Hitler's party name. National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP): program, leaders, symbols, history

24.09.2019

National Socialist German Workers' Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party) (German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; abbreviated NSDAP, German NSDAP) - a political party in Germany that existed from 1919 to 1945, from 1933 to May 1945 - the ruling and only party in Germany. After Germany's defeat in the war in 1945, by decision of the occupation Control Council created by the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, it was dissolved. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the party was declared criminal, and the ideology of the NSDAP was called one of the main reasons for the Second World War.

Party creation

The NSDAP was created on January 5, 1919, by combining Anton Drexler's Independent Workers' Committee (established on March 7, 1918 as a branch of the North German Peace Association) and Karl Harrer's Political Workers' Union (established in 1918) into the German Workers' Party ("Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; DAP). On February 20, 1920, “National Socialist” was added to the old name, and under this name it existed until 1945.

Program "25 points"

It was first announced by Adolf Hitler on February 24, 1920 (this date is considered the date of formation of the NSDAP) at a meeting in the Hofbrauhaus beer hall (Munich). Since April 1, 1920 - the official program of the NSDAP. In 1926, its provisions were declared “unshakable.”

We demand the unification of all Germans on the basis of the right of self-determination of peoples into Greater Germany.

We demand equal rights for the German people on an equal basis with other nations and the abolition of the provisions of the Versailles and Saint-Germain peace treaties.

We demand living space: territories and lands (colonies) necessary for food German people and for the resettlement of the surplus German population.

A German citizen can only be one who belongs to the German nation, in whose veins German blood flows, regardless religious affiliation. No Jew can be classified as a member of the German nation and be a citizen of Germany.

Anyone who is not a German citizen can live in Germany as a guest, with the rights of a foreigner.

The right to vote and to be elected should belong exclusively to German citizens. We therefore demand that all positions at any level - imperial, regional or municipal - be filled only by German citizens. We are fighting against the corrupting parliamentary practice of holding office solely on the basis of party affiliation without regard to character and ability.

We demand that the state commit itself to ensuring that German citizens have the best possible work and life opportunities. If it is impossible to feed the entire population of the state, then persons of alien nations (not citizens of the state) must be expelled from the country.

All further immigration to Germany of persons of non-German race must be suspended. We demand that all persons of non-German race who immigrated to Germany after August 2, 1914, immediately leave the Reich.

All citizens of the state must have equal rights and responsibilities.

The first duty of every German citizen will be to do work, mental or physical. The activities of each citizen should not diverge from the interests of society as a whole, should take place within the framework of society and, therefore, be directed for the common benefit.

We demand a declaration of ruthless war on those whose activities harm common interests. Crimes against the nation committed by moneylenders, speculators, etc. should be punishable by death, regardless of race or creed. We demand the abolition of unearned income and interest slavery.

In view of the enormous loss of life and property demanded of the nation by every war, personal enrichment during war must be considered a crime against the nation. We therefore demand the ruthless confiscation of war profits.

We demand the nationalization of industrial trusts.

We demand the participation of workers and employees in the profits of large commercial enterprises.

We demand a significant increase in pensions for the elderly.

We demand the creation of a healthy middle class and its preservation, the immediate removal of large stores from private ownership and their rental at low prices to small producers, the strictest consideration to ensure that small producers receive public support everywhere - at the state level, in the lands or communities.

We demand land reform in accordance with the interests of the German nation, the adoption of a law on the gratuitous confiscation of land for public needs, the annulment of interest on mortgages, and the prohibition of land speculation.

We demand a ruthless fight against crime. We demand the introduction of the death penalty for criminals against the German people, moneylenders, speculators, etc., regardless of social status, religious and national affiliation.

We demand the replacement of Roman law, which serves the interests of the materialist world order, with German popular law.

To ensure that every capable and diligent German has the opportunity to obtain higher education and take a leadership position, the state must take care of the comprehensive development of our entire system public education. All programs educational institutions must be brought into compliance with the requirements practical life. From the very beginning of the development of a child’s consciousness, the school must purposefully teach students to understand the idea of the state. We demand that especially talented children of poor parents, regardless of their position in society and occupation, receive an education at the expense of the state.

The state must direct all efforts to improve the health of the nation: ensure the protection of motherhood and childhood, prohibit child labour, improve the physical condition of the population by introducing compulsory games and physical exercise, support for clubs involved in physical development youth.

We demand the elimination of mercenary troops and the creation of a people's army.

We demand an open political struggle against deliberate political lies and their spread in the press. In order to create a German national press, we demand that:

all editors and publishers of German newspapers would be German citizens;

Non-German newspapers must obtain special permission from the state to publish. However, they cannot be published in German;

non-German citizens would be prohibited by law from having any financial interest or influence in German newspapers. As punishment for violations of this law, such a newspaper will be banned and foreigners will be immediately deported. We demand the announcement of an irreconcilable struggle against literary and cultural movements that have a corrupting influence on our people, as well as a ban on all activities aimed at this.

We demand freedom for all religious denominations in the state as long as they do not pose a threat to it and do not oppose the morals and feelings of the German race. The party as such stands on the position of positive Christianity, but at the same time is not bound by beliefs with any denomination. She fights the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and without us and is convinced that the German nation can achieve permanent healing within itself only on the principles of the priority of general interests over private ones.

To accomplish all this we demand: the creation of a strong centralized imperial power. The unquestioned authority of the central political parliament throughout the empire in all its organizations. Creation of class chambers and chambers of professions to implement those adopted by the empire general laws in individual federal states. Party leaders undertake to ensure the implementation of the above points at any cost, even sacrificing, if necessary, their lives.

NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY - an extremist, ultra-nationalist party in Germany in 1919/1920-1945, the political bearer and conductor of the ideology of National Socialism.

It appeared on 01/05/1919 in Munich under the name “German Labor Party” as a result of the ob-e-di-ne-niya 2 car-li- of political or-ga-ni-za-tions - the Committee of Un-for-vi-si-my workers (chairman A. Drex-ler) and Political Work -what soyu-for (chairman K. Har-rer). To-lu-chi-la-news-ness and at-cha-la-to-vo-vo-va-t-ly-tiche-zi-tions since September 1919 after joining her A. Git-le-ra, su-me-she-significance-but expand the number of her parties. 02/24/1920 the name was re-named to the NSDAP, then its program (“25 points”) was published, developed bo-tan-naya Drex-le-rom and Git-le-rom.

In subsequent years, this program was actually put into oblivion, a programmable do-ku-men Parties became the book of Git-le-ra “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”, 1924; 2nd part - “Zwei-tes Buch”, 1928). The NSDAP considers itself as a great-German political movement, an organization for the military special image and ori-en-ti-ro-van-noe on the unpre-worded sub-chi-ne-nie of the av-to-ri-te-tu Git-le-ra as “fyu-re-ra” (in the name of) this movement and the German nation as a whole. In 1923, the NSDAP attempted to seize power (see “Beer Hall Putsch”), after which it was . The action will continue under the name "Ve-li-ko-German people's society", then - "National -socia-lististic movement of freedom of Ve-li-ko-ger-ma-nii.” On February 27, 1925, the NSDAP was re-established under the former name Emb-le-my NSDAP from the spring of 1920; the central printed organ since December 1920 is the newspaper “Völkischer Beobachter”.

By the beginning of the 1930s, the NSDAP had turned into a mass party (by January 1933 - 1.4 million, by 1945 - from 7.5 to 8.5 million members -new), the best in the world's economic crisis of 1929-1933 and the des-ta-bi-li-za -tion of the re-zhi-ma of the Wei-Mar republic-pub-li-ki active support-ku from-bi-ra-te-ley (in July 1932 - 37.4% , in March 1933 - 43.9%). With the name of the Git-le-ra Reichs-Kanz-le-r in January 1933 and until May 1945, the ruling party (since July 1933, the unified vein is resolved in the country of the party).

NSDAP pre-ten-do-va-la for the role of the “people's party”, representing the in-te-re-sy of all layers and social groups of the German nation -le-nia. However, bu-du-chi by the name of “worker”, relied primarily on the average word. The main con- tin-gent of its members, func- tio-not-ditches and from-bi-ra-te-leys co-stav- ed urban small-scale traders and re-mechanics -ni-ki, middle and small ranks and servants. Since 1928, the party has been supporting the same rural areas. After 1930, the share of workers among members of the NSDAP was about 30% (mostly those who were not members of trade unions). li-fi-tsirovannyh workers and under-mass-te-rya, employed in small and medium-sized enterprises). Since the beginning of the 1930s, the party has received powerful financial support for German large-scale industrial and banking companies. ta-la, large-land-owners.

In organizational terms, the NSDAP was built on a territorial principle and had a hierarchical structure -ru (finally formed by the beginning of the 1940s). At the head of the NSDAP was the “Führer”, who had his own kan-tse-la-ri-ey (“kan-tse-la-ria fu-re-ra”). Management of desks. ap-pa-ra-tom was carried out by the “deputy of the fu-re-ra” (in 1933-1941, R. Hess), who also had his own headquarters (in May 1941, “headquarters deputy fyu-re-ra" was promoted to the "party can-ce-la-ria", which was headed by M. Bor-man, appointed -ny in 1943 also “sec-re-ta-rem fyu-re-ra”).

The leadership of the party work on various rights-le-ni-yams was included in the company "im-per-sko-go-ru-ko-vo" -Dstva NSDAP", one of the main departments and various types of party services, headed by the "Reichs-lay-te-ra-mi" ( by 1944 - 18 people), some of whom have power and control I’m not-so-mediocre-but “fyu-re-ru.” The territory of Germany was divided into party regions (“Gau”; by 1941 - 43 “Gau”; according to the sta-tu-su, “Gau” was assigned to was also equal to the Trans-Russian organization of the NSDAP), which was headed by “Gau-lay-te-ra-mi” (since 1942 they had Is it the same status “Reichs-ko-mis-sa-row ob-ro-ny”). “Gau” under-raz-de-la-lis on ok-ru-ga at the head with “kreis-lay-te-ra-mi”, ok-ru-ga - on “local groups” py", lastly - to "cells", and those - to "blocks". Each subdivision in the NSDAP hierarchy had its own party ap-para-t, and party officials - ranks, uniforms mu and the signs are different.

There would be special “under-de-le-ni-mi” of the NSDAP “assault detachments” (see SA) and “guard detachments” "(see SS) led by G. Gimm-lehr. In addition to them, by 1944, the NSDAP included 5 more “sub-raz-de-le-niy” (Git-le-ru-gend, Union of German girls, National-tsio-nal-so-tsia-lististic German students' union, National-tsio-nal-so-tsia-ly-stistic women's union, National-tsio-nal-so -cya-listical corps av-to-mo-bi-listov, National-tsio-nal-so-tsia-listic union pre-da-va-te-ley high- shey schools), 4 “or-ga-ni-za-tions” (Na-tsio-nal-so-tsia-lististic cultural society, Imperial so- use of many children of Germany in defense of the family, German Congress of Communities, Association of German Women) and 9 “union-di- non-unions" (German Labor Front, National-National-So-Cia-Listical Unions of Lawyers, Servants, Teachers) lei, doctors, technicians, etc.). In general, according to various estimates, up to 95 public organizations and unions operate under the control of the NSDAP in Germany.

Imperial party congresses (about -were in 1923 in Munich, in 1926 in Weimar, in 1927, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938 in Nuremberg; with the beginning of the Second World War, the holding of congresses was a great time; see the Nuremberg congress; -dy).

Hitler in the role of the Reich Chancellor and the NSDAP, after coming to power, had an op-re-de-la-ing influence on the formation peace of internal and external in Germany. With the adoption of 12/01/1933, the Law on ensuring the unity of the party and the state government of the NSDAP upon re-re- la sta-tus “inextricably connected with the state-su-dar-st-vom no-si-tel-ni-tsy of the German state mouse-le-tion” and was-la becoming in political terms higher than the state ap-pa-ra-ta. However, there was no legalization for her. The strongest political influence on the state ap-para-t party oka-zy-va-la through the organization of the SS, member-st. -in which it was obligatory for senior government officials. In the command of the NSDAP in Git-le-rov-Germany, through the direct leadership of the state political-li-ti-coy, na-ho - all the pro-gan-di-st-skaya and educational work, training of party cadres, implementation of -li-tical and ideological control over the na-se-le-ni-em, its mo-bi-li-za-tion to fight for the reality of the pro- gram-targets for na-tsio-nal-so-cya-liz-ma.

After the re-ra-zation of Germany in the Second World War and the oc-ku-pa-tion of its territory by the military countries of the an-ti -Git-le-rov-skaya coalition of the NSDAP, together with the entry-div-shi-mi into its composition “under-raz-de-le-niya-mi”, “or-ga-ni” -za-tsiya-mi" and "at-so-di-niv-shi-mi-sya soyu-za-mi" in conjunction with the law No. 2 of the union- no Control of the Council in Germany dated 10.10.1945 was prohibited. The Inter-people's military tri-bu-nal, which took place in Nuremberg, recognized the NSDAP as a criminal organization in October 1946 -tsi-ey.

National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany

(National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), NSDAP, a reactionary party created in 1920 by Hitler that ruled Germany until the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945. The Sterneckerbrü beer hall in Munich, where the Nazi Party held its first meetings.

In October 1918, the leadership of the Thule Society (see Thule, society) instructed two of its members - journalist Karl Harrer and mechanic Anton Drexler to create a political workers' circle, the task of which would be to expand the sphere of influence of this society on workers. Simultaneously with the creation of the circle, Anton Drexler restored the German Workers' Party (DAP), to one of whose meetings on September 12, 1919 Adolf Hitler was sent as an informant, who liked the postulates and slogans of the party. Having become acquainted with Hitler's report on this meeting, Captain Ernst Rehm, who served as a political adviser at Franz von Epp's headquarters, instructed Hitler to join the DAP and take over its leadership.

Hitler made his first report on October 16, 1919 to an audience of 111 people. First he laid out his vision" Greater Germany", then launched his signature move - he declared Marxists, Jews and other “enemies” of Germany guilty of its defeat. “We do not forgive, we want revenge,” he said. At his next speech on November 13, 1919, Hitler emphasized that “poverty Germans should be eliminated German weapons. This time must come." He demanded the return of the colonies lost to Germany under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, calling this treaty "barbaric." During this and subsequent speeches, Hitler did not limit himself to demanding the return of pre-war territories, but insisted on the annexation of new ones.

On February 20, 1920, the German Workers' Party was renamed the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. Its first public meeting took place four days later in a Munich beer hall. On February 24, 1920, Hitler presented a party program consisting of 25 points. A poster encouraging the whole family to support the National Socialists.

The NSDAP program did not differ from the postulates of most German parties. It proclaimed the need to annul the Treaty of Versailles, the return of “lost” lands, the unification of “all Germans,” i.e., the usurpation of the right to intervene in the internal affairs of other states where ethnic Germans lived, opposition to the international Jewish financial elite, refusal to pay reparations, the demand for “the fight against the policy of lies and its implementation through the press,” the closure of newspapers that opposed the NSDAP, the creation of a “national army,” which meant the revival of Germany’s military power, etc.

On the eve of 1921, the NSDAP had about 3 thousand members, but after two years its number increased 10 times.

On July 21, 1921, Hitler, in the form of an ultimatum, demanded for himself the post of chairman of the party with unlimited rights, threatening, in case of refusal, to leave its ranks. On July 29, 1921 he was elected the first chairman of the NSDAP. Anton Drexler received the post of honorary chairman. Was accepted new charter NSDAP, which affirmed the “principle of Fuhrership,” that is, unconditional subordination to the Fuhrer. In the wake of the acute economic crisis in the country and growing discontent, the ideas of militarism and nationalism, the proclamation of " historical mission Germans as a master race,” the social base of the NSDAP rapidly expanded, attracting thousands of young people from different estates and classes with its dynamism and populism. In addition, personnel reserve The NSDAP consisted of all kinds of paramilitary associations and veterans' unions dissolved by government decree, for example, the German People's Union for Defense and Offensive, the Pan-German Union, etc.

On January 27-29, 1923, the first congress of the NSDAP took place in Munich. The climax It was Hitler’s consecration of the NSDAP banner and the procession of 6 thousand SA militants.

By the fall of 1923, the NSDAP had over 55 thousand members.

After the Nazi coup attempt in Munich (see "Beer Hall Putsch" 1923), the Commissioner General of Bavaria, Gustav von Kahr, signed a decree banning the NSDAP. Nevertheless, the popularity of the party continued to grow, and at the December elections of 1924, 40 NSDAP deputies already sat in the Reichstag. In addition, new Nazi organizations were created under changed names:

The Great German People's Community (created by Julius Streicher), the People's Bloc, the National Socialist Liberation Movement, etc. In February 1925, the activities of the NSDAP were again legalized, but a split occurred in the party leadership on issues of tactics - on the degree of nationalism and socialism in the Nazi movement. At the conference of leaders of Nazi organizations in Germany, held in Bamberg on February 14, 1926 (Bamberg Party Conference), a fierce struggle broke out between the left and right wings of the NSDAP. Although internal party contradictions were never eliminated, however general meeting On May 22, 1926, the Munich district of the NSDAP unanimously elected Hitler as its leader.

On February 26, 1925, publication of the printed organ of the NSDAP, the newspaper Völkischer Beobachter, resumed. At the same time, Goebbels, who sided with Hitler, founded the Angrif magazine. The theoretical organ of the NSDAP, the National Socialist Monthly, began to be published.

On July 3, 1926, the NSDAP congress took place in Weimar, at which Hitler announced a change in party tactics: in contrast to the opinion of the “old fighters” who preferred terrorist methods of fighting political opponents, he recommended party members to participate in elections and become members of the Reichstag and Landtags (landers). parliaments). However, he still considered the main tasks of his party to be the fight against communism and criticism of the Treaty of Versailles. At the same time, Hitler tried in every possible way to attract the attention of major industrial and financial figures in Germany to his party. An expression of confidence in it on the part of representatives of the business community was joining the NSDAP famous entrepreneurs Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorff, the editor of the influential Berlin Stock Exchange Newspaper Walter Funk, the chairman of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht and many others who, among other things, contributed huge sums of money to the party fund.

In the context of a deepening economic crisis and rapidly growing unemployment (in October 1932 there were 7 million 300 thousand unemployed), dissatisfaction with the policies of the Social Democrats grew in the country. Over many social groups the threat of losing the foundations of existence looms. Desperate small producers increasingly blamed parliamentary democracy for their woes and believed that the way out of the crisis lay in strengthening state power and creating a one-party government. These demands were supported by large businessmen and bankers, who subsidized the election campaigns of the NSDAP and associated personal and national aspirations with Hitler and his party, seeing in the Nazi movement, first of all, a reliable barrier against communism.

The NSDAP appeal dated March 1, 1932 said: “Hitler is the motto for everyone who believes in the revival of Germany... Hitler will win, because the people want his victory...” On July 31, 1932, at the next elections to the Reichstag, the NSDAP received 230 mandates (Social Democrats - 133, communists - 89 mandates), becoming the largest faction in parliament.

By January 30, 1933, when Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP numbered about 850 thousand people. Mostly they came from a bourgeois environment. Workers made up one third of total number, about half of them are unemployed. Over the next five months, the party's size tripled to 2.5 million. The NSDAP apparatus expanded. In the fall of 1938, there were 41 Gauleiter, 808 Kreisleiter, 28,376 Ortsgruppenleiter, 89,378 Zellenleiter and 463,048 Blockleiter in the Reich. In total, the party apparatus by this time consisted of over 580 thousand full-time leaders at all levels. From that moment on, the Nazification of the state apparatus began, which continued throughout the years of the existence of the Third Reich. It was carried out in two ways: members of the NSDAP were appointed to leadership positions in the administration at various levels, in the police, in the army, or the NSDAP took over the functions government agencies or established control and supervision over them. Formal basis For this purpose, the “Law on Ensuring the Unity of the Party and State” was adopted on December 1, 1933.

In addition, direct political control was exercised within the party itself and in organizations controlled by it (for example, Hitler Youth, SA, SS, Students' Association, etc.). The “principle of the Führer”, which excluded collegiality, was manifested in the fact that from 1921 until last days Since the existence of the NSDAP, leadership meetings have not been held even in a narrow circle. Only meetings of Reichsleiter and Gauleiter were held, and even then irregularly, at which Hitler conveyed decisions to them for implementation. The position of the Gauleiters depended directly on the confidence of the Fuhrer, for only he had the right to appoint and remove them (from 1933 to 1945 only 6 Gauleiters were removed from their posts, according to various reasons fell out of favor with the Fuhrer). “The will of the Fuhrer is the highest law for the party,” stated the official publication of the NSDAP (1940).

On the basis of the “Emergency Powers Law”, the activities of trade unions were banned (in their place the German Labor Front was created), many trade union activists were arrested, newspapers and magazines of democratic orientation were closed, the activities of most political parties were banned, including the SPD, the KPD, the German Center Party , Catholic People's Party, German National People's Party, etc. The NSDAP became the only political force in Germany, which was reflected in the government statement of July 14, 1933, which stated that attempts to preserve previous political parties or create new ones would be punishable by imprisonment or imprisonment. forced labor camps.

The events of the “Night of the Long Knives,” when many leaders and ordinary members of the SA were physically eliminated, demanding the previously promised second stage of social change, the “continuation of the revolution,” ended the struggle within the NSDAP and became a factor making it easier for Hitler to implement his far-reaching expansionist plans. The Reich's economy began to be put on a war footing.

In order to propagate Nazi ideas among the population and demonstrate national unity, the NSDAP constantly organized magnificent and crowded celebrations and celebrations, for example, Hero’s Day (March 1), National Labor Day (May 1), Harvest Festival, etc. The same goals were subordinated to The Nuremberg party congresses, held in 1933-38 in the first ten days of September in Nuremberg, did not have any influence on the general line of the party, but were only a spectacular propaganda event.

After the outbreak of World War II, party work became widespread in the armed forces, in particular, the institution of Nazi commissars in the troops was created. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the NSDAP and many of its services were recognized as criminal, and their activities were prohibited.

Program of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany ("25 points"). Approved on February 24, 1920. (As stated.)

1. The unification of all Germans within the borders of Greater Germany.

2. Refusal of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and confirmation of Germany’s right to independently build relations with other nations.

3. Demand for additional territories for food production and settlement of the increasing German population ("Lebensraum").

4. Granting citizenship based on race; Jews cannot be German citizens.

5. Non-Germans in Germany are only guests and subjects of the relevant laws.

6. Appointment to official positions cannot be made on the basis of nepotism, but only in accordance with abilities and qualifications.

7. Ensuring the living conditions of citizens is the primary responsibility of the state. If government resources are insufficient, non-citizens should be excluded from receiving benefits.

8. The entry of non-Germans into the country must be stopped.

9. Participation in elections is the right and responsibility of all citizens.

10. Every citizen is obliged to work for the common good.

11. Illegally obtained profits are subject to confiscation.

12. All profits received from the war are subject to confiscation.

13. All large enterprises must be nationalized.

14. Participation of workers and employees in profits in all large industries.

15. A decent old-age pension.

16. It is necessary to support small producers and traders; big stores should be handed over to them.

17. Land tenure reform and ending land speculation.

18. Ruthless criminal punishment for crimes and the introduction of the death penalty for profiteering.

19. Common Roman law should be replaced by "Germanic law".

20. Complete reorganization of the national educational system.

21. The state is obliged to support motherhood and encourage the development of youth.

22. Replacement of the mercenary professional army with a national army; introduction of universal conscription.

23. Only Germans can own the media; Non-Germans are prohibited from working in them.

24. Freedom of religion, with the exception of religions dangerous to the German race; the party does not commit itself to any exclusive creed, but fights against Jewish materialism.

25. A strong central government capable of effectively implementing legislation.

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National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), NSDAP, a reactionary party created in 1920 by Hitler that ruled Germany until the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945.

In October 1918, the leadership of the Thule Society instructed two of its members - journalist Karl Harrer and mechanic Anton Drexler - to create a political workers' circle, the task of which would be to expand the sphere of influence of this society on workers. Simultaneously with the creation of the circle, Anton Drexler restored the German Workers' Party (DAP), to one of whose meetings on September 12, 1919 Adolf Hitler was sent as an informant, who liked the postulates and slogans of the party. Captain Ernst Röhm, who served as a political adviser at Franz von Epp's headquarters, had read Hitler's report on this meeting and instructed Hitler to join the DAP and take over its leadership.

Hitler made his first report on October 16, 1919 to an audience of 111 people. First, he outlined his vision of a “Greater Germany”, then he used his signature move - he declared Marxists, Jews and other “enemies” of Germany guilty of its defeat. “We don’t forgive, we want revenge,” he said. At his next speech on November 13, 1919, Hitler emphasized that “the poverty of the Germans must be eliminated with German weapons. This time must come.” He demanded the return of the colonies lost to Germany under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, calling this treaty “barbaric.” During this and subsequent speeches, Hitler did not limit himself to demanding the return of pre-war territories, but insisted on the annexation of new ones.

On the eve of 1921, the NSDAP had about 3 thousand members, but after two years its number increased 10 times.

On July 21, 1921, Hitler, in the form of an ultimatum, demanded for himself the post of chairman of the party with unlimited rights, threatening, in case of refusal, to leave its ranks. On July 29, 1921 he was elected the first chairman of the NSDAP. Anton Drexler received the post of honorary chairman. A new NSDAP charter was adopted, which affirmed the “principle of Fuhrership,” that is, unconditional subordination to the Fuhrer. In the wake of the acute economic crisis in the country and growing discontent, the ideas of militarism and nationalism, the proclamation of the “historical mission of the Germans as a master race,” the social base of the NSDAP rapidly expanded, attracting thousands of young people from different estates and classes with its dynamism and populism. In addition, the personnel reserve of the NSDAP consisted of all kinds of paramilitary associations and veterans' unions dissolved by government decree, for example, the German People's Union for Defense and Offensive, the Pan-German Union, etc.

On January 27-29, 1923, the first congress of the NSDAP took place in Munich.

By the fall of 1923, the NSDAP had over 55 thousand members.

Its culminating moment was Hitler’s consecration of the NSDAP banner and the procession of 6 thousand SA militants.

After the Nazi coup attempt in Munich, Bavarian Commissioner General Gustav von Kahr signed a decree banning the NSDAP. Nevertheless, the popularity of the party continued to grow, and at the December elections of 1924, 40 NSDAP deputies already sat in the Reichstag. In addition, new Nazi organizations were created under changed names:

The Great German People's Community (created by Julius Streicher), the People's Bloc, the National Socialist Liberation Movement, etc. In February 1925, the activities of the NSDAP were again legalized, but a split occurred in the party leadership on issues of tactics - on the degree of nationalism and socialism in the Nazi movement. At the conference of leaders of Nazi organizations in Germany, held in Bamberg on February 14, 1926 (Bamberg Party Conference), a fierce struggle broke out between the left and right wings of the NSDAP. Although internal party contradictions were never eliminated, the general meeting of the Munich district of the NSDAP on May 22, 1926 unanimously elected Hitler as its leader.

An expression of confidence in it from representatives of the business community was the entry into the NSDAP of famous entrepreneurs Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorff, editor of the influential Berlin Stock Exchange Newspaper Walter Funk, Chairman of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht and many others, who, among other things, contributed huge sums of money to the party fund.

In the context of a deepening economic crisis and rapidly growing unemployment (in October 1932 there were 7 million 300 thousand unemployed), dissatisfaction with the policies of the Social Democrats grew in the country. Many social groups are facing the threat of losing the foundations of their existence. Desperate small producers increasingly blamed parliamentary democracy for their woes and believed that the way out of the crisis lay in strengthening state power and creating a one-party government. These demands were supported by large businessmen and bankers, who subsidized the election campaigns of the NSDAP and associated personal and national aspirations with Hitler and his party, seeing in the Nazi movement, first of all, a reliable barrier against communism.

By January 30, 1933, when Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP numbered about 850 thousand people. Mostly they came from a bourgeois environment. Workers made up one third of the total, about half of them unemployed. Over the next five months, the party's size tripled to 2.5 million. The NSDAP apparatus expanded. In the fall of 1938, there were 41 Gauleiter, 808 Kreisleiter, 28,376 Ortsgruppenleiter, 89,378 Zellenleiter and 463,048 Blockleiter in the Reich. In total, the party apparatus by this time consisted of over 580 thousand full-time leaders at all levels. From that moment on, the Nazification of the state apparatus began, which continued throughout the years of the existence of the Third Reich. It was carried out in two ways: members of the NSDAP were appointed to leadership positions in the administration at various levels, in the police, in the army, or the NSDAP took over the functions of government bodies or established control and supervision over them. The formal basis for this was the “Law on Ensuring the Unity of the Party and State” adopted on December 1, 1933.

In addition, direct political control was exercised within the party itself and in organizations controlled by it (for example, Hitler Youth, SA, SS, Students' Association, etc.). The “principle of the Fuhrer”, which excluded collegiality, was manifested in the fact that from 1921 until the last days of the NSDAP’s existence, meetings of the leadership were not held even in a narrow circle. Only meetings of Reichsleiter and Gauleiter were held, and even then irregularly, at which Hitler conveyed decisions to them for implementation. The position of the Gauleiters depended directly on the confidence of the Fuhrer, for only he had the right to appoint and remove them (from 1933 to 1945, only 6 Gauleiters were removed from their posts, having fallen out of favor with the Fuhrer for various reasons).

Program of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany ("25 points").

(As stated)

1. The unification of all Germans within the borders of Greater Germany.

2. Refusal of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and confirmation of Germany’s right to independently build relations with other nations.

3. Demand for additional territories for food production and settlement of the increasing German population ("Lebensraum").

4. Granting citizenship based on race; Jews cannot be German citizens.

5. Non-Germans in Germany are only guests and subjects of the relevant laws.

6. Appointment to official positions cannot be made on the basis of nepotism, but only in accordance with abilities and qualifications.

7. Ensuring the living conditions of citizens is the primary responsibility of the state.

8. The entry of non-Germans into the country must be stopped.

9. Participation in elections is the right and responsibility of all citizens.

10. Every citizen is obliged to work for the common good.

11. Illegally obtained profits are subject to confiscation.

12. All profits received from the war are subject to confiscation.

13. All large enterprises must be nationalized.

14. Participation of workers and employees in profits in all large industries.

15. A decent old-age pension.

16. It is necessary to support small producers and traders; big stores should be handed over to them.

17. Land tenure reform and ending land speculation.

18. Ruthless criminal punishment for crimes and the introduction of the death penalty for profiteering.

19. Common Roman law should be replaced by "Germanic law".

20. Complete reorganization of the national educational system.

21. The state is obliged to support motherhood and encourage the development of youth.

22. Replacement of the mercenary professional army with a national army; introduction of universal conscription.

23. Only Germans can own the media; Non-Germans are prohibited from working in them.

If government resources are insufficient, non-citizens should be excluded from receiving benefits.

25. A strong central government capable of effectively implementing legislation.