All are independent. What are independent parts of speech?

13.10.2019

1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.

Together with syntax, morphology makes up a branch of the science of language called grammar.

2. Each part of speech has characteristics that can be grouped into three groups:

3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) And official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.

4. Independent (nominative) parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the sentence.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

	Part of speech	Questions	Examples
1	Noun	Who? What?	Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.
2	Verb	what to do? what to do?	To saw, to saw, to know, to find out.
3	Adjective	Which? whose?	Nice, blue, mom's, door.
4	Numeral	How many? which?	Five, five, five.
5	Adverb	How? When? Where? and etc.	Fun, yesterday, close.
6	Pronoun	Who? Which? How many? How? and etc.	I, he, so, my, so much, so, there.
7	Participle	Which? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.)	Dreaming, dreaming.
8	Participle	How? (doing what? doing what?)	Dreaming, deciding.

Notes

1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech. Some researchers classify them as independent parts of speech, others consider them special forms of the verb. Participle and gerund really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and forms of the verb. In this manual we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

2) In linguistics there is no single point of view on the composition of such parts of speech as numerals. In particular, in “academic grammar” it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.

3) Different manuals characterize the composition of pronouns differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere etc. in some school textbooks they are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in “academic grammar” and in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

5. Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationships between them.

Functional words cannot be questioned.

Function words are not parts of the sentence.

Function words serve independent words, helping them connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.

The auxiliary parts of speech in Russian include the following:

pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);

union (and, but, however, because, so that, if);

particle (would, whether, not, even, exactly, only).

6. occupy a special position among parts of speech.

Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as auxiliary parts of speech).

Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as ah, oh, uh; to express the feeling of cold - br-r, to express fear or pain - Ouch etc.

7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.

TO immutable include all auxiliary parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:

adverbs ( forward, always);

gerunds ( leaving, leaving, accepting).

Some also remain unchanged:

nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);

adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);

pronouns ( then, there).

by using graduation;

Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.

by using endings and prepositions;

Sister - to sister, with sister, with sister.

by using auxiliary words.

Independent parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and a variety of signs. Without independent parts of speech, phrases and sentences cannot be constructed. In a sentence, independent words are members of the sentence.

1 Noun who? What? Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.

2 Verb what to do? what to do? To saw, to saw, to know, to find out.

3 Which adjective? whose? Nice, blue, mom's, door.

4 How many numerals? which? Five, five, five.

5 Adverb how? When? Where? etc. Fun, yesterday, close.

6 Pronoun who? Which? How many? How? etc. I, he, so, my, so much, so, there.

7 What participle? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.) Dreaming, dreaming.

8 How is the participle? (doing what? having done what?) Dreaming, deciding.

Noun(or simply a noun) - an independent part of speech, belonging to the category of a name and the class of full-valued lexemes, can appear in a sentence as the subject, object and nominal part of the predicate. A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object or person and answers the question “who?” or “what?” One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, the noun usually acts as the subject or object, as well as adverbial circumstances.

Verb- an independent part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do? A verb in Russian is expressed in the forms of aspect, person, gender, number, mood, tense. A verb can be transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive. As a rule, verbs act as predicates in a sentence. For example: A mermaid swam along a blue river, illuminated by the full moon...; So thought the young rake, flying in the dust on the postal...

Adjective- an independent part of speech, denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object and answering the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “whose?” and so on. In Russian, adjectives change according to gender, case and number, and can have a short form. In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Numeral is an independent part of speech that denotes the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which?

Adverb(the term is formed by tracing paper from the Latin adverbium) - an unchangeable, independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an object, a sign of an action and a sign of a characteristic. Words of this class answer the questions “where?”, “when?”, “where?”, “from where?”, “why?”, “why?”, “how?” and most often refer to verbs and denote a sign of action. The process of forming adverbs is called adverbialization. Examples of adverbs: recently, completely, deeply, etc.

Pronoun(lat. pronomen) - an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them. That is, it replaces a noun, adjective, numeral and verb. You can ask questions about the pronoun: who? What? (I, he, we); Which? whose? (this, our); How? Where? When? (so, there, then) and others. Pronouns are used instead of nouns, adjectives or numerals, therefore some of the pronouns correspond to nouns (I, you, he, who, what and others), some - with adjectives (this, yours, mine, ours, yours, everyone and others), part - with numerals (how many, so many, several). Most pronouns in the Russian language change according to cases, many pronouns change according to gender and number.

Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers the questions of an adjective. It has the properties of both a verb (formed using its root) and an adjective (formed using its ending). The verb features of the participle are the category of aspect, voice, as well as a special predicative form of tense.

Participle- a special form of the verb denoting an additional action during the main action. This part of speech combines the characteristics of a verb (aspect, voice, transitivity and reflexivity) and an adverb (immutability, syntactic role of adverbial adverb). It answers the questions “what have you done?”, “what have you done?”.

Functional parts of speech

All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups, which are called parts of speech. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and auxiliary.

Pretext- an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in a phrase, and therefore in a sentence. Prepositions do not change and are not members of a sentence. Prepositions express various relationships:

spatial;

temporary;

causal.

Non-derivative and derived prepositions

Prepositions are divided into non-derivative and derivative.

Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.

Derived prepositions are formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics. Prepositions: in front of the house, in front of the detachment, near the river, inside the tent, around the garden, along the road, near the shore, as indicated; around the axis, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during the day, throughout the night, to say in conclusion, due to circumstances; thanks to the rain, despite the illness.

Morphological analysis of the preposition

II. Morphological feature:

Immutability

III. Syntactic role.

Union- an auxiliary part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence. Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating. Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences in a complex (compound). Subordinating conjunctions connect in a complex ( complex) sentences are simple sentences, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to another you can pose a question. Conjunctions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, or, how, that, when, barely, as if, etc., and conjunctions consisting of several compound words: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, etc.

Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:

Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; both... and;

Opponents: a; But; yes (meaning but); though; but;

Dividing: or; or or; or; then... then; not that... not that.

Parts of some conjunctions (both... and, not only... but also, not that... not that, etc.) are found with different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that, etc.;

Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;

Temporary: when; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;

Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;

Comparative: how; as if; as if; as if; exactly, etc.;

Explanatory: what; to; like others;

Concessive: despite the fact that; Although; no matter what, etc.

Morphological analysis of the union

I. Part of speech. General meaning.

II. Morphological characteristics:

1) Coordinating or subordinating;

2) An unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role.

Particle- an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form the forms of words. Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence. According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.

Shaping particles Formative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. The particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, and can be separated from the verb by other words.

Negative particles Negative particles include not and neither. A particle cannot give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning in case of double negation. The meaning of the particle is non-Negative meaning. the entire sentence: Do not rush to answer. This should not happen. a separate word: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing. Positive meaning. A comrade could not help but help me. A negative particle cannot have other meanings besides negative. The meaning of a particle is neither A negative meaning in a sentence without a subject. Neither with places! There is not a soul around. Strengthening the negation in sentences with the particle nor and with the word no. There is not a soul around. Not a bush is visible. General meaning in sentences with a negative pronoun and adverb. Whatever (= everything) he did, everything worked out for him. Everywhere (=everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.

Modal particles Modal particles include particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence, and also express the feelings and attitude of the speaker. Particles that introduce shades of meaning into a sentence are divided into groups according to meaning:

Question: is it, is it, is it really

Directions: here (and here), there (and there)

Clarification: exactly, just

Selection, limitation: only, only, exclusively, almost

Particles expressing the speaker’s feelings and attitude are also divided into groups according to meaning:

Exclamation: what the, how

Doubt: unlikely, hardly

Strengthening: even, even and, nor, and, after all, really, everything, after all

Mitigation, requirement: -ka

Morphological analysis of a particle

I. Part of speech. General meaning.

II. Morphological characteristics:

1) Discharge;

2) An unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role.

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motivations. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections do not change and are not parts of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.

Parts of speech are large groups of words, each of which has similar characteristics. The Russian language consists of various independent and auxiliary parts of speech, and independent ones include those that denote objects and their characteristics, quantity, action, state, as well as those that serve as an indication of all of the above. A sentence may consist entirely of independent parts of speech and not contain auxiliary ones.

Independent parts of speech

Independent parts of speech include:

noun;
adjective;
verb (including such forms as participle and gerund);
numeral;
pronoun;
adverb.

Noun

A noun in a generalized form names an object and answers questions like “who?” " So what? ". Nouns include persons, animals, names of objects, abstract concepts like conscience and honor, actions like walking or singing, signs like height, and relationships. Nouns are divided into several categories and are proper and common nouns, as well as animate and inanimate. Nouns also have number, cases and gender. In a sentence, a noun is usually either the subject or the object.

Adjective

An adjective is another part of speech that denotes all sorts of signs that are characteristic of an object, that is, its qualities, properties and belongings. All adjectives answer the questions “which?”, “which?”, as well as “which?”, “which?” or “whose?” Among adjectives there is a division according to meaning into:

quality;
relative;
possessive.

Each adjective depends on a particular noun and agrees with it in a specific case, number and gender. There are also short and long forms of adjectives (red and red). A short adjective can sometimes be a predicate.

Verb

A verb is an important independent part of speech, denoting a specific action of an object or the state in which it resides. The verb answers the standard questions “what should I do? ", "what to do? ". The initial form of an ordinary verb is called an infinitive, and the infinitive has no gender, person, number, or any tense, unlike other forms of the verb. Verbs change according to moods and are divided into transitive and intransitive verbs, as well as perfect and imperfect. In most sentences, verbs act as predicates.

Participle

A participle is a verb form that characterizes a certain attribute of an object by the action being performed and answers the questions “which?”, “which?” or “which ones?” Examples of participles: writing, running. A gerund is an unchangeable form of an ordinary verb that denotes a sign of another action. Typical questions that the gerund answers are “what by doing?”, or “what by doing?”.

Numeral

The numeral is another important and independent part of speech, which denotes specific numbers, the number of objects, and the order of counting. Numerals can be declined according to cases, and in a sentence they act as the subject, and a kind of predicate, and a definition, and a circumstance of time.

Pronoun

A pronoun is an independent part of Russian speech, which serves as an indication of objects or signs, but does not denote them. Examples of pronouns: I, you, my, your, this. In sentence structure, pronouns are most often subjects, modifiers, objects, although sometimes they are predicates or adverbials. Pronouns can be divided according to their meaning into:

personal (I, you, he);
returnable (you, yourself);
interrogative (whom, to whom);
relative (which, than);
negative (nothing);
uncertain (some);
indicative (that, so many);
possessive (yours, his);
attributive (other) .

Adverb

An adverb is also considered an independent part of speech, and with the help of an adverb they denote a sign of an action, an object, a phenomenon, as well as a sign of another sign. This part of speech answers questions like “how?”, “where?”, “where?”, as well as “when?”, “why?” or “for what?” with corresponding answers such as calmly, beautifully, very, after, well. Adverbs are not inflected and in written speech most often act as adverbs, although there may be variations.

“The Countess runs across the pond with a changed face” - what’s wrong with the phrase with which Ostap Bender frightened the underground millionaire Koreiko, and the journalist N. Efros reported to the newspaper “Rech” about another drama in the family of Leo Tolstoy? It consists only of independent words: for the sake of economy, prepositions - auxiliary parts of speech - were thrown out. This is a fairly large group, statistically occupying up to 25% of a person’s spoken or written speech; Without prepositions, conjunctions, particles and connectives, it is impossible to construct complex lexical structures.

In the Russian language, the category of independent lexical and grammatical categories includes nouns, adjectives and numerals, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, participles, gerunds and impersonal predicative words.

Particles, conjunctions, prepositions and connectives are classified as auxiliary. We need these words for grammatical and syntactic connections in a sentence, expressing the relationships between independent parts of speech, and giving shades to their meaning.

In addition to independent and auxiliary parts, interjections, modal and onomatopoeic words are divided into separate groups.

Comparison

Independent parts of speech (they are also called significant) perform a nominative or demonstrative function in a sentence. They name an object or phenomenon, its qualities or properties, denote quantity, action and state. This short speech lasted a relatively short time - half an hour. Listening to Pound, Panikovsky was moved. In these sentences, all parts of speech are significant, but it is impossible to always get by with them: we use common and complex lexical structures in both oral and written speech, and grammatical and syntactic connections require prepositions, particles and conjunctions.

It is impossible to construct a sentence from function words - they are used only with significant words. They have no lexical meaning; it is impossible to identify a root or stem for them. The school curriculum usually recommends determining what the difference is between independent and auxiliary parts of speech by asking a question about the lexical unit in question: if this is impossible, then we have a auxiliary word.

The frequency of use of significant parts of speech is much lower than that of function parts, but the list of the latter is very limited (compared to the vocabulary of the language) - only up to 200 units. And if the number of nouns, adjectives and verbs is constantly changing, then the composition of particles, conjunctions and prepositions is practically static, and their use does not depend on the type and genre of the text.

From a morphological point of view, the difference between independent parts of speech and auxiliary parts is the expression of their grammatical meaning through some grammatical indicator. Function words are precisely one of these indicators (in some cases), but they themselves do not change morphologically.

Particles, prepositions and conjunctions are not members of a sentence, while nouns, adjectives, verbs always perform certain roles - subject, predicate, modifiers and others.

Table

Independent parts of speech	Functional parts of speech
Nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, participles, gerunds	Particles, prepositions, conjunctions, linking words
Perform nominative (name an object, quality, property, action) or indicative functions	Provide grammatical and syntactic coherence of speech, express relationships between other parts of speech
Can form sentences without function words	Not used without independent parts of speech
Have lexical meaning (and lexical basis)	Have no lexical meaning
Can answer the question	Impossible to ask question
There are more significant words in the language than function words, and the frequency of their use is lower	Limited and closed list of function words
Grammatical meaning is expressed through a grammatical indicator	Do not add grammatical indicators, do not change
Are members of the proposal	Are not members of the proposal

Independent parts of speech

Independent (nominative) parts of speech
grammatical classes of words that name fragments of reality (object, event, feature) and have a special system of formation and inflection, which is determined by grammatical semantics. In Russian the independent parts of speech are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

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Russian language. 6th grade. Textbook. Federal State Educational Standard, Panov M.V.. The proposed textbook is the second part of a systematic course of the Russian language in a secondary school (grades 5-9). It includes sections “Word Formation”, “Basic Concepts…
Russian language. 7th grade. Tutorial. In 2 books. Book 2. Morphology (independent parts of speech). Noun. Pronoun. Adjective. Numeral. Adverb. Predicates. Modals and interjections. , V.V. Repkin, E.V. Vostorgova, T.V. Nekrasova. The educational and methodological kit for the Russian language for grade 7 includes workbooks (No. 1, 2 and 3), which are a mandatory component of the kit and are associated with the textbook of a unified…