Content.
Introduction……………………………………………………………….3
- Creativity and man: their mutual connection, influence, role……………..…5
Creativity as a need……………………………………………. .7
Creativity as a type of activity……………………………………... 10
- Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………13
Introduction.
What is creativity for a modern person? Creating something new with your own hands and thoughts, transforming the world around you. Creativity is an integral part of the life of any of us, giving an incentive to develop, live and continue to create.
According to the New Philosophical Encyclopedia, creativity is a category of philosophy, psychology and culture, expressing the most important meaning of human activity, which consists in increasing the diversity of the human world in the process of cultural migration. Consequently, the concept of creativity refers to several branches of scientific knowledge and affects many areas of human life.
In particular, this work will examine the aspect of the concept of creativity as a human need and type of activity.
The modern world around us is diverse and vibrant. It is dynamically developing and constantly changing. And all thanks to man - an intelligent being capable of transforming, developing, and supplementing the world with something completely new and previously unknown. And at the same time, a person himself adapts to the world around him and living conditions created by him, he himself decides what to do next.
In the creation and development of the world around us, a large role is played by factors such as human motivations and needs, on which the nature of human activity entirely depends.
Thus, consideration of the issue of creativity as a need and type of human activity is an urgent philosophical, psychological and sociological problem and task, the solution of which is important for understanding the influence of creativity on our lives and its role in it.
- Creativity and man: their mutual connection, influence, role.
The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing or production is the uniqueness of its result. The result of creativity cannot be directly derived from the initial conditions. No one, except perhaps the author of the creation, will be able to reproduce exactly the same result if the same initial situation is created for him. But then it will no longer be creativity. After all, it must be unique and inimitable. In the process of creativity, a person invests in the material possibilities that are not reducible to labor operations or logical conclusion, expresses in the final result aspects of his personality and his state.
Creativity represents a certain aspect of personal development related to the transition to a high intellectual level. A creative individual differs from others in that he is able to solve a certain range of constantly emerging problems with higher quality in the same time. He is distinguished by his ability to effectively handle conflicting information. Other creative qualities of a creative personality are high intuitiveness, insight into the deeper meanings and consequences of what is perceived, self-confidence and at the same time dissatisfaction with the situation in which the subject finds himself, openness to the perception of both the external and internal world. Creative individuals are highly motivated, demonstrate a significant level of energy, have reflective thinking, from which they derive pleasure, are independent, non-conforming, and have a low level of socialization.
People of creative work form a social group whose function is to solve special problems of an intellectual and spiritual type. A number of cultural eras identified high social value with creative individuals. The key words related to this area have always been and are “giftedness,” “originality,” “imagination,” “intuition,” “inspiration,” “technical invention,” “scientific discovery,” “work of art.”
We can talk about creativity only if there is a creator who determines the meaning, goals, and value guidelines of his actions. Only a person can be such a creator.
The ability to be creative distinguishes man from nature, contrasts him with nature and acts as a source of labor, consciousness, culture - all that second nature that man “builds on” above the natural conditions of his existence. All other human characteristics - from labor to language and thinking - are based on creativity.
The source of a person’s ability to be creative lies in the processes of anthroposociogenesis and, above all, in the formation of reflexive thinking, the highest manifestation of which is creativity. Such a definition can serve as the key to understanding creativity as one of the most characteristic manifestations of human freedom.
- Creativity as a need.
In the most general form, the goal of creativity can be defined as the desire to realize the need for self-expression and the aesthetic development of the world. In relation to each individual act of creativity, the goal is specified in the author's intention. The idea precedes the creative process, but in practice the initial idea in the process of its implementation often changes significantly and is adjusted.
The process of realizing a plan is both the most interesting and the most difficult and painful for the artist. “The goal of creativity is dedication,” said Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. A creative person is a person who gives, gives himself to others.
The need for self-expression is common to everyone. The method of self-expression is determined by the level of general cultural development, the nature of the abilities and inclinations of a creative person, and the development of his emotional and intellectual background.
For an author, a creative person, creativity is a means of self-expression, self-realization, communication, moral satisfaction, and self-affirmation.
From the point of view of considering creativity as a human need, it is worth highlighting the theory of human needs proposed in the 40s. 20th century American psychologist and economist Abraham Maslow.
A need, by his definition, is a physiological and psychological lack of something. Needs serve as a motive for action.
The diagram shows a pyramid - the hierarchy of human needs according to the theory of A. Maslow. He argued that the next need in the hierarchy is satisfied after the need of the previous level is fully satisfied.
Thus, A. Maslow identifies the need for self-expression and self-actualization as the highest human need.
“Self-actualization is the continuous realization of potential capabilities, abilities and talents, as the accomplishment of one’s mission, or calling, destiny, etc., as a more complete knowledge and, therefore, acceptance of one’s own original nature, as a tireless pursuit of unity, integration , or internal synergy of personality."
Creativity is one of the results of self-actualization, and the most beautiful and highest, according to A. Maslow. After all, other results may simply be human reactions to the world around us - self-expression, which is not always acceptable in society, not always beautiful or well-mannered behavior.
“There are no perfect people! There are people who can be called good, very good and even great. There are creators, seers, prophets, saints, people who are able to raise people and lead them. There are few such people, there are only a few of them, but the very fact of their existence gives us hope for the best, allows us to look into the future with optimism, because it shows us what heights a person striving for self-development can achieve. But even these people are imperfect..."
- Creativity as a type of activity.
From the point of view of psychology and philosophy, it can be argued that creativity is not the activity itself, but an attribute of human activity, its property, which underlies the progress of material and spiritual production.
Thus, a “creative approach” can be characteristic and applied to almost any human activity: communication, production, craft, and, in general, to his way of life. At the same time, a person continues to act as an author, a creator of unique events or things. The use of such a “creative approach” depends entirely on the person, on his will and desire to do something unique and new.
Creativity is the highest form of activity and independent activity of man and society. It contains an element of the new, presupposes original and productive activity, the ability to solve problem situations, productive imagination combined with a critical attitude towards the achieved result. The scope of creativity covers actions from a non-standard solution to a simple problem to the full realization of an individual’s unique potential in a certain area.
Creativity is a historically evolutionary form of human activity, expressed in various types of activities and leading to personality development.
Thus, through creativity, historical development and the connection of generations are realized. After all, a precondition for creative activity is the process of cognition, the accumulation of knowledge about the subject that is to be changed.
Creativity is based on the principle of activity, and more specifically, labor activity. The process of practical transformation by man of the surrounding world, in principle, determines the formation of man himself.
Creativity is an attribute of activity only of the human race. However, this attribute is not inherent in a person from birth. Creativity is not a gift of nature, but a property acquired through work. It is transformative activity and inclusion in it that is a necessary condition for the development of the ability to create.
The transformative activity of a person educates him as a subject of creativity, instills in him the appropriate knowledge and skills, educates his will, makes him comprehensively developed, allows him to create qualitatively new levels of material and spiritual culture, that is, to create.
Thus, the principle of activity, the unity of labor and creativity reveal the sociological aspect of the analysis of the foundations of creativity.
The cultural aspect is based on the principle of continuity, unity of tradition and innovation.
Creative activity is the main component of culture, its essence. Culture and creativity are closely interconnected, moreover, interdependent. It is unthinkable to talk about culture without creativity, since it is the further development of culture (spiritual and material).
Culture makes it possible for creativity to transform from a property of activity into activity itself - art. From creativity as an activity, as a way of self-realization of a person and peoples, from new unique discoveries that have given the world beauty and convenience of life, tradition is born.
Conclusion.
Creativity greatly influences our lives, its changes and further development. Creativity is life itself, active, beautiful. Without creativity, life ceases to be full, turns into subordination to prevailing circumstances, a person is lost as a person, he is not able to self-realize. Every person needs creativity in life, whether it is a “creative approach” in his occupation or creativity as an art.
Bibliography.
- Krivchun A. A. Aesthetics: A textbook for university students.
– M., 1998. – 430 p.
etc.................
It is almost impossible to imagine a person’s life without creativity. Even in the Stone Age, people were drawn to everything beautiful and created objects that became an integral part of culture. Humanity has come a long way - from rock paintings to the development of high technologies. Creative activity is not just new discoveries and the creation of unique values. This is something without which it is impossible to imagine planet Earth.
What is creative activity?
This term refers to the creation by man of a new, previously non-existent product. Such activities include not only music, painting or poetry, but also a huge variety of other areas. Every person is capable of engaging in creative activities, regardless of their professional skills. This may be passive participation in research or scientific experiments. Anyone who empathizes or expresses other emotions can confidently say that they are engaged in creative activity. This fact does not only apply to humans - even animals are able to demonstrate their talents through unique opportunities.
Types of creative activity
This creative activity has always occupied a special place in the life of mankind. Artists' works are considered cultural heritage and are subject to careful analysis. They are stored in rooms with a certain temperature and often in special frames that prevent the destruction of the canvas. The greatest creators have left an indelible mark on art. The smile of the “Mona Lisa” has haunted all connoisseurs of Leonardo da Vinci’s work for 5 centuries. Perhaps the most famous painting in the world causes a lot of talk and gossip. Someone compares the mysterious woman to a predator before the jump. To some, she seems to be the ideal of beauty. And there are those who do not see anything unusual in her and do not understand the hype around this portrait.
Thanks to artists, modern people can imagine how people lived and looked several centuries and even millennia ago. The most significant paintings are not put up for sale, but even less outstanding works by famous authors sometimes cost a fortune. Connoisseurs are willing to pay a lot of money for the right to own a work of art. The same “Mona Lisa” is estimated at a billion dollars, but you will never be able to see it at auction. Da Vinci wasn't the only one who created masterpieces. Paintings by Monet, Rembrandt, Titian, Goya, Salvador Dali. Renoir and Van Gogh are part of the world cultural heritage and are never put up for sale.
Music
This is the biggest source of inspiration and an integral part of any person's life. Marriages are celebrated to the music and people are seen off on their last journey; without it it is impossible to imagine a holiday or a romantic evening. The sight of this creative activity can evoke a variety of emotions - from hatred to love. It was not for nothing that composers wrote music for the marches to which soldiers went to war. It evoked not only patriotic feelings, but also gave confidence in victory. In the modern world, music is increasingly heard in operating rooms and helps surgeons during complex operations. In feature films, compositions can set the viewer in the right mood and even warn about what will happen in the next scene.
Just like artists, composers and musicians convey mood through their creativity. The listener can easily imagine the situation that became the source of inspiration for the author. Lyrics can have the greatest impact on human emotions. Melodies of the dramatic and epic kind have their own properties, but the strings in the soul are touched by sensual leitmotifs. It is worth noting that music can influence not only humans. Some animals perceive melodies and even react to them on a physical level.
Literature
Humanity treats this creative activity with special trepidation. Reading has always been one of the best ways to spend your free time profitably. It develops imagination and makes you experience a variety of emotions. Writers and poets are able to draw people with their talent into an unprecedented world of adventure, love or detective puzzles. The creators of human souls, teachers and pedagogues, instill a love of reading from childhood, because literature can change any person. The love of poetry is instilled with the goal of turning a little person into a sensual and spiritually developed member of society. Many novels, detective stories and other literary works can give the reader the necessary life experience.
Cinema
Cinematography has recently become an integral part of life. The desire to show people what they read in books led to the development of creative activities in the field of visual art. At the moment, feature films and animation occupy the first place among popular entertainment in the world. For over a hundred years, people have been going to cinemas to experience another world and experience unforgettable moments. Thanks to this type of creative activity, humanity can easily travel back in time or look into the future, as well as learn about the details of important historical events. Cinema can develop human feelings such as intuition, compassion, love, hatred and many others.
Arts and crafts
An equally important part of creative activity includes a huge variety of components: sewing, embroidery, knitting, weaving, burning, carving, mosaic, stained glass, decoupage, modeling, sculpture, weaving, painting. A person encounters this type of art every moment. Whole life is filled with patterns on finishing materials, dishes, clothes, and household items. Particular attention should be paid to this type of sculpture. Monuments that symbolize important events for the country and the world, as well as significant people in history, have always occupied an important place in the life of society. A few centuries ago, sculpture was the most popular form of art, admired by everyone - from the common people to kings. There are different priorities now, but it still has its weight in the culture.
Why is it important to engage in creative activities?
In all centuries, art has played a big role in human life. The craving for everything beautiful has led to the fact that the development of creative activity in children has become widespread. There are a large number of interest groups and various sections in any country. The child has the opportunity to choose what he wants to do in his free time. The choice is truly enormous, and this has significantly influenced the development of many industries over the past few decades. Already from childhood, a child must learn and develop in several directions, in addition to the school curriculum. This will help them achieve success in the future, because such people will be able to express their individuality.
Children and art
Children's creative activities help to reveal all aspects of a child's personality. You should not place high hopes on your baby and expect masterpieces from him - for an adult, these creations may not carry any value. But it is by the work of children that one can easily determine their state of mind and help with the choice of a profession in later life. You should not set any tasks for your child in the process of creative activity. Only fantasy and imagination should accompany them on the path to art. For children, the end result is not important - they are interested in the process itself. As in any other aspect of life, you need to praise your child for any achievements and results. This inspires and gives strength for new achievements.
More than a hobby
Organizing creative activities is important for every parent. Even at home, you can always find an interesting activity for your baby. Any game can develop imagination and easily reveal a child’s talents. Drawing can already determine in the first years after birth whether your child has a talent for this type of art. Educational games can answer the question of in which area a child will be most successful.
Educational establishments
Great responsibility falls on the shoulders of educators and teachers. It depends on them how much the child will be developed and able to understand the world around him. Most educational institutions have hobby groups, and music classes are included in the school curriculum. In addition, festive events are held where children can fully reveal their talent in plays, skits and musical performances. Chemistry and physics lessons include practical exercises and experiments, and this is also an integral part of creative activity. Russian language and literature develop imagination through presentations and essays on given topics. It has long been proven that absolutely any child has the ability for creative activity, and the task of teachers is to see them and help develop them. Do not forget that activities chosen and imposed by parents can harm and alienate children from art.
The importance of creative activity in the modern world
The beginning of the new century changed the idea of culture. Looking at modern creative people, the average person has ambivalent assessments of their activities. The idea has become firmly established in our minds that these are slackers who simply do not want to physically work and therefore become writers, actors, musicians and fashion designers. But at the same time, these people happily consume the product of their creativity: films, songs, clothes and much more. The 20th century was oversaturated with wars, and the worldview of mankind changed. However, even in the most difficult times, it was art that allowed people to cope with sorrows and troubles.
In the new millennium, human creative activity has become a necessity. Everyone now has the opportunity to do what they love and get a calling in their chosen profession. Without creativity, people would still be living in the Stone Age. Only interest and curiosity made man a rational being. All inventions and discoveries were part of the creative process. In order not to stop there and continue to improve the quality of life, you need to constantly move forward and give free rein to your imagination and fantasy. After all, what was described in science fiction novels fifty years ago and was considered incredible fiction is now accessible to anyone!
Introduction
In the creative activity of a great artist, as well as a scientist who makes genuine discoveries, the highest potential of human nature is revealed. To examine in detail, comprehend, understand the manifestations of such intense creative activity, to see the features of its course is necessary to understand the essence of man.
When turning to a scientific analysis of an artist’s work, we have to take into account the well-known difficulties in interpreting the nature of the mental processes that we encounter. They are associated with the specific features of the artist's work, which are related to its complexity and the fact that the creative process has a pronounced personal meaning for the artist.
So, for example, we can talk about that peculiar state and feeling that often arises in an artist, which they themselves call inspiration, creative delight, sudden insight, etc. This condition has very peculiar features.
This work does not pretend to be a comprehensive study of the psychology of artistic creativity. Its task is to trace in general terms the stages of creating a work of art, to talk about the main laws of this process, which form the concept of the psychology of artistic creativity.
Creativity as a form of human activity
Definition of creative activity
Creative activity is a form of human activity aimed at creating qualitatively new social values. The impetus for social activity is a problematic situation that cannot be resolved on the basis of available data in traditional ways. An original product of activity is obtained as a result of an unconventional relationship between the elements of a problem situation, the attraction of implicitly related elements, and the establishment of new types of interdependence between them.
The prerequisites for creative activity are flexibility of thinking (the ability to vary solutions), criticality (the ability to abandon unproductive strategies), the ability to bring together and link concepts, integrity of perception, and more.
Creativity is the result of activity. However, within the activity itself one can see acts of extraordinary ingenuity, of radical novelty. Although there are also moments, acts of activity in which creativity is not so clearly expressed.
Thanks to many momentary impulses, an idea is born, carrying with it a certain creative potential, the embodiment of which can be admired after many, many years. So, for example, A.S. Pushkin, having seen Anna Kern, wrote the famous poem “I Remember a Wonderful Moment” and there are many such examples in any form of art. Yakobson P. M. Psychology of artistic creativity. M., Knowledge, 1971.
Human creativity is versatile. It shows up everywhere. There are many inventors and innovators among us. The Russian philosopher V.I. Vernadsky reflected on how a Martian sees our planet, if, of course, there is life on Mars. And an idea was born in the scientist’s head: probably the aliens contemplate not the blue of the seas, not the green of the forests, but a certain glow of thought.
In fact, above dead matter, in the life that followed it, another layer arose - the sphere of thought. The enormous spiritual riches that were created by man seemed to encircle the entire globe. The flame of thought hotly envelops our planet, spreading outside the biosphere, that is, the sphere of active life, above it... Vernadsky called it the “thinking layer” - this is the sphere of spiritualized thought, the majestic manifestation of the human mind.
It is not easy to distinguish between creative and non-creative human activities. Berdyaev emphasized: creativity is inseparable from freedom, and this should be, first of all. Freedom of spirit. The secret of creativity is the secret of freedom. The mysteries of creative abilities are inherent in every person, any normally developing personality.
The manifestation of creative abilities varies from large and obvious to modest and inconspicuous. But the essence of the creative process is the same for everyone. The difference lies in the specific material of creativity, the scale of achievements and their social significance. Elements of creativity are manifested in solving everyday creative problems (they can be observed in the normal thought process).
CREATIVITY AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF ACTIVITY
The concept of “creativity” includes the following features:
1.Creativity is an activity aimed at satisfying a person’s need to create new spiritual and material values.
2.Creativity is original in its essence, since in the process of creative activity new techniques, methods and means are used.
3.Creativity - combining known actions to obtain a new result.
4.Creativity reflects reality. A person, in the process of creative activity, reveals the possibilities of new connections in his activities, expands and deepens his knowledge of reality. Consequently, creativity is a form of knowledge of reality.
5.Creativity is the process of setting and solving non-standard problems, the process of resolving various kinds of contradictions.
6.Creativity is a form of quality development of activity.
7.Creativity is the highest form of qualitative human development and is inherent only to humans.
8.Creativity is the highest type of human activity; it is primary in relation to performing activity.
9.Creativity appears in the unity of spiritual and material principles. In this unity, the spiritual principle precedes material creativity. In the process of spiritual creativity or thinking, future actions are planned, the materialization of which is carried out in practice. Thinking is revealed in two functions - reflection and creativity. The main reason for the emergence of consciousness - thinking lies precisely in the creative transformation of reality.
10.Creativity is the essence of man, the method and form of his initiative, self-development and self-affirmation.
11.Creativity is a manifestation of the laws and categories of dialectics. Dialectical logic is the logic of creative thinking. Dialectics, thinking, practice - they are all united in creativity.
The essence of creativity and its laws is learned through the structure of creativity. In the theory of creativity, the problem of structure is fundamental. Difficulties in identifying the structure of creative activity are associated with the variety of types, stages, stages, phases, subordination and features of the manifestation of creativity.
Creation– a psychologically complex process. It is not limited to any one aspect, but exists as a synthesis of the cognitive, emotional and volitional spheres of human consciousness. Creativity is closely related to personality traits (character, abilities, interests, etc.).
Despite all the versatility of the creative process, imagination occupies a special place in it. It is like a center, a focus around which, figuratively speaking, other mental processes and properties that ensure its functioning are crowded. Flights of fantasy in the creative process are provided by knowledge (acquired by thinking), reinforced by abilities and determination, and accompanied by an emotional tone. And this entire set of mental activity, where imagination plays the main role, can lead to great discoveries, inventions, and the creation of various values in all types of human activity.
Creativity is the highest level of cognition. It cannot be accomplished without prior accumulation of knowledge. You can discover something new only after mastering all the knowledge already acquired in this area.
Creativity has general principles and stages, regardless of the type of activity. At the same time, this does not exclude the patterns and stages characteristic of creativity within the limits of specific content.
Stages of the creative process, taken in general form.
1. The origin of an idea, the implementation of which is carried out in a creative act.
2. Concentration of knowledge directly and indirectly related to a given problem, obtaining missing information.
3. Conscious and unconscious work on the material, decomposition and combination, enumeration of options, insight.
4. Checking and revision.
Creativity can be considered in two ways - as a component of any activity and as an independent activity. There is an opinion that in any activity there is an element of creativity, that is, a moment of a new, original approach to its implementation. In this case, any stage of activity can act as a creative element - from posing a problem to searching for operational ways of performing actions. When creativity is aimed at finding a new, original, perhaps previously unknown solution, it acquires the status of activity and represents a complex multi-level system. In this system, specific motives, goals, and methods of action are identified, and the features of their dynamics are recorded.
The basis of the creative process is an intuitive mechanism, which is determined by the duality of the result of the activity. One part of the result of an activity, corresponding to a consciously set goal, is called a direct product, and the other, not corresponding to the goal and obtained in addition to the conscious intention, is called a by-product. An unconscious by-product of activity can lead to an unexpected decision, the method of which is not realized. This decision is called intuitive. The main features of an intuitive decision are the presence of a sensory image, the integrity of perception and the unawareness of the method of obtaining the result.
In modern interpretations of the creative process, much attention is paid not so much to the principle of activity, but to the principle of interaction, since the activity approach is based on the correspondence of the goal and the result, and creativity, on the contrary, arises in conditions of mismatch between the goal and the result.
Creativity is understood as a developmental interaction, the movement mechanism of which has certain phases of functioning. If we compare the phases of solving a creative problem by an adult, mentally developed person with the formation of the ability to act in the mind in children, it turns out that the forms of behavior of children at the stages of development of the ability to act in the mind are similar to the forms of behavior of adults at the corresponding stages of solving a creative problem.
1. Phase of arbitrary, logical search. At this stage, the knowledge necessary to solve a creative problem, the solution of which cannot be obtained directly by logical deduction from existing premises, is updated. The researcher consciously selects facts that contribute to an effective solution, generalizes and transfers previously acquired knowledge to new conditions; puts forward hypotheses, applies methods of analysis and synthesis of initial data. At this stage, a conscious idea of the result of the activity and how to achieve it purposefully prevails.
2. Intuitive decision phase. This phase is characterized by an unconscious search for a way to solve problems, which is based on the principle of duality of the result of a person’s action, i.e. the presence of direct (conscious) and by-products (unconscious) of action. Under certain conditions, a by-product can have a regulatory effect on human actions. These conditions are:
The presence of a by-product in unconscious experience;
High level of search motivation;
A clearly and simply formulated task;
Lack of automation of the method of action..
The need for an intuitive solution to a problem arises if, at the previous stage, the selected logical techniques were inadequate to solve the problem and other ways to achieve the goal were required. The level of awareness of behavior at the stage of an intuitive decision is reduced, and the solution found looks unexpected and spontaneous.
3. Verbalization phase of the intuitive decision. Intuitive problem solving at the previous stage of the creative process is carried out unconsciously. Only the result (fact) of the decision is realized. At the stage of verbalization of an intuitive solution, an explanation of the solution method and its verbal presentation are carried out. The basis for understanding the result and the method of solving a problem is the inclusion of a person in the process of interaction (communication) with any other person, for example an experimenter, to whom the process of solving the problem is described.
4. Phase of formalization of the verbalized decision. At this stage, the task of logical formulation of a method for solving a new problem is formulated. The process of formalizing a decision occurs at a conscious level.
The phases of the creative process are considered as structural levels of organization of the psychological mechanism of behavior, replacing each other in the course of its implementation. The solution of creative problems is carried out through various combinations of levels of organization of the psychological mechanism of creativity. A general psychological criterion of creativity is a change in the dominant levels of organization of the psychological mechanism of creativity, i.e. those levels that are involved in the process of solving a creative problem (posing the problem, choosing means of solution, etc.).
Creative activity arises in the context of solving creative problems, and anyone can feel like a creator for some time. Nevertheless, differential psychological analysis of people's behavior in various life situations shows that there is a type of personality that uses original ways to solve any life problems - this is a type of creative personality. The main feature of a creative person is creativity.
Creativity - an integrative quality of the human psyche, which ensures productive transformations in the activities of the individual, allowing one to satisfy the need for research activity. A creative personality differs from other people in a number of features:
- cognitive (high sensitivity to subsensory stimuli; sensitivity to the unusual, unique, singular; the ability to perceive phenomena in a certain system, comprehensively; memory for rare events; developed imagination and fantasy; developed divergent thinking as a strategy for generalizing many solutions to one problem, etc.);
- emotional (high emotional excitability, overcoming anxiety, the presence of sthenic emotions);
- motivational (the need for understanding, exploration, self-expression and self-affirmation, the need for autonomy and independence);
- communicative (initiative, tendency to lead, spontaneity). Creativity as one of the types of activity and creativity as a stable set of traits that contribute to the search for new, original, atypical, ensure the progress of social development. At the level of public interests, creativity is indeed considered as a heuristic way of life, but at the level of a social group, the behavior of a creative person can be assessed as a type of activity that is not consistent with the norms and regulations accepted in a given community of people. Creativity can be seen as a form of behavior that does not comply with accepted norms, but does not violate the legal and moral regulations of the group.
The content of human labor in modern conditions is measured not only by the degree of its intensity, but also by the level of manifestation of creativity. Moreover, there is an objective tendency - with the development of society, the intensity and quantity of physical labor decreases, while intellectual and creative labor increases.The assessment of labor and the worker also changes . Creative work, and therefore a creatively working person, is becoming increasingly important in society.
In modern conditions, philosophers, sociologists, teachers, and psychologists pay attention to the problem of creativity and creative personality. It has been convincingly proven that the inclinations of creative abilities are inherent in any person, any normal child. The difference lies only in the scale of achievements and their social significance.
An important conclusion from psychological and pedagogical science is that creative abilities must be developed from an early age. In pedagogy, it is considered proven that if creative activity is not taught from a sufficiently early age, the child will suffer damage that is difficult to repair in subsequent years. Therefore, creativity must be taught from a very early age, and it can be taught.
A common way to develop creative abilities is to involve children in creative activities.
As you know, the main work of children is studying. Therefore, it is necessary to make this work of students creative.
Unfortunately, reproductive education predominates in our school. The learning process often involves the transfer of information from the teacher to the students. In this case, the teacher acts as a transmitter of “memory devices”. And the student performs better the more accurately he reproduces the knowledge acquired in finished form in the next lesson.
Reproductively acquired knowledge and skills do not find application in practice.
In labor education, reproductive teaching methods are used to an even greater extent than in other academic subjects. Teachers rarely resort to solving technical problems, using problems, technical experiments, heuristic conversations, etc. The polytechnic principle of training requires significant deepening. At the present stage of development of science and technology, labor training must be organized in such a way that students not only become acquainted with modern achievements in technology and production, but also receive generalized knowledge about them and are involved, even in the smallest way, in the improvement of production.
It can be argued that only in the process of studying at school, even the most creative one, it is impossible to adequately develop creative personality traits. What is needed is direct, practical activity in a specific type of creativity - technical, artistic, etc.
Children's technical creativity of students – the most widespread form of attracting students to creativity.
In the definition of the concept"children's technical creativity" there are 2 points of view -pedagogical and psychological.
Teachers consider children's technical creativity not only as a type of activity aimed at introducing students to the diverse world of technology and developing their abilities, but also as one of the effective wayslabor education and political education.
Psychologists In children's technical creativity, more attention is paid to the timely identification ofabilities to a certain type of creativity,established level their formation and sequence of development. In other words, psychologists are importantmethods for correctly diagnosing creative abilities students who will help to understand in what type of activity and under what conditions students can express themselves most productively.
Taking into account pedagogical and psychological points of viewchildren's technical creativity is an effective means of education, a purposeful process of learning and developing the creative abilities of students as a result of the creation of material objects with signs of usefulness and novelty.
What is new in children's technical creativity is mainly subjective. Students often invent something that has already been invented, and the manufactured product or the decision made is new only for its creator, but the pedagogical benefits of creative work are undoubted.
The result of students' creative activity iscomplex of qualities of a creative personality:
mental activity;
the desire to acquire knowledge and develop skills to perform practical work;
independence in solving the assigned task;
hard work;
ingenuity.
Analysis of psychological and pedagogical research and experience allows us to come to the conclusion thattechnical creativity creates, first of all, favorable conditions for the development of students’ technical thinking.
Firstly , it develops on the basis of ordinary thinking, i.e. all components of ordinary thinking are inherent in technical thinking. For example, one of the most important operations of ordinary thinking is comparison. It turns out that without himtechnical thinking is unthinkable . The same can be said about such thinking operations asopposition, classification, analysis, synthesis, etc. The only characteristic thing is that the above-mentioned operations of thinking in technical activity are developed on technical material.
Secondly, ordinary thinking creates psychophysiological prerequisites for the development of technical thinking. As a result of ordinary thinking, the child’s brain develops, its associative sphere, memory, and flexibility of thinking is acquired.
However, the conceptual and figurative apparatus of ordinary thinking does not have the concepts and images that are necessary for technical thinking. For example, concepts taken frommetal technology, include information from various sciences (physics, chemistry, etc.)They do not represent a mechanical conglomerate of information, but are a unity of essential features of a technological process or phenomenon, considered from the point of view of different sciences.
In technical thinking, in contrast to ordinary thinking, the images with which the student operates are significantly different. Information about the shape of a technical object, its dimensions and other features is given not by ready-made images, as in ordinary thinking, but by a system of abstract graphic signs and lines -drawing. Moreover, the drawing does not provide a ready-made image of this or that concept,you have to present it yourself.
The features of technical thinking discussed above allow us to conclude that the formation of its main components should be carried out not only in the learning process, but also in all types of extracurricular work on technical creativity.
In the process of technical creativity of students, special attention should be paid to the formation of technical concepts, spatial concepts, and the ability to draw up and read drawings and diagrams.
In the process of technical creativity, students inevitably improve their mastery of machine tools and tools.
Technical creativity is of no small importance for expanding the polytechnic horizons of schoolchildren. In the process of creative technical activity, students are faced with the need for additional knowledge about technology:
♦♦♦ in the study of specialized literature;
♦♦♦ in getting acquainted with new technologies;
♦♦♦ in consultations with specialists.
Creative activity contributes to the formation of a transformative attitude towards the surrounding reality in schoolchildren. A person who is not engaged in creative activity develops a commitment to generally accepted views and opinions. This leads to the fact that in his activity, work and thinking he cannot go beyond the limits of the known.
If children at an early age are included in creative activities, then they develop an inquisitive mind, flexibility of thinking, memory, ability to evaluate, vision of problems, the ability to foresight and other qualities characteristic of a person with developed intelligence.
One of the main pedagogical requirements for student creative activity is taking into account the age characteristics of schoolchildren. Without taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the psyche of children, it is impossible to correctly correlate the goal, motives and means of achieving the goal.
Of great importance in creative activity iscontinuity of the creative process.
In nurturing creative personality traits, it is of great importancethe effectiveness of creative work. Of particular value is work aimed atimproving production, increasing equipment efficiency, etc.
Creation as the spirit of human freedom; freedom as creativity of the human spirit; spirit as freedom of human creativity. The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result. The result of creativity cannot be directly derived from the initial conditions. No one, except perhaps, can obtain exactly the same result if given the same initial situation. Thus, in the process of creativity, the author puts into the material certain possibilities that are not reducible to labor operations or logical conclusion, and expresses in the final result some aspects of his personality. It is this fact that gives creative products additional value in comparison with manufactured products.
The manifestation of creativity in any sphere of human activity has allowed modern research on this problem (F.I. Ivashchenko, A.I. Kochetov, N.V. Kuzmina, V.P. Parkhomenko, E.S. Rapatsevich, I.M. Rozet) highlight the following main types:
a) scientific creativity, which is directly related to research work, to the development of scientific ideas, their logical validity and evidence, to the generalization of the experience of scientists, to the latest recommendations for the development of science, etc.;
b) artistic creativity, which is embodied in works of literature, music, fine art, etc.;
c) technical creativity, which relates to constructive and technical activities, to the process of developing creative initiative and independence, technical abilities, the formation of rationalization and inventive skills, ensuring the scientific and technical progress of society.
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