Marina Tsvetaeva wrote her own innovative, highly dramatic page in the history of Russian poetry. Her legacy is enormous: more than 800 lyric poems, 17 poems, 8 plays, about 50 prose pieces, over 1000 letters. Today it all comes to to a wide circle readers. And at the same time, the tragic path of the great poetess is revealed to the reader.
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva was born on September 26, 1892 in Moscow. Her father, Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, was a remarkable person in many ways: a scientist, professor, teacher, director of the Moscow Rumyantsev Public Museum, creator of the Museum of Fine Arts on Volkhonka, an expert in languages and literature. My father connected Marina Tsvetaeva with the art of the world, with history, philology, and philosophy. Marina Tsvetaeva’s knowledge of languages and love for them was brought up by her family.
Mother - Maria Alexandrovna - nee Main, came from a Russified German-Polish family. She was a brilliant pianist, knew foreign languages, and was an artist. Musicality passed from her mother to Marina, and not just the ability to perform brilliantly, but a special gift for perceiving the world through sound.
In 1902, when Marina was barely 10 years old, Maria Alexandrovna fell ill with consumption, and prosperity left the Tsvetaev family forever. Mom needed a mild climate, and in the fall of 1902 the Tsvetaev family went abroad: to Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Marina and her sister Asya lived and studied in private boarding schools abroad.
In Germany in the fall of 1904, Tsvetaeva’s mother caught a bad cold and they moved to Crimea. The year she lived in Yalta greatly influenced Marina; she became interested in revolutionary heroism. Maria Alexandrovna soon died and was transported to Tarusa in the summer of 1908. She died on July 5th. Marina was only 14 years old at the time.
In the fall of 1908, Marina went to a boarding school at a Moscow private gymnasium. She reads a lot at this time. Among my favorite books are “The Nibelungs”, “The Iliad”, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, and among the poems are “To the Sea” by Pushkin, “Date” by Lermontov, “The Tsar of the Forest” by Goethe. The free romantic element of self-will and obstinacy in everything has been close to Tsvetaeva since her youth.
At the age of 16, she went to Paris alone to take a course in Old French literature at the Sorbonne, and then she began to publish. In general, I started writing poetry early: from the age of 6, and not only in Russian, but also in German and French.
In 1910, Marina Tsvetaeva published her first collection of poems, “Evening Album,” with her own money. In the spring of 1911, without graduating from high school, she left for Crimea. In Koktebel, as a guest of M. Voloshin, she met her future husband Sergei Efron. He was the son of a revolutionary, an orphan. In September 1912, Tsvetaeva’s daughter Ariadna was born, a faithful companion and friend of her life, the recipient of many poems, to whom she would turn in different years. In August 1913, father Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev died.
Marina Tsvetaeva will collect works from 1913-1916 into the book “Youthful Poems,” which includes poems “To Grandmother” (1913), “To the Generals of the 12th Year” (1913), “You Were Too Lazy to Dress” (1914), “I Like It,” that you are not sick with me” (1915) and many others. This book has never been published. Meanwhile, it was the eve of the Revolution, and most likely obeying the voice of intuition, Tsvetaeva began to write poetry about Russia. In 1916 there was new collection"Versts", which will be released only in 1922.
Since the spring of 1917, a difficult period began for Tsvetaeva. TO February Revolution she was indifferent. The events that took place did not affect the soul, as a person it is absent from them. In April 1917, Marina Tsvetaeva gave birth to her second daughter, Irina. At the very height of the October events, Marina Ivanovna is in Moscow, and then with her husband leaves for Koktebel to visit Voloshin. When, after some time, she returned to Moscow to pick up her children, there was no way back to Crimea. Yes, with late autumn In 1917, Marina Tsvetaeva’s separation from her husband began.
In the fall of 1919, in order to somehow feed the children, she sent them to the Kuntsevo orphanage, but the sick Alya had to be taken home and nursed, and at that time Irina died of hunger. But how much she wrote at that time! From 1917 to 1920, she managed to create more than three hundred poems, a large poem - the fairy tale “The Tsar Maiden”, and six romantic plays. And besides this, make a lot of notes and essays. Tsvetaeva was in an amazing flowering of her creative powers.
On July 14, 1921, Tsvetaeva received news from her husband. He wrote that he was in Czechoslovakia. On May 11, 1922, Tsvetaeva left her home in Moscow forever and went to her husband with her daughter. The long emigration begins. First, two and a half months in Berlin, where she managed to write about twenty poems, then in the Czech Republic for three and a half years, and from November 1, 1925, in France, where she lived for thirteen years. On February 1, 1925, Tsvetaeva’s son Georgy was born. Life abroad was poor, unsettled, and difficult. There was a lot she didn’t like in France. She felt like she was useless to anyone. Efror was drawn to the Soviet Union and in the early thirties began to collaborate in the “Homecoming Union.”
In 1930, Tsvetaeva wrote a poetic requiem for the death of Vladimir Mayakovsky, which shocked her, and a cycle of poems to Pushkin (1931). In the 1930s, prose began to occupy the main place in Marina Tsvetaeva’s work. In prose, she moved away from memory, and thus “The Father and His Museum,” “Mother and Music,” and “The Groom” were born.
All Tsvetaeva’s prose was autobiographical in nature. Sad events—the deaths of contemporaries whom she loved and honored—served as another reason for creating requiem essays; “Living about Living” (about M. Voloshin), “Captive Spirit” (about Andrey
Bely), “An Unearthly Evening” (about M. Kuzmin). All this was written between 1932 and 1937. And Tsvetaeva also writes articles at this time concerning the problem of the poet, his gift, vocation; “Poet and Time”, “Art in the Light of Conscience”. "Epic and Lyrics modern Russia", "Poets with history and poets without history." But that was not all. Abroad, she managed to print several excerpts from her diaries different years: “0 love”, “0 gratitude”. Poems also appear at this time. So she creates an ode to her inseparable true friend— desk — “Desk” cycle.
In “Poems to My Son,” Tsvetaeva gives a farewell message to the future man, who is only seven years old; in August 1937, Ariadne, followed by Sergei Yakovlevich, left for Moscow. On June 12, 1939, Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva and her son Georgy returned to Soviet Union. She is 46 years old.
The family is finally reunited. All together they settled in Volshevo, near Moscow. But this last happiness was short-lived: on August 27, their daughter Ariadne was arrested, then she was unjustly convicted and she spent almost 18 years in camps and exile. (Only in
I.V. Tsvetaev and M.A. Main, the parents of the poetess, gave their daughter the “sea” name Marina. Marina Tsvetaeva's childhood and youth proceeded in an atmosphere of prosperity, harmony, and happiness. Her mother died early, when Marina was not yet 14 years old. The father provided his children with a comfortable life, an excellent education, knowledge of several European languages, artistic taste, and a love of literature and art. But I must say that there were four children in the family: Andrei and Valeria - the children of I.V. Tsvetaeva, born in her first marriage, Marina and her sister Anastasia. We lived in Moscow, on Trekhprudny Lane, in a comfortable mansion. For the summer, the whole family traveled to the Kaluga town of Tarusa, and sometimes abroad. Marina grew up very independent not only in her judgments, but also in her actions. At the age of sixteen, she went alone to Paris to attend classes on Old French literature at the Sorbonne.
First poems
As a six-year-old child, Marina already wrote poetry in Russian, French, and German languages. And at the age of eighteen she published her debut collection, which she called “Evening Album.” These were poems written during the years of apprenticeship, their subject matter was limited to childhood, home impressions, but they were already very different from the amateurish maturity of poetic speech. It was noticed by critics, poets, and there were several reviews in the press. , one of the strictest arbiters of artistic taste, noted the dissimilarity of the author of the collection from the countless aesthetic poets whose books filled store shelves. Another authoritative poet, Maximilian Voloshin, not only welcomed the release of Marina’s collection, but also visited her at home. They became friends. Then Marina spent the summer several times in Koktebel, visiting Voloshin. In 1912, 1913 new collections of Tsvetaeva’s poems entitled “The Magic Lantern” and “From Two Books” were published. And again, no imitation of trends and standards that were fashionable at that time. The original voice of young Marina Tsvetaeva again attracted the attention of connoisseurs of true poetry.
Marriage and emigration
In 1912, Marina married a friend of her youth, Sergei Efron, for whom she retained her love for the rest of her life. In her marriage to him, she had daughters Irina and Ariadne, and during emigration, a son, George. During the revolutionary hard times, Sergei Efron fought in the White Army, and after its defeat he emigrated and entered the University of Prague. In the spring of 1922, Marina received permission to go abroad with her daughter to her husband. After living briefly in Berlin, they settled in the Czech Republic, and then in Paris. In a foreign land, the family was in great poverty. Sergei was seriously ill with tuberculosis. Marina was first noted among the emigrant community as a poet, and she was willingly published in various magazines. But soon her poetry was rejected by the White emigrants, and they stopped publishing it. Daughter Ariadne knitted hats, earning pittance. But never, even at the most difficult years, Marina did not stop writing poetry. She knew that the turn of her poems would come and that her reader would be in Russia. Return to Russia In 1939, Tsvetaeva and Georgiy (son) returned to their homeland following their husband and daughter. But even here she was not received particularly warmly. She made money mainly from translations. The husband and daughter were arrested.
The Great Patriotic War
Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated to Yelabuga, in the Kama region. Here, desperate, exhausted deepest depression Caused by loneliness, poverty and the many misfortunes that befell her, she commits suicide on August 31, 1941. Marina was buried outside the Elabuga cemetery. Relatives never found her burial place. In October of the same year, 1941, her husband, Sergei Efron, was also shot. Her son Georgy died in the war in 1944. Daughter Ariadne died in 1975 in a Torus hospital.
Marina Tsvetaeva, short biography which is full of events, today he is considered one of the best Russian poets. Her life and work are on everyone’s lips not only in Russia, but throughout the world. Today we will talk about this amazing woman with a truly “poetic” fate.
Childhood and youth
One of the key poets of the Silver Age, Marina Tsvetaeva was born on October 8 (September 26, old style) 1892 in Moscow. The Tsvetaev family had a direct or indirect relationship with art for several generations. For example, Marina’s dad, Ivan Vladimirovich, founded the Moscow Museum fine arts. Mother, Maria Main, studied with the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein and was a famous pianist herself.
Due to her mother's illness, the family moved frequently. Marina usually spent the summer with her sister Anastasia and her parents in Tarusa. Then the family lived abroad for a long time. Marina studied in Moscow at the private women's gymnasium M.T. Bryukhonenko, due to her travels, also received her education in boarding houses in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany), a French boarding school. At the age of 16 I listened to short course about Old French literature at the Sorbonne (Paris).
After the death of their mother in 1906, the family returned to Russia. Ivan Vladimirovich carefully ensured that his daughters received better education and were not lazy to study languages.
The beginning of a creative journey and meeting Sergei Efron
Marina wrote her first poems at the age of six. The mother encouraged her daughter’s passion for languages and art, although Maria saw her eldest daughter as a musician. Marina wrote poetry in 3 languages: in addition to her native Russian, also in French and German.
In 1910, with her own money, Marina published her first collection of poems, “Evening Album.” Although it included her school works, which were still a child’s, they immediately attracted the attention of poetic circles, including such famous poets, like Maximilian Voloshin, Nikolai Gumilyov and Valery Bryusov. Following the first collection, the first one comes out critical article Marina "Magic in Bryusov's verses."
In 1911, Marina went to Crimea to stay with M. Voloshin. There she met Sergei Efron, whom she married a few months later. The first year of marriage was very eventful: in 1912, the couple had a daughter, Ariadne (Alya), and in addition, Marina’s second collection of poems, “The Magic Lantern,” was published, which included diverse youthful works.
No matter how busy the days were, Tsvetaeva wrote poetry regularly - several hours a day. In addition to poetry, Marina also wrote articles, prose and made translations, which brought the bulk of the money to the family. Following the first two, the collection “From Two Books” (1913) was published. It shows the influence of the poet’s social circle (Tsvetaeva emphasized that she is a poet, not a poetess), namely M. Voloshin, V. Bryusov and N. Nekrasov. This collection contains the work of Tsvetaeva early years considered completed.
Meet Sofia Parnok
Marina Tsvetaeva, whose short biography contained a lot, was a very loving person. She constantly fell in love with both men and women. Her best poems, which are heard by everyone, were written precisely in a state of love or strong emotional shock - the poet could not create without this.
In 1914, Marina met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok and became very interested in her. She actually left the family, leaving little Alya with Sergei, who suffered greatly from her betrayal. The stormy, scandalous romance, which everyone knew about, lasted until 1916. After a two-year absence and long apologies, Marina returned to her husband, and the pangs of separation from Sofia resulted in the cycle of poems “Girlfriend.”
Civil War period
After returning to her husband in 1917, another daughter appeared in the family - Irina. During that period the revolution began. Sergei fought on the side of the White Army, and Marina lived with her children in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane. There was no money, she sold personal belongings in order to somehow make ends meet. Due to difficult circumstances, she sent her youngest daughter to an orphanage near Moscow, where she died at the age of 3, which Marina did not forgive herself for the rest of her life.
During the same period, the poet met the famous Russian theatrical figure, director and writer Prince Sergei Volkonsky, whose friendship was fruitful and inspired her until the end of his life in 1937. It was during this period that Tsvetaeva, whose poems never received recognition among the emigrants at that time, wrote several romantic plays. The poems “The Tsar-Maiden”, “Egorushka” and on “The Red Horse”, as well as the cycle of poems “The Swan Camp” also belong to this period. The latter was written under the influence of the revolution and is imbued with sympathy for the “White Army men”.
Wandering in exile
After the defeat of Denikin’s army, Sergei Efron fled abroad and became a student at Prague University. In his absence, Marina experienced several more passionate romances, but still decided to also move abroad after her husband managed to contact her.
In May 1922, Marina Tsvetaeva, together with her daughter Ariadna, finally received permission to leave. First they stopped briefly in Berlin, and after that they lived on the outskirts of Prague for 3 years. Sergei studied, Marina wrote and translated. Translations continued to be the main source of income, and author's evenings were added to them.
Although Marina tried very hard to improve her relationship with her husband, she began to new novel- with Konstantin Rodzevich, a sculptor and, on top of everything, a close friend of Sergei. He is the one - lyrical hero her poems “The Poem of the Mountain” and “The Poem of the End”, they are dedicated to him. In 1925 Marina gave birth long-awaited son- Georgiy (she called him Moore), hoping to drown out the feeling of guilt for her daughter who died of hunger. Although many thought otherwise, Marina emphasized that this child was born from Sergei.
After the birth of their son, the couple moved to Paris, where Marina was suppressed by an atmosphere of persecution and omissions. S. Efron was suspected of participating in a conspiracy against Trotsky’s son, Lev Sedov. During this period, Tsvetaeva corresponded with Boris Pasternak, and at his instigation began communication with Rainer Maria Rilke, which ended with the poet’s death, not even lasting a year. When the news of V. Mayakovsky’s suicide reached Marina, she reacted very painfully. In 1930, the Mayakovsky cycle appeared.
In emigration, Tsvetaeva’s work is still not appreciated. But it was during this period that she grew up and became famous as a prose writer. It was her prose of that period (“My Pushkin”, “House at Old Pimen”, “Mother and Music”, “The Tale of Sonechka”, “Living about the Living”, etc.) that fed the family. Almost all the poems written during that period were published after the poet’s death. The only and last lifetime collection of poems of that time was “After Russia,” published in 1928.
Return to the USSR
Marina Tsvetaeva, whose short biography is replete with misfortunes, is faced with another tragedy. Ariadne was the first to be allowed to return to the USSR; she went in 1937 and was arrested first - on August 27, 1939. Following her, S. Efron fled from Paris to Moscow, finding himself involved in a political murder - he was arrested a few months after his daughter, 10 October. Less than a week had passed since S. Efron was shot at Lubyanka. Alya survived - after 15 years of imprisonment and exile, she was rehabilitated. Marina was the last to return home. Upon her return, she lived in the Moscow region at the NKVD dacha located in Bolshevo.
The end of life and the mystery of the grave
The period after returning to the USSR was the least filled with poetry - Marina was actively involved in translations. Before the evacuation to Yelabuga, she was just translating Federico Garcia Lorca. The reason for the evacuation was the war. On August 18, 1941, Marina and her son arrived in Yelabuga with the intention of moving to Chistopol, where there were already many evacuated writers. But it didn’t come to that: on August 31, 1941, Marina Tsvetaeva was found hanged in the entryway of the Brodelshchikovs’ house. She left 3 suicide notes: for her son, the Aseev family and those who will handle her funeral. Tsvetaeva's life was short and very scandalous - only 49 years old.
It is interesting that the location of Marina Tsvetaeva’s grave is not precisely known. She was buried on September 2, very quietly, without attracting too much attention, in one of the unmarked graves Elabuga cemetery. Was later installed tombstone, which is now considered the official burial site.
Marina Tsvetaeva Museum
Marina Tsvetaeva, whose short biography is full of events, left behind a very large poetic legacy, which was deservedly appreciated after her death. Several monuments were erected to her, and many poems turned into beautiful romances. Today, many posthumous collections of Marina Tsvetaeva’s works have been published, which did not see the light of day during her lifetime - these are mainly poems written in exile and upon returning to Russia.
Today there is not just one Marina Tsvetaeva Museum, but as many as 8. Some of them are also officially museums of the entire Tsvetaev family or just the sisters Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaeva. In the photo - Marina Tsvetaeva Museum in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane.
Name: Marina Tsvetaeva
Age: 48 years old
Height: 163
Activity: poetess, novelist, translator
Family status: was married
Marina Tsvetaeva: biography
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is a Russian poetess, translator, author of biographical essays and critical articles. She is considered one of the key figures in world poetry of the 20th century. Today, Marina Tsvetaeva’s poems about love, such as “Nailed to pillory...”, “Not an impostor - I came home ...”, “Yesterday I looked into your eyes ...” and many others.
Child photo Marina Tsvetaeva | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva Marina Tsvetaeva's birthday falls on Orthodox holiday in memory of the Apostle John the Theologian. The poetess would later repeatedly reflect this circumstance in her works. A girl was born in Moscow, in the family of a professor at Moscow University, famous philologist and art critic Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, and his second wife Maria Main, a professional pianist and student of Nikolai Rubinstein himself. On her father's side, Marina had half-brothers Andrei and sister, as well as her own younger sister Anastasia. Creative professions parents left their mark on Tsvetaeva’s childhood. Her mother taught her to play the piano and dreamed of seeing her daughter become a musician, and her father instilled a love of quality literature and foreign languages.
Childhood photos of Marina Tsvetaeva It so happened that Marina and her mother often lived abroad, so she spoke fluently not only Russian, but also French and German. Moreover, when little six-year-old Marina Tsvetaeva began to write poetry, she composed in all three, and most of all in French. The future famous poetess began receiving her education at a Moscow private girls' gymnasium, and later studied at boarding schools for girls in Switzerland and Germany. At the age of 16, she tried to attend a course of lectures on Old French literature at the Sorbonne in Paris, but did not complete her studies there.
With sister Anastasia, 1911 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva When the poetess Tsvetaeva began publishing her poems, she began to communicate closely with the circle of Moscow symbolists and actively participate in the life of literary circles and studios at the Musaget publishing house. Soon the Civil War begins. These years had a very difficult impact on the morale of the young woman. She did not accept and did not approve of the separation of her homeland into white and red components. In the spring of 1922, Marina Olegovna sought permission to emigrate from Russia and go to the Czech Republic, where her husband, Sergei Efron, who had served in the White Army and was now studying at the University of Prague, had fled several years earlier.
Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev with his daughter Marina, 1906 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva For a long time Marina Tsvetaeva’s life was connected not only with Prague, but also with Berlin, and three years later her family was able to reach the French capital. But the woman did not find happiness there either. She was depressingly affected by people's rumors that her husband was involved in a conspiracy against her son and that he had been recruited by the Soviet government. In addition, Marina realized that in her spirit she was not an emigrant, and Russia did not let go of her thoughts and heart.
Poems
Marina Tsvetaeva's first collection, entitled “Evening Album,” was published in 1910. It mainly included her creations written in school years. Quite quickly, the work of the young poetess attracted attention famous writers, Maximilian Voloshin, husband Nikolai Gumilyov, and the founder of Russian symbolism Valery Bryusov were especially interested in her. On the wave of success, Marina writes her first prose article, “Magic in Bryusov’s Poems.” By the way, a rather remarkable fact is that she published her first books with her own money.
First edition of "Evening Album" | Feodosia Museum of Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaev Soon, “The Magic Lantern” by Marina Tsvetaeva, her second collection of poetry, was published, then the next work was published, “From Two Books.” Shortly before the revolution, the biography of Marina Tsvetaeva was connected with the city of Alexandrov, where she came to visit her sister Anastasia and her husband. From the point of view of creativity, this period is important because it is full of dedications to loved ones and favorite places and was later called by specialists “Tsvetaeva’s Alexander Summer.” It was then that the woman created the famous cycles of poems “To Akhmatova” and “Poems about Moscow.”
Akhmatova and Tsvetaeva in the images of Egyptian women. Monument " silver Age", Odessa | Panoramio During civil war Marina was imbued with sympathy for the white movement, although, as mentioned above, she generally did not approve of the division of the country into conventional colors. During that period, she wrote poems for the collection “Swan Camp”, as well as large poems “The Tsar Maiden”, “Egorushka”, “On a Red Horse” and romantic plays. After moving abroad, the poetess composed two large-scale works - “The Poem of the Mountain” and “The Poem of the End,” which will be among her main works. But most of the poems from the emigration period were not published. The last collection to be published was “After Russia,” which included the works of Marina Tsvetaeva until 1925. Although she never stopped writing.
Manuscript by Marina Tsvetaeva | Unofficial site Foreigners appreciated Tsvetaeva's prose much more - her memories of Russian poets Andrei Bely, Maximilian Voloshin, Mikhail Kuzmin, the books “My Pushkin”, “Mother and Music”, “House at Old Pimen” and others. But they didn’t buy poetry, although Marina wrote a wonderful cycle to Mayakovsky, for which suicide was the “black muse” Soviet poet. The death of Vladimir Vladimirovich literally shocked the woman, which can be felt many years later when reading these poems by Marina Tsvetaeva.
Personal life
The poetess met her future husband Sergei Efron in 1911 at the house of her friend Maximilian Voloshin in Koktebel. Six months later they became husband and wife, and soon their eldest daughter Ariadne. But Marina was a very passionate woman and different time other men captured her heart. For example, the great Russian poet Boris Pasternak, with whom Tsvetaeva had almost 10 years romantic relationship, which did not stop after her emigration.
Sergei Efron and Tsvetaeva before the wedding | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva In addition, in Prague the poetess began whirlwind romance with lawyer and sculptor Konstantin Rodzevich. Their relationship lasted about six months, and then Marina, who dedicated her lover full of frantic passion and unearthly love“Poem of the Mountain”, volunteered to help his bride choose Wedding Dress, thereby putting a point in love relationships.
Ariadne Ephron with her mother, 1916 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva But personal life Marina Tsvetaeva was associated not only with men. Even before emigrating, in 1914 she met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok in a literary circle. The ladies quickly discovered sympathy for each other, which soon grew into something more. Marina dedicated a cycle of poems, “Girlfriend,” to her beloved, after which their relationship came out of the shadows. Efron knew about his wife’s affair, was very jealous, caused scenes, and Tsvetaeva was forced to leave him for Sofia. However, in 1916 she broke up with Parnok, returned to her husband and a year later gave birth to a daughter, Irina. The poetess will later say about her strange relationship that it is wild for a woman to love a woman, but only men are boring. However, Marina described her love for Parnok as “the first disaster in her life.”
Portrait of Sofia Parnok | Wikipedia After the birth of her second daughter, Marina Tsvetaeva faces a dark streak in her life. Revolution, husband's escape abroad, extreme poverty, famine. I got very sick eldest daughter Ariadna and Tsvetaeva send their children to an orphanage in the village of Kuntsovo near Moscow. Ariadne recovered, but fell ill and three years old Irina died.
Georgy Efron with his mother | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva Later, after reuniting with her husband in Prague, the poetess gave birth to a third child - a son, George, who was called “Moore” in the family. The boy was sickly and fragile, nevertheless, during the Second World War he went to the front, where he died in the summer of 1944. Georgy Efron was buried in mass grave in the Vitebsk region. Due to the fact that neither Ariadne nor George had children of their own, today there are no direct descendants of the great poetess Tsvetaeva.
Death
In exile, Marina and her family lived almost in poverty. Tsvetaeva’s husband could not work due to illness, Georgy was just a baby, Ariadne tried to help financially by embroidering hats, but in fact their income consisted of meager fees for articles and essays that Marina Tsvetaeva wrote. She called this financial situation slow death from hunger. Therefore, all family members constantly turn to the Soviet embassy with a request to return to their homeland.
Monument by Zurab Tsereteli, Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie, France | Evening Moscow In 1937, Ariadne received this right; six months later, Sergei Efron secretly moved to Moscow, since in France he was threatened with arrest as an accomplice to a political murder. After some time, Marina herself and her son officially cross the border. But the return turned into tragedy. Very soon the NKVD arrests the daughter, and after her Tsvetaeva’s husband. And if Ariadne was rehabilitated after her death, having served over 15 years, then Efron was shot in October 1941.
Monument in the city of Tarusa | Pioneer Tour However, his wife never found out about this. When did the Great Patriotic War, a woman with her teenage son went for evacuation to the town of Elabuga on the Kama River. To obtain temporary registration, the poetess is forced to get a job as a dishwasher. Her statement was dated August 28, 1941, and three days later Tsvetaeva committed suicide by hanging herself in the house where she and Georgy were assigned to stay. Marina left three suicide notes. She addressed one of them to her son and asked for forgiveness, and in the other two she asked people to take care of the boy.
Monument in the village of Usen-Ivanovskoye, Bashkiria | School of Life It is very interesting that when Marina Tsvetaeva was just getting ready to evacuate, her old friend Boris Pasternak helped her in packing her things, who specially bought a rope for tying things up. The man boasted that he had obtained such a strong rope - “at least hang yourself”... It was this that became the instrument of Marina Ivanovna’s suicide. Tsvetaeva was buried in Yelabuga, but since the war was going on, the exact place of burial remains unclear to this day. Orthodox customs do not allow funeral services for suicides, but the ruling bishop can make an exception. And Patriarch Alexy II in 1991, on the 50th anniversary of his death, took advantage of this right. Church rite held in the Moscow Church of the Ascension of the Lord at the Nikitsky Gate.
Stone of Marina Tsvetaeva in Tarusa | Wanderer In memory of the great Russian poetess, the Marina Tsvetaeva Museum was opened, and more than one. There is a similar house of memory in the cities of Tarus, Korolev, Ivanov, Feodosiya and many other places. On the banks of the Oka River there is a monument by Boris Messerer. There are sculptural monuments in other cities of Russia, near and far abroad.
Collections
- 1910 - Evening album
- 1912 - Magic Lantern
- 1913 - From two books
- 1920 - Tsar Maiden
- 1921 - Swan Camp
- 1923 - Psyche. Romance
- 1924 - Poem of the Mountain
- 1924 - Poem of the End
- 1928 - After Russia
- 1930 - Siberia
The first poems from Marina’s pen began to appear at the age of sixteen, not only in her native Russian, but also in French and German. The formation of the teenage girl’s character was mainly influenced by her mother Maria, who dreamed of making her daughter a musician. The woman was seriously ill, which is why the girl often had to live in European countries. She spent most of her childhood in Moscow and Tarusa. The girl graduated from school at a girls' gymnasium. 1906 was a difficult year for the entire Tsvetaev family; it was then that their mother died of consumption. Marina remained with her father, two sisters and brother Andrei.
In 1910, at the girl’s personal expense, her first collection of poems, “Evening Album,” was published, which immediately attracted the attention of Gumilyov, Bryusov and Voloshin. In 1912, the next collection, “The Magic Lantern,” appeared. The first works were written and dedicated to favorite writers: Nekrasov, Bryusov, Voloshin.
In 1911, the girl makes acquaintance with Sergei Efron, who a year later becomes her husband and the couple has wonderful child Alya.
The years of the civil war were very painful for the Tsvetaev family. Aged three years Marina's daughter, Irina, died. The husband fought against the Bolsheviks, served in the Volunteer Army, and it was because of this that in 1917 several poems were published, united under the title “Swan Camp,” which spoke about the plight of the White Guards and their courage.
Sergei Efron after the defeat White Movement had to flee abroad, and in 1922 Tsvetaeva was allowed to leave the country along with her daughter Alya. At first they lived in the capital of Germany, then moved to Prague, where the famous “Poem of the Mountain” and “Poem of the End” were published. In 1925, their son Grisha was born, after which they moved to the capital of France. Throughout the emigration, the poetess wrote a large number of works, most of which have not yet been published. In 1928, the world was offered a new collection, “After Russia,” which is considered the last collection published during the writer’s lifetime. Mayakovsky’s suicide was a surprise and pain for Marina, and as a result, the poetic series “To Mayakovsky” was published. After this, creativity ceased to generate income, and the poetess had to live almost in poverty.
Marina's daughter Alya was the first to be allowed to return to Moscow; this happened on March 15, 1937, and on October 10 Sergei Efron also returned there. In 1939, Marina Ivanovna herself came to Moscow. On August 27, 1939, Alya was arrested and imprisoned, and 15 years later she was rehabilitated. In October 1939, Sergei Efron was arrested by the NKVD and executed on October 16, 1941.
The woman ran out of strength to put up with all the injustice of the world and on August 31, 1941, at the forty-ninth year of her life, Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva committed suicide. Two days later, a funeral took place in the city of Elabuga at the Peter and Paul Cemetery, but the location of her grave has not yet been precisely established.
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