Adjective meaning. Qualitative and relative adjectives

An adjective is a significant part of speech, which, unlike, does not mean a process, does not name an object (like a noun). The adjective enters into certain syntactic and morphological connections with the noun, defining their qualitative characteristics.

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What are adjectives used for?

It is impossible to imagine speech activity and literary creativity without adjectives. Describing an object or phenomenon, the adjective gives it a complete description, reveals its quality, and highlights its distinctive features.

It's hard to describe what a day might be like without using adjectives.

When describing a day, adjectives give it a certain emotionally charged characteristic. The day can be warm, cold, boring, interesting, ordinary, difficult, successful, sad, funny, special, etc.

Let's take the word "morning". Let's consider what morning is like if we describe it using adjectives. It can be gloomy, sunny, summer or winter, autumn, spring, rainy and cloudy, frosty, cold or warm.

Depending on the adjective, subject noun can be personified, look bright, alive, animated.

Attention! Translated from Latin, the term adiectivum means “adjacent”, “adjacent”. The meaning fully characterizes this.

Adjective closely related with a pronoun or noun. Here it is appropriate to recall Mitrofanushka’s explanation from Fonvizin’s famous comedy. "The Minor" argued that the door belongs to the adjective because it is attached "to its place." Despite the grammatical nonsense regarding “fit,” there is a certain logic in Mitrofanushka’s reasoning.

Adjective categories

What kind of adjective there is in , you can determine it by its lexical and grammatical features.

How to define a quality adjective?

Quality denote quality, properties, characteristics. They answer the question: what? which? which? and point to:

• Color - blue, purple;
• Shape - oval, square;
• Parameters: low, wide;
• Temperature - hot, warm;
• Weight - heavy, light;
• Size – tiny, huge;
• The sound is shrill, weak;
• Space – left, far;
• Physical and intellectual properties – smart, healthy;
• Character traits - arrogant, kind;
• General characteristics: negative, reliable.

Important! Qualitative adjectives are words that characterize objective features inherent in a particular object, living being, or phenomenon.

Relative answers the same questions as qualitative. Indicates:

• Material: iron, wood;
• Purpose, properties - folding, mobile;
• Status – military, civilian;
• Time – morning, evening;
• Unit of measurement – ​​one-story, two-meter;

Possessives indicate that an object belongs to another person (animal), answer the question whose? whose? whose?:

• Grandma's table;
• Fathers jacket;
• Squirrel hollow;
• Cat bowl.

Sentences with adjectives will help to consider the role of this part of speech in the descriptive characteristics of quality. Let's study examples of combinations with the word “estate”:

• Big estate is a qualitative adjective denoting a certain size. Answers the question which?
• Landowner estate - a possessive adjective indicates ownership. Answers the question whose?
• Wooden estate - this relative adjective denotes material and answers the question Which?

Important! The meanings of all types of adjectives are expressed in the morphological categories of gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), cases, and number (singular/plural)

.

Borrowed nouns of foreign origin, Having passed into the Russian language, they agree with adjectives in case, gender, number, without changing the form. For example: In the bedroom there were new beautiful blinds.

The concept of what happens jury, give adjectives: the jury can be city, local, school, strict, incorruptible, etc.

Attention! Sentences with adjectives combined with borrowed words show changes.

Foreign words remain static:

• I found myself in clean compartment.
• There was a cup on the table hot coffee.
• There were new riding breeches.

Variety of quality

A real polyphony of characteristics can be expressed by evaluative adjectives.

Let's take the word "forest". What is it like if we use adjectives to characterize it?

The forest can be green, deaf, young, old, mysterious, dense, dense, fabulous, mysterious, distant, etc.

Evaluative adjectives are able to interpret a characteristic by generalizing it. Examples of evaluative interpretations:

• Rationality (harmful, beneficial);
• Quality (good, bad);
• Emotionality (satisfaction, pleasure);
• Communicativeness (agreement, disagreement, approval, etc.).

Important! Evaluative adjectives are qualitative adjectives that carry a special, generalized semantics of quality.

• Useful class, "live" food (rationality);
• Fiery speech, fabulous landscape (emotionality);
• Filthy sidewalk, spoiled product (quality);
• Friendly meeting, closed person (communication).

Evaluative adjectives play a big role in language. Depending on the meanings, they are used in everyday speech, business, literary, and the media.

Qualitative or relative?

Having found out what adjectives are, you can consider their differences.

How to determine which adjective is qualitative and which is relative or possessive? What adjective happens will help determine the meaning of the word and its grammatical properties.

Let's look at what morning is like, describing it using adjectives.

1. Morning has appeared cold.(quality)
2. Morning autumn brought coolness. (relative)
3. Petino the morning started poorly. (possessive)

In the first example, a quality indicator (temperature). Qualitative adjectives are able to give comparative characteristics: yesterday morning colder; With the coldest morning this week. They give shades of quality: they reduce properties or enhance them. For example: the water seemed coldish. In addition, adverbs are formed from them: Cold, Beautiful etc.

In the second case - relative adjective. It bears a permanent sign. It differs from qualitative in that it does not provide comparison. It cannot be said that tomorrow morning will be more autumnal. In addition, these adjectives can be replaced by phrases: autumn leaves - autumn leaves, autumn signs - signs of autumn.

In the third example possessive adjective Petino means belonging. Answers the question whose?

Adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive

Russian 6 Places of adjectives Qualitative adjectives

Conclusion

The specificity of the nature of adjectives is especially clearly manifested in the Russian language, revealing the richest variety of its semantic properties.

An adjective is an independent part of speech that combines words that denote non-procedural characteristics of an object and answer the questions, which? whose? This meaning is expressed in the non-independent inflectional categories of gender, number and case (perform the grammatical function of agreement). In a sentence, adjectives act as a modifier or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Types and categories of adjectives (qualitative, relative,possessive adjectives)

Ways to form adjectives

1. Full adjectives are formed by adding to a noun, any part of a word: a prefix, a suffix, or a prefix and a suffix together. They can also be formed by adding two bases. For example, swamp - swampy (suffixal), small (prefixal), underwater (prefix-suffexal),

purifying (complex suffixal), Adjectives can also be formed by compounding words: pale pink, three-year-old.

2. Short adjectives are formed from full qualitative adjectives and correlate with them semantically. Short adjectives are those which in the masculine singular have zero endings (black, beautiful), in the feminine singular - endings -а, -я (black, beautiful), in the neuter singular - endings -о, -е (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - endings -и, -ы (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. (“How beautiful, how fresh the roses were...”)

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives

1. Qualitative adjectives - denote the attribute of an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, beautiful, kind), have forms of comparison and short forms; .

2. Relative adjectives - indicate a characteristic through a relationship to another object, they are derived from nominal bases (laboratory, wooden);

3. Possessive adjectives - denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).

Most Russian surnames were also formed from possessive adjectives using suffixes - such as Ziminov - Popov, Ivanov, etc. d. All surnames in the masculine gender are declined, except those that end in o or even have a foreign origin. Female surnames are not declined.

Features of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives name attributes of objects that are usually perceived by the senses. For example: (sweet, bitter; white, black, blue; ringing, quiet; soft, smooth; wide, narrow, tall, etc.); denote character traits and characteristics of psychological make-up (wise, kind, insidious, cunning, etc.); express an assessment (excellent, wonderful, bad, disgusting, etc.). Such signs may appear to varying degrees. Compare: very bitter, more bitter, the most bitter, the bitterest, etc.

Only a few short adjectives express the absolute attribute of an object, which is unchanging, constant: deaf, lame, married, on foot, brown, black, etc.

Usually short adjectives have both a full and a short form. For example: beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful. However, some groups of adjectives. short forms are not formed: words with suffixes - sk -, -oe- friendly, private, advanced, etc.

These are also some verbal formations with suffixes - l - (burnt, faded, etc., but: stunted - stunted, hoarse - hoarse, etc.); Short adjectives with the suffixes - ush-(-yush-), -enn- and the prefix raz-, denoting a high degree of manifestation of the characteristic (cunning, amiable, etc.). Short adjectives na - sh (ii), going back to the forms of the comparative degree and having lost their previous meaning (larger, younger, etc.); Qualitative adjectives. colors formed from nouns (chocolate, lilac, etc.); adjectives denoting the colors of animals (damn, black, etc.), etc.

For the most part, qualitative adjectives vary according to degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful - more beautiful, more (less) beautiful, the most beautiful, the most beautiful, but the comparative degree is not formed by qualitative adjectives. with the suffixes -sk-, -oe -, -l. Some adjectives do not even have short forms. For example: friendly, emaciated, etc. This also includes some adjectives such as fusible, heavy (with the suffix - to -), as well as all words denoting the colors of animals (brown, savrasy, etc.), individual non-derivative words (flat, dilapidated, etc.).

Qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of degree (very neat, well-mannered, etc.).

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the following word-formation features: adjectives can be non-derivative (gray, black, etc.); most of the quality adjectives. forms adverbs on - o, - e, - and light, it seems, in a fatherly way. The vast majority of such adjectives also form abstract nouns, i.e. names of quality, for example: courage, beauty, blue.

Many qualitative adjectives form forms of evaluation (white, white, whitish, white-white, cheerful, kind). They easily enter into antonymic pairs (stingy - generous, cheerful - sad, tall - short), but at the same time, they realize these properties in different ways. For example: qualitative adjectives. poor, rich have all the listed characteristics, and adjectives like bay have only one characteristic - non-derivativeness.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Degrees of comparison of adjectives are a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses the relative difference or superiority in quality inherent in objects. In Russian, three forms are contrasted:

Positive,

Comparative

Excellent.

1. A positive degree names a characteristic without any opposition to another characteristic.

2. The comparative degree indicates a characteristic that a given object has to a greater or lesser extent. The superlative indicates the highest degree

3. manifestations of this quality in comparison with other objects (cf.: kind - kinder - kinder).

Formation of comparison forms

1.Simple form

2.Complex shape

1. Comparative degree

The foundation will be laid. step. + suffix - her (faster, kinder)

The foundation will be laid. step. + suffix - e (harder)

lay the foundation. step. + suffix - she (before)

The form will be put. step.

(more beautiful, less interesting)

2. Superlative

base position step. + suffix - eish -, -aysh - (after g, k, x): fastest, closest

most + shape floor. step. (fastest, closest)

Declension of adjectives and their types

Adjectives are declined, i.e. vary by gender, case and number, but their form depends on the form of the word on which they depend.

The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.

There are three types of declension of adjectives depending on the stem:

1. Solid: red, red, red

2. Soft: blue, blue, blue

3.mixed: large, large, large.

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.

The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.

The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.

Short adjectives change only by gender and number.

The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.

There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:

V.p. = I.p. for inanimate nouns:

“For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);

“The bandura players are quietly singing glorious songs about you” (D. Kedrin);

V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:

“Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);

“And the whole earth should forever glorify ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars into medals for their victories” (V. Sysoev).

Masculine adjectives on -ой are inflected in the same way as na -y, but always have a stressed ending: gray, moloʹboy — gray, moloʹgo — gray, moloʹmogo — about gray, about young.

The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [y], letny-ego - letny [y].

Syntactic function of an adjective

In a sentence, the adjective is mainly a definition, or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Transition to other parts of speech

Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives (no artist from him).

Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, move into the category of nouns: Russian, military.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Part of speech - an independent part of speech (indicates a feature of an object)

Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is considered to be the unit form. h., m.r., im. n. (blue).

Constant signs: category (qualitative adjective).

Non-permanent features: used in short/full (only for quality); degree of comparison (only for quality); number, gender, case (blue - pr. in full f., singular h, m. r., noun).

Syntactic role in a sentence.

Case endings of adjectives

Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the question word what: in a good (how?) mood, about an interesting (what?) book, etc.

Possessive adjectives on - й, -я, - е, -ы (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and the similar accusative case of the masculine singular, are written with ь: rybachiy, rybachego, rybicheye, fisherman, fisherman, about fisherman; fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, about fishermen.

Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using the suffix -j- (iot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b.

Note 2. Possessive adjectives ending in -й should be distinguished from adjectives of the beginning type: lying, combustible, in which ь is not written in indirect cases, since they do not have the suffix -j-; cf.: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.

The adjectives suburban, interurban, suburban vary according to the fixed declension and are written with the endings -y, -aya, -oe, -e, etc.; The adjectives beskrayny, nonresident are modified according to the soft variety of declension and are written with the endings -й, -я, -е, -и, etc. The forms interurban and nonresident, beskrayny are outdated and are not currently recommended for use.

Adjectives ending in - yenny have a short form in the nominative singular masculine case in - yen: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.

Adjective- is an independent part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers questions Which? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose? , which determines the dependence of its main categories (gender, number and case) on the gender, number and case of the noun.

Concept of a sign covers many different meanings: color(green, blue), size(big small), length(long, short), spatial and temporal relationships(coastal, evening), material(wool, bronze), belonging(mother's, uncle's) internal and external qualities(smart, thin), etc.

Initial form the adjective is the nominative singular masculine case.

Syntax function: definition or nominal part of the predicate (in short form), less often - other members of the sentence.

All lesson notes on the topic “MORPHOLOGY: Adjective”:

Places of adjectives (brief overview)

Qualitative adjectives:
1. They have degrees of comparison (lighter, brightest).
2. They have a short form (light - light).
3. Form adverbs (light).
4. Can form (by repeating a word) complex adjectives (blue-blue).
5. They can form adjectives with the prefix ne-(unkind).
6. Form adjectives with a diminutive suffix (cute).
7. You can choose synonyms and antonyms for them (amazing - amazing, wondrous, stunning; good - bad, kind - evil).

Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of an object that are manifested through its relationship to another object (woolen - made of wool, seaside - near the sea, autumnal - related to autumn).

Possessive adjectives indicate a sign based on whether an object belongs to a person (father’s house) or an animal (cat’s house) and answer the questions: whose? whose? whose? whose?

Conversion of adjectives into nouns
(SUBSTANTIATION)

1. Adjectives can turn into nouns: military parade (adj.) - handsome military man (noun). Such nouns ( substantivized adjectives) are called:

• face: worker, employee;
• room: dining room, children's room;
• dishes, drinks: aspic, champagne;
• documentation: travel card.

2. Nouns formed by transition from adjectives:

• belong to a certain genus: worker (m.r.), laundry (f.r.), champagne (m.r.)
• do not agree with nouns, but have agreed upon definitions: conscientious worker, new laundry
• have adjective endings and are inflected like adjectives(adjective type of declension): scientist, scientist, etc.
• in a sentence can be subject, predicate, object.

Lesson summary “Adjective as a part of speech.”

In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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Subtitles

Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three category adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Qualitative adjectives

They denote a characteristic that can be present to a greater or lesser extent. They answer the question “which one?”

As a rule, they have the following symptoms:

• combined with the adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too” ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
• from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big-big).
  • cognate adjective with prefix Not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)

Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Indicate that an object belongs to a living creature or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “whose?” Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) fur, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are inflected by case and inflected by number; in the singular, they are also inflected by gender. The exception is short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually found after the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
• soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
• mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

Adjective- a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers the questions: Which? which? which? which? Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are placed in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer. The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the masculine singular. An adjective differs from a participle, which has no signs of voice, aspect or tense.

By meaning and form they distinguish qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives:

— Qualitative adjectives denote an unrelated property of the object itself, capable of manifesting itself with different intensities: white, fast, oldest.

Indicate the attribute of an object by shape (straight, angular), size (narrow, low), color (red, lemon), property (durable, viscous), taste (bitter, salty), smell (fragrant, aromatic), etc. Most qualitative adjectives havefull and short forms.
The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.

Adjectives in short form change according to number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in short form:much, glad, must, need .

In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed upon definitions, sometimes they are a nominal part of a compound predicate.

Adjectives in short form are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees.

In form, each degree can be simple(consists of one word) and composite(consists of two words): harder, quieter.

Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb Very, have antonyms.

— Relative adjectives denote a property of an object through its relationship to another object or action: door, iron, inflatable, measuring.

Relative adjectives indicate: material (wooden, clay), quantity (five-year, two-story), location (river, steppe), time (last year, January), purpose (washing, passenger), etc.

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent.
Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, and cannot be combined with an adverbVery, do not have antonyms.
Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).

— Possessive adjectives indicate who owns the item they identify ( fathers, sisters, wolf)And answer whose questions? whose? whose? whose?. Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.

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