The basic element of an ornament or pattern. Where is floral design used and what does it mean?

ornemantum- decoration) - a pattern based on repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, an ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs.

Mongolian tent - maykhan with overlay ornament

History of origin

The origin of the ornament is not known for certain. It captures the aesthetic understanding of human activity, creatively transforming, ordering nature or religious content. Ornament, especially in folk art, where it is most widespread, imprints a folklore and poetic attitude towards the world. Over time, the motifs lost their original meaning, maintaining decorative and architectural expressiveness. Important in genesis and further development ornaments had aesthetic social needs: the rhythmic correctness of generalized motifs was one of early ways artistic exploration of the world, helping to comprehend the orderliness and harmony of reality.

The emergence of ornament goes back centuries and, for the first time, its traces were recorded in the Paleolithic era. In Neolithic culture, ornament had already reached a wide variety of forms and began to dominate. Over time, ornament loses its dominant position and cognitive significance, retaining, however, an important organizing and decorating role in the system of plastic creativity. Each era, style, consistently revealed national culture developed their own system; therefore the ornament is reliable sign belonging of works to a certain time, people, country.

Ornament reaches special development where conventional forms of reflecting reality predominate: in the Ancient East, in pre-Columbian America, in Asian cultures of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in the European Middle Ages. In folk art, since ancient times, stable principles and forms of ornament have been developing, which largely determine national artistic traditions. For example, in India, the ancient art of rangoli (alpona) - an ornamental design - prayer has been preserved.

Types of ornament

The formal features of an ornament include decorative stylization, flatness, an organic connection with the surface bearing the ornament, which it always organizes, often revealing the constructive logic of the object. Not every pattern can be considered an ornament. Thus, patterned fabric with endlessly repeating rapport is not ornamental. According to the nature of the composition, the ornament can be ribbon, centric, bordering, heraldic, filling the surface, or combining some of these types in more complex combinations. This is due to the determined shape of the object being decorated.

According to the motifs used in the ornament, it is divided into: geometric, consisting of abstract shapes (dots, straight, broken, zigzag, mesh-intersecting lines; circles, rhombuses, polyhedrons, stars, crosses, spirals; more complex specifically ornamental motifs - meander, etc. . P.); plant, stylizing leaves, flowers, fruits, etc. (lotus, papyrus, palmette, acanthus, etc.); zoomorphic, or animal, stylizing figures or parts of figures of real or fantastic animals. Human figures, architectural fragments, weapons, various signs and emblems (coat of arms). A special type of ornament is represented by stylized inscriptions on architectural structures (for example, on Central Asian medieval mosques) or in books (the so-called ligature). Complex combinations of various motifs (geometric and animal forms - the so-called teratology, geometric and plant - arabesques) are not uncommon.

Literature

• TSB (in 30 vols.), Ornament, M.: “ Soviet encyclopedia", 1969-1978;
• Lorenz N.F., Ornament of all times and styles, c. 1-8, St. Petersburg, 1898-99;
• Meyer P., Das Ornament in Kunstgeschichte, Z., 1954;
• Evans J., Style in ornament, Oxf., 1950;
• Bossert N. Th., Arte ornamentale, Barcelona, ​​1957.
• O. Racine. Ornament of all times and styles. T. 1-2. M., White City, 2007, 719 p.

Links

• Celtic, Indian, Japanese, Caucasian, Slavic ornament
• Ornaments of ancient America, compiler and author of the preface V. I. Ivanovskaya
• Ornaments of different peoples and eras in vector format, Regularly updated collection for non-commercial use

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Synonyms

See what “Ornament” is in other dictionaries: - (from Latin ornamentum decoration), a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (such as... ...

Art encyclopedia - (Latin, from ornare to decorate). Everything that constitutes decoration, not necessary parts, mainly in architecture: e.g. leaves, fruits, garlands; festoons used to decorate a building. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language.... ...

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language - (obsolete ornament), ornament, male. (lat. ornamentum). 1. A pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration consisting of a stylized combination of geometric, plant or animal motifs. Animal ornament (see animal). Vegetable... ... Dictionary

Ushakova Cm …

Synonym dictionary ornament - (Ornament) A pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements and used for decoration. The ornament can be drawn or type-set (polytype [drawing or ornament]). There are many types of ornaments associated with national culture...

Synonym dictionary Font terminology - and outdated ornament. IN literary language The 19th century version of the ornament was predominant. In the poetry of the last century it was recorded by N. Nekrasov, Y. Polonsky and others ...

Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language - (from the Latin ornamentum decoration), a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements for decorating any objects and architectural structures. The beginnings of ornamentation in Paleolithic art, ornamentation reached a wide variety of forms in... ...

The art of ornament is very ancient. It arose in the Paleolithic era. Ornamental images provide aesthetic pleasure, which has a strong impact on a person, causing chains of associations that allow one to understand and appreciate the work. The main pattern of the ornament is the periodic repetition of the motif. Ornament is also characterized by the translation of real forms and objects into conventional ornamental images, high degree decorative generalization, lack aerial perspective(flat image).

Ornament has always been widely used as a decorative design for products needed by people in everyday life and practical activities. It forms the basis of decorative and applied arts. Handicrafts, ceramics, and textiles are not without ornament.

All ornamental designs, according to their visual capabilities, are divided into three types: figurative ornament, which includes specific drawing humans, animals, plants, landscape or architectural motifs, drawings of inanimate objects or a complex emblem;
non-figurative ornament, formed from geometric elements, abstract forms devoid of specific subject content;
combined ornament, which is a combination of figurative motifs or individual elements, on the one hand, and abstract forms, on the other.

Ornament is classified 1. according to visual motifs: plant, geometric, animalistic, anthropological, calligraphic, fantastic, astral, etc.

2.By style: antique, gothic, baroque, etc.

3.By nationality: Ukrainian, Belarusian, Greek, etc.

4. According to the visual form: planar, relief (small elevation), relief (small depression inward).
Characteristics of ornaments based on figurative motifs.

The primary form of ornament is technical an ornament that arose as a result of human labor activity (the texture of clay products processed on a potter's wheel, the pattern of simple cells in fabric, spiral-shaped turns obtained by weaving ropes).

Technical ornament

Symbolic the ornament arose and was formed on the basis of images of animals, people, tools in rock paintings, on fabric. The evolution of conventional images has led to the fact that ornamental images are often symbols. Appearing in Ancient Egypt and other countries of the East, symbolic ornament still plays an important role today, for example, in heraldry (image of the hammer and sickle, double headed eagle and etc). Geometric the ornament was formed on the basis of technical and symbolic ornaments. It always places emphasis on the strict alternation of rhythmic elements and their color combinations. The fundamental principle of almost any geometric shape is real existing form, generalized and simplified to the limit (Greek meander - wave, circle - sun, etc.)

Vegetable ornament is the most common after geometric. It is characterized by its favorite motifs, different for different countries at different times. If in Japan and China the favorite plant is chrysanthemum, then in India - beans, beans, in Iran - cloves, in Russia - sunflower, chamomile. In the early Middle Ages, the vine and trefoil were especially popular, in the late Gothic period - thistle and pomegranate, in Baroque times - tulip and peony. In the 18th century, the rose “ruled”; Art Nouveau brought the lily and iris to the fore. Floral ornament has the greatest potential in terms of the variety of motifs used and performance techniques. In some cases, the motifs are interpreted in a realistic, three-dimensional manner, in others – in a more stylized, conventionally flat form.

Calligraphic the ornament is made up of individual letters or text elements, expressive in their plastic pattern and rhythm. The art of calligraphy has most fully developed in countries such as China, Japan, Arab countries, in a certain sense replacing fine art.

At the core fantastic The ornament consists of fictitious images, often of symbolic and mythological content. Fantastic ornaments with images of scenes from the life of animals became especially widespread in countries Ancient East(Egypt, Assyria, China, India, Byzantium). In the Middle Ages, fantastic ornamentation was popular due to the fact that religion prohibited the depiction of living beings.

Astral the ornament affirmed the cult of the sky. Its main elements were images of the sky, sun, clouds, and stars. It is most widespread in Japan and China.

Landscape the ornament was and is especially often used on textiles made in Japan and China.

IN animal (animalistic) In the ornament, both realistic and more conventional, stylized images of birds, animals, etc. are possible. In the latter case, the ornament to a certain extent approaches the fantastic ornament.

Subject, or material ornament arose in ancient Rome and was subsequently widely used during the Renaissance, during the times of Baroque, Rococo, and Classicism. The content of the subject ornament consists of objects of military life, everyday life, musical and theatrical art.

Anthropomorphic the ornament uses male and female stylized figures or individual parts of the human body as motifs.

The nature of the ornament also depends on national images, ideas, customs, etc. For example, the ornamentation of the Ukrainians is completely different from the ornamental forms of the Arabs.

Ukrainian ornament

Arabic ornament

Arabesque from fr. arabesque - Arabic) is the European name for the ornament of medieval art of Muslim countries. The arabesque, built on a geometric grid, is based on the principle of endless spatial development of repeating groups of ornamental motifs. Arabesque is distinguished by repeated rhythmic layering of homogeneous forms, which creates the impression of an intricate, whimsical pattern.

The combination of ornaments, their dependence on the material and shape of the object, as well as the rhythm form the decor, which is an integral feature of a certain style.Style in the art of any era is the historically established unity of the figurative system, means and methods artistic expression. The basis of any style is a uniform system of artistic forms generated by an ideological and methodological community that arose in certain social and economic conditions. When forming a figurative system of a new style, ornament is one of the most important components of it and is among those means of artistic expression that make it possible to accurately determine whether any architectural monument or work belongs to a given style decorative and applied art.

By style features the ornament can be antique, gothic, byzantine, baroque, etc.

Gothic ornament

Renaissance ornament.

During the Middle Ages, ornaments were fantastic and fabulous drawings based on plant and animal motifs. The medieval ornament is symbolic. Natural motifs are interpreted conventionally and stylized. Simple rectilinear geometric shapes transform into woven curvilinear ones. Through the developed decorative and ornamental means in the Middle Ages, the inner world, state and experiences of a person were indirectly transmitted, which was not the case in ancient art.

During the Renaissance, a secular humanistic culture was formed, affirming the value human personality. During this period, art strives for clarity and harmony. The ornaments widely use motifs of acanthus and oak, grapevine, tulip, located against a background of plant curls and patterns. In addition, animals and birds were often depicted in combination with a naked human body.

The Baroque style ornament is built on intense contrasts, sharply contrasting the earthly and the heavenly, the real and the fantastic, as is the case with all Baroque art. Baroque ornamentation is distinguished by its variety and expressiveness of forms, splendor, splendor and solemnity. It is also characterized by decorativeness and dynamics, the predominance of curvilinear forms and asymmetry.

IN early XVIII V. The Baroque style is transformed into the Rococo style. The ornament acquires lightness, airiness, mobility and picturesqueness. It is characterized by openwork, curved, curvilinear forms, lack of clear constructiveness (a favorite motif is the shell).

During the period of classicism at the end of the 18th century. there is a revision of the ideals of ancient aesthetics. The ornament again acquires staticity and balance, clarity and precision. It consists mainly of straight lines, squares, rectangles, circles and ovals, becoming restrained in color.

IN early XIX V. the dominance of classicism ends with the Empire style (from the French empire - empire), which draws its artistic ideals from the art of Greek archaic and imperial Rome. Empire style ornamentation is characterized by severity, schematism, severity, solemnity and pomp, and military armor and laurel wreaths. Typical color combinations: scarlet with black, green with red, blue with bright yellow, white with gold.

So, the ornament of each period reveals a connection with the spiritual life of society, architecture, decorative art, and reflects the aesthetics of the era.

Ornaments based on the nature of the surface are divided into flat and embossed

Relief ornament

IN special group those that combine relief and color are combined. Relief patterns, for example carving on ganch (a Central Asian type of gypsum), are unique. The tradition of decorating homes with carved plaster exists in the territory Central Asia from the first centuries AD. Fine examples of such carvings can be seen in architectural monuments Khorezm, Samarkand, Bukhara.

Gunch carving

A clearly defined rhythm, as well as stylization, is the basis of all ornaments. Report(motif) - repetition of the same group of elements in a pattern.

One motivic is a pattern in which the same motif is rhythmically repeated. For example, one motif is the famous ancient Greek pattern called “meander”.

Meander

The rhythmic repetition of two different motifs is often found in the ornament.

Depending on the purpose and purpose There are three types of ornament, which are considered to be basic: ribbon, mesh and compositionally closed.

Ribbon ornament looks like a ribbon or strip. This pattern consists of repeating elements and is limited on two sides - top and bottom. The ribbon ornament is divided into frieze, border and border.

Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - 1. Pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration, a pattern from a combination of geometric, plant or animal elements. 2. In music: decoration of vocal and instrumental melodies (Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, p. 460).

Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, an ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.

So, ornament is our ubiquitous life, and at the same time, it is a powerful industry for creating household items, using simple or, conversely, intricate designs.

The history of the ornament

The origin of the ornament is unknown for certain. It captures the aesthetic understanding of human activity, creatively transforming, ordering nature or religious content. Ornament, especially in folk art, where it is most widespread, imprints a folklore and poetic attitude towards the world. Over time, the motifs lost their original meaning, maintaining decorative and architectural expressiveness. Great importance in the further development of the ornament there were aesthetic social needs: the rhythmic correctness of generalized motifs was one of the early ways of artistic exploration of the world, helping to comprehend the orderliness and harmony of reality.

The emergence of ornament goes back centuries and, for the first time, its traces were recorded in the Paleolithic era. In Neolithic culture, ornament had already reached a wide variety of forms and began to dominate. Over time, ornament loses its dominant position and cognitive significance, retaining, however, an important organizing and decorating role in the system of plastic creativity. Each era, style, and successively emerging national culture developed its own system; therefore, ornament is a reliable sign that works belong to a certain time, people, or country. Ornament reaches special development where conventional forms of reflecting reality predominate: in the Ancient East, in pre-Columbian America, in Asian cultures of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in the European Middle Ages. In folk art, since ancient times, stable principles and forms of ornament have been developing, which largely determine national artistic traditions.

Types of ornaments

The formal features of an ornament include decorative stylization, flatness, an organic connection with the surface bearing the ornament, which it always organizes, often revealing the constructive logic of the object. According to the nature of the composition, the ornament can be ribbon, centric, bordering, heraldic, filling the surface, or combining some of these types in more complex combinations. This is due to the shape of the item being decorated.

The main classification features of an ornament are its origin, purpose and content. Taking all this into account, ornamental forms can be combined into the following groups, or types.

1. Technical ornament. The appearance of the forms of this ornament is due to labor activity person. For example, the texture of the surface of objects made of clay made on a potter's wheel, the pattern of the simplest cells of fabric when it was produced on a primitive weaving loom, the spiral turns obtained when weaving ropes.

2. Symbolic ornament. The formation of a symbolic ornament was facilitated by the common nature of conditionally symbolic images of works of ornamental art in general, and the ornamental images themselves, as a rule, represent symbols or a system of symbols. This kind of image is capable of expressing very broad, diverse concepts in a laconic form.

3. Geometric ornament. Initially, this ornament arose through the fusion of technical and symbolic ornaments, forming more complex combinations of images devoid of specific narrative meaning. Refusal plot basis in this type of ornament it allowed to focus on the strict alternation of individual natural motifs. After all, any geometric shape is an initially existing form, extremely generalized and simplified. The gradual development of the original and at the same time basic geometric forms led to the artistic forms that are used modern Art and which are distinguished by special variety and grace in the works of Arabo-Moorish and Gothic art.

4. Floral ornament. This is the most common ornament after the geometric one. Floral ornament, compared with its other types, provides the greatest opportunities for creating a variety of motifs, execution techniques, and for an original interpretation of the form. Floral ornament uses numerous forms of plants: leaves, flowers, fruits, taken together or separately. This is an artistic reworking of various forms. flora. In the hands of an ornamental artist, the original forms, scales, and colors change and are subordinated according to the laws of symmetry. The most common plant forms since ancient times include: acanthus, lotus, papyrus, palms, hops, laurel, grapevine, ivy, oak.

5. Calligraphic (epigraphic) ornament. This ornament is made up of individual letters or text elements, expressive in their plastic pattern and rhythm.

6. Fantastic ornament. This type of ornament is based on images of imaginary, often symbolic content. Fantastic ornaments depicting scenes from the life of fabulous animals became especially widespread in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, Assyria, China and India).

7. Astral ornament (from the word “aster” - star). Establishes the cult of heaven. The main elements are the image of the sky, sun, clouds, stars.

8. Landscape ornament. The main objects of this ornament are a wide variety of motifs: mountains, trees, rocks, waterfalls, often combined with architectural motifs and elements of animal ornament.

9. Animal ornament. This ornament is based on images of birds and animals with varying degrees of stylization: both close to realistic and conventional. In the latter case, the ornament is somewhat closer to the fantastic.

10. Subject or material ornament. It originated in ancient Rome and was widely used in all subsequent eras. The content of the subject ornament consists of images of military heraldry, household items, and attributes of musical and theatrical art.

Art of ornament

1. Ornament

2. Types and means of ornaments

3. Types of ornament

4. Rhythm in the ornament

5. Solar signs in the ornament

6. References

1. Ornament

Ornament is one of the oldest types visual arts a person, which in the distant past carried symbolic and magical meaning, iconicity, and semantic function. But the early decorative and ornamental elements may not have had semantic meaning, but to be only abstract signs in which they expressed a sense of rhythm, form, order, symmetry. Researchers of the ornament believe that it arose already in the Upper Paleolithic era (15-10 thousand years BC). Based on non-pictorial symbolism, the ornament was almost exclusively geometric, consisting of strict forms of a circle, semicircle, oval, spiral, square, rhombus, triangle, cross and their various combinations. Zigzags, strokes, stripes, “Christmas tree” patterns, and braided (“rope”) patterns were used in decoration. Ancient man endowed his ideas about the structure of the world with certain signs. For example, a circle is the sun, a square is the earth, a triangle is mountains, a swastika is the movement of the sun, a spiral is development, movement, etc., but they, in all likelihood, did not yet have decorative qualities for objects (they were often covered with ornaments hidden from human eye - parts of objects - bottoms, reverse sides of jewelry, amulets, amulets, etc.). Gradually, these signs-symbols acquired the ornamental expressiveness of a pattern, which began to be considered only as an aesthetic value. The purpose of the ornament was determined - to decorate. But it is fair to note that pictography, an early stage of writing, emerged from ornamental motifs.

Ornament (Latin ornemantum - decoration) is a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.

In folk decorative art, everything is based on proven professional skills and techniques developed over many generations. These techniques are so perfect that their use allows one to achieve great artistic expression using simple and concise means. Products of decorative and applied art must meet the requirements of the organic unity of the utilitarian nature of the thing and its decor, national colors. Ornament is the main way of decorating items of decorative and applied art. Elements of ornaments are created from stylizations of real natural forms.

2. Types and means of ornament

The formal features of an ornament include decorative stylization, flatness, an organic connection with the surface bearing the ornament, which it always organizes, often revealing the constructive logic of the object. Not every pattern can be considered an ornament. Thus, patterned fabric with endlessly repeating rapport is not ornamental. According to the nature of the composition, the ornament can be ribbon, centric, bordering, heraldic, filling the surface, or combining some of these types in more complex combinations. This is due to the determined shape of the object being decorated.

According to the motifs used in the ornament, it is divided into: geometric, consisting of abstract forms (points, straight, broken, zigzag, mesh intersecting lines; circles, rhombuses, polyhedrons, stars, crosses, spirals; more complex specifically ornamental motifs - meander, etc.);

vegetable, stylizing leaves, flowers, fruits, etc. (lotus, papyrus, palmette, acanthus, etc.);

zoomorphic, or animal, stylizing figures or parts of figures of real or fantastic animals. Human figures, architectural fragments, weapons, various signs and emblems (coats of arms) are also used as motifs.

A special type of ornament is represented by stylized inscriptions on architectural structures (for example, on Central Asian medieval mosques) or in books (the so-called ligature). Complex combinations of various motifs (geometric and animal forms - the so-called teratology, geometric and plant - arabesques) are not uncommon.

3.Types of ornament

Depending on what elements the ornament consists of, it is classified as one type or another. Let's consider only those of them that are of interest in the sawing business.

Geometric ornament. Characteristic of many eras and peoples. Despite its extreme simplicity, it still retains its aesthetic value. The basis for the construction of such an ornament is a clear alternation of geometric elements in a given order. Very often used with other types of ornament. We should not forget that the prototype of geometric ornament was a natural form. For example, the Greek meander symbolizes a wave, a circle symbolizes the sun, and a braid symbolizes water.

Floral ornament. Most common in folk art after geometric and the most favorite in sawing carving, including wood sawing. Different times And different peoples gave their own plant motifs. In the early Middle Ages, the vine and shamrock were especially popular; in Baroque times - tulip and peony; in the Art Nouveau period - lily, etc. We can say that floral ornament uses the most numerous set of motifs, and there are an infinite number of different variations of such motifs. Moreover, the same motif can be very close to nature, or it can be simplified beyond recognition.

Calligraphic ornament. It can consist of either individual letters or entire sentences such as sayings, proverbs, slogans, etc. This ornament is most characteristic of ancient Persian art. Japan, Arab countries. The reason here lies in the fact that, for example, the ligature of Arabic letters is characterized by amazing plasticity. The letters of the Russian alphabet are also plastic, and if you combine them with floral patterns, you can achieve a significant decorative effect.

Fantastic ornament. It is based on images mythical creatures: Sirin birds, sirens, unicorns, lions, etc. It was often used in wood carving, in particular in folk sawing.

Animal ornament. As in the floral ornament, there are close to real and extremely simplified images of birds and animals. This ornament often goes well with floral designs. A good example This is the ornament of the Shemogod birch bark carvers.

Heraldic ornament. Its elements can be coats of arms, attributes of war - weapons, armor, torches, banners, etc.; attributes of musical and theatrical art - lyres, trumpets, horns, masks, curtain folds, etc. Carrying out this ornament is an extremely painstaking and responsible task. After all, it is impossible to reproduce any of the listed items in all details, so the images are subject to significant processing and simplification. There is a danger that the simplified drawing will not resemble the original. The use of a heraldic ornament is appropriate when designing thematic stands, as well as thematic ornamentation of products, for example, boxes intended as a gift to a military man, artist or musician.

4. Rhythm in the ornament

Rhythm in an ornamental composition is the pattern of alternation and repetition of motifs, figures and intervals between them. Rhythm is the main organizing principle of any ornamental composition. The most important characteristic ornament is the rhythmic repetition of motifs and elements of these motifs, their tilts and turns, the surfaces of the spots of the motifs and the intervals between them.
Rhythmic organization is the relative arrangement of motifs on the compositional plane. Rhythm organizes a kind of movement in the ornament: transitions from small to large, from simple to complex, from light to dark, or repetition of the same shapes at equal or different intervals. Rhythm can be:

1) metric (uniform);

2) uneven.

Depending on the rhythm, the pattern becomes static or dynamic.
The rhythmic structure determines the rhythm of motives in vertical and horizontal rows, the number of motives, the plastic characteristics of the form of motives, and the features of the arrangement of motives in rapport.
The motif is part of the ornament, its main forming element.
Ornamental compositions in which the motif is repeated at regular intervals are called rapport.

Rapport- minimal and simple in shape area occupied by the motif and the gap to the adjacent motif.

The regular repetition of rapport vertically and horizontally forms a rapport grid. The rapports are adjacent to each other, without overlapping each other and leaving no gaps.

Depending on the shape of the surface they decorate, the ornaments are: monorapport or closed; linear-rapport or tape; mesh-rapport or mesh.

Monoportrait ornaments are finite figures (for example, a coat of arms, emblem, etc.).

In linear-rapport ornaments, the motif (rapport) is repeated along one straight line. A ribbon pattern is a pattern whose elements create a rhythmic sequence that fits into a two-way tape.

The border of the blanket can be made in the form ribbon ornament.
Mesh-rapport ornaments have two transfer axes - horizontal and vertical. A reticular pattern is a pattern whose elements are located along many axes of transfer and create movement in all directions. The simplest mesh-rapport ornament is a grid of parallelograms.

In complex ornaments, it is always possible to identify a grid, the nodes of which make up a certain system of ornamental points. Rapports complex shape are constructed as follows. In one of the repeats of a rectangular grid, broken or curved lines are drawn from the outside to the right and top sides, and the same lines are drawn to the left and bottom, but inside the cell. Thus, a complex structure is obtained, the area of ​​which is equal to a rectangle.

These figures fill the area of ​​the ornament without gaps.
The composition of the mesh ornament is based on five systems (grids): square, rectangular, regular triangular, rhombic and oblique parallelogram.

In order to determine the type of mesh, it is necessary to connect the repeating elements of the ornament.

A rhythmic series presupposes the presence of at least three or four ornamental elements, since a too short series cannot fulfill an organizing role in the composition.

The novelty of the composition of the ornament, as noted by the famous expert in the field of the theory of ornament on fabric V.M. Shugaev, is manifested not in new motifs, but mainly in new rhythmic structures, new combinations of ornamental elements. Thus, the rhythm in the composition of the ornament is given special meaning. Rhythm, along with color, is the basis for the emotional expressiveness of an ornament.

In ornamental art, plasticity is usually called smooth, continuous transitions from one form element to another. If during rhythmic movements the elements are at a certain distance from each other, then during plastic movement they merge.
Depending on the emotional impact, ornamental forms are conventionally divided into heavy and light. Heavy shapes include square, cube, circle, ball, light shapes include line, rectangle, ellipse. >>>to the beginning

Symmetry is the property of a figure (or ornamental motif) superimposing itself in such a way that all points occupy their original position. Asymmetry is the absence or violation of symmetry.
IN fine arts symmetry is one of the means of constructing artistic form. Symmetry is usually present in any ornamental composition; it is one of the forms of manifestation of the rhythmic principle in the ornament.

Basic elements of symmetry: plane of symmetry, axis of symmetry, translation axis, plane of sliding reflection.

Plane of symmetry - an imaginary plane that divides a figure into two mirror equal parts

- figures with one plane of symmetry,

A figure with two planes of symmetry,

- with four planes of symmetry.

There are countless planes of symmetry in a circle.
Axis of symmetry is a straight line relative to which equal parts are repeated symmetrical figure. The number of self-alignments of a figure when rotated 360° is called the order of the figure's axis with the order of the axes 1,

The translation of a figure parallel to itself is called translation

The axis along which the figure is transferred is called the translation axis. The smallest transfer is the period of broadcast or rapport. If there is one transfer axis, then it is a linear-rapport pattern; if there are two, it is a mesh pattern.

The plane of grazing reflection is a combination of planes of symmetry and parallel translation.

Examples of opposite symmetry are also: a positive relief shape (convexity) and an equal negative one (deepening); a figure of one color and an equal figure of a different color (tone); black and white ornament based on the “positive - negative” principle.

Symmetry of similarity will be observed if, simultaneously with the transfer, the size of the figure and the spaces between the figures decrease or increase.

The ornamental motif can be made using the symmetry of similarity.

5.Solar signs in the ornament

One of the options solar sign, a symbol that depicted the sun and was often associated with the supreme gods of different times - Dazhbog and Perun.

The sign of heavenly water, “heavenly abysses”, which, according to the beliefs of Slavic pagans, were located above the sky, on which the Sun, Moon and Stars were located

The oblique cross symbolizes earthly fire, a powerful cleansing element, the action of which has always led to the death of the old and its rebirth in a new form.

A rhombus divided into four parts is an ancient sign of sown arable land, of Mother Earth in general.

The tree of life is a connecting link between the three worlds, which were depicted as three branches.

Flower - similar flowers covered the figures of mythical beasts, benevolent to humans

The triangle is an ancient symbol of a woman. Two female figures (Rozhanitsa) make up a rhombus - the sign of the Earth, giving birth and nourishing. Two standing nearby The triangle also denoted heavenly divine power.

The Y-shaped figure is an image of a man raising his hands to the sky, praying for rain. Indicates masculinity person.

Eight cardinal directions. The Slavs divided the Earth into eight parts - four main directions and four auxiliary

Instructions

Ornaments are divided according to type and style into graphic, pictorial, sculptural, floral, and geometric. Ornamental motifs can be taken from the most various fields: from geometry, flora and fauna. These could be outlines human bodies and any items. The motif of the ornament can consist of one element or of many, designed as one whole. The craftsmen themselves create ornamental motifs for their works. The combination of ornaments with each other, as well as with the shape of the object and its material, forms the decor characteristic of a certain style.

The ornament is classified according to its origin, purpose and content. Thanks to the ornament, the style of a particular work of art is determined.

Technical ornament arose as a result of human activity. Its motifs can be found on the surface of clay objects made on a potter's wheel, in the pattern of fabric cells on a primitive loom, in the spiral turns of a woven rope.

The symbolic type of ornament was widespread in Ancient Egypt and other countries of the East. Its images are symbols or systems of symbols.

The combination of technical and symbolic ornament was called geometric. The image options in it are more complex, but lack plot significance. The abandonment of the plot made it possible to alternate individual natural motifs, and the development of geometric forms in it is particularly diverse and graceful. Geometric ornaments a lot in Gothic art.

The most common ornament can be considered floral. His characteristic motifs V different countries vary, but the same parts of plants are always used: leaves, flowers, fruits, all together or separately. The original form of a plant is often stylized beyond recognition. The most common plant forms almost all over the world are the same: lotus, ivy, laurel, vine, papyrus, palm trees, oak.

Calligraphic or epigraphic ornament consists of letters or stylized fragments of text. Calligraphy was most developed in China, Japan, Iran and other Arab countries.

The fantastic ornament is based on images of non-existent plants and animals. It became especially widespread in Egypt, China, India, and Assyria. Due to religious prohibitions in the Middle Ages, he acquired especially popular.

The astral ornament got its name from the word “aster”, “star”. Depicts the sky, clouds, sun, stars. Distributed in China and Japan.

The main motifs of landscape ornaments are mountains, rocks, trees, waterfalls. There are frequent inclusions of architectural and animal forms. It is also common in China and Japan.

Animal ornament is based on the image of animals and birds, conventional or realistic. Borders and mixes with the fantastic.

Object ornament originated in ancient Rome and was widely used in all subsequent eras. The content consists of household items, military heraldry, and attributes of musical and theatrical art.