Presentation “Rare animals and plants. Rare and endangered animals of Russia Chinese river dolphin

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“Protection of flora” - Species of uncertain status. Vulnerable species. Forest damaged by acid rain. Drying of trees and the formation of “witches’ brooms” along the Moscow Ring Road. Everyone has a responsibility to preserve nature. May lily of the valley. Campanula latifolia. Endangered species. Ernst Heinrich Haeckel. Categories of status of animal and plant species. The Red Book of the Moscow Region is an official document. A reserve is a specially protected area or water area.

“Rare animals and plants” - International Red Book. A manatee becomes attached to a person. May lily of the valley. Polar bear. The giant panda (bamboo bear) is a very rare animal. All large species of wild cats are worthy of admiration. Human activity has acquired modern proportions. Rare and endangered animals and plants. Summer white flower. In an open field, an armadillo cannot escape from a person. Edelweiss. The Indian elephant is distributed throughout almost all of Southeast Asia.

“Migrant plants” - “Sunny Flower”. Sunflower oil is used not only for food. Leaf parsley. Cucumber seed. Ordinary potatoes. Homeland of many cultivated plants. Until the end of the 17th century, watermelons were brought to Russia from abroad. Tomato, or ordinary tomato. Potatoes were brought to Russia under Peter I. Tomatoes appeared in Russia during the reign of Catherine II. Franz Achard received several kilograms of beet sugar for the first time.

“Unusual plants” - Gidnora. Velvichia. The roots act as an evaluation system. The Hydnora genus includes 12 species. Amorphophallus. Rafflesia. The appearance and structure of Velvichia is very unique. Unusual plants. Walking tree. Amorphophallus belongs to the ephemeroids, that is, it is short-lived.

“Relationship of plants to soil” - What is included in the composition of soil. Nitrogen loving plants. Poor soils. Nitrogen lovers. Potashnik. Lots of organic remains. Plants of saline soils. Environmental groups. Why do plants need soil? Excess salts. Kermek. Salt marshes. Salt accumulating plants. Nitrogen starvation. Salt-excreting plants. How is soil richness determined? Plants of poor and rich soils. Groups.

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Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1 named after. N.K. Krupskaya Rare and endangered animals of Russia Performer: Nikita Lyatin, 7th grade student Leader: Olga Viktorovna Sleptsova, geography teacher

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Nature is the simplest word, But the whole world is huge and alive in it: Forests and rivers, mountains and lakes, The radiance of the sun and the surf... Everything in this word is the singing of spring birds, the bitter aroma of autumn leaves, the summer bloom of honey meadows , Winter cold, quiet snowfall; Fields of ears full of ripe grains, Green gardens full of ripe fruits, Everything that the lands, rivers, sea give us, Everything that we take from nature - me and you. Nature’s bins are rich, The unknown power is inexhaustible And nature gave all this to us - people, She only asked for one thing: “Take it, I don’t mind, Let everything that’s mine become yours, Just take care of it, increase it, Save it for your children, Spend it wisely - not for years centuries I have given this gift into your hands...” There is nothing more beautiful and wonderful than the natural world - bright and big, so unique, different, eternal, just as the earthly path is eternal in the universe. Let's people save this whole world, We are part of it, the children born by it, This does not exist anywhere, will never happen And only we are responsible for this world. (AUTHOR unknown)

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Today, a huge number of animal species are already listed in the Red Book. Danger threatens many of our “smaller brothers” who still live freely in the forests and seas. Not all animals suffer equally from human activity. Some are quite prosperous, some are thriving - even such a scientific term has appeared - the winning species, while others find themselves in the most disastrous situation. My work provides a list that includes rare and endangered animals in Russia; due to ignorance, they can become objects of human sport and amateur hunting.

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Black Sea bottlenose dolphin The black sea bottlenose dolphin is a small dolphin. It lives throughout the Black Sea. Its numbers have decreased sharply compared to the pre-war period, when the number of all dolphins was approximately 500 thousand. By May 1977. the number of dolphins in the Black Sea reached only 140 thousand, of which 36 thousand were bottlenose dolphins. The reasons for this are pollution of the Black Sea waters, increased intensity of fishing and shipping, and fishing. In 1966, dolphin fishing in the seas of the USSR was prohibited. Currently, Bulgaria and Romania have also stopped fishing in the Black Sea, but Turkey annually catches 40-70 thousand dolphins, including some bottlenose dolphins. The bottlenose dolphin is better adapted to life in captivity than any other cetacean species and reproduces well. Clever - she easily makes contact with people.

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Amur tiger STATUS. Endangered species (I category) The tiger occupies a special place in the fauna of Primorye. This is the northernmost tiger habitat in the world. The largest species reserve in our country is the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve. In 1978, about 200 individuals were counted, of which 8 - 10 were in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve and about 15 adult tigers in the Lazovsky Nature Reserve. It is more common in the western and northern regions of Primorsky Krai. Siberian pine-deciduous forests in valleys and on mountain slopes along the middle reaches of rivers flowing to the sea, where the terrain is dissected and rocky massifs are found, are especially favorable for tigers. The tiger is a strong and dexterous predator, has the ability to track down prey and the enemy and attack him with surprise and without fail. The basis of nutrition is wild boar, wapiti, and sika deer. However, the tiger does not always hunt ungulates. He also hunts bears. The strength of a tiger is extraordinary. Taking the victim by the scruff of the neck, the huge cat easily lifts a wild boar, wapiti, and drags a cow or a horse. In search of prey, a tiger can travel 80-100 km in a day. He usually moves in steps, the step size is up to 80 cm. He steps with his hind paw in the footprint of his front paw. While pursuing prey, jumps sometimes reach 5-7 m. The tiger spends up to three days near the killed animal, and then leaves it, even if the victim remains half intact. Tigers tolerate winter frosts down to -30° quite easily. On clear moonlit nights, these cats love to roll in the snow or roll in snowdrifts in forest clearings. They swim willingly and beautifully. Tigers are very careful, it is quite difficult to see them. Even when meeting closely, the animal moves away. Preferring to remain unnoticed. Only later, following the tracks, does it suddenly become clear that the animal was very close. Such secrecy is aided by the soft and dexterous movements of a cat. The animal moves completely silently.

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Irbis STATUS. Endangered species (I category) Irbis or snow leopard is one of the most beautiful predatory cats in our country. He is one of the “big three” cats living in our country - tiger, leopard, snow leopard. The body is elongated, flexible, the legs are short, strong, the whole thing is like a compressed spring. The fur is very lush, soft and silky, smoky gray, with large dark ring spots. The tail, the length of which exceeds ¾ of the body length, also looks lush and thick - a pipe. The length of an adult animal reaches 130 cm, weight - 40 kg. The snow leopard inhabits the mountainous regions from the Pamirs and west. Tien Shan to Eastern Sayan. Its typical habitats lie above 2000 m above sea level. The snow leopard selects areas where there are small open plateaus, gentle slopes and narrow valleys covered with alpine vegetation, alternating with rocky gorges, heaps of rocks and screes. The absence of snow or its high compaction on rocks and ridges gives the predator the opportunity to hunt more or less freely. The snow leopard is poorly adapted to moving on high, and even more so loose, snow. The main prey of the snow leopard is the Siberian mountain goat, less often - argali, roe deer, wild boar and small animals. It also hunts marmots and snowcocks - mountain turkeys. The snow leopard is very active and tireless. The snow leopard is an unwary animal and, having noticed a person, is in no hurry to take cover. At the same time, it is very timid and, even wounded, rarely attacks a hunter. The snow leopard has no enemies in nature except the wolf. The decrease in the number of wild ungulates, the development of mountain pastures and direct extermination have led to a reduction in the number of this species. According to various estimates, 80-150 individuals now live in Russia, of which 40-70 are in the Altai focus, 20-50 in the Western Sayan, 15 in the Central Sayan, 5-35 in the Eastern Sayan. There are no more than 20 of these predators in the Sayano-Shushensky and Altai nature reserves.

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Manul STATUS. Rare species (III category) Manul is the smallest cat in our fauna. The animal is secretive and remains out of sight of researchers even where it is common. Within Russia, it is distributed in Altai, Tyva, Buryatia and the Chita region. Due to the lush fur, especially in winter, the manul appears heavy and massive. The legs are thick and short, the animal is stocky and squat. The tail is bushy, half the length of the body, which reaches half a meter. The general color of winter fur is light gray with a pale-ocher or pale-reddish admixture. The white ends of the hair form a “veil”. Several stripes stretch across the back behind the shoulder blades and further to the tail, extending to the sides. The stripes are dark, and on the gray tail there are 7 more transverse stripes in the form of rings. The relatively small spherical head looks especially strange. The muzzle is short, blunt, the forehead is wide, the eyes are very large, protruding, set quite close and looking straight ahead. The light fur around makes the eyes even larger. The ears are wide, rounded, low set. Pallas's cat lives in areas with a sharply continental climate, with cold, little snow winters. It is poorly adapted to movement in loose and deep snow. Preference is given to places with rock outcrops and placers. Not adapted to running, the Pallas's cat lies in wait for its prey or silently creeps up to it. It is more convenient to do this when there are many shelters where you can hide. It escapes from numerous enemies by climbing into rocks or hiding in stones and holes. Placers of stones are also densely populated with rodents - the main prey of cats. Manul has a remarkable ability to hide and disappear from sight before our eyes. Even knowing well the place where the cat has lain, it can be very difficult to see it. Fleeing from pursuit, the animal tries to escape, but since it runs poorly, at the first opportunity it hurries to jump into stones or a hole. Overtaken by the pursuer, he sits down or lies on his back and fiercely defends himself, and often goes on the offensive. Hunting for Pallas's cat is prohibited. But it is obtained through a chance encounter and incidentally while hunting other animals.

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Amur leopard STATUS. Species disappearing from the territory of Russia (category I) Primorye is the northern border of the range of this subspecies. In the middle of this century, the area of ​​regular sightings of leopards in the Primorsky Territory was limited to its southernmost part. At the same time, finds of a leopard’s lair with cubs are extremely rare. It seems that our southern Primorye is inhabited mainly by stray animals - individuals or pairs, sometimes females with a litter, come to us from the adjacent territories of northwestern China. Perhaps, occasionally, leopards breed here only on the territory of the Tiger Pad nature reserve. The choice of habitat for the Amur leopard is associated with the presence of ungulates - roe deer, sika deer, wild boars. The leopard is a large and very beautiful cat with thick long hair. The color is bright reddish-yellow, with small black spots. The body is elongated, muscular, slender, 120-170 cm long, the tail is about a meter. A leopard weighs from 30 to 60 kg. The Amur leopard is a cautious and secretive animal, but not at all timid. When meeting a person, he retreats without haste or fuss, without showing fear. When an animal is wounded, it becomes dangerous to a person and often rushes at him. The leopard knows how to hide well and climbs well. To escape persecution, it climbs trees and even inaccessible rocks. It does not like water; it prefers to cross small rivers on fallen trees. But if necessary, it freely swims across large rivers. He has good eyesight, excellent hearing, but his sense of smell is rather weak - he uses little of his senses during hunting. Serious competitors of the leopard in Primorye are the tiger and the wolf. In places where the tiger walks, the leopard prefers not to show itself. The wolf, of course, will never defeat this large cat, but he competes with the leopard in the fight for prey. The most serious problem for the leopard is intensive human economic activity.

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White-breasted bear Small species (II category) It has several names - Himalayan, Tibetan, in Primorye people very accurately call it the white-breasted bear. It is distinguished by its small size, special bear-like slenderness and beauty. Its weight rarely exceeds 150 kg. The fur is short, but lush and silky, and along the bobs of the neck there is a magnificent fur collar. The color of the fur is black, on the chest there is a sharply defined tick - a white spot. These animals are excellent tree climbers; they spend most of their lives in the crown of trees. These bears settle in cedar-broad-leaved forests along river valleys and low mountain slopes. The white-breasted bear eats fruits, berries, nuts, insects and their larvae, and in rare cases, fish and small mammals. Having climbed to the top of the crown of the chosen tree, the animal sits in a fork and begins to fatten. At the same time, he treats the tree itself simply barbarically: he breaks off entire branches, eats them and puts them under himself. After such a visit, bear nests remain in the forks of the peaks. The white-breasted bear spends the winter in hibernation. Using his ability to climb, he prefers to settle down for the winter in the hollows of old trees. Human development of coastal forests poses a particular danger to the white-breasted bear. Cutting down cedar-broad-leaved forests, collecting wild berries, forest fires - all this reduces the habitat area of ​​this beautiful and rare animal. Therefore, the protection of the white-breasted bear in nature reserves is of particular importance.

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Laptev walrus STATUS. Rare species (III category). The walrus is the largest of the pinnipeds of our fauna, a real giant - 3 m long, weighs about 1.5 tons. Its body is large and massive. The head is small compared to the huge body - a kind of growth on a thick, powerful neck. The color is brown. The skin is thick, all in folds. There is a long thick mustache on the upper lip. With their help, the walrus examines the bottom in search of food: after all, at a depth of 20-30 m, especially under the ice, almost nothing is visible. One of the notable features of the walrus is the 2 mighty tusks protruding down from its mouth. Walrus tusks are strongly overgrown upper fangs; in old people they reach a length of 60-80 cm. The walrus settles in places where it is relatively shallow: after all, it feeds on bottom organisms. It usually obtains its food from a depth of 30-50 m, but it can go deeper, at a depth of up to 180 m. At the bottom, it digs up the soil with its tusk fangs and selects invertebrate animals from it. Its prey includes a variety of mollusks, crustaceans and worms. Among walruses there are also predators that attack seals or birds sitting on the water. In summer, walruses form rookeries on sandy or pebble shallows on the mainland shore or on islands. Walrus rookeries present an amazing sight. Several dozen carcasses lie side by side along the shore. Yes, they lie so tightly that the head of one is on the shoulder of the other, this one put his flippers on the neighbor’s head, someone else rested his tusks on the back of the first one. In general, the heap is small. They lie down, tossing and turning from side to side from time to time. First one, then the other, breaks out of the general heap and splashes in the water. Everything would be fine, but the kids... When an adult animal moves, they must be on alert: at any moment, they will crush them. And when the frightened herd rolls into the water in an avalanche, several accidentally crushed babies are left at the rookery. Walruses can rest and sleep right in the water. In the sea, only killer whales can be dangerous for walruses, and in rookeries – polar bears. The Laptev walrus is easily vulnerable due to its small numbers and small distribution area, and human development of its habitats is expanding.

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Bison STATUS. A rare species that is restoring its numbers in some places of its former range with the active help of humans (category V). The bison is the most famous of all animals protected in our country. The bison is a beast from legends and tales, from ancient chronicles, which has miraculously survived to this day. This is a very large bull with a massive and heavy build. The body is relatively short, with a very powerful and high front part. The head is large, heavy, with a wide forehead. The fur of bison is bay, slightly curly, the calves are lighter, almost red. Average weight over a ton. The bison is a true forest animal; its entire life is entirely connected with the forest, with low snow cover, and a relatively mild climate. The main reason for the sharp decline and almost complete disappearance of bison was their direct extermination by hunters, poachers, and destruction during military operations. In Russia, the bison was represented by two subspecies - European and Caucasian. The Caucasian subspecies has disappeared, and in the mountainous regions of the country work is underway to restore free herds of a hybrid form - the Caucasian - Belovezhsky bison. The bison owes its salvation to the fact that in zoological gardens and acclimatization parks of several countries by 1927, 48 animals survived - the lower critical limit of their numbers. In the Prioksko-Terrasny State Reserve there is a central bison nursery (organized in 1948). In the Oksky Nature Reserve, a bison nursery was created in 1959. Outside the Russian Federation, bison live in Belarus, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Lithuania, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Muskrat STATUS. A rare relict species of Russia, declining in number, found nowhere else in the world (category II). Her appearance is quite unique. Body length is about 20 cm, the tail is the same length, weight is about half a kilogram. The elongated snout-proboscis, very mobile, with large noticeable nostrils at the end immediately attracts attention. The body is streamlined, with dense hair, swimming membranes are especially prominent on the hind legs, the tail is flat, laterally compressed. The coat color is two-color, the back is chestnut or brown, and the belly is light. With their small eyes, muskrats do not see well - they are nearsighted. They also do not have external ears, and the ear openings close when immersed in water. The fur on the ventral side of the animal's body is noticeably thicker than on the back. Molting is extended over time; in almost any season of the year, only part of the hair is consistently replaced, due to which the thermal insulation properties of the fur are constantly maintained. The muskrat belongs to the order of insectivores and its relatives are not beavers or rodents at all, but shrews, moles and hedgehogs. The muskrat is an excellent swimmer, floats both on the surface of the water and in its thickness, and dives to depth. While drinking food, it remains under water for about five minutes, then inhales. The basis of nutrition consists of sedentary invertebrates. A significant role in the life of a muskrat is played by the hole that it digs independently. There she takes refuge from bad weather and enemies, rests and sleeps, and dries out. One burrow can be inhabited by up to 10 muskrats, but they belong to the same family. On land, she is clumsy and easily accessible to any enemies. And the muskrat has many enemies. These are foxes, raccoon dogs, minks, ferrets, birds of prey, even large catfish and pike. But if only these animals were chasing the muskrat! Fishing, as well as the reduction of suitable habitats, has led to a significant reduction in the number of muskrats. Especially for the protection of the muskrat, the Khopersky Nature Reserve was created in 1935, where 1,500-2,000 muskrats now permanently live. Also, a small amount is found in the Dnieper and Ural basins. Attempts to breed muskrats in enclosures did not lead to the desired result: the animal does not reproduce in captivity.

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Sea otter Sea otter (Kamchatka sea beaver) - this rare representative of the order of carnivores, a close relative of the otter, was in the past on the verge of extinction. Currently, its numbers are gradually recovering. The sea otter is found on the Commander Islands, the Kuril Islands, and off the coast of Kamchatka. The total number of sea otters in the country exceeds 4 thousand. The appearance of the sea otter is unique. The body is elongated, cylindrical, and quite massive. The legs are short, and on the shore the animal looks clumsy and heavy. This impression is also created due to the very lush, although short, fur. When sitting or moving, the sea otter hunches over - strongly arching its back, as if folded. But in water he is extremely flexible, dexterous and mobile. The head is decorated with long mustaches, the eyes are small and shiny. The legs are flipper-shaped, the length of the tail reaches a third of the entire length of the body. Sea otter fur is exceptionally thick, soft and silky. Wherever sea otters live, they prefer the ends of islands and peninsulas. This is no coincidence - here animals have the opportunity to quickly swim to the windward side in stormy weather and avoid strong sea waves. Sea urchins and mollusks, especially bivalves, serve as food for sea otters. Octopuses, fish and crabs are of lesser importance in the diet. The sea otter grabs prey from the bottom of the sea and swimming fish with its teeth and front paws and presses it to its chest. Having emerged, it lies on its back, already with the prey, and eats in this position. This pose is very typical for a resting and feeding animal. Among wild animals, the most dangerous enemy is the killer whale. The natural mortality rate of sea otters is high.

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The monk seal is not just rare - it is the rarest species of seal. Until recently, it inhabited most of the coastal waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, entering the Atlantic in areas adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar, and currently the range of this species consists of small isolated areas. The number of this animal worldwide is estimated at 500-1000 animals and is steadily decreasing. Reproduction is reduced as a result of the accumulation of toxic substances in sea water. Habitats and rookeries are being destroyed. Illegal poaching does not stop. The animal accidentally dies in the fishermen's nets. The food supply in coastal waters is decreasing as a result of the discharge of wastewater from large cities into the sea - protection category I in the Red Book. The seal's body length is up to 2.5 meters, its weight reaches three centners. The color of the upper side of the body is dark gray or black, becomes lighter on the sides and gradually turns whitish on the belly. The monk seal is tied to the shore and is not drawn to the open sea. Compared to other pinnipeds, it is an unimportant swimmer, but it dives well and throws itself into the water from stones or cliffs. Therefore, it chooses bedding areas in rocky, inaccessible areas, with crevices and caves. Under favorable conditions, these seals stay near the same section of the coast all year round, without changing it for many years. This seal is not as peaceful as others: strong fights between males have been observed.

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Ladoga seal STATUS. Recovering species (category V) The smallest of the Baltic seals is the ringed seal. The length of an adult animal is only about 1.5 m, weight no more than 50-60 kg. The body is short and thick, the head is small, sitting on a short neck. The color varies in tone, but there are always many light rings scattered throughout the body. The Ladoga and Baltic subspecies previously served as commercial targets; at one time they were even considered a fishing pest. A premium was paid for its extraction, and extraction was permitted by any means. Now the ringed seal fishery is sharply limited. To protect the seals living in Lake Ladoga, two specialized reserves were created - Valaam and Nizhne-Svirsky, so the number of these animals has stabilized here. But the Ladoga seal is still included in the Red Book. When a species or subspecies is distributed very locally, and the Ladoga seal inhabits only one lake, even one as large as Ladoga, it is very easy to exterminate it. If control over the state of water, food supply, and human activity is slightly weakened, the subspecies will be under a real threat of destruction. The ringed seal inhabits bays, bays, river mouths, and small islands. It feeds on fish and crustaceans, and only on abundant species that form significant aggregations in shallow coastal waters. This animal does not chase rarities, so its accusations of destroying valuable and rare fish species were completely in vain.

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Narwhal STATUS. Rare species (III category) Narwhal is a real decoration of our northern seas, a unicorn not from a fairy tale, but from life. Distributed circumpolarly north of the line of floating ice. This is a fairly large whale, 6 m long and weighing more than a ton. Its distinctive feature is that males have a long tusk tooth protruding straight forward from the mouth like a pike. This amazing tooth grows throughout the animal's life and can reach 3 m in length. Why the animal needs it is still a mystery. In our waters, narwhals live alone or in small groups consisting of adult males or females with cubs. Narwhal food consists of cephalopods and fish. Narwhals can be attacked by walruses and polar bears, and cubs can be attacked by polar sharks. Narwhal fishing is now intensive in the Canadian Arctic. The high fishing pressure on the largest population of narwhals in the Canadian Arctic threatens the reduction of local herds, which may affect the decrease in the total number of the species, including in Russian waters. Since the summer of 1976, the Canadian government has introduced restrictive measures for the fishery: it has banned the slaughter of females accompanied by cubs, mandated the complete disposal of hunted animals, and introduced an annual quota in the main hunting areas. Control is required to ensure compliance with the ban on narwhal hunting.

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Sika deer STATUS. Endangered species (Category I) Sika deer is a beautiful and large animal. In our country, he lives on a narrow strip of sea coast in the south of Primorsky Krai. The spotted deer is the most slender of our deer, medium in size, very light and graceful in build, with a proudly raised chiseled head on a long neck. The color is mostly brownish-red, quite bright. Pure white, sharply defined spots of irregular shape are scattered throughout the body. They are smaller on the back and gradually increase in size towards the stomach. Around the tail there is a rather wide white field - a mirror. In summer, deer disperse widely along the forested mountain slopes, usually choosing areas with dense undergrowth. In February, when the snow becomes too deep, the reindeer move closer to the sea. The rutting season of sika deer occurs in the fall. At this time, males organize tournaments; their main weapon is their horns. But in general, the fights are peaceful: the stags very quickly sort things out and one of them cedes the battlefield to the other. There have never been any fatalities in this deer. Newborn fawns are completely helpless during the first days; most of the time they lie hidden in the thickets, with females grazing somewhere nearby. The cubs feed on milk for up to 4–5 months, quickly gaining weight. If a newborn fawn weighs 4–7 kg, then by the age of one year it reaches 50 kg. The largest males weigh up to 130 kg, females about 80 kg. In nature, the most dangerous enemies of sika deer are wolves. But humans have caused particular damage to the sika deer. He is attracted to antlers - young, not yet ossified horns. Previously, in order to get antlers, the animal was simply killed. Now, in order to save the sika deer from extinction and at the same time increase the production of antler, a special industry has been formed - antler farming. This made it possible to remove industrial pressure from the wild population of coastal sika deer. Yet it remains endangered, with no signs of increasing numbers.

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Animals exterminated by humans Completed by A.S., biology teacher at MBOU Secondary School No. 37 in Khabarovsk. Lukyanenko

Everyone knows the International Red Book, which lists rare and endangered species of animals and plants. There is also a Black Book - a list of animals and plants that have disappeared forever from the face of the Earth already in historical times. Humans are directly or indirectly to blame for the disappearance of most of them. This list dates back to 1600. If the Red Book is an alarm signal and a call to action, then the Black Book serves as a warning to people and reminds them of those unique creatures of nature that can no longer be returned.

Steller's (sea) cow

Discovered in 1741 by Georg Steller (scientist of V. I. Bering’s expedition). At first, Steller believed that he was dealing with an ordinary manatee and called the animal he discovered “manat”. “If I were asked how many of them I saw on Bering Island, then I would not hesitate to answer - they cannot be counted, they are countless...” Steller wrote. However, the animal was not at all afraid of people and was mercilessly exterminated. People mainly used subcutaneous fat and meat from sea cows. “The smell and taste of the fat are very pleasant and taste much better than the fat of marine and domestic animals. This fat can be stored even on the hottest days without rotting or stinking. The meat is red, denser than beef, the taste is no different from it, it lasts for a long time on hot days, without smell... Cows’ milk is fatty and sweet, in thickness and taste like sheep’s,” Steller wrote in his notes. As a result of predatory fishing, by 1768 the Steller's cow was completely exterminated. Fossils of sea cows similar or even identical to Steller's have been found in Pacific coastal areas from California to Japan. According to biologist V.N. Kalyakin, the population of sea cows described by Steller even then represented the pitiful remnants of a once prosperous race destroyed by Pacific aborigines. But still, Steller's cow set a sad record of human recklessness - just over a quarter of a century passed from the discovery of the species to its extermination. Georg Steller remained the only naturalist who saw these animals alive and left history with a detailed description of the species.

Quagga (lat. Equus quagga quagga) is an exterminated equid animal, previously considered a separate species of zebra; according to modern research - a subspecies of Burchell's zebra - Equus quagga quagga. Quaggas lived in South Africa. In front they had a striped color, like a zebra, in the back - the bay color of a horse, body length 180 cm. The Boers exterminated quaggs for their durable skins. The quagga is perhaps the only extinct animal whose representatives were tamed by humans and used to protect herds: quaggas, much earlier than domestic sheep, cows, and chickens, noticed the approach of predators and warned their owners with a loud cry of “quaha,” from which they got their name. The last wild quagga was killed in 1878. The last quagga in the world died at the Amsterdam Zoo in 1883.

These clumsy, turkey-sized birds lived on the Mascarene Islands, lost in the Indian Ocean. In living conditions on isolated islands with a mild climate, where land predators were completely absent and a bountiful harvest of fruits ripened, the ancestors of the dodo no longer needed to fly. No longer restrained by the laws of aerodynamics, the size and weight of the body of pigeons grew, and the wings, which had become unnecessary, decreased. Birds switched to a terrestrial lifestyle, picking up fallen forest gifts.

At the end of the 16th century, the Mascarene Islands were discovered by Europeans, and the prosperity of the dodo ended. The extermination of these birds happened so quickly that even museum stuffed animals could not be preserved. Descendants got several incomplete skeletons and the paw and head of an ordinary dodo that remained from the old stuffed animal. We can now judge the external appearance of dodos only from ancient drawings and descriptions. The beating of dodos was started by sailors who yearned for fresh meat during their sea voyages. They simply killed the birds with sticks, but they did not run away, having completely lost the instinct of self-preservation over thousands of years of comfortable life. Portuguese and Spanish sailors called the birds "dodo" - fool, fool. Under this name, dodos have become firmly established in world literature. The destruction of the dodo was completed by pigs, dogs and cats brought to the islands by people. They destroyed the nests of birds located right on the ground in large numbers. Since the female dodo laid only one egg and hatched it for almost two months, as a result of the robbery of predators at the nesting sites, the population of flightless giants quickly dwindled. The common dodo became extinct around 1680, the white one in 1746, and the hermit lived almost until the beginning of the 19th century. Dodos marked the beginning of the sad list of birds completely exterminated by humans. And all we have left to remember these strange creatures are bones, drawings and the English proverb - “Dead as a dodo.”

Passenger pigeon

The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) is an extinct bird of the pigeon family. Until the 19th century, it was one of the most common birds on Earth, the total number of which was estimated at 3-5 billion individuals.

Lifestyle The passenger pigeon kept in huge flocks, the nesting colony of pigeons in the state of Wisconsin occupied all the trees in the forest over an area of ​​2200 km², the total number of the colony was estimated at 160 million individuals, sometimes there were up to a hundred nests on one tree. During the season, a pair of passenger pigeons hatched only one chick. Extinction The population decline occurred gradually from 1800 to 1870, but a catastrophic decline in the number of birds occurred from 1860 to 1870. The extinction of the passenger pigeon occurred due to the influence of many factors, the main one of which was poaching. The last mass nesting was observed in 1883, the last time a passenger pigeon was found in the wild was in 1900 in Ohio, USA. The last pigeon, Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoological Garden (USA) on September 1, 1914.

Carolina parrot

Distribution Lived in North America from North Dakota to Mississippi and Florida, reaching 42 degrees north latitude. He was the only representative of parrots on the North American continent. Causes of extinction Extinct due to merciless destruction by hunters. The incessant persecution of individuals was explained by the damage these parrots caused to fields and fruit trees. The last two individuals remain at the Cincinnati Zoo. Their names were Lady Jane and Incas. But, unfortunately, Lady Jane died in the summer of 1917, followed by Incas in February 1918. Wild birds were last seen in 1926 in Florida, in the vicinity of Lake Okeechobee, and rumors of sightings of Carolina parrots spread in the states of Florida, Alabama, and Georgia until 1938. How accurate this information is is unknown.

Tur (lat. Bos primigenius) is a primitive wild bull, the progenitor of modern cattle, the closest relatives are Watussi and gray Ukrainian cattle. Now considered extinct. The last individual was not killed in a hunt, but died in 1627 in the forests near Jaktorov - believed to be due to a disease that affected a small, genetically weak and isolated population of the last animals of this genus.

Great auk

The great auk (lat. Pinguinus impennis) is a large flightless bird of the auk family, which became extinct in the mid-19th century. It is the only living member of the genus Pinguinus, which formerly included the Atlantic auk. The Great Auk breeds primarily on rocky, isolated islands, which are very rare in nature for large bird nesting sites. In search of food, auks spent most of their time in the Atlantic Ocean, the waters of which covered New England, northern Spain, eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Norway, Ireland and Great Britain. As the largest member of the auk family, the great auk was 75 to 85 cm (30 to 33 in) long and weighed about 5 kg (11 lb). The great auk has been known to people for over 100,000 years. It was an important source of food and a symbol of the many Indian cultures that coexisted alongside it. Many people of the maritime archaic culture were buried along with the remains of the great auk. In one such burial, more than 200 auk beaks were found, which are believed to have been an ornament to the ancient man's cloak.

Due to people hunting the bird for its meat, fluff, and use as bait, the number of great auks began to decline significantly by the middle of the 16th century. Realizing that the great auk was on the verge of extinction, scientists decided to include it in the list of protected species, but this was not enough to save the bird. The growing rarity of the bird has increased the already strong interest of European museums and private collectors in obtaining stuffed animals and eggs, thereby ruining the last attempt to preserve the great auk. The last sighting of the great auk occurred on July 3, 1844, in the area of ​​the Icelandic island of Eldi, although this date remains controversial, as reports of individual sightings and even the capture of some individuals began to arrive. According to some ornithologists, the last sighting of the great auk occurred in 1852, resulting in a single specimen observed on the Great Bank of Newfoundland.

Tarpan (lat. Equus ferus ferus) is an extinct ancestor of the modern horse, which is a subspecies of the Wild Horse (Equus ferus). Back in the 18th-19th centuries, it was widespread in the steppes of a number of European countries, the southern and southeastern European part of Russia, Western Siberia and Western Kazakhstan. In the 18th century, many tarpans were found near Voronezh. There has always been a rather acute conflict between humans and herds of tarpans, as growing populations of people gradually invaded the habitats of steppe and forest tarpans, seizing more and more territories for themselves and their livestock and pushing back wild horses. Tarpans, with all their caution, during winter hunger strikes periodically ate hay reserves left unattended right in the steppe. In addition, the meat of wild horses has been considered the best and rarest food for centuries, and the corral of a wild horse demonstrated the virtues of a horse under a rider. As a result, people constantly and intensely pursued tarpans, killing adults and capturing foals. It is generally accepted that the tarpans became extinct due to the plowing of the steppes for fields. They were replaced by herds of domestic animals that occupied pastures and watering places. In 1918, the last (steppe) tarpan died on an estate near Mirgorod in the Poltava province. Now the skull of this tarpan is kept in the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, and the skeleton is kept in the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg.

Tasmanian wolf The marsupial wolf (thylacine) was one of the largest predatory marsupials. The length of the thylacine reached 100-130 cm, including the tail 150-180 cm; shoulder height - 60 cm, weight - 20-25 kg. The elongated mouth could open very wide, 120 degrees: when the animal yawned, its jaws formed an almost straight line. The last wild thylacine was killed on 13 May 1930, and in 1936 the last thylacine kept in captivity died of old age at a private zoo in Hobart. The marsupial wolf may have survived in the deep forests of Tasmania. From time to time there are reports of sightings of this species. In March 2005, the Australian magazine The Bulletin offered a $1.25 million reward to anyone who could catch a live thylacine, but not a single specimen was captured or even photographed.

Falkland fox The Falkland fox had a height at the withers of 60 cm, reddish-brown fur, black ears, a white tail tip and a light belly. Her skull was wide and her ears were small. She could bark like a dog. It presumably fed on ground-nesting birds (penguins and geese), insects and larvae, as well as plants and carrion thrown up by the sea. Since it was the only land predator on the islands, it probably had no difficulty in obtaining food. This species was discovered by the English captain John Strong in 1692; was officially described in 1792. In 1833, when Charles Darwin visited the Falkland Islands, Canis antarcticus (as the Falkland fox was then called) was quite common here, but even then Darwin predicted the extinction of the species, whose numbers were steadily declining due to uncontrolled shooting by trappers. The thick fluffy fur of this fox was in great demand. Since the 1860s, when Scottish colonists arrived on the islands, foxes began to be shot en masse and poisoned as a threat to sheep herds. The lack of forests on the islands and the gullibility of this predator, which had no natural enemies, quickly led to its destruction. The last Falkland fox was killed in 1876 in West Falkland. All that remains of it at the moment are 11 examples in museums in London, Stockholm, Brussels and Leiden.

European lion The European lion was a contemporary of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The habitat of the only large representative of cats on the European continent extended throughout the south, along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and was found in the territory of the modern Balkans, Italy, France, Spain and Portugal. Among the Greeks, Romans and Macedonians, the lion was a popular hunting object and often took part in Roman gladiatorial battles, as a deliberate victim. By the beginning of the first millennium, European lions were practically exterminated. The last of the European lions was killed in Greece around 100 AD.

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Presentation on the topic: “Rare animals” Primary school teacher of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution “Gymnasium No. 1 of Nikolskoye” Lishikailo E. N.

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The natural world is very diverse. There are a lot of animal species around. Every corner of our planet is inhabited by various living organisms. But some species of animals are disappearing, and there are fewer and fewer of them every year. In order to stop the disappearance, people created a document called the “Red Book”.

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Amur tiger The tiger is the world's largest and strongest predator. The Amur tiger is also called the Ussuri or Far Eastern tiger. This is the owner of vast territories. A tiger will not leave its territory if there is enough food for it, otherwise the tiger will leave its territory and may even attack livestock. When hunting, a tiger crawls towards its prey, arches its back, resting its hind paws on the ground.

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Polar bear The polar bear is the largest mammal. It is also called polar or northern; another name for a polar bear is oshkuy. This is a close relative of the brown bear. The polar bear lives on drifting ice floes. It feeds mainly on ringed seals, bearded seals and other marine animals.

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Reindeer Reindeer is the only representative of the genus Reindeer and belongs to the deer family, suborder of ruminants. Lives in northern Eurasia, as well as North America. It feeds on grass and lichens, as well as small mammals and birds.

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Atlantic white-sided dolphin A marine mammal from the dolphin family of the cetacean order. They are quite thermophilic and prefer to swim in deep-sea areas. They live in groups of 50-60 individuals; solitary dolphins of this species are almost never found. They communicate using various sounds and can hear each other at a great distance. They often jump out of the water to take a breath.

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Black vulture According to the scientific classification, black vultures are usually classified as falcon-like birds from the hawk family. These birds like mountainous and hilly terrain. They inhabit steppe expanses, meadow zones, and woodlands where there are no people. Vultures are considered one of the largest birds of prey on Earth, because their length reaches 120 centimeters, their wingspan is 300. Birds can weigh 4 - 14 kilograms. Vultures are known as scavengers who eat the corpses of fish, reptiles, and animals.

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Walrus One of the unique Arctic animals is the walrus. This is the largest representative of the pinniped family. The body length can be from 3 to 5 meters. Weight is 800-900 kg, and in some cases more than a ton. Adult walruses have long fangs protruding from their mouths, each weighing 3 kg. The diet of walruses includes mollusks, crustaceans, and fish.

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Steppe Bumblebee The predominant color of the hairs (occiput, anterior part of the back, scutellum and abdominal tergites). Most of the head, the transverse band on the back between the bases of the wings, the legs and underbody are covered in black hairs.

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The Stag Beetle is the largest beetle living in Europe as part of the stag beetle family. Individual males can reach lengths of up to 86–91 mm, with the average length of males being 70–74 mm. It is also the second largest beetle living in Russia. The stag beetle is found in oak forests and deciduous forests with an admixture of oak. Males are distinguished by well-developed and enlarged mandibles, which are transformed into the so-called. "horns".

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Cat Snake The color of the upper side of the body is light gray, yellow-gray or pinkish. The belly is lighter with numerous dark spots and dots, which often merge with each other. The underside of the head is white. Loves rocky slopes overgrown with sparse grass and shrub vegetation, semi-deserts, and surrounding mountain forests. It feeds on lizards, rodents, and birds.

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Not all animal species have sufficient numbers to not worry about their extinction. Some species are so rare that they may soon remain just a memory or stuffed specimen in a museum, like Lonesome George, the last Galapagos tortoise, who died on June 24, 2012.

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Red wolf

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  The red wolf has suffered greatly from the prejudices of farmers in the eastern United States, where it lives. According to farmers, the wolf is the cause of absolutely all damage to livestock. In fact, these conclusions were greatly exaggerated. Such intensive extermination led to the almost complete disappearance of red wolves. Of the three subspecies of this species, two have already become extinct, leaving only Criticallyendangered. This subspecies is listed in the International Red Book. By the beginning of the 21st century, the number of red wolves was limited to 270 individuals.

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  Florida cougar

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  The Florida cougar is the only cougar listed in the Red Book. The main cause of extinction, of course, is man and his activities. This subspecies lives in the USA (Florida). In 2011, there were only about 160 animals, however, this is already a positive trend in the change in the number of Florida cougars, because in 1970 there were less than 20 of them.

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  Golden lemur

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  The golden lemur was not encountered by researchers for a long time, until in the 70s scientists came across one population of these animals. Subsequently, several more populations were discovered, but the total number of all golden lemurs, endemic to Madagascar, does not exceed 130 individuals. These lemurs depend on bamboo, so cutting it down causes great harm to these animals.

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  Queensland wombat

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  The Queensland wombat is a nocturnal herbivorous mammal. The destruction of their natural habitat has led to the fact that Queensland wombats remained only in a protected area - the Queensland National Park - in the amount of about 113 individuals.

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  Blue Macaw

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  The blue macaw is no longer found in the wild. All remaining representatives of this species are kept in captivity by private collectors. The last wild male disappeared not so long ago - in 2000. Attempts to restore the number of blue macaws in their natural environment failed largely due to the fact that the reason for the decline in the number of birds has not been eliminated - poachers, deforestation and African bees occupying hollows for nesting blue macaws However, work to save the species continues. In 2007, 90 birds were kept in captivity, and in 2010 there were already 105.

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  Kakapo

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  The flightless kakapo parrot is a representative of nocturnal lekking birds that lives in New Zealand (its endemic). These birds are becoming extremely rare mainly due to introduced predators (rats, cats and others) and ungulates, as well as human activity. Despite the fact that kakapos tolerate aviary keeping well, it is difficult to breed them in captivity, since these birds do not form pairs. There are approximately 62 kakapo in existence today.

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  Javan rhinoceros

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  You can only meet the Javan rhinoceros in nature. No one has yet managed to keep these animals from the Indian rhinoceros genus in captivity. And, probably, no one will succeed, because there are less than 60 Javan rhinoceroses left, and illegal hunting for them continues...

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  Far Eastern leopard

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  The Far Eastern leopard is another rare animal. Like most endangered species, the cause of the decline in the numbers of these beautiful animals is human activity. People who settled in the lands of the Far Eastern leopards displaced them, and the animals that did not want to leave were exterminated. Here is the result: the number of Far Eastern leopards has decreased to 30 individuals in Russia and about 10 in China.

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  Japanese ibis

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  Japanese or red-footed ibis. These birds are so rare that even determining their numbers and conservation status is very difficult. It is known that at the beginning of the 20th century there were about 100 of them. Further information (closer to the 50s) indicated a sharp decline in numbers (about 27 birds). Data from the 1960s indicate a continuing downward trend in the number of individuals. There is no new data on Japanese ibises, so it is generally accepted that there are from 6 to 20 individuals of these birds in the world today.

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  Chinese river dolphin

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  The rarest animal today is the Chinese river dolphin. The number of these animals is rapidly declining, and it is impossible to keep them in close to natural environmental conditions. Two dolphins caught and placed in such an environment died very quickly. And the only Chinese river dolphin that managed to survive in captivity lived for 24 years. According to modern estimates, there are approximately 5-13 individuals of these animals left. Terrible number...

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  Human activities and careless interference in natural ecosystems have caused the death of thousands of animal species around the world. The trend is this: a significantly larger number of animal species disappear per year than are discovered by scientists.

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