So, last time we visited the Piskarevskoye memorial cemetery.
Now let’s visit the so-called Necropolis - “Literary Bridges”. This is, simply put, a separate special section of the Volkovsky cemetery. The Volkovskoye cemetery itself as such is not remarkable in anything special and we will not consider it here. But “Literary Bridges” is something special. Various celebrities are buried here. Previously, a few years ago, there was even an entrance fee here, like a real museum. But now, alas, it is just a half-abandoned cemetery, monstrously unkempt and flooded in places. Taking money for a visit to the old churchyard in the swamp - these days it doesn’t even occur to anyone...
2)
3) State Councilor Mikhail Vikentievich Manakin 
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5) There is also a small church here - very nice, with friendly staff. 
6) Semyon Zhivago - professor at the Academy of Arts 
7)
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9) Konstantin Nikolaevich Derzhavin 
10) Merchant Mikhail Egorov 
11) Academician Krachkovsky (with his wife). 
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14) Professor Konstantin Deryugin 
15) Academician Franz Levinson-Lessing 
16) Academician Alexey Krylov 
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18) Academician Vladimir Bekhterev. 
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20) Second Lieutenant Pavel Belostotsky 
21) Geologist Nikolai Sofronov is the creator of geochemical methods for searching for ore deposits. 
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24) Geologist Yuri Bilibin (with his wife Tatyana Bilibina). In Chukotka there is the city of Bilibino (there is a nuclear power plant and a large gold deposit there) named after this geologist. 
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27) Apukhtin 
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29) Writer Margarita Altaeva-Yamshchikova 
30) Artist of the Imperial Theaters Vladimir Rokotov 
31) Professor Vladislav Manevich 
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33) Mikhail Manevich 
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35) Vladimir Zaitsev - director of the national library. 
36) I understand that the climate in St. Petersburg is humid. But in this city and in our country in general, people have long known the concept of drainage. In any case, I have not seen such disgrace in other cemeteries. The same Volkovskoe cemetery, but only its other part, where “ordinary” people are buried, is maintained in decent condition. 
37) Of course, there is a certain charm in the picture of some abandonment of the old churchyard. But in THIS city and in THIS cemetery, something like this looks a bit wild...
Professor Mikhail Kondratyev. 
38) Theodor Shumovsky - orientalist and poet. 
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40) Admiral Mikhail Lermontov 
41) Actress Nina Kovalenskaya 
42) Artist and professor Elizaveta Time-Kachalova 
43) Kachalov is the “founder” of domestic optics, the creator of domestic optical glass. 
44)
45)
46)
47) Professor Evgeniy Ganike 
48) Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 
49) Academician Zavarzin. 
50)
51)
52) Vsevolod Garshin
In the photo: Church of the Holy Righteous Job at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Litovsky goes off to the side, along which we will get to Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg, where many creators of Russian literature during its heyday found eternal rest.
Volkovskoe cemetery
Volkovskoe cemetery, or, as it is sometimes called, Volkovo. Its area exceeds 26 hectares, it is divided by the Volkovka River into two parts - Orthodox and Lutheran.
The Orthodox part of the Volkovsky cemetery was built in 1756 by decree of the Senate. Initially, this place was intended for the burial of the poor and was not particularly comfortable. No one made paths, the graves literally stuck to each other... Only in the 1780s did they begin to put the cemetery in order. By this time, one of the two wooden churches standing here burned down, the other fell into disrepair. A new stone Church of the Resurrection of the Word was erected on the site of the one destroyed by fire according to the design of the architect I.E. Starov in 1785. Ten years later, the dilapidated Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands was dismantled. TO end of the 19th century century there have already been four churches here - the aforementioned Resurrection Church, the Savior Not Made by Hands on the site of the former wooden one (1837-1842, architects F.I. Ruska and V.I. Beretti), All Saints (popularly called “Ponomarevskaya”, after the name of the donor, 1850- 1852, architect F.I. Ruska) and holy righteous Job (1885-1887, architect I.A. Aristarkhov). At the beginning of the last century, the fifth temple appeared - the Assumption, built according to the design of A.P. Aplaksin.
Two of the five cemetery churches - Assumption and All Saints - died in Soviet years. The Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands - impressive, with a mighty five-domed dome - was distorted beyond recognition, transferred to the workshop of the Monumentsculpture art casting plant. Voskresensky was closed, and it remained closed until 2006, when it was returned to believers. And only in the church of the holy righteous Job the services never stopped.
"Literary Bridges"
After the revolution, the necropolis also suffered - like many other cemeteries throughout Russia, it was repeatedly raided by vandals and grave diggers. But already in 1935, part of the necropolis, due to its highest historical value, turned into a unit State Museum urban sculpture - museum " Literary bridges».
Why walkways? Firstly, the bridges - in the most literal sense of the word. In wet weather, which was common in St. Petersburg, dirt paths turned into impassable mud, and so that they could be walked on, these paths were covered with boardwalks - walkways.
However, not only writers found their final refuge on the Literary Bridges, but also other famous figures of Russian culture. Including Soviet era. Let's call the chemist D.I. Mendeleev, traveler N. N. Miklouho-Maclay, ballerina A. Ya. Vaganov, actor E. Z. Kopelyan, artist K. S. Petrov-Vodkin. It’s impossible to list them all... If the phrase “historical treasure” is generally applicable to necropolises, then “Literary Bridges” is exactly that.
Although... Presumably, museumification in Soviet time It was not so much the great writers who contributed as the great, by the standards of the historiography of those years, revolutionaries. V. I. Zasulich, G. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Lenin’s mother M. A. Ulyanova and his sisters Anna and Olga were buried on Volkovsky.
In total, on the territory of the museumified necropolis there are about five thousand tombstones. To this day, outstanding St. Petersburgers - figures of science and art - are buried on the Literary Bridges.
History of the Literatorskiye Mostki cemetery in St. Petersburg
Memorial Cemetery "Literary Bridges" located in the Frunzensky district of St. Petersburg, in the northeast. total area- near 7 ha. Here the honored ones rest Russian figures culture, art, politics and science. The history of this cemetery began in 1802 when the writer was buried near the Church of the Resurrection of the Word A. N. Radishchev(the grave has not survived), later publicists were buried here V. G. Belinsky And D. I. Pisareva, criticism N. A. Dobrolyubova, after which the tradition of burying writers next to Belinsky took hold.
The cemetery was originally called "Pipe bridges" due to the fact that the paths between the graves were laid with special boards - bridges, but after the funeral of Vsevolod Garshin in 1888, the necropolis received modern name. In 1935, Literary Bridges became branch of the State Museum of Urban Sculpture. The remains were transferred to the cemetery N. G. Pomyalovsky, A. A. Blok, I. A. Goncharov. Refers to the necropolis Resurrection Church, erected in 1783–1785.
Celebrity graves at the Literary Bridges cemetery
In 1933, the cemetery received closed status, however, even today, while maintaining museum status, funerals are carried out here outstanding residents of St. Petersburg. From burials recent years— actors Bruno Freundlich, Nikolay Trofimov, director Vladislav Pazi, composer Andrey Petrov, singer Boris Shtokolov.
Rasstannaya Street leads to the Literary Bridges. It got its name, presumably, because it was along it that relatives followed the deceased, parting with them and seeing them off on their last journey.
Now the cemetery contains about 500 tombstones representing historical and cultural value . In 1953, landscaping and landscaping work was completed.
Plan diagram of the Literary Bridges necropolis of Volkovskoye Cemetery
Layout of the Literary Bridges cemetery
How to get there and opening hours of the Literatorskie Mostki cemetery, St. Petersburg
How to get there: by bus No. 57, trams No. 10, 25 and 44 from metro station "Ligovsky Prospekt". By trams No. 16, 25 and 49 (Skin Dispensary stop), by buses No. 54, 74, 76, 91 and 141 from metro station "Obvodny Canal"(stop “Old Believer Bridge”). By minibus No. K170 to the “Old Believer's Bridge” stop. Stone gate with side gates located at the end of the street. Rasstannaya is the central entrance to the memorial complex.
Photo from the site syl.ru
Nihilism and more
The pioneer of the “bridges” was the writer Radishchev. Having fallen out of favor with the empress and subjected to severe repression, he was buried on the outskirts of the capital, in a cemetery once created for the poor.
One thing was not taken into account - thus, it was not Alexander Nikolaevich who sank to the level of a wretched cemetery, but the cemetery rose to the level raised by the author of “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow,” almost the most popular book among the Russian thinking intelligentsia. This happened in 1802.
Gradually, more and more people came to Radishchev’s grave. more people. They brought flowers. They gave speeches. But they preferred to bury them in more prestigious places: in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, in Moscow’s Novodevichy. And only in 1848, another liberal celebrity was buried in the cemetery - Vissarion Belinsky.
In 1861, next to Belinsky’s grave, another grave appeared - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. At this funeral, Chernyshevsky spoke: “What a person we have lost, because he was a talent. And at what young age did he end his career, because he was only twenty-six years old, at this time others were just beginning to study... Dobrolyubov died because he was too honest.”
For this speech, Chernyshevsky was condemned by another of those present, P. Ballod: “Speaking so harshly where, of course, more than one spy was present, seemed wild to me. He cried, talked and was beside himself.”
The cemetery became a kind of continuation of the nihilistic salons. However, the word “nihilism” itself arose only in next year, when Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” was published, he called Yevgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov a nihilist.
Photo from topdialog.ru
There was no word, but nihilism existed with all its might. The next high-profile event in this cemetery took place in 1866 - the graves of Belinsky and Dobrolyubov were surrounded by a common award. And a few years later, when Dmitry Ivanovich Pisarev died, a place was prepared for him at the same Volkovsky, in company with colleagues, literary critics.
It is not very clear who was more present at that funeral – the capital’s liberals or the agents of the Third Section. Here, for example, are the reports of one of them:
“The local nihilistic synclite walked behind the coffin; one might say that the coffin even changed its physiognomy and looked more like a pyramid strewn with flowers.”
Another agent added: “The grave was prepared just opposite the place where Belinsky and Dobrolyubov were buried, a few steps from the grave of the famous nihilist Nozhin, who died during the investigation into the assassination attempt on April 4.
When the coffin was lowered into the grave, all the garlands and flowers were torn from it, which were distributed among the hands of those present. The coffin was lowered into the grave without a priest, and flowers were poured into it; the first wreath was proposed to be thrown to the father of the deceased.
The burial was already over and the grave was decorated with flowers, but the audience still did not leave - as if expecting something: Pavlenkov first drew attention to this and said from a nearby high grave short word, in which he expressed that all sorts of funeral speeches are unnecessary and that the best tribute to the memory of the deceased is that people of the most diverse beliefs gathered at the grave, which testifies to the honest and beneficial activities of the deceased.”
But, despite Mr. Pavlenkov’s wishes, there were speeches. Literary critic Grigory Evlampievich Blagosvetlov, for example, said: “Here lies the most remarkable of modern Russian writers; he was a man with a strong heart, who developed under the influence of recent government reforms, who retreated from nothing and never lost heart.
Being imprisoned in a fortress, in a damp and stuffy casemate, surrounded by soldiers, under the sound of weapons, he continued to study literature, and it should be noted that these were his best works.”
Photo from topdialog.ru
The same Blagosvetlov was also present at the funeral of Dobrolyubov mentioned in the report.
The funeral of Ivan Turgenev became a huge event. Ivan Sergeevich died in 1883. Lenin’s sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova, wrote about them: “The entire funeral procession was compressed by a tight ring of Cossacks. Everything bore the imprint of gloom and depression. After all, the ashes of an “unreliable” writer disapproved by the government were sank into the ground.
On his corpse this was shown very clearly by the autocracy. I remember the bewildered, painful impression of us, two youngsters. Only a few were allowed into the cemetery, and we were not one of them. Then those who were caught told what a heavy mood reigned there, how the cemetery was flooded with policemen, to whom the few speakers had to speak.”
Anna Ilyinichna turned only nineteen a few days ago, but in the company of Turgenev’s friends she felt like a fish in water.
And lawyer Anatoly Koni recalled: “The reception of the coffin in St. Petersburg and its march to the Volkovo cemetery presented an unusual spectacle in its beauty, majestic character and complete and unanimous observance of order.
Photo from topdialog.ru
An unbroken chain of 176 delegations from literature, newspapers and magazines, scientists, educational and educational institutions, from zemstvos, Siberians, Poles and Bulgarians, occupied a space of several miles, attracting the sympathetic and often moved attention of the huge public who blocked the sidewalks - carried by graceful deputations, magnificent wreaths and banners with meaningful inscriptions.
A wreath with a repetition of the words spoken by the sick Turgenev to the artist Bogolyubov: “Live and love people as I loved them,” from the partnership traveling exhibitions; wreath with the inscription "Love" stronger than death"from women's pedagogical courses.
The wreath with the inscription “ To the unforgettable teacher truth and moral beauty"from the St. Petersburg Law Society... A delegation from drama courses for lovers of performing arts brought a huge lyre made of fresh flowers with torn silver strings."
Everyone expressed their grief as best they could.
At the cemetery along the parting road
Photo from the site antonratnikov.ru
Then there were Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin, Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nikolai Sergeevich Leskov, Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky. More and more people forgot why this cemetery was called that, and what the bridges had to do with it.
In fact, when it still specialized in the unknown and penniless, the soil in the cemetery was very characteristic of Peter’s capital swamp swamp. To make it possible to somehow move around the cemetery, walkways were laid between the graves.
Gradually, these bridges began to have names - we had to somehow navigate ourselves and guide the local gravediggers. Some of those walkways that were once Above the Pipe (along the sewer pipes running underneath them) became the Literary ones.
The territory has long become civilized, the bridges have become a thing of the past, but the name remains. Like Nikitsky Gate and Kuznetsky Bridge in Moscow.
The political significance of this cemetery was, naturally, unshakable. The article by the publicist Grigory Zakharovich Eliseev is typical: “You say that “we have nothing left as an inheritance from the past,” that we do not have any great social cause that we could work on in the present, that we have no hopes and ideals in future, that we have in our possession one Volkovo cemetery, only the graves of our great deceased - Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, Turgenev, Kavelin and others like them, although they found eternal peace in other cemeteries, but in spirit and thought they undoubtedly belong to this same bright galaxy of Volkov cemetery.
With them, with these dead, our thoughts must live in constant unity; we must go to their graves to refresh our souls, suffering and languishing in the hopeless darkness of the present with memories of vanished ideals and hopes, and there seek resolution and clarification of our future destinies.”
Photo from topdialog.ru
Of course, over time, not only writers began to be buried here. The cemetery contains the remains of scientists Dmitry Mendeleev, Vladimir Bekhterev and Ivan Pavlov, sculptor Vasily Kozlov (author famous monument Lenin in front of Smolny), composer Isaac Schwartz, many revolutionaries - Vera Zasulich, Georgy Plekhanov, and at the same time Lenin's mother Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova and his sisters (including Anna Ilyinichna).
Among this entire pantheon, the simple inhabitants of St. Petersburg, who also buried their dead relatives here, were somehow even perceived as exotic.
One of the ordinary residents of the capital recalled: “We also made trips to the Volkovo cemetery to visit the graves where our grandfather, grandmother, great-grandfather and other relatives were buried behind bars. They went to Volkovo in a four-seater carriage, which could then be hired for such a trip for a ruble or a ruble and a quarter.
A samovar and food were also placed at the graves. Someone would take off his boot and use the top to inflate the samovar, which we kids really liked. This trip was sometimes united by several families related to us. Lithiums were served for the dead. Men couldn’t do without libations.”
Photo from topdialog.ru
We went to the cemetery along the so-called Parting Road. According to legend, it was parting with the dead that gave it its name. The Rasstane tavern was also located there, where it was customary to organize funerals.
But the significance of the cemetery as a symbol of the freedom-loving struggle was gradually not only lost, but clearly lost its poignancy and became commonplace. An example of this is the calm, even boring tone of one of the newspaper articles from 1910: “On January 23, on the 23rd anniversary of the death of the poet Nadson, a circle of writers held a memorial service in the old church of the Volkov Cemetery, after which all the admirers of the poet who were in the church before The clergy were sent to the grave of the deceased on the Literary Bridge, where a short litany was served.
In addition to writers, the litany was also attended by the public, mainly students. New wreaths were laid on the poet’s grave.”
Where are the passionate speeches, the burning gazes? Where are the intelligence agents? Everything is in the past. Now the main revolutionary forces are not in cemeteries, but on the factory outskirts. It is there, far from the eyes of the police, that the main shock in the entire history of the country is being prepared.
The museum is expanding its exhibition
Memorial to the Ulyanov family and potential grave for Lenin. Photo from topdialog.ru
In 1935, when the twice-mentioned Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova died, the cemetery became a department of the State Museum of Urban Sculpture (its main territory was located in another St. Petersburg cemetery, on Lazarevskoye).
In this regard, the “exhibition” expanded: Ivan Goncharov, Alexander Blok, Nikolai Pomyalovsky were reburied on the “Literary Bridges”. Their graves are various reasons were preparing for destruction, so the museum status obviously came in handy.
Many were buried here during the Great Patriotic War, during the blockade.
The cemetery has become like any other famous cemetery- become overgrown with rumors and anecdotes.
In particular, during perestroika, someone started a rumor that Lenin’s ashes were secretly taken out of the mausoleum and buried next to his mother and sisters, on the Literary Bridges. Someone even erected a corresponding monument next to the Ulyanovs’ graves for this cause.
Radishchev’s grave, from which, in fact, it all began, has long been lost. A plaque in his memory is now installed in the fence of the Resurrection Cemetery Church.
Alas, this happens often.
Volkova village or Volkovo was mentioned in the Scribe books of the Izhora land in 1640 in the description of the Spassky churchyard, and it also bore the Chukhon name Sutilla (Syutila), which means Volkovo.
By decree of the Senate of May 11, 1756, a cemetery was established here instead of the one that had existed since the 1710s. at the Church of John the Baptist in Yamskaya Sloboda. Elizaveta Petrovna did not want to see the cemetery close to the city. The land was allocated for grazing between the current Literary and Volkovsky bridges. It was ordered to fence everything off and erect a wooden chapel.
The name was not determined immediately. The Senate decree indicated “The cemetery of the Admiralty side, on this side of the village of Volkova.” In consistory affairs in 1765 and 1771. it is written “Cemetery of the Moscow side, near the village of Volkova”, or simply “in Volkovo”. Later he was called Volkov or Volkovsky (as is customary now).
The cemetery opened in the summer of 1756 and by the end of the year there had been 898 burials. The cemetery was poor, bringing in almost no income, but more and more people were buried there every year. Simultaneously with the opening of the cemetery, a wooden church on a stone foundation was founded by the provincial office. It was consecrated on December 3, 1759 in the name of the Savior, the Image Not Made by Hands. In 1777, at the expense of the merchant Shevtsov (Shvetsov), a warm wooden church was erected in memory of the Renewal of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Jerusalem (Resurrection of the Word), but this church burned down on New Year’s Day 1782.
In 1798, the first land cut was made. A new fence with a gate was built on the side of Rastannaya Street. and straight ditches were dug for drainage. One of them determined the direction of the future Nadtrubny or Literatorsky bridges, and the other - Volkovsky. During these same years, the first stone church was built - the Resurrection Church, which still stands today near the entrance to the Literary Bridges necropolis.
In 1808, an extension of more than 30 thousand fathoms was made to the cemetery.
By 1809, services in Spasskaya wooden church were discontinued due to its disrepair. It was decided to build the new temple in the western part of the cemetery, south of the current Overseer's bridge. Implementation of the grandiose project approved in 1810 by architect. Beretti took a long drag. The new church warden, merchant P.I. Ponomarev, had to repair the old wooden church, in which they began serving again in 1812.
In the next decade, increased income made it possible to build according to the project of the architect. P.F. Votsky Holy Gate and fence from the side of Rasstannaya Street. still existing.
In 1837 it was finally founded new temple, its builder was F.I. Ruska, who thoroughly reworked and simplified the Beretti project.
In 1838, by decree of the Spiritual Consistory, another 20.5 thousand fathoms were added to the cemetery at the expense of the Volkova field and wastelands on the banks of the Volkovka River. This was the last addition; subsequently the boundaries of the cemetery remained almost unchanged.
The third stone church in time of construction was usually called “Ponomarevskaya” after the merchant P.I. Ponomarev, at whose expense it was built. They decided to build it soon after the consecration of the Church of the Savior, instead of a dilapidated wooden church. The construction was entrusted to the same F. Rusca, who repeated his previous work on a small scale. The groundbreaking took place in 1850, and in 1852 the church was consecrated. It was located almost in the middle between the Spasskaya and Resurrection churches, where Wide Bridges lead to Volkovsky. The donor himself and his relatives were buried under the temple.
The name of another benefactor was preserved in the colloquial name of the fourth stone church, which was often called Kryukovsky. This is the only currently functioning church at the Volkovskoye cemetery. Church of St. Job was founded in 1885 and was built at the expense of P. M. Kryukova over the grave of her husband, hereditary honorary citizen Job Mikhailovich Kryukov.
The last church in terms of construction, the Assumption Church, was built with funds donated by the widow of a tobacco manufacturer T.V. Kolobova, who dedicated the church to her memory deceased sister. Construction began in 1910. They began serving in the church three years later.
To make it easier to move through the eternal mud of the necropolis, its paths were paved with boards, from which the name “bridges” came. In the 19th century the number of paths reached 120, their total length by the end of the century exceeded twelve miles. Around the churches, the walkways were lined with slabs, while the rest were wooden. The bridges between Voskresenskaya and Vsesvyatskaya were the widest - eight planks, which is why they were called Wide Bridges. There were five boards each on the Volkovsky, Spottelsky and Roadside bridges, the rest were one to four boards long.
The north-eastern part of the Volkovsky cemetery from the second half of the 19th century V. received the name "Literary Bridges" because it became a traditional burial place famous figures literature and art. The first on this list was Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev. He was buried in September 1802. The grave was forgotten, but is assumed. that Radishchev was buried near the stone Church of the Resurrection. In memory of this, a memorial plaque was installed on the wall of the building in 1987.
The poet Anton Antonovich Delvig was buried at the Volkov cemetery in 1831. On May 29, 1848, V. G. Belinsky was buried in the eastern part of the Nadtrubny bridges. In 1861, N.A. Dobrolyubov was buried nearby. In 1866, the graves of Belinsky and Dobrolyubov were surrounded by a common cast-iron fence. In 1868, the publicist D.N. Pisarev was buried on the Nadtrubnye bridge. In 1883, I. S. Turgenev was buried near the northern wall of the Spassky Church.
Then M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, K. D. Kavelin, V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, N. I. Kostomarov, S. Ya. Nadson, N. S. Leskov, G. I. Uspensky found their rest here , N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky, D.I. Mendeleev and many others.
When exactly the name “Literary Bridges” appeared is unknown. Most often in the literature the end of the 1880s is indicated. In the description of the Volkovsky cemetery, published by N. Vishnyakov in 1885, the Literary Bridges are mentioned as a given, sanctified by time.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Volkovsky necropolis was the largest in St. Petersburg.
In addition to the Orthodox, the Volkovsky necropolis also includes religious and Lutheran cemeteries, many of the tombstones are outstanding examples of ritual architecture.
(based on materials, pp. 395-410)
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