The role of military registration and enlistment offices in military historical education of youth. Military registration and enlistment offices: mission possible

Chapter I. Historiography and characteristics of the sources of the problem.

§ 1. Historiography of the problem.

§ 2. Characteristics of the research source base.

Chapter II. The formation and development of domestic military museums as cultural and educational institutions in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. Military museums in the system of education of military personnel.

§ 2. Creation and development legal framework military museums.

§ 3. Activities of state and military authorities to improve organizational structure military museum network.

Chapter III. Cultural and educational work of military museums during the period under study.

§ 1. Activities of military museums in providing excursion services to visitors.

§ 2. Stationary and traveling exhibitions as a form of cultural and educational work of military museums.

§ 3. Organization of public-mass and search work.

Chapter IV. Popularization and publishing work of military museums in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. The work of military museums to popularize their funds and collections.

§ 2. The role of publishing work of military museums in the cultural service of military personnel.

Introduction of the dissertation 2009, abstract on history, Kuznetsov, Andrey Mikhailovich

Currently, state and military authorities are faced with a serious task - strengthening the moral and psychological state of the personnel of the Armed Forces Russian Federation. Practice educational work has developed many directions, forms and methods for solving it, but what stands out is the skillful and professional use of the capabilities of the country’s centuries-old culture, armed forces, especially its material component. The material component of culture is a set of tangible objects that express the uniqueness and uniqueness of a particular culture that has existed in human history. These can be tools, samples of household utensils, items of clothing, architectural structures and, which is important for a military audience, objects of military activity. Already at the dawn of their history, people began to collect and pass on to their descendants the most significant and valuable objects material culture, which served as the basis for the continuity of traditions of a particular people. To ensure the safety of objects and the possibility of displaying them, special premises began to be created, which later became known as museums. With the development of civilization, museum work improved, acquired new features and began to develop in certain directions. This is how historical museums appeared, specializing in collecting, studying and displaying various objects of the history of a particular state, art museums collecting and promoting art objects, technical museums telling about the development of technology, etc. Museums began to occupy a special place among them, collecting and storing objects of the “material history” of the military practice of mankind.

The history of the creation, formation, development and functioning of domestic military museums testifies to the fact that they carried and carry within themselves a huge educational and cultural potential aimed at developing in the Russian army a sense of love for their Motherland, the armed forces, and devotion to the best military traditions.

Studying the historical experience of the activities of domestic military museums at various stages of their development will expand practical opportunities in organizing leisure time for military personnel and will contribute to the education of personnel using examples of the heroic past of our Motherland.

One of the most significant periods in the development of domestic military museums was the period from 1918 to 1991. At this stage, the state and military authorities practically re-created the military museum network, and developed legal documents that formed the basis for its work.

The activities of military museums during the Soviet period have repeatedly stood the test of time. The events of the Civil War and foreign military intervention, the interwar period, the Great Patriotic War, the post-war period, the period of the 1960s-early 1980s, perestroika showed that the work of preserving, accumulating and using objects military history was quite effective in educational and cultural work with military personnel. In this regard, it is of particular interest for military historians to study the experience of functioning of domestic military museums in the Soviet period, activities in cultural services for military personnel and members of their families, which may be in demand in the practice of educational work and socio-cultural activities in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The relevance of the study of this problem is determined by the following circumstances.

Firstly, its insufficient development, the absence of major generalizing scientific works on this topic that reveal the activities of domestic military museums in 1918-1991. and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel.

Secondly, the study of the activities of military museums during this period meets the requirements State program“Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010”, orders of the Minister of Defense

RF No. 265 of June 10, 2001 “On military-historical work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” and No. 79 of February 28, 2005 “On improving educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.”

Order No. 265 dated June 10*, 2001, in particular, states: “The use of military-historical knowledge in the education of military personnel is carried out in order to develop their abilities to realize and deeply understand their military duty and personal responsibility for the defense of the Fatherland. It is carried out within the framework of execution job responsibilities relevant commanders (chiefs) together with the educational authorities of the Armed Forces in the course of studying the military history of the Fatherland in the system of public and state training, as well as carrying out events to promote it through popularization heroic deeds Russian soldiers, the activities of outstanding commanders and military leaders"1.

Historical objects located in the collections and exhibitions of military museums are the material basis for conducting military historical work and contribute to a more substantive formation of patriotism among Russian soldiers.

Order No. 79 of February 28, 2005 noted that cultural and leisure activities are part of the complex of educational work organized in the RF Armed Forces. One of the forms of cultural and leisure activities is visits by military personnel on weekends and holidays museums.

In addition, the order contains a provision that commanders of all levels must take measures to develop and update the exhibitions of military museums, museum-type formations, and rooms of military glory. For their efficient work appropriate councils must be elected2.

To implement these provisions into practice, it is necessary to closely study the relevant experience of the activities of military command and control bodies, the military museum network, accumulated in the period from 1918 to 1991.

1 See: Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 265 of June 10, 2001 “On military-historical work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.” - M., 2001. - P. 3-4.

2 See: Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 79 of February 28, 2005 “On improving educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.” - M., 2005. - P. 15-16.

Thirdly, by increasing the role of military museums in the education, education and cultural services of military personnel and members of their families.

Fourthly, the need to improve the activities of state and military administration bodies, educational structures in the field of cultural services for personnel of the Russian Armed Forces based on the experience accumulated by domestic military museums.

Fifthly, the increasing public attention to objects of material culture of military activity and the life of the domestic armed forces, stored in military museums, and the possibility of their use in patriotic education the younger generation.

The relevance and insufficient degree of development of the problem determined the choice of topic, determined the object, subject, scientific problem, chronological framework, purpose and objectives of this dissertation research.

The object of the study is domestic military museums in the period 1918-1991. The author considers it necessary to note that only those institutions that were under the jurisdiction of the military department will be considered as military museums. Museums of other ministries, which stored, among others, objects of military activity and everyday life (culture, internal affairs, state security, etc.), were not included in the object of the study.

The subject of the study is the activities of state and military administration bodies, museum management in the formation and development of a network of military museums, the organization of their cultural and educational work with military personnel during the period under review.

Justification of the chronological framework of the study.

The events of October 1917 marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of national statehood, which was associated with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, who oriented the country towards building the world's first socialist state. For his armed defense the Council people's commissars On January 15 (28), 1918, the RSFSR adopted a decree on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), and on January 29 (February 11), 1918, on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF). From that moment on, military museums of the Soviet Republic were focused on working with military personnel of the Red Army and the Red Army.

On December 8, 1991, the heads of the republics of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus, in the agreement they signed, announced the termination of the existence of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Along with the collapse of the Soviet Union, its Armed Forces and military museum network ceased to exist, the activities of which were primarily aimed at the education and cultural services of military personnel soviet army and the fleet.

The scientific problem of the dissertation research is to comprehensively explore and summarize the historical experience of the activities of state and military bodies, museum management in the formation and development of the network of military museums in the country, the organization of their work on cultural services for military personnel in the period from 1918 to 1991, to identify characteristic features and trends, formulate scientific conclusions, historical lessons And practical recommendations.

The purpose of the work is to implement a systematic and comprehensive study activities of state and military authorities, museum management on the creation and development of a network of military museums, organization of their cultural and educational work with military personnel during the period under review, draw scientifically based conclusions, formulate historical lessons, practical recommendations and trends in the development of military museums of the Russian Federation.

To achieve this goal, the dissertation candidate formulated the following main research objectives.

1. Assess the degree of development of the problem and characterize the source base of the research.

2. Determine the role of Soviet military museums in the education of military personnel, taking into account the previous experience of the military museum network of Imperial Russia.

3. Research the activities of state and military authorities to create and improve the legal and organizational foundations of military museums during the period under review.

4. Reveal the work of military museums in providing cultural services to army and navy personnel in the period from 1918 to 1991.

5. Analyze the popularization and publishing work of military museums during the period under study.

6. Draw scientifically based conclusions, formulate historical lessons arising from the activities of domestic military museums in 1918-1991, practical recommendations for further study and use of the results of the dissertation research, development trends of military museums of the Russian Federation.

The dissertation author proposes the following research concept.

Revolutionary events October 1917 and the creation in January 1918 of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and then the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet, determined the new content of the activities of military museums and served as the starting point of the Soviet stage in the development of military museums.

During the Civil War and foreign military intervention (1917-1920), government and military authorities made efforts to preserve the rich historical and cultural heritage stored in military museums, as well as to create a fundamentally new military museum network, which should was to become involved in the education and cultural service of command and rank and file personnel in the spirit of the new ideology.

In the interwar years (1921-June 1941), the foundations of legal and organizational development Soviet military museum network, the tasks and directions of its development were determined. During this period, the material base of existing military museums was significantly strengthened, and the construction of new ones began. These processes took place under the control of party, state and military authorities.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 became a test of the strength of the created Soviet military museum network. The experience of military museums in solving the tasks assigned to them confirmed the correctness of the position that their role in educational and cultural work with soldiers of the army and navy was very significant.

The functioning of military museums in the USSR in post-war years was closely linked to the need to collect and preserve documents and materials showing the greatness of the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, improving the legal and organizational structure, material and technical base, construction of new museums.

With the development of the country, quantitative and qualitative changes in the Soviet Armed Forces, state and military authorities adjusted the tasks of military museums in the field of educating soldiers. The main directions were to instill in personnel high discipline, the desire to master weapons and military equipment, loyalty to the military oath, respect for their history and heroic traditions Armed forces.

Late 1980s-early 1990s. were marked by turbulent processes that took place in Russian history. During this period, two trends emerged in the development of military museums. On the one hand, the lifting of bans for ideological reasons, openness, and accessibility to previously unknown sources made it possible to expand the exhibition complexes of military history museums and “saturate” them with new museum objects.

On the other hand, the transition to market economic relations and the lack of proper attention from the state led to the fact that many military museums became unprofitable enterprises. The consequence of this was a deteriorating material fund, the departure of qualified employees, and the rental of their premises commercial organizations, the transformation of military museums in some cases into warehouses, dormitories, etc.

Military museums of the Soviet period conducted active cultural and educational work among military personnel and members of their families. It was aimed at promoting moral and aesthetic education, establishing glorious military traditions in military groups, raising the cultural level, and participating in the organization of meaningful leisure for military personnel.

The generalized experience of military museums of the Soviet period in the education and cultural services of military personnel can be used in the practice of the modern military museum network.

The structure of the dissertation includes an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature, and appendices.

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "Military museums and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel"

Chapter Conclusions

In the period from 1918 to 1991, domestic military museums carried out popularization and publishing work, which significantly influenced the quality of cultural services to visitors.

Popularization work focused on those people who had insufficient knowledge about a particular museum and its work. Its main goal was to provide primary information about the museum, its objects and collections and to attract as many visitors as possible to the museum halls. Publishing work, in turn, was aimed at a prepared audience who sought to obtain additional information about the museum and its activities. Its goal was to systematize, expand and deepen knowledge about various aspects of museum activities, and exchange experience in museum work.

The first provisions concerning the conduct of popularization and publishing work by military museums were reflected in legal documents regulating the activities of the military museum network in the 1920-1930s.

The work of military museums to popularize their funds and collections in the 1920-1930s. was quite specific and meaningful. A large place in it was devoted to cooperation between museum groups and representatives of the media. This made it possible to expand the possibilities for information support of various areas of museum activity and cultural events.

Starting from the 1950-1960s, military museums began to actively use the possibilities of cinema in their popularization work, which implied, firstly, cooperation with the country’s central film studios in the production of informational and educational products, and, secondly, the creation of these goals of their own film studios.

An important event that influenced the expansion of the geography of the popularization work of military museums was the entry of the USSR into

International Council of Museums (ICOM) in 1957. This made it possible to establish a mutual exchange of experience in this area with their foreign colleagues.

In the second half of the 1980s. changing political4 and socio-economic conditions have made changes in the work of military museums to popularize their objects and collections. This was expressed, on the one hand, in the strengthening of the technical base for its implementation, the acquisition of the right by museum teams to independently choose the forms and methods of popularization work, and, on the other hand, in a reduction in government funding, which led to a decrease in its efficiency indicators.

The publishing work of military museums during the period under review was a set of activities for the production of printed materials, which reflected important issues of museum activity. The direction of its development was the transition from the publication of small-circulation literature of one or two types (guidebooks, catalogues) to the publication of literature in large volumes and many types (catalogues, guidebooks, booklets, brochures, its own periodicals, etc.).

When organizing it in the first years after the October Revolution of 1917, military museums adopted the relevant experience of the military museum network of Imperial Russia.

Despite the fact that the issues of publishing work of military museums were reflected in legal documents that appeared in the 1920-1930s, in practice it developed at an insufficient pace. The reasons for this were the weak material and technical base of military museums, the lack of qualified personnel, and the lack of proper attention to publishing work on the part of museum management.

In the 1940-1960s. There was an increase in the volume of publishing work of military museums, which was associated with the creation of editorial and publishing groups in their staffs. Their main task was the preparation and production of printed materials corresponding to the profile of the museum and areas of activity. One of the types of printed publications published during this period were guides to military museums, which played a big role in educational and cultural work with military personnel.

In the 1950s The largest Soviet military museums began to prepare and publish their own printed periodicals, which became a platform for discussing the most important issues of museum activity. A significant amount of space on the pages of the publications was devoted to covering various aspects of cultural and educational work with visitors.

In the 1970-1980s. orders of the USSR Ministry of Defense were issued, which adjusted the goals and objectives of publishing work in accordance with the realities of the time. In addition, large military museums issued a number of internal documents that specified the procedure for preparing and publishing printed materials.

Significant changes in the publishing work of military museums occurred in the second half of the 1980s. The weakening of military censorship, the acquisition of high-quality printing equipment and technology, and the expansion of the independence of military museums in the planning and production of printed materials should have brought the publishing work of military museums to a higher quality level. new level. However, this was prevented by the collapse of the Soviet Union and its military museum network.

On April 8, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the “Decree on the establishment of volost, district, provincial and district commissariats for military affairs,” the activities of which made it possible to create a strong Red Army in the shortest possible time. April 8 marks the 100th anniversary of the creation of military commissariats. On April 8, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the “Decree on the establishment of volost, district, provincial and district commissariats for military affairs,” the active activity of which subsequently made it possible to create a strong Red Army in the shortest possible time, staff it with privates and command personnel, arm and provide everything necessary for conducting combat operations. Military commissariats played an extremely important role during the Great Patriotic War. Thanks to their active and intense work, the courage of the employees of the military commissariats, already in the first, most difficult days of the Great Patriotic War, it was possible to mobilize human resources and equipment from the national economy. During the war, military commissariats conscripted more than 30 million people into the Red Army, supplied thousands of pieces of equipment from the national economy, and provided universal military training for citizens, thereby making a major contribution to achieving victory over Nazi Germany. In the post-war years, the burden fell on the shoulders of military registration and enlistment office employees. huge pressure for the meeting, registration and employment of victorious soldiers subject to demobilization. Great job The military commissariats carried out the recruitment of troops who performed international duty in Afghanistan and took part in the establishment of the constitutional order in the North Caucasus. The military commissariats also made a great contribution to eliminating the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Thanks to professional activity Military registration and enlistment office employees from the reserve were called up for special training for hundreds of thousands of citizens and thousands of pieces of equipment from the national economy were brought in to carry out emergency work, thereby ensuring the implementation of a huge range of work to eliminate the consequences of a nuclear accident. Currently, military commissariats are entrusted with tasks, the timely and high-quality implementation of which determines the state of combat and mobilization readiness of the Armed Forces: preparing youth for military service, accounting for mobilization human and transport resources, planning mobilization on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, organizing and conducting conscription of citizens for military service. Military commissariats also bear a large social burden, ensuring the implementation of measures of legal and social protection of citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families, members of the families of fallen (deceased) military personnel. On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the military commissariats, an exhibition was organized for the participants of the gathering and a conference was held on the topic “The history of the formation and development of military commissariats.” Under the leadership of the GOMU of the General Staff, a military historical work “Military Commissariats: History of Creation and Development” has been developed and is being prepared for publication. Work is underway to issue a commemorative coin and postage stamp. Significant contribution to this work contributed by the veterans organization created at the GOMU of the General Staff, the chairman of which is the former head of the GOMU of the General Staff, retired Lieutenant General Valery Astanin. It should be noted that at present, more and more reserve officers who served in the General Staff wish to join the veteran organization, thereby passing on their precious practical experience, preserving the continuity of generations and delighting us with their presence.

Chapter I. Historiography and characteristics of the sources of the problem.

§ 1. Historiography of the problem.

§ 2. Characteristics of the research source base.

Chapter II. The formation and development of domestic military museums as cultural and educational institutions in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. Military museums in the system of education of military personnel.

§ 2. Creation and development of the legal framework for military museums.

§ 3. Activities of state and military authorities to improve the organizational structure of the military museum network.

Chapter III. Cultural and educational work of military museums during the period under study.

§ 1. Activities of military museums in providing excursion services to visitors.

§ 2. Stationary and traveling exhibitions as a form of cultural and educational work of military museums.

§ 3. Organization of public-mass and search work.

Chapter IV. Popularization and publishing work of military museums in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. The work of military museums to popularize their funds and collections.

§ 2. The role of publishing work of military museums in the cultural service of military personnel.

Recommended list of dissertations

• History of border museums in Russia and their role in the education of personnel: 1893 - 2000. 2000, Candidate of Historical Sciences Skosareva, Larisa Alekseevna

• Activities of the museums of the Air Force of the Russian Federation in the patriotic education of military personnel: 1991-2005. 2007, Candidate of Historical Sciences Semonenko, Yuri Fedorovich

• Museums of the Russian Navy in the 19th - 20th centuries: history of creation, formation and development 2007, Candidate of Historical Sciences Tretyakova, Irina Anatolyevna

• Formation and development of the Armory as a museum institution, 1806 - 1918. 2000, Candidate of Historical Sciences Nikolaeva, Anna Sergeevna

• Russian military museums in the first third of the twentieth century: From the history of org. and activities 1997, Candidate of Historical Sciences Alexandrova, Natalya Vladimirovna

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “Military museums and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel: 1918-1991.”

Currently, state and military authorities are faced with a serious task - strengthening the moral and psychological state of the personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The practice of educational work has developed many directions, forms and methods for solving it, but what stands out is the skillful and professional use of the capabilities of the centuries-old culture of the country, the armed forces, especially its material component. The material component of culture is a set of tangible objects that express the uniqueness and uniqueness of a particular culture that has existed in human history. These can be tools, samples of household utensils, items of clothing, architectural structures and, which is important for a military audience, objects of military activity. Already at the dawn of their history, people began to collect and pass on to their descendants the most significant and valuable objects of material culture, which served as the basis for the continuity of the traditions of a particular people. To ensure the safety of objects and the possibility of displaying them, special premises began to be created, which later became known as museums. With the development of civilization, museum work improved, acquired new features and began to develop in certain directions. This is how historical museums appeared, specializing in collecting, studying and displaying various objects of the history of a particular state, art museums collecting and promoting art objects, technical museums telling about the development of technology, etc. Museums began to occupy a special place among them, collecting and storing objects of the “material history” of the military practice of mankind.

The history of the creation, formation, development and functioning of domestic military museums testifies to the fact that they carried and carry within themselves a huge educational and cultural potential aimed at developing in the Russian army a sense of love for their Motherland, the armed forces, and devotion to the best military traditions.

Studying the historical experience of the activities of domestic military museums at various stages of their development will expand practical opportunities in organizing leisure time for military personnel and will contribute to the education of personnel using examples of the heroic past of our Motherland.

One of the most significant periods in the development of domestic military museums was the period from 1918 to 1991. At this stage, the state and military authorities practically re-created the military museum network, and developed legal documents that formed the basis for its work.

The activities of military museums during the Soviet period have repeatedly stood the test of time. The events of the Civil War and foreign military intervention, the interwar period, the Great Patriotic War, the post-war period, the period of the 1960s-early 1980s, perestroika showed that the work of preserving, accumulating and using objects of military history in educational and cultural work with by military personnel was quite effective. In this regard, it is of particular interest for military historians to study the experience of functioning of domestic military museums in the Soviet period, activities in cultural services for military personnel and members of their families, which may be in demand in the practice of educational work and socio-cultural activities in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The relevance of the study of this problem is determined by the following circumstances.

Firstly, its insufficient development, the absence of major generalizing scientific works on this topic that reveal the activities of domestic military museums in 1918-1991. and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel.

Secondly, the study of the activities of military museums during this period meets the requirements of the State Program “Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010”, orders of the Minister of Defense

RF No. 265 of June 10, 2001 “On military-historical work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” and No. 79 of February 28, 2005 “On improving educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.”

Order No. 265 dated June 10*, 2001, in particular, states: “The use of military-historical knowledge in the education of military personnel is carried out in order to develop their ability to realize and deeply understand their military duty and personal responsibility for the defense of the Fatherland. It is carried out within the framework of the performance of official duties by the relevant commanders (chiefs) together with the educational authorities of the Armed Forces in the course of studying the military history of the Fatherland in the system of public and state training, as well as carrying out events to promote it through the popularization of the heroic deeds of Russian soldiers, the activities of outstanding commanders and military leaders"1.

Historical objects located in the collections and exhibitions of military museums are the material basis for conducting military historical work and contribute to a more substantive formation of patriotism among Russian soldiers.

Order No. 79 of February 28, 2005 noted that cultural and leisure activities are part of the complex of educational work organized in the RF Armed Forces. One of the forms of cultural and leisure activities is military personnel visiting museums on weekends and holidays.

In addition, the order contains a provision that commanders of all levels must take measures to develop and update the exhibitions of military museums, museum-type formations, and rooms of military glory. For their effective work, appropriate councils must be elected2.

To implement these provisions into practice, it is necessary to closely study the relevant experience of the activities of military command and control bodies, the military museum network, accumulated in the period from 1918 to 1991.

1 See: Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 265 of June 10, 2001 “On military-historical work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.” - M., 2001. - P. 3-4.

2 See: Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 79 of February 28, 2005 “On improving educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.” - M., 2005. - P. 15-16.

Thirdly, by increasing the role of military museums in the education, education and cultural services of military personnel and members of their families.

Fourthly, the need to improve the activities of state and military administration bodies, educational structures in the field of cultural services for personnel of the Russian Armed Forces based on the experience accumulated by domestic military museums.

Fifthly, increasing public attention to objects of material culture of military activity and life of the domestic armed forces, stored in military museums, and the possibility of their use in the patriotic education of the younger generation.

The relevance and insufficient degree of development of the problem determined the choice of topic, determined the object, subject, scientific problem, chronological framework, purpose and objectives of this dissertation research.

The object of the study is domestic military museums in the period 1918-1991. The author considers it necessary to note that only those institutions that were under the jurisdiction of the military department will be considered as military museums. Museums of other ministries, which stored, among others, objects of military activity and everyday life (culture, internal affairs, state security, etc.), were not included in the object of the study.

The subject of the study is the activities of state and military administration bodies, museum management in the formation and development of a network of military museums, the organization of their cultural and educational work with military personnel during the period under review.

Justification of the chronological framework of the study.

The events of October 1917 marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of national statehood, which was associated with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, who oriented the country towards building the world's first socialist state. For its armed defense, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on January 15 (28), 1918 adopted a decree on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), and on January 29 (February 11), 1918 - on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF) . From that moment on, military museums of the Soviet Republic were focused on working with military personnel of the Red Army and the Red Army.

On December 8, 1991, the heads of the republics of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus, in the agreement they signed, announced the termination of the existence of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Along with the collapse of the Soviet Union, its Armed Forces and military museum network ceased to exist, the activities of which were primarily aimed at the education and cultural services of military personnel of the Soviet army and navy.

The scientific problem of the dissertation research is to comprehensively explore and summarize the historical experience of the activities of state and military bodies, museum management in the formation and development of the network of military museums in the country, the organization of their work on cultural services for military personnel in the period from 1918 to 1991, to identify characteristic features and trends, formulate scientific conclusions, historical lessons and practical recommendations.

The purpose of the work is to carry out a systematic and comprehensive study of the activities of state and military authorities, museum management on the creation and development of a network of military museums, the organization of their cultural and educational work with military personnel during the period under review, to draw scientifically based conclusions, to formulate historical lessons, practical recommendations and trends in the development of military museums of the Russian Federation.

To achieve this goal, the dissertation candidate formulated the following main research objectives.

1. Assess the degree of development of the problem and characterize the source base of the research.

2. Determine the role of Soviet military museums in the education of military personnel, taking into account the previous experience of the military museum network of Imperial Russia.

3. Research the activities of state and military authorities to create and improve the legal and organizational foundations of military museums during the period under review.

4. Reveal the work of military museums in providing cultural services to army and navy personnel in the period from 1918 to 1991.

5. Analyze the popularization and publishing work of military museums during the period under study.

6. Draw scientifically based conclusions, formulate historical lessons arising from the activities of domestic military museums in 1918-1991, practical recommendations for further study and use of the results of the dissertation research, development trends of military museums of the Russian Federation.

The dissertation author proposes the following research concept.

The revolutionary events of October 1917 and the creation in January 1918 of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and then the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet, determined the new content of the activities of military museums and served as the starting point of the Soviet stage in the development of military museums.

During the Civil War and foreign military intervention (1917-1920), government and military authorities made efforts to preserve the rich historical and cultural heritage stored in military museums, as well as to create a fundamentally new military museum network, which should was to become involved in the education and cultural service of command and rank and file personnel in the spirit of the new ideology.

In the interwar years (1921-June 1941), the foundations for the legal and organizational development of the Soviet military museum network were laid, and the tasks and directions of its development were determined. During this period, the material base of existing military museums was significantly strengthened, and the construction of new ones began. These processes took place under the control of party, state and military authorities.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 became a test of the strength of the created Soviet military museum network. The experience of military museums in solving the tasks assigned to them confirmed the correctness of the position that their role in educational and cultural work with soldiers of the army and navy was very significant.

The functioning of military museums in the USSR in the post-war years was closely linked to the need to collect and preserve documents and materials showing the greatness of the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, improving the legal and organizational structure, material and technical base, and building new museums.

With the development of the country, quantitative and qualitative changes in the Soviet Armed Forces, state and military authorities adjusted the tasks of military museums in the field of educating soldiers. The main directions were to instill high discipline among personnel, the desire to master weapons and military equipment, loyalty to the military oath, respect for their history and the heroic traditions of the Armed Forces.

Late 1980s-early 1990s. were marked by turbulent processes that took place in Russian history. During this period, two trends emerged in the development of military museums. On the one hand, the lifting of bans for ideological reasons, openness, and accessibility to previously unknown sources made it possible to expand the exhibition complexes of military history museums and “saturate” them with new museum objects.

On the other hand, the transition to market economic relations and the lack of proper attention from the state led to the fact that many military museums became unprofitable enterprises. The consequence of this was the deteriorating material fund, the departure of qualified employees, the rental of their space to commercial organizations, the transformation of military museums in some cases into warehouses, dormitories, etc.

Military museums of the Soviet period conducted active cultural and educational work among military personnel and members of their families. It was aimed at promoting moral and aesthetic education, establishing glorious military traditions in military groups, raising the cultural level, and participating in the organization of meaningful leisure for military personnel.

The generalized experience of military museums of the Soviet period in the education and cultural services of military personnel can be used in the practice of the modern military museum network.

The structure of the dissertation includes an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature, and appendices.

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Chapter Conclusions

In the period from 1918 to 1991, domestic military museums carried out popularization and publishing work, which significantly influenced the quality of cultural services to visitors.

Popularization work focused on those people who had insufficient knowledge about a particular museum and its work. Its main goal was to provide primary information about the museum, its objects and collections and to attract as many visitors as possible to the museum halls. The publishing work, in turn, was aimed at a trained audience who sought to obtain additional information about the museum and its activities. Its goal was to systematize, expand and deepen knowledge about various aspects of museum activities, and exchange experience in museum work.

The first provisions concerning the conduct of popularization and publishing work by military museums were reflected in legal documents that regulated the activities of the military museum network in the 1920-1930s.

The work of military museums to popularize their funds and collections in the 1920-1930s. was quite specific and meaningful. A large place in it was devoted to cooperation between museum groups and representatives of the media. This made it possible to expand the possibilities for information support of various areas of museum activity and cultural events.

Starting from the 1950-1960s, military museums began to actively use the possibilities of cinema in their popularization work, which implied, firstly, cooperation with the country’s central film studios in the production of informational and educational products, and, secondly, the creation of these goals of their own film studios.

An important event that influenced the expansion of the geography of the popularization work of military museums was the entry of the USSR into

International Council of Museums (ICOM) in 1957. This made it possible to establish a mutual exchange of experience in this area with their foreign colleagues.

In the second half of the 1980s. changing political4 and socio-economic conditions have made changes in the work of military museums to popularize their objects and collections. This was expressed, on the one hand, in the strengthening of the technical base for its implementation, the acquisition of the right by museum teams to independently choose the forms and methods of popularization work, and, on the other hand, in a reduction in government funding, which led to a decrease in its efficiency indicators.

The publishing work of military museums during the period under review was a set of activities for the production of printed materials, which reflected important issues of museum activity. The direction of its development was the transition from the publication of small-circulation literature of one or two types (guidebooks, catalogues) to the publication of literature in large volumes and many types (catalogues, guidebooks, booklets, brochures, its own periodicals, etc.).

When organizing it in the first years after the October Revolution of 1917, military museums adopted the relevant experience of the military museum network of Imperial Russia.

Despite the fact that the issues of publishing work of military museums were reflected in legal documents that appeared in the 1920-1930s, in practice it developed at an insufficient pace. The reasons for this were the weak material and technical base of military museums, the lack of qualified personnel, and the lack of proper attention to publishing work on the part of museum management.

In the 1940-1960s. There was an increase in the volume of publishing work of military museums, which was associated with the creation of editorial and publishing groups in their staffs. Their main task was the preparation and production of printed materials corresponding to the profile of the museum and areas of activity. One of the types of printed publications published during this period were guides to military museums, which played a big role in educational and cultural work with military personnel.

In the 1950s The largest Soviet military museums began to prepare and publish their own printed periodicals, which became a platform for discussing the most important issues of museum activity. A significant amount of space on the pages of the publications was devoted to covering various aspects of cultural and educational work with visitors.

In the 1970-1980s. orders of the USSR Ministry of Defense were issued, which adjusted the goals and objectives of publishing work in accordance with the realities of the time. In addition, large military museums issued a number of internal documents that specified the procedure for preparing and publishing printed materials.

Significant changes in the publishing work of military museums occurred in the second half of the 1980s. The weakening of military censorship, the acquisition of high-quality printing equipment and technology, and the expansion of the independence of military museums in the planning and production of printed materials were supposed to bring the publishing work of military museums to a qualitatively new level. However, this was prevented by the collapse of the Soviet Union and its military museum network.

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Report by the chairman of the Synodal Department for interaction with the Armed Forces and law enforcement agencies, Archpriest Sergius Privalov: “Pastoration and clergy in the troops. The role of the personality of a military clergyman in the spiritual and moral education of military personnel.”

Service of the military clergy on modern stage development of the Armed Forces raises pressing questions for the Church on understanding the role of the clergy in the troops, ways to improve spiritual and moral education and assessing the effectiveness of pastoral work.

Russian Orthodox Church is aware of his spiritual responsibility and strives to convey to every person the light of the Gospel Truth: “And having lit a candle, they do not put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick, and it gives light to everyone in the house” (Matthew 5:15).

Currently close attention society towards representatives of the Church becomes not just obvious, but is the subject of a struggle for the souls of people. Opponents of Orthodoxy, looking for disorder and spiritual weakness of a particular person ordained to the priesthood, are trying to discredit the entirety of the Church, which consists primarily of the celestials - the angels of the Church, who have already acquired the right to constantly praise the Lord, as well as people who have taken the path of Christian good deeds , but due to the weakness of the forces, they stumble and rise for further battle with the forces of evil in high places. The head of the Church is the Savior of the world – our Lord Jesus Christ.

Pastoral service in the army is the service of an individual who has dedicated himself to God. All the attention of the military personnel is directed to the military clergyman, not only because of his black cassock and cross, which is unusual for the military class, but primarily because of the unusual nature of his service, which is mysterious, not always clear, stands out from ordinary military life and those tasks which are carried out daily by military personnel.

A military priest is not just in everyone’s sight, they want to see Christ and holiness in him, to which they would like to strive and find the meaning of their life. If only believers gather in parish churches, then a military unit is a group of like-minded people who perform a single combat mission, but in their own worldview can relate to the most different groups, currents religious views, stand on different levels churching and participation in religious sacraments and rituals.

There's no need to talk about it the highest level responsibility of a military clergyman to observe moral and moral standards, which should be inherent to any citizen of our state. It's about about the manifestation of qualities characteristic of the holy fathers of the Church and, first of all, about clergy.

A military priest must become not only a good shepherd who performs the established Divine Services, preaches correctly, conducts continuous educational and spiritual-moral work, participates in social and patriotic events, helps the command in eradicating negative phenomena in the army environment, but first of all must be a man of prayer – a spiritual father, whose sacred mission should be the spiritual core of the military formation.

We are talking about spiritual warfare or spiritual war, which began even before the creation of the world with the fall of the angels and continues here on earth throughout the existence of civilization. The struggle for the human soul, for its choice of moving towards God or towards the devil, never stops. There are large and small victories, temporary retreats and advances, but the result of everything remains unity with God or retreat from Him. In this fight, the prayer of the priest-confessor for the child he flocks is main work clergyman.

Invisible warfare, but clearly felt by the soul of a soldier, for whom his relatives, parents, colleagues and spiritual father pray, is his real life. External events only replace the surroundings of the struggle for the main thing - the acquisition of the Holy Spirit of God.

“Achieve a peaceful spirit, and thousands around you will be saved,” said Venerable Seraphim Sarovsky. This order of the holy elder should be considered a motto for the entire corps of military clergy.

The role of the individual clergyman sometimes becomes a key element of pastoral service in the army. On the one hand, the authority of the shepherd and his spiritual qualities are an attractive force for military personnel. The desire to see a friend, colleague, and good interlocutor in a priest invites him to enter into the sphere of relationships that are poorly consistent with his vocation - serving God. Priorities in shepherding are shifting to the spiritual rather than the spiritual component. Prayer and inner work fade into the background. And this does not always happen at the will of the clergyman himself. The whole complex of tasks that have to be solved makes the military shepherd an administrator, an organizer, a builder, a disciplined executor of the will of the command, shifting the emphasis in his activities towards socially significant events.

The initial stage of training in the military team ends, and questions arise to which it is not always easy to give unambiguous answers. What is the return on investment in the churching of military personnel, what percentage of total number personnel attend services, lectures and conversations on Orthodox topics conducted by a clergyman? In what quantities can it be measured? inner world in a team with the arrival of a clergyman? How many suicide incidents have been prevented by the assistant commander's efforts to work with faith-based military personnel?

We, as specialists in the field of organizing the activities of the military clergy, will have to formulate general approaches to assessing pastoral work, but the highest measure will remain the conscience of the priest and God’s judgment on our service. I would like the measure of our strengths and capabilities to coincide with God’s providence about the ways of laying down our souls for our friends.

It seems important in this audience to remind representatives of the military command about the share of responsibility that God has assigned to those holding power. Not only the fulfillment of assigned combat missions depends on the role of the commander - chief in the process of spiritual and moral education, but also, first of all, the fate of a person who is at that age when everything good is still absorbed like a sponge, but also everything bad is deposited in the soul for life through moral or immoral attitudes and formed behavioral stereotypes.

It is easy for us to remember our military youth, when copying methods of action to manage cadet units was part of the style of behavior, flesh and blood for many years of life. It would be good if the teachers were highly moral and spiritually mature commanders. These skills should be learned throughout one’s life, and when taking responsibility for the fate of others, one should take into account not only the physical, but also the spiritual life of subordinates, which is many times more valuable. The life of the spirit is eternal, and everyone involved in the formation of a warrior of the Russian state should worry about it.

Spiritual and moral enlightenment is not a set of sayings from the texts of the Holy Scripture, it is, first of all, a personal example of observing the commandments of God and joining the grace-filled gifts of the Church of Christ, enlightening the soul and transforming the body. The path of all life is the path of knowing God within your heart. And in this field it is impossible to be alone, without the advice, guidance and prayer of a confessor.

Can a military priest be the confessor of the entire military team? How many spiritual children can he lead to God, protect from the corruption of this world? Can we hope that 10–12 warriors who regularly communicate with the priest and participate in Divine Services will have sufficient potential to become the “salt” of the military brotherhood?

The Lord likens His disciples to salt, which preserves the human race from moral decay: “You are the salt of the earth,” and adds: “If the salt loses its strength, then how will you make it salty?” (Matt. 5:13).

Fundamental theological questions require fundamental knowledge and pastoral experience. It cannot be obtained only at an educational institution. The growth of the spirit in a military priest must be a constant process, where humility, obedience and the fight against sinful passions produces spiritual fruit - a state of Divine love, which “is long-suffering, merciful, does not envy, does not exalt itself, is not proud, does not act outrageously, does not seek its own, does not is irritated, does not think evil, does not rejoice in untruth, but rejoices in the truth; covers all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never fails” (1 Cor. 13:4-8). It has its source in God Himself, who is Love (1 John 4:26).

What demands does time place on the military clergy? The mission of the Church in the Army has never been so favorable. On the one hand, the exacerbation of all the contradictions of modern unspiritual civilization, roughly oriented not at raising man to the image and likeness of God, but at reducing him to a state of madness and consumption of everything that harms the soul. On the other hand, the question of meaning is becoming more and more obvious to the sensible part of humanity. human life, questions of good and evil, honesty and justice, Divine purpose and personal choice of spiritual paradigm. Where, if not in the Army, and even on the brink of a large-scale war, with a constant threat to life, a person must sober up and return to true spiritual values, rethink his life and behavior, uniting in prayer with God and consciously standing up for the defense of the Fatherland, which is being reborn for serving God.

The Russian Army today is second in the world in terms of military potential after the United States. And in terms of the fairness of goals and objectives and the spiritual potential that restrains satanic aggression, it is certainly the first in the world. At the present stage of development of the Armed Forces, the military clergy is increasingly asserting its potential. The development of military-church relations develops into collaboration, where the role priest-confessor will only increase. Our task is to prepare for serious and intense work and to live up to the mission that God has prepared for us.

Defense in the country depends on the state of the army. It operates solely for defensive purposes. Universal conscription – basic key moment in the existence of the army. Russia and its entire territory belong to just such a state. All links in the formation of the army and the defense system as a whole ensure the security of all citizens and the entire country. Ensuring conscription into the army is the main task of military commissariats. Military commissariats are classified as military registration and enlistment offices. The specialists working in this structure are an important link in the entire chain of defense capability in the country. It would be wrong if military registration and enlistment office employees were not recognized in the country. For this reason, one of the approved public holidays is dedicated to them and their work - the holiday of military commissariats and their employees, approved by the Decree.

More from the Soviet government on April 8, 1918. There are many reasons for the approval of the holiday. The main one is, of course, the formation of the Red Army. At that time, these were volost, district, and gubernatorial military commissariats, which, merging one into another, formed one main district commissariat for military affairs in the country.

Their main task is to prepare young men of conscription age to join the army and learn how to carry out compulsory military service. No matter how military commissariats are now called, and plenipotentiary representatives of the army and military commissars, they all talk about one thing, this is the main soldier’s structure, founded to recruit citizens into the army for military service. After all, it is from here that every newly called youth begins his service. This is where many military retirees turn for help in difficult times. They come here with last hope front-line veterans are also helping,

This is probably the main reason why a holiday dedicated to military registration and enlistment office workers appeared on the calendar, which is celebrated annually on April 8th.

Today, the number of military commissariats has increased significantly. More and more branches of military registration and enlistment offices are opening. But, at the same time, they all belong to the Russian Ministry of Defense, through the interaction of the main organizational and mobilization department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Military registration and enlistment offices are a network of structures whose main task is to fulfill the defense mission of the state. In close cooperation with local executive authorities, the work of military registration and enlistment offices is aimed at developing implementation plans to ensure the mobilization of citizens and transport resources throughout their jurisdiction. This applies to military registration and enlistment offices of district territorial bodies, regional and city. Even if they are reorganized, no one can cancel the tasks of the country's armed forces. Their main goal remains the same. That is, provision reliable protection citizens, the state and its entire territory. The armed forces must, under any conditions, receive the necessary contingent for conscription for military service.

A whole range of important tasks follows from this. The main ones are the organization and maintenance of strict records, the organization of the conscription of citizens, the compilation of a reserve fund for military personnel. And also, assigning reserves and reservations to enterprises. All measures are designed to protect the state and are carried out in the interests of the Armed Forces and military formations in the country.
Now the main goal of military commissariats is to provide citizens with a decent defense force, and the state with the mobilization of all the necessary resources for serving in the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces. In addition, military registration and enlistment offices are engaged in the selection of candidates for admission to educational establishments Related military service and defense. They exercise control over the performance of service by citizens who have volunteered to serve under a contract. Also, military registration and enlistment offices take part in the education of young people, instilling in them patriotism, providing and social protection military personnel in reserve. In general, they deal with everyone's vital needs important issues, in relation to conscripts, those who have served, reserve military personnel and in relation to those in the reserve, who have retired.

Almost a hundred years have passed since military commissariats arose. A lot has changed over these years. The entire history of the development of the country's Armed Forces is connected with the day of the formation of military registration and enlistment offices. The military registration and enlistment office, as before, make a great contribution to the development of the state’s defense capability. No matter how times change, protecting the country has always remained the most important task, in which military registration and enlistment offices occupy one of the main places.

History of military commissariats

The history of the emergence of military registration and enlistment offices begins a long time ago. It takes a long period of time, starting from the time of formation Soviet Union and to this day.

But, if we go even deeper, we can say with confidence that the first military registration and enlistment office appeared during the reign of Peter the Great. It was during his reign that the first regular troops were created. At that time, this option was not taken seriously. The emergence of a regular army was called more amusing troops than the defense of the country. It was 1687, many years had passed before the real Armed Forces emerged. First, in 1699, Russia introduced the so-called conscription troops, which were finally approved only in 1705. From that moment on, the development of defense and the emergence of regular troops began to develop, which was the reason that already in 1716 Peter the Great created the first decree in the history of Russia on a regular army. And 4 years later, by the end of 1720, the decree of Peter the Great was supplemented with decrees regarding naval troops, which was named as such, the naval decree of the regular army of Peter the Great.
At that time, history remembers that war is only a matter of aristocrats. But after some time, nobles, merchants, paying citizens and members of the clergy were exempted from urgent compulsory service. In this regard, only townspeople and peasants were drafted into the army. At the same time, the period of service in the army was, neither more nor less, only 25 years.

Since then, the army has undergone systematic changes and reforms. The first army reform took place in 1874. The founder who became - D.A. Milyutin. He introduced universal conscription, which applied to the entire male population in the state. At that time, the word recruit was replaced by new recruit. It was at that moment that the need arose to create bodies that would deal with issues related to the recruitment of the army. First, military presences were formed, that is, the predecessors of the current military registration and enlistment offices.
IN Soviet time, military service was voluntary. But, with the emergence civil war, it became clear that the country could not do without a compulsory army. Since then, military service has remained mandatory for men of a certain age. Military presences replaced military commissariats. Their role was considered the most significant. They not only provided the army with personnel, but also trained those mobilized, bringing them to full readiness to serve for the good of the Motherland.

After the end of the war, military obedience became mandatory for every male citizen. Conscription was approved by law. One law was adopted for all - compulsory conscription of young men at the age of 18. At the same time, the service life in the army was 2-3 years. This was stated in the presidential decree of the Russian Armed Forces of May 7, 1992. A year later, the main decree of the country's president was changed. Citizens of the male contingent aged from 18 to 278 years can be called up for military service in the army. This means that if a young man cannot repay his debt to his homeland in the ranks of the army at 18, then he will always have time to do this before the age of 27. At the same time, for almost 15 years, the service life was set at 2 years, but due to the reduction since 2008, it was already only 12 months.

Innovations came out only in 2002, when a mandatory period of service in the army was established at 18-21 months. And more recently, in the defense field, a military reform. Associated with her mass layoffs to the reserve of military registration and enlistment office workers who no longer wear military uniform and are ordinary citizens of Russia, even despite the fact that there is military service, which involves serving not only in wartime, but also in peacetime.