What are the realities of Russian life in this century? Development of culture in modern Russia

Modern Russian culture of the 21st century requires multilateral and in-depth consideration. It is in close contact with the past centuries. Its current state of culture is directly related to accumulated experience. Perhaps outwardly she somewhat denies him, to some extent even plays with him. Next, we will take a closer look at the current state of culture in Russia.

General information

The culture of modern Russia is part of the global one. She transforms, recycles and absorbs new trends. Thus, in order to trace the development of culture in modern Russia, you need to pay attention to world phenomena as a whole.

Today's situation

Nowadays problems are of paramount importance. First of all, we are talking about a powerful factor in social development. Culture permeates every aspect of human life. This applies both to the basics of material production and needs, and to the greatest manifestations of the human spirit. The culture of modern Russia is exerting an increasing influence on the solution of program goals. In particular, this concerns the construction of a rule of law state, the disclosure of human creative abilities, strengthening and culture in modern Russia has an impact on many areas. This applies to personality, lifestyle, thinking, leisure, everyday life, work, and so on. There is a special institute - the Department of Culture. Depending on the status, they resolve and coordinate certain issues. As for its social influence, it is, first of all, a necessary aspect of the activity of a social person. That is, it is observed to be regulated by certain rules that are accumulated in traditions, symbolic and sign systems, and new trends.

Main difficulties

Today, the development of culture in modern Russia is associated with a number of issues. They were set by the life of society itself. Currently, all guidelines are aimed at something qualitatively new. Thus, there is a sharp change in the understanding of innovative and traditional trends in social development. On the one hand, they are required in order to deeply master the cultural heritage. On the other hand, it is necessary to be able to go beyond the usual ideas that have already become obsolete. The Culture Department must also undergo corresponding reorganization changes. It is also necessary to overcome a number of reactionary traditions. They have been planted and developed over centuries. These traditions manifested themselves in the consciousness, behavior and activities of people constantly. To adequately address these issues, it is necessary to understand how culture develops in modern Russia.

Impact of progress

The emergence of the modern world has contributed to significant changes in human consciousness. People's views are turned to the limits of life. Self-awareness becomes a trend. The focus on one's own historical and cultural forms has resumed. The future is seen primarily in the processes of expanding international relations. All countries must be involved in the global cultural and historical process. Significant social changes have occurred. Questions about the identity and peculiarities of Russian culture come to the fore.

Information about general trends

What features of the culture of modern Russia can be seen now? There is a range of certain problems. In the foreground are innovation and traditions in the cultural space. Thanks to the stable side of the latter, the transmission and accumulation of human experience from a historical point of view occurs. As for traditional societies, here the assimilation of culture is carried out through the worship of past models. Within traditions, of course, there may be minor variations. In this case, they represent the basis for the functioning of culture. From the point of view of innovation, creativity is greatly hampered.

Progressive and reactionary tendencies

Creating a culture out of nowhere is not possible. Previous traditions cannot be completely discarded. The question of attitude towards cultural heritage concerns not only its preservation, but also development in general. In this case we are talking about creativity. Here the universal organic merges with the unique. The culture of the peoples of Russia, or rather its values, are undeniable. There is a need to distribute them. Cultural creativity is a source of innovation. It is involved in the process of general development. Here one can see a reflection of a wide range of opposing trends of the historical era.

Features of the structure

What is culture in modern Russia now? Briefly examining its content, it can be noted that it is divided into several different areas:

1. Religion.
2. All forms in which the national spirit manifests itself.
3. Art.
4. Technique.
5. The science.
6. Legal proceedings.
7. Socio-political structure.
8. The character of the army.
9. Economy.
10. Setting up education.
11. Nature of work, settlements, clothing.
12. Writing and language.
13. Customs.
14. Manners.

In this case, the history of culture is of paramount importance for understanding the level of its development.

Modern realities

Nowadays culture finds its embodiment in a variety of created spiritual and material phenomena and values. This applies to new elements such as:

Upon closer examination, it becomes clear that the cultural sphere is not homogeneous. The fact is that each component has common boundaries - both chronological and geographical. The culture of the peoples of Russia, in particular its identity, is inseparable. She is in constant interaction. There is a dialogue between many distinctive cultures. Interaction takes place not only in the present tense. It also touches on the past-future axis.

Main differences

Distinction and culture took place already in the 20th century. The latter, as before, is filled with positive meaning. As for civilization, it has a neutral characteristic. In some cases, a direct negative “sound” can be traced. Civilization is synonymous with material structure. We are talking about a fairly high level of mastery of the forces of nature. This is a powerful technological advance. It certainly contributes to the achievement of material wealth. Civilization in most cases is associated with the development of technology. This can be used for a wide variety of purposes. At the same time, culture came as close as possible to spiritual progress.

Features of development

The formation of a new image of culture is one of the most interesting moments. As for the traditional vision of world heritage, it is primarily associated with organic and historical integrity. The new image of culture boasts many associations. This concerns ideas, on the one hand, of the universal ethical paradigm, and on the other, of a cosmic scale. In addition, a new type of interaction is being formed. It is expressed in the rejection of a simplified rational scheme for solving cultural problems. Nowadays, understanding other people's points of view is becoming more important. The same can be said for the following:

If we take into account this logic of cultural communications, it is easy to understand that the principles of action will be appropriate.

Turning points

We'll talk about the early 90s. last century. The national culture of Russia is still influenced by that period. Events developed under the influence of many factors. There was an accelerated disintegration of the unified culture of the USSR. Many national divisions were formed for which the values ​​of the overall culture of the Soviet Union turned out to be unacceptable. This also applied to traditions. There was also a sharp contrast between different national cultures. In this regard, tension grew. As a result, the single sociocultural space disintegrated. The system, which was previously organically connected with the previous history of the country, found itself in a new economic and political situation. A lot has changed dramatically. This also concerns the relationship between authorities and culture. The state was no longer going to dictate its terms. Thus, the culture has lost its guaranteed customers.

Ways for further development

The common core of culture has disappeared. Its further development became the subject of heated debate. The range of searches was very wide. This is a huge number of options - from an apology for isolationism to following the models of the West. There was virtually no unified cultural idea. A certain part of society perceived this situation as a deep crisis. This is what Russian culture came to at the end of the 20th century. At the same time, some believe that pluralism is the natural norm of a civilized society.

Positive points

The spiritual culture of modern Russia is closely interconnected with the elimination of ideological barriers of that period. The fact is that this provided favorable opportunities for its development. However, during this process there was some loss of national characteristics. This was due to the economic crisis that the country was experiencing and the difficult transition to market relations. In the mid-90s it was in a stage of acute crisis. The country's desire for market development was a priority. Thus, certain spheres of culture simply could not exist without state support. The gap between mass and elite forms continued to deepen. The same applied to the older generation and youth. The unevenness of access to the consumption of goods, both cultural and material, sharply increased. The combination of the above reasons led to the emergence of a “fourth estate” in the country. We are talking about the media, which began to occupy first place in culture. As for modernity, the following elements are intertwined in the most bizarre way:

1. Anarchy and statehood.
2. Demonstrative apoliticality and enormous deliberate politicization.
3. Selfishness.
4. Individualism and conciliarity.
5. Collectivism.

Role of the state

The revival of culture is the most important condition for the renewal of society. This fact is quite obvious. As for specific movements along this path, they still remain the subject of heated debate. In particular, this concerns the role of the state in this process. Will it intervene in cultural affairs and regulate it? Or perhaps she can find the means to survive on her own? There are several points of view on this matter. Some people believe that culture needs to be free. This also applies to the right to identity. Thus, the state will take upon itself the elaboration of strategic tasks for the “construction” of culture, as well as responsibilities for the protection of the national heritage. In addition, financial support for values ​​is necessary. However, all these issues have not yet been resolved. We are talking about the specific implementation of these provisions. Many believe that the state has not yet fully realized the fact that culture cannot be left to business. It needs to be supported, just like science and education. This comes to the fore in matters of maintaining the mental and moral health of the country. Domestic culture has many contradictory characteristics. Nevertheless, society cannot allow separation from its national heritage. Culture is disintegrating, and it is not adapted to change.

Possible options

As for the paths of development, in this case there are many conflicting opinions. Some talk about a possible strengthening of political conservatism. That is, the situation can be stabilized on the basis of Russia’s identity. In addition, the country’s special path in history should be highlighted. However, it may once again lead to the nationalization of culture. In this case we are talking about the implementation of automatic support for heritage and traditional forms of creativity. In other ways, foreign influence on culture is inevitable. Thus, any aesthetic innovations will be significantly hampered. What role can the conditions for Russian integration play? It is worth taking into account external influences. Thanks to this, the country can be turned into a “province” when compared with global centers. In domestic culture, the dominance of alien trends is possible. Although at the same time the life of society will become more stable. In this case, commercial self-regulation of the structure plays an important role.

Key issues

Of course, we are talking about preserving the original national culture. It is also worth noting the importance of its international influence. Cultural heritage is being introduced into the life of society. Russia can join the system of universal human principles. In this case, it will become an equal participant in world artistic processes. The state must intervene in the cultural life of the country. The presence of institutional regulation is an urgent need. Only in this way will the cultural potential be fully utilized. State policy in relevant areas will be radically reoriented. Thus, there will be an accelerated development of many industries within the country. It should also be mentioned that physical culture in modern Russia has emerged from the crisis and is developing at a moderate pace.

Final points

Modern Russian culture is characterized by the presence of numerous and contradictory trends. They have been partially identified in this article. As for the current period of development of national culture, it is transitional. It is also safe to say that certain ways out of the crisis have emerged. What does the last century represent as a whole? This is a very controversial and complex phenomenon. It is also greatly aggravated by the fact that the world has long been conventionally split into two camps. In particular, this applies to ideological characteristics. Thus, cultural practice was enriched with new ideas and problems. Global issues have forced humanity to take on the challenge. This affected world culture as a whole. And not only on her. The same can be said about each national heritage separately. In this case, dialogue between different cultures is a decisive factor. As for Russia, it is necessary to develop and adopt the correct strategic course. It is worth noting that the world situation is constantly changing. Solving the "cultural" problem is a very difficult task. First of all, we are talking about the need to understand the existing deep-seated contradictions that are inherent in Russian culture. Moreover, this applies to its entire historical development. Domestic culture still has potential. It is sufficient to provide answers to the challenges posed by the modern world. As for the current state of Russian culture, it is very far from ideal. There is a need for a change in thinking. Currently, it is more focused on maximalism. In this case, a radical revolution is needed. We are talking about a real reorganization of everything and everyone, and in the shortest possible time. The development of national culture will certainly be difficult and long.

The modern realities of Russia involuntarily evoke a cry from the heart of any person who cares about its future and present. The state of decay in which it found itself, Russia, like the entire Russian people, perishing in corruption, lawlessness and poverty.

For clarity, I would like to cite a few stunning figures and facts that clearly confirm that Russia, in many respects, is not in Europe or even in Asia: in terms of corruption, in life expectancy, in terms of investment in science, and the like, it is in Africa! It’s even worth saying more - it’s not the Russians who should be offended for such a comparison, but the Africans! Africans have an explanation for their backwardness: they were mercilessly exploited and destroyed for four centuries by “aliens” - racists and colonialists, and the Russians, who colonized the Russians for the last four centuries, who spread rot on the Russians, except the Russians themselves?..

Mortality in Russia

Over the past 20 years, more than 7 million Russians have died out in Russia. According to this indicator, Russia is 50% ahead of Brazil and Turkey, and several times ahead of Europe.

Every year Russia loses in population an entire region equal to Pskov, or a large city such as Krasnodar.

The number of suicides, poisonings, murders and accidents in Russia is comparable to the mortality rate in Angola and Burundi.

In terms of life expectancy for men, Russia ranks approximately 160th in the world, behind Bangladesh.

Russia ranks 1st in the world in terms of absolute population decline.

According to UN estimates, Russia's population will decline from the current 143 million people to 121–136 million by 2025.

The figures reflecting the family crisis in Russia are also terrifying: 8 out of 10 old people living in nursing homes have relatives who can support them. But, nevertheless, they are sent to shelters! Their relatives abandoned them.

Today there are from 2 to 5 million street children in Russia (after the Great Patriotic War there were 700 thousand of them).

In China there are 1 billion 400 000 thousand people, but there are only 200 thousand homeless people - i.e. 100 times less than in the Russian Federation! This is what children mean to a Chinese! But caring for the elderly and children is the key to a prosperous nation.

80% of the 370 thousand children in orphanages have living parents. But they are supported by the state!

The Russian Federation ranks first in the world in the number of children abandoned by their parents.

All these figures indicate erosion and disintegration of family values ​​in the country...

The statistics on crimes against children are also horrifying. According to the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for 2014, 100 thousand minors became victims of crime, of which 1,700 children were raped and killed (according to these figures, we were even ahead of South Africa). This means that every day 4-5 children are killed in Russia.

In 2015, 9,500 sexual crimes were committed against minors in Russia - of which 2,600 were rapes, 3,600 were non-violent sexual intercourse (over 2 years, sexual crime increased almost 5 times). Only South Africa is ahead of us in these crimes.

Drug addiction and alcoholism

30 thousand Russians die annually from drug overdose (population of a small town).

Vodka kills 70,000 people a year. In Afghanistan, 14,000 of our soldiers died during the war!

According to the World Health Organization, there are 15 liters of pure alcohol per citizen of the Russian Federation per year, despite the fact that if the consumption of pure alcohol per person is more than 8 liters, then there is a threat to the survival of the nation.

Corruption

The amount of bribes in Russia has increased tenfold, and the courts between Russian oligarchs in London have become a laughing stock for the global business community.

Impunity in the legal sphere has reached the point that a criminal case has been opened against the lawyer Magnitsky, who died in prison - that is, they decided to try a dead man who, naturally, cannot defend himself! In Europe, the last time such an incident happened was in the 17th century, when they dug Cromwell out of his grave and hung him on the gallows - so to speak, justice, after all!

In the annual study by Transparency International, Russia dropped to 154th place out of 178 countries in terms of corruption in 2014. Thus neighboring Guinea-Bissau and Kenya.

So, in the light of the above figures, we can safely talk about the decline of national morality - and, ultimately, responsibility for this lies with those in power.

And now some dry facts, for example, does the average Russian know that:

Over the past 10 years, 11,000 villages and 290 cities have disappeared in Siberia.

The average density of Siberia and the Far East is 2 people per 1 sq. km.

The average density of the Central part of Russia is 46 people/sq. km.

The average population density of China is 140 people/sq.km

The average population density of Japan is 338 people/sq. km

For whom were Siberia and the Kuril Islands conquered and developed? For the Chinese or Japanese, this is how it works!

For a country with such wealth of natural and water resources, it is shameful to have 50% of the population poor.

The above figures can easily confuse any sane person. We can confidently say that he knows about all the above facts - I just wonder what he thinks about this?

As tragic as this may be, it is worth noting that, obviously, this is not the limit, not the worst, we have not yet touched the “bottom”, and the people have not yet matured to the ability to be horrified at themselves and, finally, find the courage to ask “where we are living?". The Russians sniffed the stench in the hallways and toilets! Russians are accustomed to murders happening around them every day. Russians are accustomed to the fact that people in Russian cities and towns are literally fighting for their lives.

The Kremlin only pretends to fight corruption, dismissing dozens of Interior Ministry generals, mid-level officials, and governors. He generously replaces their execution with a “well-deserved rest” in Dubai and the Cote d’Azur! Is the government seriously thinking about ending corruption in this way? But, on the other hand, throughout the country you elect a candidate to the local government who has “I am a thief” written on his forehead, and then you are surprised that the government is corrupt!

And the question arises, should half the nation really die out and the Russians should “shrink” to the Urals, so that the people wake up (namely the people, and not a tiny group of thinking people!) and demand from the authorities not pleasant, calming news and further promises, but the truth, and above all – recognition of how bad it is now! Remember: a catastrophe occurred in 1941—Stalin was forced to do this. In 1956, the Bolsheviks felt that they were facing retribution for decades of terror, and Khrushchev was forced to do this.

And today it is approaching a demographic and moral catastrophe that has never been experienced before!

It is worth noting that the majority’s answer in this case is painfully predictable. It was voiced many times and the fact is absolutely obvious that if at least a third of those who read this article agreed with its content, then Russia would be a different country!

And so today there is only a forced statement of the terrifying realities of our time.

Oleg Rudenko

The opinions expressed in the "Opinions" section reflect the views of the authors themselves and do not necessarily reflect the position of the editors. The editors of the site are not responsible for the accuracy of such materials, and the site serves solely as a carrier

Russians [stereotypes of behavior, traditions, mentality] Sergeeva Alla Vasilievna

§ 1. New realities and values ​​in post-Soviet Russia

“Not knowing the ford, but crashing into the water”

“As is the age, so is the man”

Russian folk proverbs

It has become commonplace to say that Russia has changed a lot over the past 10 years, and with it the consciousness and behavior of Russians have changed. Summing up the results of the “revolutionary” changes in Russia, many analysts point to the main thing - the deterioration in the quality of life in it. There are objective reasons for this.

Analysts note, for example, that after the collapse of the USSR, Russia lost the warmest parts of its territory - the southern and western (in general, a quarter of the territory), lost half of the population, 40% of the gross national product. Its natural resources are located in a harsh climate zone. Extraction of 70% of oil and gas is much more labor intensive than in other regions of the world. In terms of GDP, Russia has slipped into the second hundred countries in the world. According to calculations by Interfax experts, based on Russian government statistics, over the past decade, Russian GDP has decreased by 27%. Industrial production decreased by 35%, investment in fixed assets decreased by 3 times. Real cash incomes of Russians, adjusted for inflation, fell by almost half over the decade (1992–2001) - by 47%.

The media often talks a lot about negative demographic processes, about the rapid decline in the population and the deterioration of its health. For example, the population of Russia decreases annually by approximately one million people, and the mortality rate exceeds world indicators by 2.5 times. Transport accidents (half of which are collisions with pedestrians) and drunkenness play a fatal role in this. The following figures are known: in Russia, on average, a man lives less than 58 years, and a woman lives less than 73 years. According to these indicators, life expectancy in Russia is lower than in Mongolia, Vietnam, and Egypt. And in terms of life expectancy for men, it rivals only Botswana or Lesotho.

Let us cite the opinion of academician I. Arnold in the Izvestia newspaper: “A reduction in average life expectancy by 10 years is equivalent on the scale of Russia to the one-time effect of the execution of about 40 million citizens.” Such figures and facts are exploited in many media, driving depression and intimidating the population of the country and its neighbors. However, the journalistic business is a topic for a separate book.

And at the same time, it is impossible not to notice the dramatic changes in Russian society, which its citizens are beginning to get used to and often take for granted, easily forgetting such terrible realities as the Gulag, the strict ideological and political control of the partyocracy over all spheres of personal and public life, and general poverty. , food cards, exorbitant queues for the most vital necessities and much more.

After all, just the mention of some bygone realities of “Soviet” life evokes the nightmare of those years: “battle for the harvest”, “call from above”, “distributor”, “dissident”, “objective”, “a kilo in one hand”, “fifth item”, “personal matter”, “blat”, “non-alcoholic wedding”, “outbound trade”, “outbound characteristic”, “get out from under the counter”, “sausage train”, “limiter”, “grocery set” and more much more...

Today in Russia there is something that several generations of Russians had no idea about: for example, a liberal constitution, free elections, a multi-party system, an opposition, parliament, free media without censorship, uncensored book publishing, unhindered entry and exit from the country abroad, freedom of conscience, the rise of humanitarian education, entrepreneurship and any private initiative, complete cultural freedom, theater and publishing boom and much more.

It is extremely rare for journalists and politicians to mention that since 1998, every third family in Russia has its own car (i.e., the fleet of private passenger cars has increased five times!); that in recent years 32 thousand kilometers of roads have been added here, and still there are constant traffic jams; that the number of home telephones increased by 40%, and the number of international calls increased 12 times.

Infant mortality, which has risen in recent years, has again reached the level of 1990. Young people, who 3-4 years ago did not want to study and preferred to “do business” (trade in kiosks), are now rushing to institutes and withstand competitions of 15 people per place! Today in Russia there are 264 students per 10,000 inhabitants, which is 20% higher than the best figures from Soviet times.

And the Russians themselves, answering the direct question “Has your well-being changed over the last year?” the majority did not give panic answers: for half of them, the well-being simply improved, for 20% it did not change, and for only 11% of citizens it “noticeably worsened,” and for 15% it “deteriorated a little.” As we see, even Russians who are not inclined to optimism, in general, do not give reason for catastrophic conclusions. Moreover, the political and economic situation in Russia is changing so rapidly all the time that any figures become outdated in two or three years.

A look at the new realities of Russian life in the last 10–15 years also involuntarily brings to mind the image of a “roller coaster” with its unpredictable turns and rapid changes. Yes, after perestroika, Russia suffered colossal losses in almost all spheres of life, but it did not perish, survived, and in some ways even moved forward. And it is no coincidence that Russia is so often compared to the Phoenix bird: it rose from blood and ashes, was reborn when it seemed that its history had come to an end.

In a word, from the inconsistency of facts and assessments of Russian life, from the dissonance of comments, anyone can become confused. For the sake of objectivity, it would probably be correct to compare life in modern Russia with a major renovation of a house without evicting the residents. It replaces the roof, floors, pipes and plumbing, not to mention remodeling and renovating apartments. But there is nowhere for residents to move, so it’s difficult for millions of people who are unable to adapt to the changed realities.

It seems that when talking about the modern life of Russians, we cannot limit ourselves only to the level of personal observations and “reflections,” no matter who uttered them. Striving for objectivity of presentation, we will rely on the analytical study “10 years of Russian reforms through the eyes of Russians.” This work was carried out by the Institute for Comprehensive Social Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Independent Institute for Social and National Problems in collaboration with the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Germany). Specific figures from sociological research will give us the opportunity to understand what the people think and how their views compare with the beliefs of the elite who have access to the public platform. The surveys were conducted from 1991 to 2001 throughout Russia. They allow you to see how people's views on a wide range of issues have changed over the 10 years of reforms - from attitudes to entrepreneurship to sexual taboos. Some facts were unexpected even for the analysts themselves.

In general, it should be noted that the majority of Russians are depressing by the degradation of the country, which is observed in almost all indicators. It is no coincidence that the characterization of the modern period of Russia is dominated by negative assessments: “crime and banditry”, “uncertainty about one’s future”, “national conflicts”, “corruption and bribery”, “lack of spirituality”, “difficult economic situation”, “social injustice” are often mentioned ”, “shame for the current state of the country”, “the injustice of everything that is happening around”, “the feeling that you can’t live like this any longer.” People are also worried by the fact that Russia is gradually moving to the periphery of world development. The feelings that Russian citizens feel can be defined as rejection, disagreement with what is happening.

The pessimistic answers of Russians must still be assessed taking into account the peculiarities of their special “optics” - national character: this is fatalism, the ability to exaggerate the negative aspects of life, to fixate on them, as well as the lack of a close connection between the feeling of happiness and the material aspects of life (see about this part I, § 5; part II, chapter 2, § 1; chapter 3, § 1).

The negative assessment of the decade of reform by the average Russian also implies the traditional Russian question: “Who is to blame?” The answer is complicated by the fact that for the first time in the thousand-year history of Russia it is impossible to blame either the Tatar-Mongol yoke, or the tsarist regime, or the dictatorship of the CPSU. For the first time in the history of the country, 30% of Russians are not traditionally looking for someone to blame, but believe that “they themselves are to blame.” Perhaps the most difficult thing is that the transition of society to a “market” economy and democracy was accompanied by the breakdown of the old system of society, political, economic and social structures, as well as the associated stereotypes of citizen behavior. Society, which seemed united from the outside, literally split into groups with polar orientations on almost all political, economic and social issues.

It is necessary to determine what exactly has changed the consciousness of Russians? How have traditional attitudes of consciousness and social behavior been transformed? How do they fit in with new social relations? Which Russians adapted to new living conditions, and which couldn’t? And why?

According to all classical criteria, modern society in Russia is a society of a transitional, transformational type. Analyzing the moods of people in such a society is not an easy task, since it is not easy to grasp and explain transitional phenomena that are not yet fully structured, but are only outlined, taking a certain form.

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Option #1

1. Years of life of A.S. Griboyedov

2. In what year was the comedy “Woe from Wit” written?

3. Explain the meaning of “speaking” surnames: REPETILOV, ZAGORETSKY

4. Who owns the following lines: “The comedy “Woe from Wit” ... is like a hundred-year-old man, around whom everyone, having lived out their time in turn, dies and lies down, and he walks vigorous and fresh, between the graves of old people and the cradles of new people..”

5. Correct factual errors in the characteristics of the heroes of “Woe from Wit”. Complete their literary biographies with facts known from comedy:

Molchalin - descendant of a noble noble family. He started in Saratov as a titular adviser. Through the assistance of Famusov, he was transferred to service in Moscow.

Repetilov is a member of a secret union, whose meetings are held at the English Club. His career was unsuccessful, but he found his true calling in literary activity: Repetilov is the author of popular vaudevilles and epigrams. Lives in St. Petersburg.

Khlestova - a noble Moscow lady, she is Sophia’s aunt and Famusov’s sister-in-law. In her youth she was Catherine I’s maid of honor. She comes to the ball at Famusova’s house with all her “servants” - several maids, two black araps, and her favorite dog - an old Newfoundland. In contrast to all the other heroes of the comedy, he feels sincere sympathy for Chatsky.

A)… God did not reward me with abilities,

I gave you a kind heart, that’s why I’m nice to people

b)… I sincerely confess to you,

I'm just like you, a terrible liberal.

And because I explain myself directly and boldly,

I lost so much!

V) Modest, but nothing else

Mischief and the wind on my mind

G) He is ready to forget himself for others,

The enemy of insolence

d) Famous person, respectable,

And he picked up signs of darkness;

Beyond his years and enviable rank,

Not today, tomorrow general

7. Finish the phrase

A) The girls have a dream _________________

b) Pass us away more than all sorrows _________________

V) No other sample is needed, _________________

G) Who is poor, _________________

d) What does it mean to see the light! Where is better?_________________

8. Creative work. Write a letter on behalf of one comedy character. (The subject of the letter is a discussion of the ball in Famusov’s house). For example:
Countess-granddaughter.
Ah, my friend, I recently informed you of my intention to visit the Famusovs’ house. I hasten to inform you that last night I visited there. But what a bore! As soon as I appeared, a crowd of fans immediately fell on their faces in front of me, and they unanimously declared me the most beautiful at this ball. ABOUT! It's so tiring to be the object of everyone's adoration! One poor fellow, Chatsky, went crazy from me. He followed me wherever I went. But, really, the ball was not a success. And boredom is to blame for everything!
Yes, my friend, I say goodbye to you. And don't forget to visit me one of these days. Goodbye.

Additional task

Preview:

OPTION #2

1. Name the years and facts of A. S. Griboedov’s studies at Moscow University

2.Under whose command did A.S. Griboyedov serve in the Caucasus in 1822?

3.Name the signs of classicism in comedy:

a) _________________ b) _________________

c) _________________ d) _________________

4. Describe Famusov’s occupation and official responsibilities; Molchalin, Foma Fomich, Kuzma Petrovich, Madame Rosier.

What realities of Russian life in the “present century and the past century” are included in the comedy as these characters appear on its pages?

5. Give an answer.

A) With the help of sisters, become related to all over Europe?____________

b) What languages ​​are mixed in Moscow salons?_________________

V) Who offers Chatsky a notebook with new songs? _________________

G) What phrase does Chatsky’s communication with Famusov begin with?_________________

d) Name of the deceased chamberlain with the key?_________________

e) “When I have employees, strangers are very rare_______________

and )Why are Moscow young ladies “so fond of military men”?_________________

6.Use a verbal portrait of the characters in the comedy:

A) He's small with a head

And he writes and translates nicely

b) Now retired, he was a military man;

And everyone who only knew before affirms

What about his courage and talent?

Of course, if he were the Moscow commandant

V) To get ranks, there are many channels,

I judge them as a true philosopher

G) Sharp, smart, eloquent,

I am especially happy with friends...

d) Cheerful creature, you living...

7. Finish the phrase

A) I would be glad to serve, _________________

b) When you wander, you return home, _________________

V) I'm weird and_________________

G) If you stop evil: take it away_________________

d) Happy_________________

8. Why is A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy interesting and instructive today?

Preview:

OPTION #3

1. In which country was Griboedov on a diplomatic mission in the last year of his life? Under what circumstances did he die?

2.Where is A.S. Griboyedov buried? Which of his close people erected a monument to him, and what words are carved on it?

3. What is the origin of the names and surnames of the characters in the comedy (Famusov, Sofia, Molchalin, Tugoukhovsky) and how would you translate and interpret their meaning in the context of the entire work? What common theme unites them?

4. How would you explain the lack of names for some characters in the comedy (the Tugoukhovsky princesses are not called by name, but are numbered in order; regulars of social drawing rooms are designated G. N. and G. D.)?

5.Finish...

A) Name, patronymic of Chatsky?_________________

b) For what reason, according to Famusov, does Chatsky not serve?_________________

V) “And who in Moscow didn’t have their mouths clamped?_________________

G) Who owns the gizmos: “...a toilet, a cunning work - a pillow, a beaded pattern, and a mother-of-pearl device”?_________________

d) Two talents of Molchalin?_________________

e) Who supplied Khlestova with the “blackamoor girl”?_________________

6.Use a verbal portrait of the characters in the comedy:

A) Helpful, modest, with a blush in his face, on tiptoe and not rich in words...

b) Curly, with a hump of the shoulder blade,

Angry, all cat behavior,

Yes, how black, and how scary...

V) He is a secular man

A notorious swindler, a rogue...

With it, beware: endure too much,

And don’t play cards: he’ll sell

G) Grouchy, restless, quick,

It’s like this everywhere, and from now on...

d) Who else will settle everything so peacefully!

There he will pet the pug in time!

It's time to rub the card in!

7. Finish the phrase

A) ...they are busy recruiting teachers, _________________

b) Oh! Gossips_________________

V) Not a sound of Russian, not_________________

G) He will reach the known degrees, _________________

d) Molchalin_________________

8. Why does the main character experience “a million torments”? What is the grief that brings Chatsky’s mind?

Preview:

Control test on the comedy by A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”

1 . Correctly correlate the literary movements and their characteristic features that appeared in the comedy “Woe from Wit”?

A. classicism B. romanticism C. realism

1) the main character is lonely and not understood by others; confronts society; the speech is full of tragic pathos; exile motive;

2) social and psychological typification; hero individualization; the principle of reflecting life truthfully, “without embellishment”;

3) unity of place, time and action of the work; certain roles - the roles of heroes; the principle of speaking surnames.

2 . What type of comedy genre is Woe from Wit?

A. philosophical B. family life D. a set of varieties

B. social D. political E. satirical

3 . Note what is innovative about the image system of the comedy “Woe from Wit”?

A. compliance with the “role” system; B. lack of division of characters into + and –;

B. number of characters – more than 20; D. introduction of off-stage characters;

4 . Match the elements of the composition and parts of the text of the comedy:

1. exposition 3. climax

2. beginning 4. ending

A. Molchalin admits to Lisa that he does not love Sophia; Sophia and Chatsky hear everything;

B. dialogues of the characters in Famusov’s house before Chatsky appears;

V. Chatsky’s monologue “I won’t come to my senses, it’s my fault...”

G. Chatsky's arrival.

5 . Match the hero of the comedy “Woe from Wit” and the role to which he corresponds:

A. father who has no idea about his daughter’s love 1) Chatsky

B. lucky hero-lover 2) Sophia

V. soubrette (brisk, cheerful servant) 3) Famusov

G. hero - reasoner 4) Molchalin

D. heroine of a love triangle 5) Lisa

6 . Correlate the characters and the roles assigned to them in A.S. Griboedov’s comedy:

1. main characters 3. episodic

2. minor 4. extra-stage

A. Khryumins, Tugoukhovskys, Khlestovas

B. Kuzma Petrovich, Maxim Petrovich, Marya Aleksevna

V. Chatsky, Molchalin, Famusov, Sofia

G. Skazozub, Lisa, Zagoretsky, Gorich, Repetilov.

7 . Match the comedy character with his characteristics:

1. Chatsky 4. Skalozub

2. Molchalin 5. Zagoretsky

3. Famusov 6. Sofia

A. “And a golden bag, and aims to become a general...”

B. “He knows how to make everyone laugh nicely... He’s sharp, smart, eloquent...”

V. “Be careful with him: it’s too much to bear, and don’t play cards - he’ll sell you”

G. “Helpful, modest...he’s on tiptoe and not rich in words”

D. “A persecutor of people with a soul, a scourge!”

E. “The English club is an old, faithful member to the grave”

8 . Relate the heroes of the comedy “Woe from Wit” with their statements about Chatsky:

A. Sofya B. Famusov V. Lisa

1. “Who is as sensitive, and cheerful, and sharp as Alexander Andreich Chatsky”

2. “This dandy friend has been declared a spendthrift, a tomboy”

3. “Not a man - a snake!”; "He has a screw loose"

4. “Dangerous man”, “He wants to preach freedom”

5. “I’m glad to humiliate, to stab; envious, proud and angry"

6. “He is small with a head; and writes and translates beautifully.”

9 . Match this statement with its author:

A. Griboyedov A.S. V. Goncharov I.A.

B. Pushkin A.S. G. Belinsky V.G.

1. “The comedy “Woe from Wit” is a criticism of morals, and a gallery of living types, and an ever-sharp, burning satire... In a group of twenty faces, the whole of the former Moscow, its drawing, the air of that time, the historical moment and morals"

2. “Chatsky is not a smart person at all, but Griboedov is very smart. In the comedy "Woe from Wit" who is the main character? Answer: Griboyedov. And...Chatsky? An ardent, noble and kind fellow, who spent some time with a very smart man (namely Griboedov) and was imbued with his thoughts, witticisms, and satirical remarks.”

3. “In my comedy there are 25 fools for one sane person, and this person, of course, is at odds with the society around him.”

4. “Chatsky is broken by the amount of old strength, inflicting a fatal blow on it in turn with the quality of fresh strength. He is the eternal denouncer of lies hidden in the proverb: “Alone in the field is not a warrior.” No, a warrior, if he is Chatsky, and a winner at that, but an advanced warrior... is always a victim.”

10 . Match the characters in the play with the aphorisms they uttered:

A. Chatsky B. Famusov V. Sofia G. Molchalin D. Lisa

1. “Happy people don’t watch the clock.”

2. “My custom is this: it’s signed, off your shoulders.”

3. “I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening”

4. “The hero is not my novel”

5. “At my age I shouldn’t dare to have my own opinion”

6. “The legend is fresh, but hard to believe”

7. “Silent people are blissful in the world”

8. “Ah, evil tongues are worse than a pistol.”

9. “Well, how can you not please your loved one?”

10. “Ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived”

11. “Pass us more than all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love”

12. “But by the way, he will reach the known levels, because nowadays they love the dumb”

13. “Blessed is he who believes, he has warmth in the world”

14. “Whoever is poor is not a match for you”

15. “And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us”

11. Who do you think Chatsky is - the winner or the loser?

Additional task.

Answer one question in writing (your choice):

1. Why does the main character experience “a million torments”? What is the grief that brings Chatsky’s mind?

2. Who do you think Chatsky is - the winner or the loser?

3. Do you think “The silent ones are truly blissful in the world”?

4. Does Sophia cause you regret or condemnation? Option #1

1. 1795-1829
2. 1824
3. Repetilov - from the French. Repéter – to repeat; Zagoretsky - fanning the fire
4. I.A. Goncharov "A Million Torments"
5. Molchalin called by Famusov “rootless” and, apparently, did not belong to the number of noble nobles; transferred to Moscow from Tver (“And if it weren’t for me, you would have smoked in Tver”);

Repetilov is not a popular author, but merely takes part in the compilation of a “vaudeville show”;

Khlestova could not be Catherine's maid of honor I (Catherine I died 1727)

1. A- Repetilov

B-Zagoretsky

V-Liza

G-Molchalin

D- Skalozub

7. a)…the morning one is so subtle;

B)…both lordly anger and lordly love;

C)…when the example of the father is in the eyes;

D)…he’s not a match for you;

D)… Where we are not!

Option No. 2

1.1806-1812

2. General A. Ermolov

3. a) place; b) time;

B) speaking surnames; d) genre role

4. Famusov - government manager. The hero reduced his responsibilities to a minimum: “It’s signed - off your shoulders”;

Molchalin – Famusov’s secretary;

Kuzma Petrovich – chamberlain, “rich and was married to a rich woman”, “with a key, and knew how to deliver the key to his son” (The key on a blue ribbon is a sign of the rank of chamberlain);

Madame Rosier is Sophia's governess.

5.a)…three of the tabloid people;

B)…French with Nizhny Novgorod;

B)…Molchalin;

D)…How Sofya Pavlovna has become prettier for you;

D)…Kuzma Petrovich;

E)…more and more sisters, sisters-in-law, children;

G)…Because they are patriots.

6. a) about Chatsky;

B) Platon Mikhailovich Gorich;

B) Skalozub;

D) Chatsky;

D) Lisa.

7. a)…being served is sickening;

B)…and the smoke of the Fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us;

B) ... it’s not strange who;

D)… all the books should be burned;

D)…they don’t watch the clock.

Option No. 3

1. In Persia (Iran) with the rank of Ambassador of Russia.Killed by religious fanatics during an attack on the Russian embassy in Tehran.

2. In Tiflis in the monastery of St. David. Nina Chavchavadze, the poet’s wife, author of the words inscribed on the monument: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in the memory of Russians, but why did my love survive you?”

3. Famusov – from Latin fama – rumor;

Molchalin, Tugoukhovsky - the speaking surnames are correlated

With the concepts of “speaking” - “hearing” or “not speaking” - “not hearing”

Sophia - from the Greek sophia - wisdom. Another important theme of the play is the theme of the mind.

4. Faceless representatives of public opinion, carrying the rumor: “They were believed by fools, they passed it on to others... And here is public opinion!”

5. a)…Alexander Andreevich;

B)…He doesn’t find any benefit in that;

B)…lunches, dinners and dances;

D) Molchalin;

D)…moderation and accuracy;

E) Zagoretsky.

6.a)Molchalin;

B) arapka-girl;

B) Zagoretsky;

G) Famusov;

D) Molchalin.

7. a)…more in number, cheaper in price;

B)…more terrible than a pistol;

B) ... Russian person;

D) ... after all, nowadays they love the dumb;

D) ... blissful in the world.

“The present century” and the “past century” in A. S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” 5.00 /5 (100.00%) 2 votes

In the comedy “Woe from Wit” we can observe a clash of two different eras, two styles of Russian life, which is realistically shown by the author in his immortal work. The difference in the worldview of the old Moscow nobility and the advanced nobility in the 10-20s of the 19th century constitutes the main conflict of the play - the collision of the “present century” and the “past century.”
“The Past Century” represents in the comedy the Moscow noble society, which adheres to the established rules and norms of life. A typical representative of this society is Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov. He lives the old fashioned way, and considers his ideal to be Uncle Maxim Petrovich, who was a shining example of a nobleman from the time of Empress Catherine.

Here's what Famusov himself says about him:

It's not on silver
Ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;
All in orders; I was always traveling in a train;
A century at court, and at what court!
Then it’s not like now...

However, in order to achieve such a life, he “bent over,” served, played the role of a jester. Famusov idolizes that century, but feels... It means that it is becoming a thing of the past. No wonder he complains: “Then it’s not like it is now...”
A prominent representative of the “present century” is Alexander Andreevich Chatsky, who embodies the features of the advanced noble youth of that time. He is a bearer of new views, which he proves by his behavior, way of life, but especially by his passionate speeches denouncing the foundations of the “past century,” which he clearly disdains. This is evidenced by his words:

And sure enough, the world began to grow stupid,
You can say with a sigh;
How to compare and see
The present century and the past:
The legend is fresh, but hard to believe;
As he was famous for, whose neck bent more often.

Chatsky considers that century to be the century of “submission and fear.” He is convinced that those morals are a thing of the past and today, “laughter frightens and keeps shame in check.”
However, it's not that simple. The traditions of days gone by are too strong. Chatsky himself turns out to be their victim. With his directness, wit, and audacity, he becomes a disturber of social rules and norms. And society takes revenge on him. At the first meeting with him, Famusov calls him “carbonari.” However, in a conversation with Skalozub, he speaks well of him, says that he is “a smart guy,” “writes and translates well,” and regrets that Chatsky is not serving. But Chatsky has his own opinion on this matter: he wants to serve the cause, not individuals. For now, apparently, this is impossible in Russia.
At first glance, it may seem that the conflict between Famusov and Chatsky is a conflict of different generations, a conflict of “fathers” and “children,” but this is not so. After all, Sophia and Molchalin are young people, almost the same age as Chatsky, but they fully belong to the “past century.” Sophia is not stupid. Chatsky’s love for her can also serve as proof of this. But she absorbed the philosophy of her father and his society. Her chosen one is Molchalin. He is also young, but also a child of that old environment. He fully supports the morals and customs of old lordly Moscow. Both Sofia and Famusov speak well of Molchalin. The latter keeps him in his service “because he’s businesslike,” and Sophia sharply rejects Chatsky’s attacks on her lover. She says: Of course, he doesn’t have this mind, What a genius for others, but for others a plague...
But for her, intelligence is not the main thing. The main thing is that Molchalin is quiet, modest, helpful, disarms the priest with silence, and will not offend anyone. In general, an ideal husband. You can say the qualities are wonderful, but they are false. This is just a mask behind which his essence is hidden. After all, his motto is moderation and accuracy,” and he is ready to “please all people without exception,” as his father taught him. He persistently moves towards his goal - a warm and moneyed place. He plays the role of a lover only because it pleases Sophia herself, the daughter of his master. And Sophia sees in him the ideal husband and boldly moves towards her goal, without fear of “what Princess Marya Aleksevna will say.”
Chatsky, finding himself in this environment after a long absence, is at first very friendly. He strives here, because the “smoke of the Fatherland” is “sweet and pleasant” to him, but this smoke turns out to be carbon monoxide for him. He encounters a wall of misunderstanding and rejection. His tragedy lies in the fact that on stage he alone confronts Famus society.
But the comedy mentions Skalozub’s cousin, who is also “wondering” - he “suddenly left his service,” locked himself in the village and began reading books, but he “followed his rank.” There is also a nephew of Princess Tugoukhovskaya, “chemist and botanist” Prince Fyodor. But there is also Repetilov, who is proud of his involvement with a certain secret society, all of whose activities boil down to “make noise, brother, make noise.” But Chatsky cannot become a member of such a secret union.
Chatsky, apparently, is not only a bearer of new views and ideas, but also advocates new standards of life. After all, he traveled through Europe, which was experiencing revolutionary ferment. The comedy does not directly say that Chatsky is a revolutionary, but this can be assumed. After all, his surname is “speaking”, it is consonant with the surname of Chaadaev.
In addition to the public tragedy, Chatsky is also experiencing a personal tragedy. He is rejected by his beloved Sophia, to whom he “flew and trembled.” Moreover, with her light hand he is declared crazy.
So, Chatsky, who does not accept the ideas and morals of the “past century,” becomes a troublemaker in Famus society. And it rejects him. At first glance, it serves it right, because Chatsky is a mocker, a wit, a troublemaker and even an insulter. So, Sophia says to him: Has it ever happened that you laughed? or sad? A mistake? Did they say good things about anyone?
But you can understand Chatsky. He experiences a personal tragedy, he does not find friendly sympathy, he is not accepted, he is rejected, he is expelled, but the hero himself could not exist in such conditions.
“The present century” and the “past century” collide in comedy. The past time is still too strong and gives rise to its own kind. But the time for change in the person of Chatsky is already coming, although it is still too weak. “The “present century” replaces the “past century,” for this is an immutable law of life. The appearance of the Chatsky Carbonari at the turn of historical eras is natural and natural.