations will not work with coal. It lends itself well to correction, but can leave unflattering dark spots. To master both tools, you should become familiar with the basic techniques for using them.

Pencil: basic drawing techniques

The main technique for drawing with a pencil is line. Depending on the texture of the paper and the type of tool, it can be clear, pronounced or barely noticeable. The pencil allows you to qualitatively feel and master. The clarity of the line also depends on the pressure on the tool. With one pencil you can change the intensity of the contour, highlighting the most important points.

Another technique is shading with a transition of tonality. When creating it with a pencil, you need to smoothly change the pressure over the entire area selected for tinting. It is very difficult to create beautiful shading the first time, but constant practice and ease of adjustment will help you quickly master the often used graphic technique.

Drawing with Charcoal

The main technique of drawing with charcoal is working with the tonality of the image. It will take much less time to master it than when working with a pencil. However, there are some tricks here.

When creating a shadow or working with depth, you should not draw in the same way as with a graphite tool - vary the degree of pressure. Start with the darkest place and, gradually weakening, draw only 1/3 of the intended space. Next, use a napkin or finger to blend the material in the desired direction.

If you decide to work with charcoal using the pencil principle, you will get a sad result: the tint will quickly lose its properties and turn into a dark, monochromatic stain.

Please note: charcoal is practically not used to draw even, smooth lines. With its help, it mainly creates toning and also adds depth to the drawing. In this case, the initial sketch is often done in pencil (with thin broken lines).

Coal work requires careful handling and storage. To preserve the image without deformation, it should be placed under glass. You can also use a special fixative or simple hairspray.

Municipal autonomous educational institution

kindergarten No. 79 “Guselki”, Togliatti urban district

"Drawing with charcoal"

Summary of GCD in the senior group

(using ICT)

Compiled by:

Educator

Perevozchikova Evgenia Vladimirovna

Tolyatti 2012

Annotation:

This is a summary of direct educational activities on artistic creativity in the senior group “Drawing with charcoal”. Introducing children to an unconventional way of drawing.

An Artist comes to the children and invites them to visit his art workshop. During the lesson, children become the artist’s friends; for the duration of the activity, they are given badges with a picture of the hero.

GCD takes place using ICT.

Target: Teaching children non-traditional charcoal drawing techniques.

Tasks:

Training tasks:

• Introduce an unconventional drawing material - charcoal;
• Teach children to create their own drawing plot using stencils;
• Expand children's knowledge about artists who drew with charcoal.

Developmental tasks:

• Develop basic skills in working with coal;
• Develop independence, aesthetic feelings and emotions, a sense of composition;
• Develop sensory skills - hand-eye coordination when drawing, fine motor skills of fingers;

Educational tasks:

• To instill in children a sense of beauty through fine art;
• Cultivate an interest in reflecting one’s impressions in visual arts;
• Cultivate caution when working with coal.

Methodical techniques:

• Game (use of surprise moments).
• Visual (use of illustration).
• Verbal (reminder, instructions, questions, individual answers from children).

Equipment: magnetic board, computer, projector.

Demo material:

• picture of the Artist,
• presentation on the topic(Appendix 2)
• sad and happy emoticons.

Handout:sheets of thick paper A4 format, charcoal,

Simple pencils, paper napkins,

Wet wipes, stencils, sheets of paper 10*10

For trial drawing with charcoal.

Progress of the lesson.

Introductory part.

Educator:

Guys, hello!

Today on the way to kindergarten I met the Artist.

He lives in the fairy tale about Dunno. And he invites you to become his friends:

Dunno, Znayka, Stargazer, Mushka, Chamomile, Asterisk, etc.

(children choose badges with pictures of heroes, attach

On clothes).

- I now know how to contact you.

What does an Artist do?

Children: draws.

Educator:

- Artists do not draw, but paint their pictures. Every artist has

Own art workshop. Do you want to visit the workshop?

Our artist?

Children: yes.

Educator:

Then close your eyes:

One two three four five

Workshop meet our guys!

Main part.

Slide 1. Art workshop

Educator:

Open your eyes, we are in an art workshop.

Look at what there is here: paints, pencils, and brushes,

And painted pictures.

The Artist has such a beautiful chest, it contains the necessary

Objects for his work. But he asks not to open it right away,

And try to guess the riddles that are there. Listen here...

I'll draw a portrait of my mother
Still life or landscape
Wooden thin long
I am a wizard….(pencil)

I'll give you a hint - I paint,
I will say without modesty, friends
I'm brighter than a pencil
Very juicy... (gouache)

I will apply a gentle pattern
Thin snow-white frost,
Green April -
Everyone knows... (watercolor)

I'll write an ad
And a congratulations card.
Draw posters master
Because I... (felt pen)

Educator:

Guys, what are these items for?

Children:

- They are needed in order to draw.
Educator:

Guys, there is one more item left in the box. And there are no more mysteries.

Let's see what it is?
(The teacher takes out a box of coal and shows it to the children)
Educator:

Guys, this is coal. Charcoal is a soft drawing material.

Slide 2. Firing branches

Educator:

Charcoal is made by burning thin wood branches in a kiln.

Coal has been used by artists since ancient times. Coal

You can draw landscapes, portraits, still lifes, make sketches

And sketches.

Slide 3. Ilya Efimovich Repin “Portrait of Eleanor Duse.”

Educator:

Great artists drew with charcoal.

Pay attention to the painting of a famous artist

Repin Ilya Efimovich “Portrait of Eleonora Duse.”

Slide 3. Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel “After the concert.”

Educator:

- Here is another painting called “After the Concert.”

When the artist painted it, he could no longer see anything.

Slide 4. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin “Overgrown Pond”
Educator:

And this is “Overgrown Pond” by Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin.

The painting was made with charcoal and chalk.

Slide 5. Isaac Levitan “Village. Early spring"

Educator:

- Here is another landscape, Isaac Levitan’s “Village. Early spring"

Slide 6. Children's drawings.

Educator:

And these are the drawings of the guys I work with.

They really enjoy drawing with charcoal.

Do you want to learn how to draw with charcoal?

Children:

Yes.

Educator:

In order for the hands to obey us, we need to make a small finger

Gymnastics “Two centipedes”:

Two centipedes ran along the path

(two hands next to each other move their fingers)

They ran - they ran,

We met each other.

(two palms froze)

They hugged each other like that

They hugged each other like that

They hugged each other like that

(fingers of the left and right hands hug each other)

That we barely separated them.

(hands in the lock are disconnected)

Educator:

Fingers are warmed up, you can get to work.

Coal is fragile and gets very dirty, you have to be extremely careful

So as not to get your work dirty.

You have square sheets of paper on your tables, move them towards you.

A geometric figure is drawn on it with a pencil.

This is a test drawing, try tracing along the pencil lines with charcoal.

You should hold the charcoal in your hand like a regular pencil. When pressed hard

The result is a thick line; if you press lightly, the line will be

Barely noticeable. The result is a square.

To paint it you need to take a napkin, crumple it and shade it

Or rub the resulting lines in a different way.

(the teacher demonstrates drawing techniques on an A3 sheet attached to an easel, the children follow the teacher on a 10*10 sheet)

Educator:

Do you understand the technique of drawing with charcoal? Then move the landscape lens towards you

Paper. In order to paint an interesting picture,

We will create a plot using stencils.

Progress:

1. We outline the stencils with a simple pencil;
2. We draw pencil lines with charcoal;
3. We finish drawing small details;
4. Shading

(children draw, the teacher monitors the work, helps in choosing a plot, in mastering the skills of working with a new material - coal)

Educator:

Now we will complete your works and place them in frames

(gluing previously prepared frames)

(children's works are presented in Appendix 1)

Educator:

- Take your work in your hands and show it to each other.

Did you enjoy working in the art workshop?

It's time for us to go back to kindergarten. Close your eyes.

One, two, three, return all the children to kindergarten!

Summing up the GCD:

Educator:

Guys, where were we today?

Children:

- In the art workshop.

Educator:

- Who called us there?

Children:

Artist.

Educator:

What were we doing there?

Children:

They drew with charcoal.

Educator:

Did you like it, was it difficult or easy?

You have sad and happy emoticons on your tables.

Show how you feel about the work done.

(children show emoticons)

Educator:

I really enjoyed working with you.

Do you want to know my mood?

Slide 7. Cheerful smiley face.

Educator:

You can pick up your paintings and take them home.

And, of course, take emoticons. This is my gift to you.

Goodbye!

Bibliography:

1. http://www.art911.ru Graphics Lessons. Drawing lessons with pencil, charcoal, paints.
2. A.V. Nikitina Non-traditional drawing techniques in kindergarten.
3. NOT. Veraksa, T.S. Komarova, M.A. Vasilyeva FROM BIRTH TO SCHOOL. Basic general education program of preschool education.

Annex 1

Children's work.

It is not known for certain who and when was the first to pick up coal from an extinguished fire and begin to draw. This probably happened at the very beginning of the birth of humanity. Despite its centuries-old history, coal has not lost its popularity to this day.

Charcoal is very easy to make. A bunch of willow, birch or walnut twigs was coated with clay and placed on burning coal. This is how coals of various shapes were prepared - round, faceted. They were made in different lengths and thicknesses, because the designs were both large and small.

Today, of course, there is no need to produce coal yourself. You can buy ready-made charcoal for drawing.

Types of coals for drawing

There are two types of drawing charcoal: regular charcoal and pressed. Pressed is blacker and fattier than wood. It is made from coal powder (using the blackest varieties), using vegetable glue as a binder. Pressed coal is sold in the form of sticks, they come in three hardness levels.

Pressed charcoal, like charcoal, requires fixing. Although it holds up a little better on paper.

Charcoal drawing paper

When working with charcoal, you need to use rough paper; it will crumble off a perfectly smooth surface. You can use paper for pastels or special paper for charcoal. An interesting pictorial effect can be achieved using watercolor paper - eggshell, canvas, linen. You can also use thick drawing paper, after rubbing it with fine sandpaper or a hard rubber band. Interesting works can also be made using tinted paper; to create highlights on it, you can use white chalk or pastel.

To work, the paper is fixed on the tablet, having previously moistened it with water. After drying, the paper will stretch evenly and will be comfortable to work on.

Methods of drawing with charcoal

When working with coal, two methods are used.

First way- drawing mainly with line, stroke. This method is close to working with a pencil. Coal makes it possible to obtain lines of different colors and thicknesses. To draw thin enough lines, the coal is sharpened obliquely to the edge using sandpaper. It is impossible to sharpen it like a pencil: the middle part of the twigs is very loose and breaks easily.

Second way consists in a large use of tone, wide laying of shadows and background. To do this, the coal is placed flat on paper, which makes it possible to easily cover large surfaces. Or, having drawn the drawing in some detail, they rub it with the edge of the palm. Then they draw again, highlighting the most illuminated areas.

Shishkin I.I. By the stream.

When drawing with charcoal, various brushes are used, making them from suede, paper, and thin leather. Shaders are tight rollers with pointed tips, which makes it possible to highlight very small surfaces. As a smudge, you can also use a hard rubber band with a pointed end. If you need to shade a fairly large surface, you can use cotton pads. The beneficial effect comes from using formoplast: a soft mass that allows you to reduce the tonality of the pattern.

The combination of line and tone makes it possible to convey rounded and smooth shapes. Artists often use this method to depict the female figure.

Coal is an excellent material for drawing and is also indispensable for drawing on canvas for painting. It perfectly helps to convey volume, makes it possible to achieve smooth transitions from one tonality to another, from the blackest color to the lightest soft gray. Charcoal combines well with other materials - chalk and pastel, sanguine, colored pencils and pastels, and a special “Retouch” charcoal pencil. Excellent portraits are obtained on tinted paper, made with charcoal, sanguine and chalk.

How to learn to draw with charcoal

It is better to start learning how to work with charcoal with small sketches and sketches. As a model, it is best to use fairly large and simple objects, with a small number of small parts. It is better to use paper of a fairly large format (for example, A3). The initial drawing should be made with a simple pencil. And to perform more complex work, a sketch is first made, which is then transferred to paper.

A few words about saving the finished painting

Coal crumbles easily, so After finishing work it must be secured. By the way, the first fixation of coal was invented in the 15th century in Italy. For the work, we used paper on which a layer of glue was previously applied. After finishing the work, the drawing was exposed to hot vapors.

Now this is done much easier. For fixation, a special fixative varnish is used. You can also use regular hairspray.

Professional artists use a homemade fixative: skim milk diluted half with water. This fixative has almost no effect on the color of the painting and fixes the charcoal well.

The finished work is carefully and evenly coated with a fixative using an aerosol. This procedure must be done carefully, in several stages. The distance to work should be at least a meter, care must be taken to ensure that no drops are formed. Usually, after treatment with a fixative, the picture becomes darker.

Charcoal works best preserved under glass. Therefore, the finished work is framed.

A well-chosen frame with glare-free glass and, of course, a passe-partout help create a presentable appearance for charcoal drawings.

The figure above shows an example of the design of the finished work.

Article from the magazine artist 1961. I. Izakson

One of the most popular materials for drawing is charcoal. They perform study drawings and sketches, sketches and preparatory drawings “for painting”. Often, using this technique, artists create easel works of independent significance. Such, for example, is the series of panels “Hiroshima” by Japanese artists Toshiko Akamatsu and Iri Maruki, for which they were awarded the World Peace Prize. A significant part of these panels are made with charcoal, and a few panels are made with charcoal in combination with gouache and ink.

The popularity of this material is not accidental. Coal seems to combine the advantages of several different materials. With a sharply sharpened charcoal, you can draw a very thin “pencil” line, and at the same time, a charcoal placed on an edge gives a wide, picturesque “strokes.” Charcoal allows you to hatch, covering large surfaces with an even tone, or write with free strokes. In terms of richness of tones, coal almost surpasses all other painting materials and in all gradations of the tonal scale - from airy gray to the deepest black - it is distinguished by the beauty and velvety color.

It is very easy to work with charcoal, as it “lays” well on paper or canvas, without requiring much physical effort from the artist: the slightest pressure already leaves a visible mark on the paper. This property of coal allows the draftsman to work quickly even when he has to cover large surfaces on paper (which is not at all easy to do, say, with a pencil).

The advantage of coal is also that it makes it possible to make amendments to the drawing, rearrange it entirely or redo it. Coal is very easily brushed off paper or soil, leaving almost no traces.

A great practical convenience for the artist is also the fact that almost any paper is suitable for working with charcoal.

Coal has few disadvantages. The main one is that coal is easily lubricated. So that the drawing is not lost, it is necessary to secure it - fix it. The latter is, in particular, a serious obstacle to the use of coal when working outdoors - the drawing must be fixed and dried immediately on the spot, otherwise it will hardly be possible to bring it home.

For young and insufficiently demanding artists, the very beauty of the material, as well as the ease of using it, can be a disadvantage. Charcoal drawings often turn out to be very effective, and the combination of beautiful spots with a line or the “play” of chiaroscuro masks inaccuracies and gross mistakes in the drawing. Therefore, a beginning artist can easily deceive himself, considering those drawings in which the entire surface of the sheet is “shaded” to be complete and perfect, but the actual drawing—a close study of the form—has not yet begun. To avoid this, you should not limit yourself only to charcoal drawings - no matter how tempting it may seem - you must alternate charcoal drawings with graphite pencil drawings - a material that is more strict and less “deceptive” than coal.

Among drawing materials, charcoal is the most picturesque. They can convey the relationships of different colors, their transparency and density, aerial perspective, chiaroscuro. You can start a drawing in the same way as painting, by placing large tonal masses on a sheet of paper, “gradually refining and developing the form in detail so that the line and contour appear only at the end of the work. At the same time, taking advantage of the fact that charcoal is easily removed from the surface of the paper, the artist can begin work,

drawing large silhouettes, without any preliminary contouring. However, you should not get too carried away with this method. I recommend that beginning artists at the beginning of their work pay the main attention to a more rigid and constructive construction of the drawing.

Preparatory drawings for painting should also not be done in a purely picturesque way. In this case, it is better to make a more rigid drawing with a pencil or hard charcoal, built not on a spot, but on a stroke and contour. This is important because, having developed a number of purely pictorial problems in charcoal drawing, the artist dooms himself - when working with paints directly on the canvas - to repeating already found solutions. By this, he robs himself of that joy of discovery, that spontaneity, which constitute a significant part of the charm of working on a work of art.

Charcoal sketches, just like drawings, can be made with lines of different thicknesses, with a broad stroke, with a spot, and by connecting a spot with a line. It is very useful to make quick sketches based on a strong spot made with shaded charcoal, and then use this spot to refine the details with a line. Such sketches are useful for developing in a beginning artist an understanding of the silhouette in a drawing and the ability to convey movement.

SHADING AND ERASING CHARCOAL.

You can shade the charcoal, smear a stroke or several strokes over the surface, turning it into a spot of the required intensity, with almost anything - charcoal is smeared quite easily. But there are also special shadings for this purpose. They are available for sale and are easy to make yourself. To do this, tightly roll up a strip of paper. One or both ends of this paper tube are tapered, like a sharpened pencil.

Typically, artists use shading only when making small drawings, when necessary

achieve particularly fine tonal gradations. Most often, charcoal is shaded with a brush, a cotton swab, a cloth, or simply with your fingers.

They brush off the coal with a duster - they brush it off, not erase it, because when erased it is not completely removed, but is rubbed into the surface of the paper, creating a certain tone.

If, after brushing off the coal, traces remain on the surface of the paper, they are erased with a pencil eraser.

You should not wash greasy charcoal without first wiping it off with a rag: the gum immediately becomes dirty, and the stains it leaves are very difficult to remove. By the end of the work, the paper is usually completely toned to some extent with charcoal. The lightest places can be rubbed with an eraser, then they will become slightly lighter than the overall tone of the picture.

FIXING.

As already mentioned, drawings made with charcoal must be fixed - secured. To do this, spray a fixing liquid over the surface of the paper. It is rarely on sale, and usually artists do not use purchased fixatives, but prepare them themselves. The most practical fixative is skim milk, slightly diluted with water. It leaves the surface of the coal matte, has almost no effect on its color and fixes the coal quite firmly. You can also use sugar water, but this fixative is sensitive to moisture. You can use a solution of rosin in denatured alcohol for fixation.

The fixative solution is applied with a spray bottle. To do this, the drawings are placed on the floor and sprayed from a spray bottle, carefully ensuring that the finest “dew” evenly settles on the drawings, without forming puddles or large splashes. All coal must be saturated with the fixative. After drying, check the strength of the fixation by rubbing with a dry finger an insignificant part of the design that is thickly covered with charcoal. If the coal is not well set, repeat spraying.

DRAWING for painting.

If the drawing for painting is not done with paint, then, as a rule, it is done with charcoal. It goes on canvas as easily as it does on paper, and it comes off just as easily. Charcoal can be used to make drawings similar to oil painting and tempera.

After finishing the drawing, all the contours needed for further work are painted with a brush with a solvent - the best of them is varnish with turpentine, as it dries quickly. If the canvas is being prepared for tempera painting, the lines are drawn.

any one of the colors. After the solvent has dried, the excess carbon is brushed off, because if left, it will heavily contaminate the lower layers of paint.

You can, of course, fix the drawing, but this is less desirable, since a weak fixative may not fix the coal, and a strong fixative will create an unwanted layer between the primer and the paint. Some painters, who prime their canvases themselves, prefer to apply another layer of liquid primer to the canvas after fixing the drawing to avoid contamination of the paints.

PAPER, CHARCOAL.

Any kind of paper is suitable for working with charcoal except smooth paper. Loose grades of paper are even preferable - coal is absorbed well into them and is better fixed. Thick and not very rough drawing paper can be prepared for charcoal by wiping its entire surface with an eraser before work.

Coal is sold ready-made, but you can easily learn how to prepare it yourself.

They sharpen the coal by cutting the stick obliquely to one side - like the cut of a feather. Sharpened in this way, it makes it possible to draw lines and lay strokes of different thicknesses and is less likely to break. It is better to sharpen more coals before starting work, so as not to be distracted by the need to sharpen them later.

Coal is a material that does not change color, in this sense it is an eternal material. However, since even fixed charcoal is relatively easily erased and smeared, it is best to store it in a folder, rearranging the drawings with smooth paper or tracing paper, so that one sheet rubs against the other as little as possible.

Plants are an invariable component of landscapes and most still lifes. Today we will look at drawing irises with charcoal. Follow the advice of the tutorial - from the location of the object on the sheet to the final touch - and you will be able to masterfully draw a flower

DRAWING WITH CHARCOAL

This drawing medium comes in many different forms. This photo shows from bottom to top: a stick of natural charcoal of a cylindrical shape; a rectangular stick of natural charcoal; charcoal pencil; Another type of charcoal pencil is in a paper frame, which you tear off little by little as the tip of the pencil wears off; and a cylindrical stick of coal in a metal frame. Natural charcoal for drawing adheres well to paper and is easily rubbed, so it can be used to achieve expressive top effects; A charcoal pencil can create sharper lines and strokes, but they don't rub off as easily.

The use of shading and soft matter.

Shading brushes of various sizes are designed for rubbing charcoal strokes and applying tone in narrow places. They are made from tightly rolled paper, with conical or sharp tips. Use the tapered end to work in small areas. Crumpled soft material can be used to erase unsuccessful places in a design made with natural charcoal. (Chalk marks are more difficult to erase.) Using a piece of soft cloth, you can also rub the tone over a large area of ​​the design.

How to hold coal.

When a piece of natural charcoal breaks or wears down to a small piece, you can buy a frame and place the remaining piece in it. Hold the charcoal by the rim as if you were holding a brush; Your fingers should be positioned further away from the tip of the charcoal stick so that you get distinct lines. If you are working with just a carbon point, without a rim, hold it in the same way, but your fingers should be closer to the tip, otherwise the point will break. A charcoal pencil is held in the same way, but you can hold it. like a regular pencil.

Rubber bands (erasers).

Charcoal is easily erased, and when working with it, artists use a plastic eraser. In the store you can recognize it by its square shape. It kneads like clay or putty and takes any shape you like. You can roll the eraser into a large ball for cleaning large areas of the design, or shape the eraser into a pointed shape for working on small details. By pressing and immediately removing the eraser, you will remove most of the tones. You need to rub with such an eraser as lightly as possible and only in extreme cases, since this leads to abrasion of the surface of the paper.

Drawing lines and strokes.

The simplest way to draw with charcoal is to combine thin lines with wider strokes on regular drawing paper. In this fragment of a landscape, with the thick, blunt end of a charcoal pencil, the tone is applied in loose strokes to the trunks of three trees. The artist darkens the tones on the trunks using stronger pressure. Then, with the sharp, thin tip of a hard charcoal pencil, he draws the branches and twigs with clearer lines.

Paper intended for drawing with charcoal.

Paper intended for drawing with charcoal, but equally suitable for working with chalk and pencil, has a slightly corrugated and very dense surface. On such a surface, shading perfectly produces soft, vibrant tones, as you can see in this fragment of the portrait. You will not damage the paper even by frequent erasing, which can be seen in the illuminated areas of the face. The surface of the paper is suitable for applying broad strokes, such as the hair, and clear lines, such as the eyes.

Drawing lines and tones.

To create soft, delicate tones, the artist works with hard and medium-hard charcoal pencils, rubbing strokes using shading. First, he applies lighter colors to the tree trunks and rubs the strokes, then darker ones and rubs them again. On thick branches, the strokes are rubbed with the tip of a shading brush, while thin branches are drawn with a charcoal pencil and not rubbed. It's important to know when to stop shading, otherwise your drawing will look messy.

Paper with a rough surface.

Paper with a rough texture, with even more so-called teeth, is also excellent for drawing with charcoal. Thanks to the uneven surface of the paper, shaded areas look more alive - pay attention to the texture of the shadow on the skin. The broad strokes used to draw the hair are even more distinct on this type of paper. And the sharp, sharpened lines that depict eyelashes and eyebrows look uneven and alive.