To help the student: a separate circumstance. Rules for separating circumstances How to find homogeneous isolated circumstances

1. The concept of a complicated simple sentence

2. Offers with homogeneous members

3. Stylistic functions of homogeneous members of the sentence

4. Offers with separate members

5. Stylistic functions of separate members

6. Sentences with introductory and inset constructions and their stylistic functions

7. Sentences with appeals and their stylistic functions

1. The concept of a complicated simple sentence

A complicated simple sentence includes:

a) homogeneous members of the proposal;

b) isolated members of the proposal;

c) introductory and plug-in elements;

d) appeals.

All these cases are also called special phenomena in the syntax of a simple sentence. These constructions are distinguished by great diversity and variegation, but they are united by the fact that they give a simple sentence, which includes, additional predicativity, or semi-predicativity.

Semi-predicative is an additional message to the main message about the relation of the statement to reality. Thus, a complicated simple sentence occupies an intermediate position between a simple sentence (with one predicative part) and a complex one (with two or more predicative parts).

2. Offers with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members are usually called word forms and their complexes, connected within the sentence by a coordinating connection and performing one syntactic function in the sentence. Any members of the sentence, both main and secondary, can be homogeneous - subject, predicate, definition, application, addition, circumstance. Note that the following constructions cannot be considered homogeneous:

1) words repeated for the purpose of strengthening: I'm going, I'm going in the open field;

2) parts of phraseological combinations: Let's get upneither light nor dawn; We talkedabout this and that;

3) combinations of verbs acting as a single predicate (complicated simple verbal): I'll go see what the kids do; I'll take it and say all. Such simple verbal complicated predicates are used in colloquial speech;

4) coordinative combinations of the type: reader and book, Chekhov and the Russian language .

Homogeneous main members of the sentence

Subject. Several subjects connected by coordinating conjunctions or union-free communication are homogeneous. At the same time, they can be morphologically of the same type or heterogeneous:

Flattery andcowardice - the worst vices(expressed by nouns); Sometime in the summerbrothers andtwo guys from a neighboring yard inadvertently went deep into the forest and soon realized that they were lost(expressed by a noun and a combination of a numeral with a noun).

Nouns in the form of I.p. are not homogeneous: Silence , darkness , loneliness and this strange noise .

Predicate. The question of the homogeneity of predicates is solved more complicated and contradictory.

Homogeneous predicates are combinations of either simple verbs, or compound predicates, or predicates of a mixed type.

Homogeneous predicates can be single and with dependent words, morphologically of the same type and heterogeneous, united by an allied or non-union connection:

Linden tablewas recentlyscraped out andwashed up ;

Forestwas old , clean , no undergrowth ;

He will certainlywanted to be a hero and for thiswas ready to do anything , the worst thing, no matter what he was offered.

Homogeneous minor members of the sentence

The secondary members of the sentence, forming a composed series of word forms, necessarily turn out to be subordinate, i.e. subordinates together. They depend on the same member of the sentence - main or secondary - or the entire sentence as a whole, if they occupy the position of the determinant. Homogeneous additions, circumstances, definitions and applications differ.

Homogeneous additions have the form of one case: Hidefrom the rain andwind there was nowhere; homogeneous objects are expressed by the object infinitive: It was orderedshow up to the exam on time andreport back in front of the group.

Homogeneous circumstances are combined, as a rule, by the same meaning: time, place, cause, purpose, etc.: His speech flowedhard , butfree .

It is sometimes possible to combine and dissimilar circumstances, subject to the generalization of the meaning of the combined words: Somewhere , once upon a time I heard these words;Why andwhy i need to be there?

Homogeneous circumstances can be morphologized or framed in different ways: The lady was explainingin a quiet voice andwithout looking up .

Homogeneous definitions. Definitions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Their delimitation is one of the most difficult questions of syntax. Homogeneous definitions depend on the same word and can be either consistent or inconsistent:

The visitor threw back his hood, revealing a completelywet , with hair sticking to the forehead head.

Homogeneous definitions can be distinguished on the basis of several criteria: by semantics, morphological properties, syntactic characteristics.

In terms of semantics, homogeneous definitions characterize one object according to different characteristics or different objects according to one attribute:

At the bottomin blue , yellow , purple in the spots the reflection of the city swayed measuredly;

He handed mered , swollen , dirty hand.

Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: Mom was extraordinarily good in a light olive dress..

The semantic feature, as we have already noted, is not the only one, and in order to determine homogeneous definitions, one should also take into account the morphological criterion. To homogeneous referring definitions are either only qualitative, or only relative: Noisy above usbeautiful , slender trees; but: above us was a mysterious oak forest.

When establishing homogeneous definitions, a syntactic criterion is considered essential, which is revealed in three cases:

1. If each of the definitions is directly related to the word being defined, and the definitions themselves are connected by a coordinative link that allows the insertion of a connecting union and : He handed mered , dirty , swollen hand. In this case, the definitions are considered homogeneous.

Definitions are considered heterogeneous if one of them is directly related to the word being defined and forms a phrase with it, and the other definition refers to the entire phrase as a complex name.

2. Homogeneity and heterogeneity of definitions depends on their number. The more definitions, the brighter the intonation of the enumeration.

Goodspreading , white-barreled , light green, cheerful Birch.

3. In the postposition, the definitions appear as homogeneous. Compare:

Now we are building large stone houses; but: Now we are building houseslarge , stone .

There is a lot of subjectivity in the distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, which is especially pronounced in artistic speech.

Definitions connected by explanatory relations should be distinguished from homogeneous ones. See example: Quite different, urban sounds were heard outside; He translated our words into his incomprehensible language. Between such definitions, you can insert a non-union and, a that is or exactly. In such relations, the second word explains the first, reveals its content, names the same concept, but more specifically. Thus, relations of explanation are not identical to relations of homogeneity. In these cases, only the first definition refers to the word being defined, and the second explains it.

Generalizing words for homogeneous members. Homogeneous members may be preceded or followed by words and phrases with such a nominative meaning, which, as it were, covers the entire range of phenomena, objects, signs designated by homogeneous members.

Similar words and phrases that perform in a sentence, as a rule, the same syntactic functions as homogeneous members, are commonly called generalizing. The role of generalizing words is most often played by pronouns, pronominal adverbs with a broad generalizing meaning: everything, everything, nobody, everywhere, everywhere, etc.

In the role of generalizing units, phrases and whole sentences can also be used:

On the table stood a bouquet of wild flowers: chamomile, lungwort, wild ashberry.

Everything that surrounded me seemed unusual: the moon, clouds, and light.

In relation to homogeneous members, generalizing words can be in preposition and postposition. However, their function is fundamentally different. The generalizing word is used in the postposition: In the steppe, across the river, along the roads - it was empty everywhere. If the word is in preposition, then it is itself explained, specified by homogeneous members:

Everywhere: in the steppe, across the river, along the roads - it was empty.

Generalizing words are general designations of a final character, closing a series of homogeneous members. It can be pronouns, pronominal adverbs. In relation to homogeneous terms, generalizing words are postpositive.

The words being specified do not generalize, but they themselves are specified, explained, revealed by homogeneous members of the sentence. By morphological nature, they are diverse: pronouns, pronominal adverbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals, combinations of words: There was game in the basket: two black grouse and a duck. The words being specified are always in preposition in relation to the homogeneous members of the sentence.

Stylistic functions of homogeneous members of the sentence. Homogeneous members of the sentence perform various stylistic functions. Let's specify them:

1. With the help of homogeneous members of a sentence, a comic effect can be created if distant or incompatible concepts are compared:

At another table sits with a scribe a man with a good name, but in thin boots (Gilyarovsky).

A comic effect can be created by stringing homogeneous members of a sentence: And above all this, majestically and heavily leaning on the frame with elephant elbows, rises ... no, does not rise ... expands ... no, does not expand ... unreasonably present, reigns , dominates, suppresses and terrifies with a monstrous configuration of the Polish general (Kataev).

2. Homogeneous members of the sentence give the story a special expressiveness, tension, if each subsequent homogeneous member reinforces the meaning of the previous one, i.e., a semantic gradation occurs:

Fascism robbed, corroded, shook Europe (Ehrenburg).

The meaning of gradation is maintained not only at the level of the meaning of homogeneous members, but also of morphemes, such as prefixes: Much has been rethought, revised, reevaluated during the war years.

3. In artistic speech, homogeneous members are used in descriptions of objects, the environment; as well as when creating portraits, to characterize a person, an object:

In poetry: Everything, as then, in that summer is evil: and the harsh rustle of dusty grasses, and the wind breathing ash, and the roar of bombs at the crossings, and the faded brushwood of disguise, and the hot, greedy movement of cars, and the pedestrian, wounded on the edge, And he's probably not alone...

In prose: His appearance was very noticeable: tall, lean, somewhat stooped; long flat hair thrown back, almost to the shoulders, a small blond mustache over a shaved chin (Teleshov).

4. In official business, scientific styles, homogeneous members of a sentence are used for classifications, a detailed description of phenomena, objects:

So, by the beginning of the 1930s, only 4 actors participated in the atomic performance: an electron, a proton, a neutron and a photon.

The use of homogeneous sentence members in speech, especially common ones, gives speech expressiveness, intonation smoothness or sharpness. Such sentences have a certain rhythmic-melodic pattern. So, for example, a sentence with a generalizing word is divided into two parts: in the first part - there is a gradual increase in voice, in the second - at the beginning of the sentence there is a sharp decrease, then a pause.

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

• good (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) Appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, a definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
• "The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

• "Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about the subject or clarify its belonging to any person are considered isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• "Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

• "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

• adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
• pronoun - (whose?) My dog ​​fell off the leash;
• numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;
• communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

• "Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
• "We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
• "People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and the nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

1. Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
2. Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
• Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the biggest luck (what?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial turnover). Commas with this type of definition are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
• The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• Painted in Italy, the picture became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yusch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
• when creating in present. the time of real communion 2 ref., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
• in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - led, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to a participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

• Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They were tired and went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

• Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

17. Separate definitions, circumstances and applications. General and particular conditions of isolation.

Isolation is the semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. A detached component expresses an independent event. This is a polypropitive proposal in general.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.

Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: a girl excited and happy;

common definition, expressed by the phrase: girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She was agitated and could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although. To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example: Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.(additional reason value) Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.(additional concession value).

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) how the definition is expressed, 4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

Standalone Applications

Application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify: And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time. An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union how is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

New Year is coming soon - the favorite holiday of the children.

Explain, please, what does a separate definition expressed by participial turnover mean?

Olga zvonkova

In the cell, also illuminated by electric light, despite the morning hour, the clerk Ivan Pavlovich, with obvious pleasure, bored and stitched the paper with a silk cord ... (M. Alda-nov).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover, a separate circumstance of concession, expressed by a turnover with the preposition despite, homogeneous predicates.

Main members: Ivan Pavlovich - subject, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched - homogeneous simple verbal predicates, expressed by verbs.

Secondary members: Ivan Pavlovich (what?) clerk - application, expressed by a noun; bored and stitched (where?) in the cell - a circumstance of the place, expressed by a noun with a preposition; in a chamber (what?) illuminated by electric light - a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover; bored and stitched (despite what?) despite the morning hour - a separate circumstance of concession, expressed by a turnover with a pretext despite; bored and stitched (in what way?) with pleasure - a circumstance of the mode of action, expressed by a noun with a preposition; with pleasure (what?) obvious - an agreed definition, expressed by an adjective; drilled and stitched (what?) papers - a direct object, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched (with what?) with a cord - an indirect object, expressed by a noun; cord (what?) silk - an agreed definition, expressed by an adjective. It is also a union, it is not a member of the proposal.

Explain what a non-isolated agreed common definition is?

Preferably with examples in sentences.

Definition - a secondary member of the sentence, answering the questions what / th / th / th? whose/whose/yo/i? (what? white)
Agreed definitions are associated with the word being defined by the method of agreement, that is, they coincide in the forms of gender, number, case; when the form of the word being defined changes, the agreed definition similarly changes its form (what kind of snow? White, what kind of snow? White)
A common definition consists of a phrase.
Not isolated, i.e. not separated by commas, agreed common definitions:
1. standing in front of the noun being defined: / Fallen early in the morning / the snow had already melted by evening. (what kind of snow? that fell early in the morning)
2. standing after the noun being defined, if the latter in itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined: It is difficult to meet a person /more refined, calm and self-confident/. (what kind of person? more refined, calm and self-confident)
3. expressed by a complex form of a comparative or superlative degree of an adjective: Messages are published / the most urgent /. (what messages? the most urgent)
4. included in the predicate: Savely stood / strict and trembling with anger /. ("stood strict and trembling with anger" - predicate)
5. standing after indefinite pronouns (something, something, etc.): I want to understand and express something / happening in me / (something what? happening in me)

Complicated	Definition	Isolation	Example
1. Homogeneous members of the proposal	members of a sentence that answer the same question and are associated with the same word	usually separated from each other by commas.	Pushkin collected songs and fairy tales and in Odessa, and in Chisinau, and in the Pskov province.
2. Definitions	a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? whose? what? and under. Adjectives or pronouns with and without a dependent word; Communion or participle turnover; Rare numeral	the definitions standing after the defined word or related to the personal pronoun are separated.	1) Road, cobbled, climbed the shaft (separate definition) 2) By nature shy and timid, she was annoyed at her shyness (a separate definition related to the pronoun) 3) On the silver frost window chrysanthemums bloomed overnight (non-isolated definition)
3. Applications	definition expressed by the entity, which gives a different name that characterizes the subject (Frost- governor patrols his possessions).	stand apart: Any with personal pronouns, Common applications after the word being defined; with union as Instead of a comma, a dash is put if the application is at the end of the sentence	1) Here it is, the explanation. 2) The Mighty Lion, the storm of the forests, lost his strength. 3) You how initiator , should play a major role. 4) A closet was placed nearby - directory storage.
4. Additions	a minor member of a sentence that designates an object and answers questions of oblique cases	as separate additions, revolutions with words are conditionally considered apart from, besides, including, except for, over, except for, along with, instead of and etc.	1) I didn't hear anything Besides leaf noise. 2) I liked the story very much, with the exception ofsome details.
5. Circumstances	a minor member of the sentence, which is the place, time, reason, mode of action and answers the questions where? when? why? as?	always separated: Participles and participles; Despite + noun.	1) Smiling, he fell asleep. 2) After seeing off his comrades, Tonya stood silently for a long time. 3) Despite on the carrot blush she was pretty.
6. Invocations and introductory constructions	Appeal - a word or combination of words that names the person to whom or what the speech is addressed to. Introductory constructions - words, midrange and sentences, with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (not / confidence, feelings, source of the statement, order of thoughts, ways of expressing thoughts)	Separated by commas. Introductory constructions can be separated with brackets or dashes.	1) Winter, it seems (of course, according to weather forecasters, firstly), it will be snowy. 2) Once - don't remember why- there was no performance. 3) Melody of the Belarusian song (if you heard it) somewhat monotonous. 4) Oh first lily of the valley, from under the snow you ask for the sun's rays.
7. Clarifying members of the sentence	Clarifying members of the proposal - those members of the proposal that explain the other, specified, members of the proposal. Most often specifying are the circumstances of place and time. Definitions often act as clarifying terms.	Separated by commas. They can be introduced with the words that is, or (= that is), otherwise, precisely, etc.	ahead, at the very road the fire burned. The storm started in the evening ten o'clock. Gavrik examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long, to toe, greatcoats.

Action algorithm.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to find what is required in a task. Perhaps the following algorithm, which focuses on punctuation marks, will help (in task B5, it is necessary to find isolated, that is, separated by commas, members of the sentence).

1. Eliminate those sentences where there are no punctuation marks.

2. Select the stems and exclude those sentences where all punctuation marks separate the stems from each other.

3. In the rest of the sentences, try to reason why certain punctuation marks are affixed: homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases, introductory words, etc.

Parsing the task.

Among the offers, find an offer with a separate common application. Write the number of this offer.

And I, first in kindergarten, and then at school, carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! Often straying, he oohed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. I was ready to sink into the ground with shame and acted deliberately coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

We highlight the basics:

And I, first in kindergarten, and then at school, carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), but it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. I was ready to sink into the ground from shame and behaved coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

So, we exclude sentences No. 6 and 8, where homogeneous members of the sentence are separated by commas.

In sentence 10, commas highlight adverbial phrases and grammatical stems. We also exclude him.

In sentence No. 9, the adverbial turnover and the clarifying circumstance are distinguished by commas (thinly (how exactly?) in a feminine way).

There remains sentence No. 7. An insertion is presented in parentheses, two commas indicate the boundaries of grammatical foundations. Remains separate ordinary locksmith, which is a separate common application (is a noun, indicates a sign, has a dependent word ordinary).

In this way, write out the offer number 7 .

Practice.

1. Among sentences 1 - 4, find a sentence with a separate circumstance. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Today, the voices of new prophets are heard every now and then that it is time to stop experiments, scientific experiments, that excessively daring curiosity has led humanity to the abyss: it is worth taking just one wrong step - and the whole civilization will collapse into the abyss.

(2) Let's remember the ancient myths, which accumulate the ancient wisdom of earthlings. (3) Despite the diversity of mythological plots, the thought of the limit of human capabilities runs through them like a red thread. (4) Yes, a person can do a lot, but not everything.

2. Among sentences 1 - 6, find a sentence with a separate (s) agreed application (s). Write the number(s) of this offer.

(1) As a child, I read books about Indians and passionately dreamed of living somewhere on the prairies, hunting bison, sleeping in a hut ... (2) In the summer, when I graduated from the ninth grade, my dream suddenly came true: my uncle offered me to guard the apiary on skinny, but fish river Sisyava. (3) As an assistant, he imposed his ten-year-old son, Mishka, a sedate, economic guy, but gluttonous, like a little jackdaw. (4) Two days flew by in an instant; we caught pike, patrolled our possessions, armed with bows and arrows, bathed tirelessly; vipers lurked in the thick grass where we picked berries, and this gave our gathering the edge of a dangerous adventure.

3. Among sentences 1-9, find a sentence with a generalizing word with homogeneous members. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Kutuzov saw not only the general picture of the battle: it was clearly not in our favor! (2) He, unlike the others, saw the eyes of the soldiers. (3) To the wise, experienced Barclay, who soberly assessed the situation, it seemed pointless to fight a stronger opponent, and this chess logic has its own reason. (4) But it does not take into account one thing: people are not soulless figures, subject to the fatal will of the grandmaster. (5) A soldier may drop his weapon and raise his hands, or he may stand to the death. (6) Kutuzov clearly saw: the fighters are fighting and are not going to give in to the enemy. (7) You can’t go up to an artilleryman or a grenadier at such a moment and say: “That’s it, men, stop the slaughter! (8) We lost!” (9) It was not the logic of military tactics that dominated the battlefield, but personal qualities: will, determination, perseverance.

In Russian, there is such a thing as isolation, which is a way of clarifying and highlighting certain words in a statement. Only the secondary members of the sentence have the ability to isolate themselves, and thanks to this feature, they are endowed with greater independence, in contrast to non-isolated ones. Such words are used in order to present information in more detail and highlight a certain part of the statement. Separate may be definitions, additions and circumstances. In this article, we will focus on the circumstance and its features.

Separate circumstances

To begin with, it is necessary to determine how an isolated circumstance differs from an ordinary one. To do this, remember the definition of this member of the proposal. So, the circumstance is a member of the sentence, which plays a secondary role and can be expressed as a prepositional case construction, phraseological unit, gerund or turnover and infinitive. It can indicate the action that a person or object performs, the method, purpose, condition and place of action, as well as the sign of the object referred to in the sentence. Circumstance answers a huge number of questions, such as: where? where? where? why? why? contrary to what? under what condition? An isolated circumstance, as well as a simple one, can have a huge number of meanings, but in writing it is distinguished by commas, and in oral speech by intonation. For example: She stumbled, barely keeping her feet. Despite the tension, the day was beautiful.

Participle and participle turnover

An isolated circumstance in a sentence can be expressed as a single gerund or have dependent words with it. In a letter, such a circumstance is always distinguished by commas on both sides. It can be used regardless of the location in the sentence of the grammatical basis. For example:

• Lying on the bed, she stared up at the ceiling.
• She sat in the garden, enjoying the freshness of the air.
• She, running around the shops, was looking for a suitable outfit.

Quite often in a sentence one can find a homogeneous isolated circumstance or, in other words, several simple participles in one sentence, and they can refer to different predicates. For example:

• Laughing and jumping, she, inspired, rushed towards the wind.

Non-isolated gerunds

It is worth noting that the circumstances expressed by gerunds or turnovers may not be isolated in such cases:

1. If the gerund has the meaning of an adverb. For example: Natasha closed the door and sat without moving.(equivalent to the adverb motionless). An exception is such introductory phrases with the meaning of an adverb, such as: frankly, in fact, noting in passing and others. For example: I actually came here to talk.
2. If the participle is part of a stable phrase or phraseological unit, it is not isolated and does not stand out in writing. For example: I rush headlong to meet.

Prepositional case form

Circumstances that are expressed by prepositional-case forms of nouns are isolated for semantic emphasis, explanation or concretization. Most often, such a separate circumstance is used to indicate the place, time or mode of action and depends only on the semantic load. When pronunciation, it is distinguished by intonation, and when written, by commas. At the same time, the syntactic connection with the predicate is weakened, but along with the meaning of time, the cause of the action or despite what it happened is indicated. For example:

• Ivan, after receiving a decisive refusal, went home and did not leave the room for a long time, locking himself away from everyone.
• With the approach of the enemy, the boy's gaze not only did not become more serious, but became more frivolous.

Along with the case forms of nouns expressed only by a semantic load, there are often isolations using prepositions or prepositional combinations, such as: on account of, in spite of, in spite of, owing to, on account of, on account of and so on. For example:

• Despite wanting to go with him, she refused.
• Despite the rain, they went for a walk.

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances

Sentences with special circumstances when writing can cause some difficulties, since it is quite difficult to properly punctuate them. And most students, writing down such statements, make a lot of mistakes. However, the main thing here is to learn a few simple rules, knowing which difficulties in writing a sentence can be avoided.

Punctuation rules

1. The adverbial turnover is always, regardless of its location in the sentence, separated by commas on both sides. (For example: She, without putting on her hat, ran out into the street; shuddering from the cold. He went inside the house; the girls, laughing and talking quietly, quietly passed by.)
2. If the adverbial turnover is used next to the union, then it is separated from it by a comma. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are included in it. (For example: She smiled at her friend and, jumping over a puddle, ran home.) The only exception here can be the union “a”, placed before the adverbial turnover. In this case, the union may be included in the turnover. (For example: you need to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, convey it to others.)
3. If several adverbial phrases follow one another in a sentence, then punctuation marks between them are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members. (For example: He approached, staggering and holding the lady by the elbow with one hand, and slowly waving an umbrella with the other.)
4. If adverbial phrases in one sentence refer to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas separately. (For example: Pushing the door with his foot, he jumped into the street and, not paying any attention to passers-by, rushed away.)

Exercises to consolidate the material

To consolidate the acquired theoretical knowledge, special attention should be paid to practical exercises. That is why in the school course of the Russian language a huge number of hours are devoted to fixing such a complex topic. So, for starters, you should learn to isolate isolated circumstances from the context orally, relying only on intonation, and then move on to written assignments. For this, sentences are ideal in which students are asked to read expressively, and then arrange commas according to intonation and explain why this punctuation mark should be there. Thus, the child will learn to put into practice the learned punctuation rules. After the children learn to define the adverbial turnover and prepositional-case forms of nouns as separate circumstances, the task can be complicated by offering statements with conjunctions or allied words for parsing. It should be noted that, before proceeding to the definition of isolated circumstances, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Further, the task can be complicated by offering the attention of children complex compound sentences with several grammatical bases and homogeneous isolated circumstances.

Simple sentences may or may not be complicated. Complications can be different.

1. Sentences complicated by homogeneous members

Homogeneous are two or more members that answer the same question, refer to the same word and, therefore, perform the same syntactic role. For example: American, European and Russian entrepreneurs are actively interacting with each other.
All members of a sentence can be homogeneous. Homogeneous members are equal in rights and do not depend on each other.
They can be common: The snow was quietly falling and melting on the warm ground; and uncommon: The snow was falling and melting.
Homogeneous members are separated from each other by a comma. When homogeneous members are separated by commas, and when not, see the section: "Punctuation".
We would like to answer here the very difficult question of which definitions are called heterogeneous. Heterogeneous definitions:
- characterize the subject from different angles, for example: In the corner stood an old German grand piano;
- one of the definitions refers to the phrase word + another definition, for example: Autumn quiet dream of nature(autumn refers to the phrase quiet sleep);
- do not have enumeration intonation;
- often belong to different categories of adjectives;
- they cannot be combined with the union And: Old german table(the table cannot be old on one side and German on the other)

The use of prepositions with homogeneous members

The preposition is repeated
- If homogeneous members are connected by repeating and comparative unions, for example: Collective farms in those days experienced a great shortage in cars, and in tax, and in inventory, and in people; He tried not so much for his own well-being, but for the good of the common cause.
- If the absence of a preposition can cause confusion in understanding the sentence, for example: Textbooks on literary reading and literature delivered to the school library(if there was no pretext, one might think that they brought one kind of textbook, and not two).
- With a significant distribution of homogeneous members, for example: Dust lay in a thick layer on a table upholstered in green cloth, on a leather sofa with a wide back, on an old armchair.

The preposition is not repeated in the interests of euphony if the next word begins with the same consonant as the preposition, for example: Canvas sleeves were rolled out to a pond or a well.

Errors in the use of homogeneous terms

a) Combination of real incomparable concepts, for example: blushed from embarrassment and from running; compared to eternity and Mont Blanc. In literary texts, such combinations are used to create a comic effect.
b) Lexical incompatibility of one of the homogeneous members with a common word for them, for example: During the debate, a number of proposals and comments were made (comments are not made, but made).
c) Generic and specific concepts are not combined as homogeneous members, for example: Our store has a large selection of cakes, confectionery, fruits and wines (the second includes the first).
d) An error is a construction in which the controlled word can be assigned to different rows of homogeneous members, for example: Training of hunters for the extermination of wolves and those responsible for carrying out this event.
e) Dissimilar morphological categories, such as a noun and an infinitive, are not combined as homogeneous members, for example: We have made commitments: improve product quality, decline cost, raise performance(it was necessary to use one form in all cases, either an infinitive or a noun).
f) If there is a generalizing word in the sentence, homogeneous members must agree with it in the case, for example: This information is distributed in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books(cf .: in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books).
g) It is not necessary to combine sentence members (participial and adverbial constructions) and subordinate clauses as homogeneous syntactic elements, for example: Speakers in the debate, without objecting to the main provisions of the report, however, consider it incomplete; The father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech..

2. Sentences complicated by separate members

Separate, i.e., highlighted commas, are called secondary members of the sentence (they can be expressed in one word or a group of words), highlighted in meaning and intonation. Any minor members of the sentence can be isolated. Usually they: have greater semantic independence than non-separate members; contain some additional message and are logically underlined; clarify and concretize the idea expressed by the main members; add expressive coloring to the sentence.
For example: Actions, taken yesterday, gave a positive result; Boy, taller than me, confidently walked forward; There was no one else in the house besides us; We stood looking at that how the company is being torn apart, and could not do anything.

3. Comparative turnovers

Comparative phrases express comparison, comparison, identification and are part of a simple sentence, they are not a separate member of the sentence, they carry the meaning of an attribute of an object or an attribute of an action: daffodils, like bars of silver, shimmering from the blooming carpet. They are also isolated, that is, they are separated by commas.

4. Sentences complicated by words that are not members of the sentence

These are sentences with appeals and introductory words.
An address is a word or phrase that names the person or object to which the speech is addressed. The appeal is always separated by commas. For example: Maria Ivanovna We invite you to the concert, which will take place on January 24.
Introductory words (phrases, sentences) are words expressing the speaker's attitude to the statement: Unfortunately, We lost.

5. Proposals complicated by plug-in structures

Plug-in constructions are words, phrases, sentences related to the content of the sentence and containing additional information, remarks made along the way, corrections, clarifications. They have a special intonation, they can explain both the whole sentence and its part, they are placed in the middle or at the end of the sentence, they do not indicate the source of the message, emotions. In writing, plug-in constructions are distinguished by brackets, sometimes by a dash. For example: He ( Pavel Ivanovich) was excited.