Analysis of imaginary and true values in the novel "The Master and Margarita".

M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” puts his heroes in front of eternal problems existence, forcing us to think about the meaning and purpose of existence, about true and imaginary values, about the laws of life development.

What are true and imaginary values? True values ​​are what is important always, everywhere and under any conditions. They are the same for all people.

True creativity

Honesty

Freedom of the individual

Imaginary values ​​are an attempt to replace the main and only goal of a person with an auxiliary goal. Their implementation brings evil and misfortune to other people into the world.

"housing problem"

Thirst for personal gain

Betrayal

Death and Time reign on earth, -

Don't call them rulers;

Everything, spinning, disappears into the darkness,

Only the sun of love is motionless.

Love... It is this that gives the novel mystery and uniqueness. she is able to change a lot and withstand various difficulties. It is Margarita who reveals the themes of faith, creativity, love - all that from which true life grows. Love moved Margarita, she went through all the obstacles for the sake of the Master. She suffered mortal pain at the ball, not being sure that her wish would come true. And the fact that she sold her soul to the devil once again proves the strength of her love for the Master. Reward: The Master and Margarita find eternal happiness and eternal peace.

True creativity: . At the very beginning of the novel, the author introduces us to two writers: Berlioz, he is the head of MASSOLIT, and Bezdomny, a poet at the same MASSOLIT. From the dialogue it is clear that the work of these writers is one-sided and false.

Punishment: Ivan Bezdomny ends up in a psychiatric hospital. However, he realizes the uselessness of his false creativity and promises the Master not to write anything else.

Money. In the novel, this imaginary value affected two worlds - ancient Yershalaim and modern. Only Woland and his retinue remained indifferent to the money. Judas, who betrayed his friend for 30 pieces of silver, the residents of Moscow who greedily caught money falling from the ceiling in a variety show, Baron Meigel - they all “served” this imaginary value.

Punishment: Judas and Baron Meigel were killed, and the residents of Moscow received a good lesson for their passion for money, when their bills turned into simple pieces of paper and their clothes melted before their eyes. Even Bosoy, who could not resist the opportunity to get easy money, was punished.

Freedom of the individual. Let's remember the Moscow Association of Writers. Its leaders created great amount useless clubs and circles in order to completely occupy all participants. Moreover, the abilities and talents of people did not matter at all. In other words, a person was obliged to comply with various regulations, and there could be no talk of any freedom here.

Punishment: Woland’s retinue forces all these leaders to sing non-stop to show what it’s like to do something against your will, without desire and ability.

Result: Bulgakov wanted to convey to us readers that there are many false values ​​in the world and only strong personality can resist their oppression. A person cannot be happy if a large number of spends time on imaginary values, because they make his life empty.

Lesson topic: True and false values

· promote students’ understanding of the concepts of spiritual and material values, wealth and charity;

· to promote the development in schoolchildren of the ability to distinguish spiritual values ​​from material ones;

· help children realize and feel the true values ​​in human life, cultivate interest in studying the subject “Orthodox culture”.

Type and type of lesson:

Lesson in learning new things educational material, lesson-conversation.

Supporting: God's commandments, Gospel, parable.

New: words - “money-grabbing”, “charity”, “covetousness”, “charities”

Methods of action:

Supporting: verbal and visual teaching methods

New: partially – search method.

Didactic materials and equipment:

Educational complex "Orthodox Culture", computer, cards for self-analysis of students

During the classes:

I. Organizational moment

Greetings.

Good afternoon, dear guys; We are starting our lesson on Orthodox culture. Today we have guests, and a lot awaits us ahead interesting work, which I really hope will be successful and fruitful.

II. Repetition

We start the lesson with repetition. (Slide 1)

Who wrote these lines?

In a difficult moment of life

Is there sadness in my heart:

One wonderful prayer

I repeat it by heart.

There is a power of grace

In the consonance of living words,

And an incomprehensible one breathes,

Holy beauty in them.

Like a burden will roll off your soul,

Doubt is far away -

And I believe and cry,

And so easy, easy...

U. What mood is conveyed in the final part of the poem? What is it about?

D. It is about the enlightenment, the joy, the peace that comes in a person’s soul after communicating with God.

U.What kind of music was this against which the poems sounded?

D.This is the romance "Prayer".

U. How many composers have set this poem to their music?

D. It is very lyrical, so it was set to music by more than 40 composers

U. - What is prayer in your understanding?

In what cases does a person turn to God in prayer?

(in joy, in sadness, in illness, when it’s difficult or we don’t know what to do...)

In what fairy tale does the heroine find herself in difficult situation turns to God with the prayer “Our Father”? ("The Snow Queen")

In front of you famous work Russian artist Namerovsky A. ...

Which historical event depicted on this canvas?

Why do you think Russian army did the Mongolian win?

What is a blessing?

(overshadowing with a cross, an icon, a word of prayer)

Who can give a blessing?

(priest, parents)

Prince Dmitry and his army accomplished a feat of arms, but what was the feat of Sergius of Radonezh? (prayer, spiritual feat)

In what gospel parable did Jesus Christ show an example of true prayer?

(parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector)

Why was the prayer of the publican more pleasing to God than the prayer of the Pharisee?

U. People turn to God with various requests. Let's read some of them written by your peers:

· I want to be rich, but do nothing but receive money.

· I want to be given pocket money until I grow old.

· I want to become a superman, just so that I don’t have to train or do exercises in the morning. This is all I hear every day from my father.

What do all these requests have in common? Yes, become rich, but do not put the slightest effort into it.

The following requests:

· I want to earn a lot of money to cure my sister.

· I would like to have my own profitable business.

· Get ​​a job that pays a lot to feed poor people.

What do these wishes have in common?

Topic message.

Open the worksheets. Write down the number. Read the topic of the lesson.

“True and false values.” What do you understand by the word value?

Value- what has great importance for the individual and society as a whole.

In the children's requests you read out, you saw the children's different attitudes towards wealth.

What if you had a lot of money, what would you do with it? How would you spend it?

We will write the result in table No. 1.

III. Working on new material

In the worksheets, you need to distribute the listed words in the table into two groups. In one group everything that belongs to material assets, the other to the spiritual. Be careful!

Today in class the word rich and wealth were heard many times. How do you understand the meaning of these words?

In the word wealth, the main part of the word God.

What does Holy Scripture say about the attitude towards wealth? Let's turn to the Gospel.

What does the word Gospel mean?

(good news)

What does the Gospel say?

(about the earthly life of Christ)

How should we approach the Gospel?

(reverently - i.e. with the deepest respect)

Despite the fact that the words of Christ were spoken almost 2000 years ago, they are important for a person of any time. Most often, Jesus Christ spoke to his disciples in parables.

What is a parable?

(short instructive allegorical story)

Let's listen to the parable of the foolish rich man(Luke 12:15-21)

(Slide with audio file).

One rich man had a good harvest in his field; ion reasoned with himself: “What should I do? I have nowhere to gather my fruits.” And he said: “This is what I will do: I will tear down my barns and build larger ones, and I will gather there all my bread and all my goods, and I will say to my soul: soul! You have a lot of good things for many years: rest, eat, drink, be merry.” But God told him: “You fool!” This night your soul will be taken from you; who will get what you have prepared?

What qualities do you think are characteristic of a rich person?

For whom did the rich man collect treasures?

What should a rich man do to please God?

They say about such people that they have developed money-grubbing - love of increase, luxury and whim.(Slide).

People like this rich man are well spoken of in the spiritual alphabet of Demetrius of Rostov. But to find out, you need to read the text in Church Slavonic.

“Oh, foolish man, how long will you gather your wealth like a bee? Soon it will perish like dust and ashes: but seek rather the Kingdom of God.”

Reference: “Uglebaeshi” - to get bogged down, to drown

The Monk Samson the Receiver used his wealth completely differently. After the death of his parents, he inherited great wealth, all former slaves he was released with security. He settled in the city of Constantinople, built a house in which he received the poor, the sick and strangers. He treated the sick, fed and clothed the poor, and gave shelter to wanderers. The Patriarch of Constantinople performed the sacrament of the priesthood, and Samson became a priest.

One day Emperor Justinian happened to fall ill. When all the attempts of skilled doctors were unsuccessful, the emperor turned to the priest Samson, who successfully cured him. The emperor wanted to reward the healer, to which Samson replied that he did not need wealth. And if the emperor wishes, he can build a house for the sick and poor. “This will please God and make me happy.” A house was built and a hospital attached to it. So the priest Samson set the emperor up for a charitable cause.

What do you think charity is?

Charity – showing compassion for one's neighbor and providing

free assistance to the poor.

There have always been philanthropists in Russia and today we will learn about some of them.

Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov - created famous museum « Tretyakov Gallery" The museum is located in Moscow. Both adults and children love to visit it. Pavel Tretyakov began collecting his painting collection in the mid-1850s. In August 1892, Pavel Mikhailovich handed over his art gallery as a gift to the city of Moscow. By this time, the collection included 1,800 works of the Russian school, 75 paintings of the European school, 15 sculptures and a collection of icons. On August 15, 1893, the official opening of the museum took place under the name

"Moscow City Tretyakov Gallery ».

1.

Nesterov M. V

4. "

5.

Mamontov –

Russian entrepreneur and philanthropist. Born into a merchant family, he was the fourth child. The Mamontov family lived richly; when Savva was 8 years old, they moved to Moscow, where Savva’s father was engaged in the construction of railways.

continues the work started by his father. The name of the Russian industrialist is closely connected with the history of the Northern Railway. With his own funds he built railway to Yaroslavl, Vologda and Arkhangelsk.

Each city had and still has its own philanthropists who invested money in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, and shelters.

And in our modern life There are also philanthropists. For example, thanks to one of them - Mishustin Yuri Nikolaevich director, you and I guys have such a great opportunity - to study Orthodox culture, using a computer and new educational literature.

IN modern language The word philanthropists is heard less and less often, and the word sponsor is heard more often.

Do you think the words “philanthropist” and “sponsor” are equivalent?

Is it really necessary Russian word replace it with a cold, foreign word?

Summarizing:

So, today in class we talked about true and false values. What makes a person truly happy?

And the goal of human life is not to get rich: “Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, but lay up for yourselves treasures in Heaven, where no moth destroys and where thieves do not steal, for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.”

“Treasures in Heaven” are the good that man has done, but which God always remembers. Such a treasure cannot be stolen. Your money or phone may be stolen. But the good deed you have done will remain yours forever.

2. Assessment of work in the lesson.

Several people evaluate their work.

What new did I learn about the topic of the lesson? What did you learn?

V. Reflection

If you were interested in the lesson, if what we talked about touched your soul, raise Sun. And if you didn’t like the lesson, seemed boring, left you indifferent, then raise cloud.

You did a good job in class. Well done! Thank you for your work!

And now we will take a short virtual excursion to the Tretyakovskaya state gallery. And our guide will be Ksenia.

IN exhibition halls you can see world-famous paintings by Russian artists:

1. "Old Testament Trinity". Andrey Rublev.

The greatest creation of Andrei Rublev was the Trinity icon, painted for the church of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near Moscow. At that time, in the 20s of the 15th century, unprecedented disasters struck central Rus' - widespread pestilence and famine. And again life seemed unbearable and gloomy to people. And in the Trinity Church there remained an icon of Rublev, shining with unearthly peace. Great icon painter created the image of an indissoluble heavenly union, full of silent meekness and selflessness.

2. “Vision to the youth Bartholomew.” Nesterov M. V

"Vision to the Youth Bartholomew" - the most famous work artist. It is based on an episode from the Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh. The shepherd boy Bartholomew (the future Sergius) lost his foals in the forest. Having set out on a search, he wandered into a deserted place and met an unfamiliar old priest. He gave the boy a piece of prosphora and, with it, a craving for
teaching and enlightenment. This canvas opened the so-called
"Sergius Cycle", which also included "The Youth of St. Sergius",
"Works of Sergius of Radonezh", " Venerable Sergius Radonezh".

3. "". Orest Adamovich Kiprensky

The artist in 1827 creates one of the best portraits. This is the image of a mature man, a poet who has already survived the Decembrist uprising. He seems to be thinking about their fate, about himself, about Russia. In Russian art, Kiprensky paid a lot of attention to self-portraits, trying to convey the state of a person’s soul.

4. "Bogatyrs." Victor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov.

This is the most famous painting artist. He was the first artist who reflected in painting with such visual power poetic world Russian folklore - the world of heroic events, fairy tales, legends and traditions carefully preserved by the people. What are the names of the heroes? In the center is the oldest and most powerful - Ilya Muromets, sitting on right hand– Dobrynya Nikitich, and on the left is Alyosha Popovich. Take a close look at their faces. Hasn't the war left an imprint of the ferocity of cruelty on their faces? No. Why? What kind of war are they fighting? The heroes perform the holy task of defending the Motherland, their faces are stern and inspired by this lofty idea.

5. "Christ in the Desert". Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy.

We present to your attention two paintings by “Dostoevsky” by Vasily Grigorievich Perov and “Christ in the Desert” by Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy. Pay attention to the almost literal similarity in the poses of such different characters. But Kramskoy, who created his painting independently of Perov’s portrait, did not by chance come to a similar result: his Christ is both a divine character and an image of a person of any era, making a choice between good and evil.

Samson the Stranger

The Monk Samson the Receiver used his wealth completely differently. After the death of his parents, he inherited great wealth; he freed all former slaves with security. He settled in the city of Constantinople, built a house in which he received the poor, the sick and strangers. He treated the sick, fed and clothed the poor, and gave shelter to wanderers. The Patriarch of Constantinople performed the sacrament of the priesthood, and Samson became a priest.

One day Emperor Justinian happened to fall ill. When all the attempts of skilled doctors were unsuccessful, the emperor turned to the priest Samson, who successfully cured him. The emperor wanted to reward the healer, to which Samson replied that he did not need wealth. And if the emperor wishes, he can build a house for the sick and poor. “This will please God and make me happy.” A house was built and a hospital attached to it.

The novel "The Master and Margarita", written by the famous Russian writer M.A. Bulgakov, is truly one of the most mystical works of the 20th century. For many centuries, people have been tormented by eternal questions about love and hate, about good and evil, about light and darkness, about truth and lies. And Bulgakov was able to clearly and clearly express his thoughts on this difficult topic. Teme human values.
It describes a society in which there is no moral values, but there is only money and intoxicating power. And people who feel envy and fear of those who are higher and strive in various ways to achieve their personal gain, no matter what. Bulgakov, describing Margarita's torment at Satan's ball, makes us understand that only a strong personality can resist false, imaginary values ​​in the name of a higher goal.
Speaking about values, one cannot fail to mention the biblical component of the novel. The eternal struggle between good and evil is not discussed here, but the important problem of conscience is highlighted, moral choice. AND main character here is Pontius Pilate trying to do right choice: execute the innocent Yeshua or maintain his power and power. Of course, the fear of losing power is stronger than the fear of killing a person, so his choice is clear - the executions will take place. Thus, Pilate lost himself as a person, and his payback was eternal remorse. Some Muscovites also suffer similar punishment during Woland’s “observations.”
Woland and his retinue reveal the essence of Moscow society, pointing out their vices. The first vice was the lie of the entertainer, because of which his head was turned off, and the audience from the audience when it came to juicy questions. The second vice - greed - was revealed thanks to the rain of money over the audience and an open ladies' store with a free exchange of things. These two great sins omitted Moscow society to the bottom. But there was also a bright component left in him - love. All-forgiving, mutual, bright love. That same feeling that can resurrect even the most rotten and callous soul. So Woland, quid pro quo of course (after all, he is the devil), fulfills Margarita’s wish - to return her beloved Master to her - and ensures their escape from the rotten city into a serene and comfortable life.
This is the first work where justice is restored dark forces, which, in fact, amazed me. It does not contain the usual image of the omnipresent God - only Satan in the person of Woland, establishing balance in the fallen world.
The novel “The Master and Margarita” not only draws our attention to imaginary values: money, property (Berlioz’s uncle went to Moscow out of greed after learning about the apartment), betrayal, personal gain (newspaper critics who spoke about the Master’s work), but also demonstrates real values: love, faith, freedom and friendship.

There have always been values ​​that were considered an immutable truth; attention, love, mutual understanding, loyalty, empathy, trust. Gradually a person learns to communicate with other people and gains experience. He develops his own view of the world, of people, and gradually develops his own system of values. Everyone chooses how to behave in a given situation. But a person makes a choice based on his existing value system.

People with completely different views on the world are shown in Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. In the work, the author talks about the lives of people from various walks of life. The author's favorite heroes are the conductors of true values ​​in the epic novel. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova. At the same time we observe life secular society filled with insincerity, selfishness and arrogance.

Tolstoy contrasts false values ​​with true values ​​and reveals them in full using the example of the Kuragin family.

We meet the head of the family, Vasily Kuragin, already in the first chapter of the novel. During a conversation with Anna Pavlovna Scherer, we learn that the main purpose of visiting Kuragin was not to ask about the health of the maid of honor (she had the flu) or to talk about the war with France. No. The main task was to find out “whether it is true that the Dowager Empress wants to appoint Baron Funke as first secretary in Vienna.” Prince Vasily wanted to appoint his son to this place. Subsequently, we learn that Kuragin only wanted wealth for himself and his children, which is why he married his daughter Helen to the rich Pierre Bezukhov.

Anna Scherer also shows an interest in wealth. Her attitude towards Pierre changed dramatically as soon as he became rich.

At the first meeting, “Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow that belonged to people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon.” When the count received the inheritance, “everything he said came out charming.” For both Kuragin and Anna Scherer, the main advantage of a person was his wealth.

The Kuragin family is opposed to the Bolkonsky family. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky undoubtedly loves his children. He considers it necessary to constantly study mathematics with his daughter. He himself is constantly busy with some kind of physical or mental activity: “a high table for writing, on which lay an open notebook, a lathe with tools laid out and with shavings scattered around.” Nikolai Andreevich also loves his son Andrei. Old Prince knew the military and political circumstances of Europe in every detail, but did not dissuade his son from going to war, although he was very worried. Unlike Prince Kuragin, Bolkonsky did not try to place his son in a prestigious, profitable position.

A lot of space in the novel is devoted to the description of military events. This is the Battle of Shengraben, the Battle of Austerlitz, and the Battle of Borodino. In the work, when describing the Battle of Shengraben, the author talks about the manifestation of heroism by Captain Tushin and the manifestation of heroism by Fedor Dolokhov.

Dolokhov, who had recently been demoted to the ranks of soldiers, sought to regain the rank of officer as quickly as possible. Fedor proved himself by killing one Frenchman and capturing an officer of the enemy army. But perhaps the least of all thoughts flashed through his mind that he was fighting for the good of the country, and not for his own benefit. It was important for Dolokhov that his action was noticed and remembered by the regimental commander. Fyodor persistently repeats: “I captured an officer. I stopped the company... Please remember, Your Excellency.” Thus, Dolokhov only cares about returning his rank, he is only concerned about promotion. Unlike Tushin, who cares about the success of the common cause, Dolokhov is only concerned with selfish interests.

Captain Tushin showed considerable heroism and courage in battle. With only four cannons, the captain repelled French attacks for a long time. The captain will show courage by not allowing enemies to approach the main army. Tushin could have drawn the attention of Prince Andrei to his contribution to the common cause when he arrived with the order to retreat, but did not do this, since he was not looking for glory.

Tolstoy developed family thought throughout the entire work. At the end of the novel, the results are summed up. The author concludes "War and Peace" with a description of the life of two families. Maria Bolkonskaya married Nikolai Rostov, and Natasha Rostova married Pierre Bezukhov. Mutual understanding reigned in the families, the spouses loved each other. Using the example of Natasha Rostova, the author shows that being rich is much more important in life spiritual world, love for people, the ability to empathize and sympathize with them, rather than external indicators. Comparing Natasha with Helen, whose “unchangeable smile” never left her face, we can say that Natasha did not seek her own benefit in communicating with people, did not seek happiness in money and wealth. She shows sincere feelings and emotions. She loves to sing and dance. Natasha seems alive, real. With the formation of a family, Natasha finds happiness. She devotes herself completely to her family; she now sees her purpose in serving her husband and children.

Thus, in Tolstoy's novel much attention is paid to true values. Their bearers are the author’s favorite heroes. They care about each other and love their fatherland. Lies, cunning, opportunism are unacceptable to them. Tolstoy shows that it is precisely such people that the future belongs to, it is precisely such people that Russia can be proud of.

Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -

Among the values ​​that a person often considers to be the highest for himself, there are both true and false.
In the novel “The Master and Margarita,” M. A. Bulgakov invites the reader to reflect on which ideals should be considered true and which should be considered false, but did not give a clear answer to this question. Each of the heroes of this work has its own values ​​and ideals (and some of the heroes change their worldview as the plot develops).

For example, at the beginning of the book, the poet Ivan Nikolaevich Bezdomny does not think about anything in his life except writing mediocre “anti-religious” poems.

(In the thirteenth chapter, he “promises” and “swears” to the master not to write these “monstrous” poems anymore).
The only valuables for Griboyedov's regulars are beautiful life with delicious dinners, dancing and relaxing at sea. Of particular importance to them is the decision " housing issue". According to the author, "every second" people are "breaking" into the door with such an inscription.
A separate theme in the novel is the recognition of money as the most important human value. As Woland noted in chapter twelve,
-Well... they are people like people. They love money, but that's always been the case. "Even in the time of Pontius Pilate, money was recognized as one of the main values. Judas of Kiriath betrays his teacher precisely because of it.
The Variety administration is characterized by greed and greed. Throughout the entire development of the action, money constantly appears in the novel as the main false value of humanity: be it the “Yershalaim” chapters or the events taking place in Moscow. Everywhere money is an object of desire, and the goal of many people’s lives is to achieve wealth.
The author makes it clear how far she is from true moral, ethical, human values. All this tinsel: luxurious life, beautiful clothes. There is a lot of falsehood, insincerity and delusion in all this. The thirst for profit gives rise to many other vices, such as deceit and deceit. All these qualities are inherent in both the Variety administration and the critic Latunsky, Aloysius Mogarych and Judas. Often, out of fear of losing their earnings and their position in society, people value their prestigious position and, in order to maintain it, are ready to commit dishonest and cowardly acts. This also applies to the heroes of the Moscow chapters, but mainly it is worth remembering the action of the hero of the novel, master Pontius Pilate. "Cowardice is the most terrible vice"- so say Yeshua Ha-Nozri, and the procurator of Judea was subject to this vice.

The decision to execute Yeshua was dictated by nothing more than the fear of losing his position and position.

So, most of Bulgakov's heroes initially have false ideas about values. But this is done in order to create an even greater contrast between them and those who will be on the side of the truth from the very beginning. The only such heroes are Yeshua, the Master and Margarita. Yeshua preaches love for people, calling them good. The main characters of the novel proclaim the power of love and creativity as their core values.
The author considers these highest values ​​to be true and eternal. For the sake of love, Margarita sacrifices a lot; she accepts help from Satan, for which she had to participate in his ball.
The master has to endure a lot for his creativity. His works are persecuted, so he suffers, and then ends up in a psychiatric hospital, where he meets Ivan Bezdomny, who, like Yeshua’s disciple, Levi Matthew, having talked with the “teacher” understands the true life value. For the Master this is the power of creativity. Helps make the dream of the Master and Margarita come true" devilry"in the person of Woland and his retinue. They give them the opportunity to get the peace they deserve... The heroes received freedom of love and creativity. Pontius Pilate also says goodbye. His dream - to be next to Yeshua - came true thanks to Margarita, who shouted: “Let him go” Love gives the master and Margarita strength and is evidence of other bright qualities that they have: kindness, responsiveness, honesty and many others.
Thus, intertwining completely different worlds, Bulgakov wants to highlight values ​​that remain at all times and even exist outside of time, that is, they are eternal. But, according to the author, it is not completely possible to get rid of false values. The epilogue states that Aloisy Mogarych “not only existed, but also now exists, ... in the position of financial director of the Variety Show.”