17th century portrait.
Stefan Batory (1533-1586) - Polish commander and king (1576-1586), son of the Transylvanian prince. Stephen IV. Studied at the University of Padua. In 1571 -1576 - Transylvanian prince. Elected to the Polish kingship at the insistence of the middle-class gentry. In 1579 - 1582 he took part in Livonian War
1558 -1583 and inflicted a number of sensitive defeats on the Russians, nullifying all the conquests of Ivan the Terrible in Livonia. After the unsuccessful siege of Pskov (1381 -1388), he was forced to conclude a truce with Russia (Peace of Yam-Zapolsky). He strove to strengthen royal power, fought against magnates, and supported the Catholic clergy and Jesuits in the fight against the reform movement. Died during preparations for war with Russia. Batory Stefan (27.9.1533 - 12.12.1586, Grodno), king (from 1576) and military leader Poland
. In 1579-1582 he took part in the Livonian War of 1558-1583. Through skillful maneuvering he achieved a number of victories over the Russians. troops: capture of Polotsk (1579), Velikiye Luki (1580). The unsuccessful siege of Pskov (Aug. 1581 - Feb. 1582) forced Batory to conclude a truce with the Russian government (January 15, 1582) for a period of 10 years. When recruiting the army, Batory abandoned the gentry's militia and widely used mercenaries, Ch. arr. Hungarians and Germans, tried to create a standing army by recruiting soldiers from the royal estates.
Used materials from the Soviet Military Encyclopedia in 8 volumes, vol. 1
Stefan Batory (1533-1586) - Prince.
Ivan the Terrible, in a letter to Stefan Batory, more than once hinted that he was a vassal of the Turkish Sultan (for example: “what you ask for a rise, and that is inserted from the Bessermen custom: such requests are asked of the Tatars, but in the Khrestian states this is not done... "), which caused a sharp response from Batory: "How dare you remind us so often of the lack of antimony, you, who interfered with your blood with us, whose progenitors (ancestors) licked the mare's milk that fell on the manes of the Tatar scales (mares) ... "
Book material used: Heinrich Staden. Notes of a German guardsman.
Compilation and comments by Ph.D. S.Yu. Shokareva, M., 2002
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Whipper R. Yu. Ivan the Terrible. - M-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1944. - 160 p. - (Popular science series). / 3rd updated edition. Circulation 5000 copies. Chapter
Stefan Batory as one of the most consistent and determined opponents of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the Livonian War (1558-1583). Largely thanks to his efforts and the gift of leadership of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it was possible to reduce to zero all the successes of the Russian troops and impose a difficult treaty on Moscow, which deprived the country of access to the sea for more than a hundred years.
documented murders ever committed by a woman. Over the course of 25 years, she personally sent about seven hundred people to the next world.
early years
Very little information remains about the childhood of Stefan Batory. One can only assume that his upbringing was not much different from what representatives of noble dynasties gave their offspring. He was born on September 27, 1533, while his father, Istvan, was acting as Hungarian palatine - effectively second in command to the king. It is known that at the age of 16 Stefan studied at the University of Padua, but, apparently, he was of little interest in science. Already in his youth, Batory showed an inclination towards military affairs.
In the 16th century, Hungary, experiencing a constant threat of attack from the Turks, was increasingly drawn into the sphere of influence of the Holy Roman Empire. Its ruler, Ferdinand, bore the title of Hungarian king from 1526. It was to him that Stefan Batory went to serve. Europe, split by contradictions between the largest states, was experiencing in those years difficult times. In addition to the Reformation covering ever larger territories, it was necessary to constantly defend against the power that was at its zenith Ottoman Empire. It was in the army of Emperor Ferdinand that Stephen first encountered the Turks. However, the young warrior had to face royal ingratitude. In 1553 he was captured. The emperor refused to pay a ransom for him.
Change of sovereign
As a result of numerous victories, the Turks were able to create a kingdom dependent on the Ottoman Empire on part of the Hungarian territory. The Turkish protege Janos Zapolyai was placed on the throne. After Ferdinand refused to pay the ransom, Batory offered his services to Janos. He, who needed noble and strong supporters, agreed.
But Bathory had to leave the military craft for some time. He received the position of Ambassador of Zapolya. One of his diplomatic missions was sent to Vienna, and there he fell directly into the hands of Ferdinand. Since it was impossible to execute the ambassador, the emperor put him under house arrest, in which Batory spent two years. During this time, he improved the knowledge acquired at the university: he read a lot, especially the works of ancient historians.
Entry into Transylvania
The emperor still had to free his prisoner. Upon his return to Transylvania, Batory discovered that the local nobility treated him with sympathy. He wasted no time and established close relationships with many influential people. This helped a lot a few years later.
Janos Zapolya had no children, so the question of succession to the throne was very pressing. The prince had a negative attitude towards Batory's growing popularity and even suspected him of treason. After much deliberation, he decided to appoint treasurer Kaspar Bekes as his successor. But after the death of the prince in 1571, the nobility unanimously demanded that Bekesh renounce his rights. Stefan Batory was elected prince. The treasurer tried to resist and even organized several uprisings, but in 1575 Batory finally defeated his troops and confiscated all his possessions.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
In the neighboring state, formed as a result of the union between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a curious system of replacing the throne was established. Local lords did not want the establishment of the power of one dynasty, so upon the death of one king, elections were held. Batory first thought about the possibility of taking the Polish throne in 1573, but the French prince Henry of Valois won the election. But he could not stay on the throne: the autocracy of the gentry, a different culture and a complex political situation in France became the reasons why Henry secretly left the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1575. The gentry was forced to announce new elections.
King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
After Henry's flight, three powerful monarchs laid claim to the Polish throne: the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible and Stefan Batory. Poland, which suffered heavy losses in the Livonian War, needed a leader capable of breaking the chain of failures. The candidacy of Ivan the Terrible suited some of the gentry, since his election made further fighting. But the Polish Senate chose Maximilian. The gentry opposed this, realizing that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth risked losing its independence under the scepter of the emperor. As a result of an agreement between the Senate and the gentry in 1576, Stefan Batory was elected to the Polish throne with the condition of marrying the sister of the former king Sigismund.
Batory immediately showed a tough temper. The magnates, who took advantage of the period of kinglessness to strengthen their power, did not want to take into account the opinion of the king. King Stefan Batory, with the support of the middle and minor nobility, launched a decisive attack on the power of the magnates. Immediately after ascending the throne, he invaded the city of Bansk, where the local nobility especially persistently sought the election of Maximilian. The king's most stubborn opponents were executed.
Reforms of Stefan Batory
New King sought to attach the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to European science. On his initiative, the Vilna Academy opened in 1578. Batory contributed to the spread of colleges of the Jezu Order in the country, famous for their organizational skills, as well as for their success in spreading education.
Another important undertaking of the king was the creation of an organization of Zaporozhye Cossacks. He endowed them with lands, allowed them to independently choose a hetman, reserving the right to hand over power insignia to him. The Cossack army subsequently formed an important part of Stefan Batory's troops.
Foreign policy
Batory inherited the Livonian War from King Sigismund. Ivan the Terrible, annoyed by his defeat, did not want to make peace. The army created as a result of Batory's reforms quickly showed the Russian Tsar his mistake. Already in 1577, the king recaptured Dinaburg and Wenden, and then Polotsk and Velikiye Luki, moving the war to Russian territories. Special page in military history became the siege of Pskov by King Stefan Batory. Its capture would have opened the way to the inner regions of the Muscovite kingdom, but the heroic resistance of the city’s defenders thwarted the king’s plans to quickly end the war on his terms. While Stefan Batory continued to stand near Pskov, Ivan the Terrible took an unexpected diplomatic step. He invited the papal legate Antonio Possevino as a mediator. In 1582, Stefan Batory signed the Yam-Zapolsky Treaty, according to which Rus' ceded all the captured lands in Livonia, but retained the original Russian cities.
Last years and death
At the end of his reign, Batory was busy strengthening the Lithuanian borders and even planned to move the capital to Vilna. At the same time, he worked to create a large anti-Turkish coalition, but when the troops were assembled and ready to go on a campaign, the king suddenly died. This happened on December 12, 1586.
The death of Batory the day before was so important event caused rumors in society about his violent death. To establish the truth, an autopsy was performed - the first in Eastern Europe. However, it was not possible to prove poisoning.
Polish king (since 1575) and Grand Duke Lithuanian (1576-1586), son of Stephen IV, voivode of Transylvania.
Studied at the University of Padua. In 1571-1576 - Transylvanian prince.
After the flight of King Henry of Valois in 1574, a period of kinglessness began in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Orthodox Western Russian gentry (among whom Krzysztof Grajewski stood out) nominated Tsar Ivan IV as candidates for the Polish crown - in order to conclude a union with the Moscow state and conduct a joint struggle against the Turks and Crimean Tatars. Then, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and the Austrian Archduke Ernst were nominated as candidates, who also adhered to the course of fighting Turkey and were supported by Moscow.
The Turkish Sultan sent a letter to the gentry demanding that they not elect Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II as king, and Stefan Batory was named as one of the contenders.
The Tatar raid in September-October 1575 on the eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Podolia, Volhynia and Chervonnaya Rus) pushed the middle-class gentry to the candidacy of Batory. At her insistence, it was he who was elected king of Poland. In 1576, members of the electoral Diet of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) proclaimed the Transylvanian prince and king of Poland Stefan Batory as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Stefan was Hungarian by nationality, but national languages He had almost no control over the population under his control and spoke to his subjects in Latin, the language in which he studied at the Italian university.
Domestic policy
He strove to strengthen royal power, fought against magnates, supported the Catholic clergy and Jesuits in confrontation reform movements. For some time he was an ally of Turkey, then participated in the creation of an anti-Turkish league. He was one of the most determined and successful military opponents of the Moscow state.
"Of the internal reforms introduced by Batory in Poland, the organization of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, to whom he gave proper organization, allocated lands, allowed them to choose the hetman and all the military authorities themselves, reserving to the king the right to endow the hetman with a banner, “mace” and seal and approve him after taking the oath of allegiance. Wanting to restore not only the political, but also spiritual world in Poland, Batory tried to bring dissidents to an agreement with Catholicism, for which he never resorted to violence, but tried to act humanely and peacefully."
The king ruled the country without knowing the languages of his subjects (he used Latin), regularly declared his personal commitment to Catholicism, and to implement numerous reforms he constantly needed competent executors. Only an effectively functioning school system could provide him with such people. He saw it among the Jesuits. Therefore, he established the first college for Jesuits in his homeland in Kolozsvár (Kolozsvár, 1579). And then, within 5 years, Jesuit collegiums were founded in Lublin (1581), Polotsk (1582), Riga (1582), Kalisz (1583), Nesvizh (1584), Lvov (1584) and Dorpat (1586). To found collegiums in Grodno and Brest, the province of the order and the king’s lifetime did not have enough human resources.
Due to the focus foreign policy to the east Batory sought to develop infrastructure government controlled within the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, planned to move the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Grodno, where he rebuilt the royal castle, and supported the Jesuits in their desire to create a higher educational institution in ON On April 1, 1579, he issued a privilege, according to which the Jesuit college established in Vilna in 1570 was transformed into the Vilna Academy and University of the Society of Jesus (Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu). The bull of Pope Gregory XIII on October 30, 1579 confirmed the privilege of Stefan Batory, the date of which is considered to be the founding date of Vilnius University.
Outstanding commander
When recruiting the army, Batory abandoned the gentry's militia, widely used mercenaries, mainly Hungarians and Germans, and tried to create a standing army by recruiting soldiers from the royal estates.
Livonian War
In 1579-1582 he took part in the Livonian War (1558-1583) and through skillful maneuvering achieved a number of victories over the troops of the Moscow state, nullifying all the gains of Ivan the Terrible in Livonia. Cavalry detachments from Batory's army occupied the Smolensk and Chernigov regions. But after the unsuccessful siege of Pskov, the king concluded a truce with the Moscow state (Peace of Yam-Zapolsky).
Memory
The university, restored in 1919 in Vilnius, was named after Stefan Batory (Stefan Batory University). Batory's name is given to a street in Vilnius leading from the city center in the direction of Polotsk, and one of the streets in Grodno.
In 1994 in Big yard ensemble of Vilnius University, a memorial tablet was erected in memory of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Batory, founder of the Vilnius Academy and the University of the Society of Jesus, with an inscription on Latin from the 16th-century Polish chronicler Martin Cromer.
Polish king from 1576 to 1586. He came from the Batory family of Shomlio, was the son of Stephen, a Transylvanian governor, and Catherine, born. Telegdi; born September 27, 1533. Very early, in the sixteenth year of his life, he entered military service to Ferdinand, King of Hungary and Czech, and at the same time went to Italy, where he attended the University of Padua. Then B. went into the service of John Sigismund Zapolsky, Prince of Transylvania, and then was captured by the Germans, who kept him locked up for three years. B. devoted this time to improving himself in the sciences. I read books, especially Roman historians. After the death of John in 1571, B. was elected prince of Transylvania and in 1574, after the flight of Henry Valois, he began to think about being elected to the Polish throne. For this purpose, he entered into relations with the famous and powerful family of magnates Zborovsky at that time and, with their help, put forward his candidacy. At the election Diet on January 12, 1575, a division of votes occurred: the Senate proclaimed Emperor Maximilian king, the nobility gave the throne to fifty-year-old Anna Jagiellonka, sister of Sigismund Augustus, and elected Stefan B. as the Polish king with the condition that he marry Anna. Despite Maximilan's protest, Stephen arrived in Krakow, where he was crowned in April 1575.
Hard times for the Polish kings began after the election of Henry Valois, who had to swear allegiance to the so-called Henrician articles (see Henrician articles). The gentry wanted to have as many privileges as possible and tried to burden the king with more responsibilities, while at the same time limiting his rights. In this regard, the main danger was the powerful magnates, who especially strengthened during the time of both last Jagiellons: Sigismund the Old and Sigismund Augustus. In view of this state of affairs, B. decided to rely on the middle nobility, with the help of which he could fight the magnates. Despite the services of the Zborowskis in electing him to the throne, he immediately left them aside upon his arrival in Krakow, and among the nobles he distinguished the talented and educated Jan Zamoyski, made him sub-chancellor, and then, a few years later, convinced that the choice was good, gave him the office seal, the hetman's mace and the hand of his niece Griselda. Regarding magnates and generally rebellious B. boldly and energetically carried out his plan; First of all, in 1576 he took the rich and powerful city of Bansk, which favored Emperor Maximilian. He frightened the magnates by executing Samuil Zborovsky and accusing Christopher Zborovsky of treason, which the Sejm itself, that is, the magnates themselves, had to admit.
Of the internal reforms introduced by Batory in Poland, the organization of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, which he gave the correct organization, endowed with lands, allowed them to choose the hetman and all military authorities, leaving to the king the right to endow the hetman with a banner, “mace” and seal and approve it after taking the oath of allegiance. Wanting to restore not only political, but also spiritual peace in Poland, B. tried to bring dissidents to an agreement with Catholicism, for which, however, he never resorted to violence, but tried to act humanely and peacefully. For this purpose, he resorted to the Jesuits, seeing in them people who could successfully act in this case. Soon, however, B. could be convinced that he had made a mistake: the order began to interfere excessively in political issues. B.'s concerns regarding education were expressed, among other things, in the final organization of the Vilna Academy (1578).
In governing the country, B. had to experience many difficulties arising from the selfishness of the gentry, who thought only of themselves, not completely understanding that they were preparing a sad future for their fatherland. B. is known for his fight against Tsar Ivan the Terrible, who occupied Livonia, or the so-called Inflants in Poland; in 1577 Batory moved troops to protect the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the same year returned Dinaburg and Wenden. Then he entered the Russian borders, besieged and took Polotsk, Velikiye Luki and besieged Pskov. This city, bravely defended by the Russians, detained the Poles for a long time, and meanwhile the papal legate Possevin, with the assistance of the Jesuits, who harbored the hope that they would be able to convert Ivan Vasilyevich to Catholicism, began to urge Poland to make peace with Russia. Indeed, in 1582 the Peace of Zapolye took place, according to which “Inflants” and Polotsk remained with Poland; Despite these favorable conditions, Poland lost a lot by agreeing to end the war. B. has now taken up the internal organization of the lands cleared of enemy troops.
He divided Livonia into three presidencies corresponding to the Polish voivodeships, namely: Pernava, Wenden and Dorpat. In general, B.'s reign had a beneficial significance for Poland, and he himself was the kind of king that the Polish state, which had already begun to disintegrate, needed. It is possible that B. would have diverted Poland from the fate that befell her for a long time, if his reign had not been so short-lived; meanwhile, he fell ill already in 1586 and after a serious illness died in Grodno, at a moment when the country was preparing for a new big war, namely with Turkey, against which a strong Central European coalition was formed with Poland at its head.
Polish king (from 1575) and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586), son of Stephen IV, governor of Transylvania.
Studied at the University of Padua. In 1571-1576 - Transylvanian prince.
After the flight of King Henry of Valois in 1574, a period of kinglessness began in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Orthodox Western Russian gentry (among whom Krzysztof Grajewski stood out) nominated Tsar Ivan IV as candidates for the Polish crown - in order to conclude a union with the Moscow state and conduct a joint struggle against the Turks and Crimean Tatars. Then, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and the Austrian Archduke Ernst were nominated as candidates, who also adhered to the course of fighting Turkey and were supported by Moscow.
The Turkish Sultan sent a letter to the gentry demanding that they not elect Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II as king, and Stefan Batory was named as one of the contenders.
The Tatar raid in September-October 1575 on the eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Podolia, Volhynia and Chervonnaya Rus) pushed the middle-class gentry to the candidacy of Batory. At her insistence, it was he who was elected king of Poland. In 1576, members of the electoral Diet of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) proclaimed the Transylvanian prince and king of Poland Stefan Batory as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Stefan was Hungarian by nationality, but he almost did not speak the national languages of the population under his control and spoke to his subjects in Latin, in which he studied at the Italian university.
Domestic policy
He strove to strengthen royal power, fought against magnates, and supported the Catholic clergy and Jesuits in opposing reform movements. For some time he was an ally of Turkey, then participated in the creation of an anti-Turkish league. He was one of the most determined and successful military opponents of the Moscow state.
“Of the internal reforms introduced by Batory in Poland, the structure of the Zaporozhye Cossacks is especially noteworthy, to whom he gave the correct organization, endowed them with lands, allowed them to choose the hetman and all military authorities themselves, reserving to the king the right to endow the hetman with a banner, “mace” and seal and approval him after taking the oath of allegiance. Wanting to restore not only political, but also spiritual peace in Poland, Batory tried to bring dissidents to an agreement with Catholicism, for which, however, he never resorted to violence, but tried to act humanely and peacefully."
The king ruled the country without knowing the languages of his subjects (he used Latin), regularly declared his personal commitment to Catholicism, and to implement numerous reforms he constantly needed competent executors. Only an effectively functioning school system could provide him with such people. He saw it among the Jesuits. Therefore, he established the first college for Jesuits in his homeland in Kolozsvár (Kolozsvár, 1579). And then, within 5 years, Jesuit collegiums were founded in Lublin (1581), Polotsk (1582), Riga (1582), Kalisz (1583), Nesvizh (1584), Lvov (1584) and Dorpat (1586). To found collegiums in Grodno and Brest, the province of the order and the king’s lifetime did not have enough human resources.
In connection with the focus of foreign policy on the east, Batory sought to develop the infrastructure of public administration within the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, planned to move the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Grodno, where he rebuilt the royal castle, and supported the Jesuits in their desire to create a higher educational institution in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On April 1, 1579, he issued a privilege, according to which the Jesuit college established in Vilna in 1570 was transformed into the Vilna Academy and University of the Society of Jesus (Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu). The bull of Pope Gregory XIII on October 30, 1579 confirmed the privilege of Stefan Batory, the date of which is considered to be the founding date of Vilnius University.
Outstanding commander
When recruiting the army, Batory abandoned the gentry's militia, widely used mercenaries, mainly Hungarians and Germans, and tried to create a standing army by recruiting soldiers from the royal estates.
Livonian War
In 1579-1582 he took part in the Livonian War (1558-1583) and through skillful maneuvering achieved a number of victories over the troops of the Moscow state, nullifying all the gains of Ivan the Terrible in Livonia. Cavalry detachments from Batory's army occupied the Smolensk and Chernigov regions. But after the unsuccessful siege of Pskov, the king concluded a truce with the Moscow state (Peace of Yam-Zapolsky).
Memory
The university, restored in 1919 in Vilnius, was named after Stefan Batory (Stefan Batory University). Batory's name is given to a street in Vilnius leading from the city center in the direction of Polotsk, and one of the streets in Grodno.
In 1994, in the Great Courtyard of the Vilnius University ensemble, a memorial tablet was installed in memory of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Batory, the founder of the Vilna Academy and the University of the Society of Jesus, with an inscription in Latin from the 16th-century Polish chronicler Martin Kromer.
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