All architectural styles from A to Z, list with photos. What types and styles of architecture are there?

18.04.2019

Let's look at the main architectural styles, many are still in demand in world architecture and are used in the construction of buildings.
Byzantine style.
This type is characterized by huge walls cut by small window openings and arches. The exterior decoration is lavishly decorated with colorful floor carpets.
Gothic style.
This style is distinguished by the peculiarity of elongated and spacious proportions, which stretch very upward into rooms where a person would feel like a very small creature. As a counterbalance to the uselessness of flesh, the stone lace of thin Gothic buildings bloomed with bright colors, this was the era of the revival of colorful stained glass in the form of lancet windows. This structural system made it possible to achieve enormous vault heights with the help of large windows and high-quality lighting.
Renaissance or Renaissance.
An unsurpassed master of the Renaissance was Michelangelo Buonarotti, who was primarily more of a sculptor than an architect. From this point of view, Michelangelo created architectural masterpieces as some interesting background for his own sculptures. In particular, he loved to double columns and pilasters, changing their rhythm.

Baroque style.
Michelangelo is at the same time both the last Renaissance artist and the creator of the Baroque, because it was Michelangelo who understood it as the basis of the stylistic formative element, the plasticity of the walls. The triumph of his creative life is such creations as St. Peter's Cathedral in the capital of Italy, the city of Rome, which is now classified as Baroque.
Rococo.
This style is modern direction in the decoration of buildings of nobles at the end of the 19th century. Luxurious living rooms, which are replete with expensive collections of world works of art. The second half of the 19th century was marked by Russian versions of solutions in the Rococo style, when the owner of the building decorated his premises based on his views. This style is overloaded with decorated elements, a large number of objects and, in addition, spatial isolation, standard signs of a style crisis of that time.
Classicism style.
The name alone speaks for itself. This is a style based on the accumulated experience and basic principles of previous leading trends. Attempts to create universal styles, not just for centuries, but forever. The idea was sometimes revived again, becoming relevant. To this day, the principle “if you don’t understand how, do it in the classic version” is considered valid. It is used in the design of various rooms, halls and facade elements.
Romanticism style.
Natural decorated forms, natural stones, forgings, Gothic elements, evening by candlelight, all this is a feature for a poetic nature. A style under the strange name neo-modern. The use of plastic Art Nouveau forms for the architectural design of premises on a modern technical basis, with a complete absence of any ornaments.
Art Deco style.
This unique style prevailed in the 1930s of the 20th century, and was a kind of continuation of the Art Nouveau direction. Along with this, he was greatly influenced by cubism, which was a folk American design art that was rapidly developing in those days of automobile and aircraft manufacturing. Paris at all times set fashionable styles, with ease and grace, tried to perceive the speed and pressure of the future machine age - it gave birth to a style of decorated art called “Art Deco”.
Art Nouveau style.
The revival of Cubism and the German design school called “Bauhaus” represented a search for aesthetic rationality, which reveals the technological and utilitarian essence of everything that happens.
Minimalist style.
This style completely neglects decoration in search of universal proportions and standard color schemes in dominant forms. Also read: Japanese minimalism in the interior of your home
Art Nouveau style.
This architectural style developed very quickly in the art and design of Europe at the end of the 19th century, in contrast to the neo-Gothic style. Its characteristic features are sinuous, beautiful outlines with a stable asymmetrical tendency. There are natural and natural motivations in furniture decoration. The decoration of this style is characterized by images of female silhouettes with flowing hair. In our country, this style took place in history under the name Art Nouveau. The symbols of this architectural style are plant elements, especially the flowers of irises and orchids were revered.
Eclectic style.
The use of mixed stylization, or a combination of different objects, style and time. Eclecticism is an interior style if it was designed according to the principles of combining no more than 3 stylized types, connected by color, textures, and architectural solutions. This directionality of style, or absence as a definition, usually flourishes at a time when a certain style has already established itself, and a new one has not yet emerged. The modern period of time, that is, the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, is precisely this time. Everything that suits one's liking or fits in a functional sense is in fashion. This style can be characterized by rounded corners, strict plumb lines and protruding shapes. It differs from many styles of furniture in the use of decorated elements, triangles, and circles.
Industry style.
This style is closely associated with minimalism, as well as with full-fledged spatial areas, as if from a science fiction movie. Steel object objects that can resemble unique instruments and equipment. Among other things, this style can be characterized by the presence of unhidden communication; industrial forms can be visible in the interior. Often, steel tables and cast iron floor slabs are used. To most, this style seems inhuman, wild, uninhabited, and is sometimes used not only in offices, but also in residential areas. The industrial style is a kind of game that emphasizes neglect of everyday life.
"High Tech" style.
This style originated in Great Britain in the 1970s of the last century. Style and design theory based on the latest technical advances. Its main feature is considered to be the presence of protruding structural elements and engineering equipment. Gray metal pipes and surfaces, polished connecting jumpers, bolts, and everything that may indicate thoughts and current concepts of space. All attributes are in high demand in high-tech interiors. The fashion for this style emerges in waves, with the emergence of either new building materials, or from a certain demand for specialized technologies.
Post-modernism style.
This style developed at the end of the last century in architecture and art, as an opponent of radical modernity. Adherents of this style use alloys of different styles of past centuries, for example, classicism and baroque, often using them with some undisguised irony. The specificity of this style is a certain hyperbole, as a tool for creating a colorful theatrical image of the environment.
Standard style.
These styles mainly include interior respectability, embodying the bourgeois way of life. This is high-quality furniture in the antique style (of the past), an interior that consists of objects that always have a historical predestination.
Modern style.
Any innovations in construction and technology give rise to their own style and new trends, which influence the material, which in turn affects fashion. For example, in the primitive communal system it was “fashionable” to wear and use natural stone in different situations. Similarly, in the construction of houses, cottages, and apartments, wood was used, or a derivative wood element called papyrus, which was used not only for communication at a certain distance, but also for decoration. Much later, with the advent of metal, materials such as copper, then bronze, gained considerable popularity in everyday use. Later, modern civilization created glass, and its plastic features began to be actively used in the design of residential premises. Several centuries passed, flow production, industrial chemistry, and, as a consequence of the triumph of man over natural elements, synthetic material is widely used in industrial applications and various decorations. The age of plastics to this day fits perfectly into a modern interior, both in the classic and in the secondary version.
Kitsch.
This term refers to the combined name of certain stylistic movements, post-modern and Memphis, which exploited the potential for bad taste and the charm of sentimental objects of mass demand. This is a kind of game of tasteless design, which is a kind of protest movement in modern interior fashion for those who do not take their own living environment very seriously.
China style.
The arrangement of Chinese buildings in a certain way differs in style from other eastern nations. A balanced lifestyle and a unique attitude towards everything that happens in the world play a certain role in this. There are no sharp corners or bulky furniture in Chinese interiors, and what is available is not particularly diverse. For example, the material for creating furniture, in most cases, uses a super-strong but elastic bamboo stem. Furniture elements are decorated using the most complex multi-layer varnishing technique; carvings in black varnish were used for future decoration. Differing from Japanese simplicity, the Chinese primarily use the external space of premises, creating niches, arches for furniture elements, as well as various vases, etc. The furnishings of such a home are completed by exquisitely decorated dining room furniture, on which various decorative elements are displayed. In such furniture utensils, the intarsia technique, famous by Europeans, is widely used, which consists of mortise decorations made of thin plywood of different shades on the surface of a table or cabinet. But, different from European furniture, Chinese furniture can protrude above the surface. Chinese furniture of noble people is very different from the furniture of ordinary people, and the main elements of the interior are a lounger, a chair and a table. Any objects are created using bamboo, mainly in rectangular shapes. Another important principle that only the Chinese lived by was the complete absence of window curtains, there are no chandeliers in the houses, although electricity, of course, illuminates most houses, but with the help of ordinary lighting lamps. The predominant idea of the fragrance of Chinese housing is the interweaving of reality and mythology, where the main character is the dragon, that is, the most powerful among animals. The key color of China is red, that is, the color of the red dragon, an energetic color.
You can find out Additional information- features of oriental interiors.
Japan style.
The Japanese type of home, although predetermined by certain laws, however, reflects the personal spirit. A distinctive feature of this style is the tendency towards simplification, simplicity, the interior seems to breathe freely. If, for example, in chinese style, partitions or screens are often used, then in Japan, mats are used together with such partitions, in addition, not just to define the area between rooms, but also as wall decorations and for flooring, on which the Japanese spend most of their lives , talking peacefully, eating food. The main question for the owner of the home is complete isolation from the world, which is answered by strict room functionality. There is simply no furniture; instead of a closet or various shelves, wall niches in the walls are used, where you can place both a wardrobe and bed linen, etc. Small wardrobes and chests are still present in small quantities in the home, but, like Every Japanese thing is a masterpiece of art.
India style.
This style embodies the colors of turquoise and raspberry, and are absolutely unique in their kind. Indian silks are not as smooth and slippery to the touch as Chinese ones, they are a little rough. Furniture in the homes of this country is often handmade from high-strength wood. Distinctive feature This style is a facilitated transformation of household parts; chairs and tables, shutters and doorways are often replaced by each other.
African style. This is probably the most exotic of ethnic styles, African colors, warm and auspicious, imitating the coloration of a wild animal. Tiger or zebra skins can add effect to the design. Read more: room in African style.
England style. In this style, for example, the walls are typically painted a bright yellow, red or soft cream color. The floors are made of wooden material, covered with thick and comfortable wool carpets. An indispensable attribute of such a living room is a pleasant wool blanket with a checkered pattern, as well as a small footstool. The rooms are often “decorated” with heavy but elegant polished furniture. The synthesis of fabrics in the interior of such living rooms may seem somewhat chaotic, but at the same time, the “strictest check” looks great along with the romanticism of colored patterns.
Mediterranean style.
This style is distinguished by its brightness, like the nature of this part of the world, which is dominated by the sea of sun and the ocean of flora and fauna. Predominant colors: blue, green, gold, brown. Colorful colors on the brightest wall coverings, on the floor with a laid pattern of marble or colored ceramic tiles. A characteristic feature is also some roughness and pronounced unevenness, a certain texture, hand-made finishing and coloring. Huge windows let in a lot of sunlight. In these houses, wrought iron furniture predominates, which is combined with painted wood, often painted.
Egypt style.
This style came to us with the help of a religious building, and although it existed for more than 4000 years, it has not changed at all since its birth. Reached today, architectural monuments of that time, for example, a temple, a palace, a tomb, that is, monuments of buildings that personify eternity. A wall, pylon, column was often covered with hieroglyphic written drawings and scenes of special rituals, where the silhouettes of people were depicted in a certain pose, for example, the head and the rest of the body were in profile, and the hands were in front. In the buildings of that time, you can find 3 types of columns, namely, the lotus column, the papyrus column and the gatoric column. The exception is the Amarna historical period, when Amenhotep IV ruled. Bans on numerous old cults and the proclamation of the sun god gave some impetus to the formation different arts. Certain scenes were replaced by images of fish, butterflies, and touching life scenes. Sculptures also acquired new, non-canonical forms. Over time, the entire Empire style and Art Deco began to be based on elements of this style.
Feng Shui style.
This style is home household magic. If you want to change your life, move 27 objects in your own home, says an ancient Chinese saying. folk wisdom. If you have a home with a clear rectangular shape, you can consider yourself a lucky person, because this is a favorable shape. As well as an octagon, but you will see this very rarely, if at all. Some protrusions and cutouts on the plans can enlarge or reduce certain areas. A little about flowers. In this style, any zone has a certain color. The right color can increase energy in a specific area of your life process. Of course, not every person will paint several rooms in different colors. To increase QI, you should try placing a purple lamp in the wealth zone, a vase that is filled with tender pink flowers, into the zone of mutual relations, and the black marble sculpture into the zone that will correspond to the career.

Classification of architectural styles

style name

style characteristic

plan

image

Canonical

4 thousand BC.

332 AD

Superhuman dimensions, stability, strict symmetry, “quantitativeness”, geometric shapes, grandeur. The architecture perpetuated the deified power of the pharaoh and the belief in the afterlife.

(pyramids at Giza, ensemble of temples at Karnak)

Classical

8th century BC -

5th century AD

This style was developed in Antiquity: Greece, Rome. Light, slender architecture by Dr. Greece carries in its artistic system a different spirit of heroism and human significance. The main achievement of Greek architects was the creation of the order. Harmony, lightness, simplicity, proportionality to the human scale, practicality, rationalism, solemnity.

(Acropolis of Athens, Roman Colosseum)

Romanesque

11th - 12th centuries

Massiveness, heaviness, heaviness, serf character, the main means of expression is a stele with narrow openings - a cross-bathing system. Thick walls, narrow windows - loopholes in monasteries and castles. The main element of the composition isdonjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.

(Cathedral ensemble in Pisa,Cathedral in Worms)

Gothic

13th - 14th centuries

The frame becomes the structural basis, and huge openings appear filled with stained glass windows. Arches and portals stretch out and take on a pointed shape. Lightness, delicacy, weightlessness, upward direction towards the sky, towards God.

(Notre Dame Cathedral,cathedral in Reims, V Cologne )

Ancient - Russian

9th - 17th centuries

Majestic simplicity, festivity, elegance, decorativeness, multi-headedness.

(Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl,

Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir)

Renaissance

13th - 17th centuries

Symmetry, harmony, balance, geometric correctness of forms. An important achievement was the creation of a new architectural form - the floor.The windows are interpreted as the eyes of the building, the façade as the face of the building; those. the exterior expresses the interior architectural space.

(Temple of Santa Maria del Fiore, Palazzo Rucellai, Michelangelo Buonarroti. Dome of St. Peter's Cathedral. Rome )

Baroque

17th century

Bizarre, dynamic, restless, richly decorated, sculptural, creating parks, ensembles, buildings richly decorated with stucco, painting, sculpture.

(Ensemble of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Tsarskoye Selo Palace, Hermitage Museum, )

Classicism

17th - 19th centuries

"Classius" is an example. The style of absolute monarchies, calm grandeur and noble simplicity, strict rhythm, symmetry, elegance, solemnity.rigor of form, clarity of spatial design, geometric interiors, softness of colors and laconicism of external and internal decoration of buildings

(palace ensemble of Versailles , arrows of Vasilyevsky Island, Kazan Cathedral)

Rococo

18 century

"Rocaille" - shell. Refinement, mannerism, luxury, whimsical decorativeness, shell-shaped ornament.characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, fine detailing of form, a rich and balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure tones of color with white and gold, a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration.( Oval Hall of the Soubise Hotel , palace interiors of the Winter Palace, Smolny Cathedral)

Empire style

18 century

The style of the empire of the Napoleonic era, dryness, academicism, severity, clarity of lines, cold grandeur.a combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. passion for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, obelisks. Porticoes become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration.

(Chalgrin. Arch of the Star in Paris , the main headquarters building in St. Petersburg, Leper and Gondoin. Vendôme Column in Paris.)

Modern

19th century

Asymmetry, softened streamlined shapes, curving lines of the ornament, external decorativeness.use of new technologies (metal, glass).Stair railings, light fixtures hanging from the ceiling, even door handles- everything was carefully designed in the same style

( (1906, architect. ), Victor OrtaHouse of Tassel (1983),Sytin's house, Mansion of S. Ryabushinsky. F. Shekhtel. Moscow.1902

Modern – late XIX - early XX centuries; characterized by various house decorations, roundings, and departure from regular geometric shapes. Use of large glass areas. Facing surfaces are made of decorative bricks, porcelain stoneware, and in some cases - painting (in Moscow architecture -Yaroslavsky station, TSUM, Metropol hotel)

Modern

(constructivism,

organics,

retro)
20th century

Use of new building structures, new Construction Materials, abstraction of geometric shapes, aestheticization of structures.

Constructivism - designing the environment, the possibilities of new technology, its logical, expedient designs, the aesthetic possibilities of materials such as metal, glass, wood. Constructivists sought to contrast ostentatious luxury with the simplicity and emphasized utilitarianism of new object forms, in which they saw the reification of democracy and new relationships between people. (Moscow Planetarium, architect. M. Barshcha, M. Sinyavsky; Eiffel Tower

G. Eiffel

France)

“organic architecture” - to assert the necessity and pleasantness for the human eye of flexible natural forms, the connection of architectural structures with the natural environment. (Opera House, Jörn Ustzon,

Australia, Sydney )

Retro style - spacious forms, verandas. The exterior decoration of the house is made of modern materials, but stylized as antique. There is a contrast of dark colors and light ones, broken roofs, valleys, dormer windows, spacious staircases.

"high-tech" ("high-tech") - maximum functionality. No decorative excesses. Active introduction of new technologies into the human environment. Sometimes demonstrative use of technical forms - brightly colored open pipes, air ducts, elements of engineering equipment, metal structures and other surroundings of the “age of technology”

The designs are characterized by: rigor and simplicity, straight lines, simple geometric shapes. The decor is calm. The color scheme is dominated by monotony. Lots of metal and glass. Metal-glass multi-tiered galleries are popular(Rainbow Center in Niagara Falls, USA, 1978 )

Educational visual aids and course presentations

“History of Architecture” (disc, posters, slides)

The architectural style reflects common features in the design of building facades, plans, forms, structures. Architectural styles were formed in certain conditions economic and social development society under the influence of religion, government structure, ideology, architectural traditions and national characteristics, climatic conditions, landscape. The emergence of a new type of architectural style has always been associated with technological progress, changes in ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Let us consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for various trends in architecture in different periods time.

Archaic architecture

Structures erected before the 5th century BC are usually classified as archaic architecture. Stylistically, the buildings of Mesopotamia and Assyria (states of Western Asia) are related to the buildings Ancient Egypt. They are united by simplicity, monumentality, geometric shapes, and the desire for large sizes. There were also differences: Egyptian buildings are characterized by symmetry, while the architecture of Mesopotamia is characterized by asymmetry. The Egyptian temple consisted of a suite of rooms and was stretched horizontally; in the Mesopotamian temple, the rooms seem to be attached to each other randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (ziggurat (sigguratu - peak) - temple tower, a characteristic feature of the temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).

Antique style

Antiquity, as a type of architectural style, dates back to Ancient Greece. Greek buildings were built in the likeness of the “megaron” residential building of the Cretan-Mycenaean era. IN Greek temple the walls were made thick, massive, without windows, and there was a hole in the roof for light. The construction was based on a modular system, rhythm and symmetry.

Megaron - means “large hall” - a rectangular house with a hearth in the middle (beginning of 4 thousand BC)

The ancient architectural style became the basis for the development of the order system. There were directions in the order system: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. The Doric order appeared in the 6th century BC, it was distinguished by its severity and massiveness. The lighter and more elegant Ionic order appeared later and was popular in Asia Minor. The Corinthian order appeared in the 5th century. BC. Colonnades became a hallmark of this type of architectural style. The architectural style, the photo of which is located below, is defined as antique, Doric order.

The Romans, who conquered Greece, adopted the architectural style, enriched it with decoration and introduced an order system into the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.

Roman style

Type of architectural style of the 10th-12th centuries. - received its name “Romanesque” only in the 19th century. thanks to art critics. The structures were created as a structure from simple geometric shapes: cylinders, parallelepipeds, cubes. Castles, temples and monasteries with powerful stone walls with battlements were built in this style. In the 12th century towers with loopholes and galleries appeared at castle-fortresses.

The main buildings of that era were the temple, the fortress and the castle. The buildings of this era were simple geometric figures: cubes, prisms, cylinders, during their construction vaulted structures were created, the vaults themselves were made cylindrical, cross-rib, cross. In the early Romanesque architectural style, walls were painted, and by the end of the 11th century. Three-dimensional stone reliefs appeared on the facades.

Architectural style reflects common features in the design of building facades, plans, shapes, and structures. Architectural styles were formed in certain conditions of economic and social development of society under the influence of religion, government structure, ideology, architectural traditions and national characteristics, climatic conditions, and landscape. The emergence of a new type of architectural style has always been associated with technological progress, changes in ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Let's consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for various trends in architecture in different periods of time.

Archaic architecture

Structures erected before the 5th century BC are usually classified as archaic architecture. Stylistically, the buildings of Mesopotamia and Assyria (states of Western Asia) are related to the buildings of Ancient Egypt. They are united by simplicity, monumentality, geometric shapes, and the desire for large sizes. There were also differences: Egyptian buildings are characterized by symmetry, while the architecture of Mesopotamia is characterized by asymmetry. The Egyptian temple consisted of a suite of rooms and was stretched horizontally; in the Mesopotamian temple, the rooms seem to be attached to each other randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (ziggurat (sigguratu - peak) - temple tower, a characteristic feature of the temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).

Antique style

Antiquity, as a type of architectural style, dates back to Ancient Greece. Greek buildings were built in the likeness of the “megaron” residential building of the Cretan-Mycenaean era. In the Greek temple, the walls were made thick, massive, without windows, and a hole was made in the roof for light. The construction was based on a modular system, rhythm and symmetry.

Megaron - means “large hall” - a rectangular house with a hearth in the middle (beginning of 4 thousand BC)

The Romans, who conquered Greece, adopted the architectural style, enriched it with decoration and introduced an order system into the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.

Roman style

The main buildings of that era were the temple, the fortress and the castle. The buildings of this era were simple geometric shapes: cubes, prisms, cylinders; during their construction, vaulted structures were created, the vaults themselves were made cylindrical, cross-rib, cross. In the early Romanesque architectural style, walls were painted, and by the end of the 11th century. Three-dimensional stone reliefs appeared on the facades.

Classification of architectural styles

style name

style characteristic

image

Canonical

4 thousand BC.

Superhuman dimensions, stability, strict symmetry, “quantitativeness”, geometric shapes, grandeur. The architecture perpetuated the deified power of the pharaoh and the belief in the afterlife.

(pyramids at Giza, ensemble of temples at Karnak)

Classical

8th century BC -

(Acropolis of Athens, Roman Colosseum)

Romanesque

The main element of the composition isdonjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.

(Cathedral ensemble in Pisa,

Cathedral in Worms)

Gothic

(Notre Dame Cathedral,

cathedral in Reims, V Cologne)

Ancient - Russian

Majestic simplicity, festivity, elegance, decorativeness, multi-headedness.

(Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl,

Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir)

Renaissance

Symmetry, harmony, balance, geometric correctness of forms. An important achievement was the creation of a new architectural form - the floor. The windows are interpreted as the eyes of the building, the façade as the face of the building; those. the exterior expresses the interior architectural space.

(Temple of Santa Maria del Fiore, Palazzo Rucellai, Michelangelo Buonarroti. Dome of St. Peter's Cathedral. Rome )

Baroque

Bizarre, dynamic, restless, richly decorated, sculptural, creating parks, ensembles, buildings richly decorated with stucco, painting, sculpture.

(Ensemble of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Tsarskoye Selo Palace, Hermitage Museum, )

Classicism

"Classius" is an example. The style of absolute monarchies, calm grandeur and noble simplicity, strict rhythm, symmetry, elegance, solemnity. rigor of form, clarity of spatial design, geometric interiors, softness of colors and laconicism of external and internal decoration of buildings

(palace ensemble of Versailles , arrows of Vasilyevsky Island, Kazan Cathedral)

Rococo

"Rocaille" - shell. Refinement, mannerism, luxury, whimsical decorativeness, shell-shaped ornament. characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, fine detailing of form, a rich and balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure tones of color with white and gold, a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration.(Oval Hall of the Soubise Hotel , palace interiors of the Winter Palace, Smolny Cathedral)

Empire style

The style of the empire of the Napoleonic era, dryness, academicism, severity, clarity of lines, cold grandeur. a combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. passion for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, obelisks. Porticoes become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration.

(Chalgrin. Arch of the Star in Paris , the main headquarters building in St. Petersburg, Leper and Gondoin. Vendôme Column in Paris.)

Modern

Asymmetry, softened streamlined shapes, curving lines of the ornament, external decorativeness. use of new technologies (metal, glass).Stair railings, light fixtures hanging from the ceiling, even door handles- everything was carefully designed in the same style

( (1906, architect. ), Victor Orta House of Tassel (1983),Sytin's house, Mansion of S. Ryabushinsky. F. Shekhtel. Moscow.1902

Modern

(constructivism,

organics,

retro)
20th century

The use of new building structures, new building materials, abstraction of geometric shapes, aestheticization of structures.

Constructivism - designing the environment, the possibilities of new technology, its logical, expedient designs, the aesthetic possibilities of materials such as metal, glass, wood. Constructivists sought to contrast ostentatious luxury with the simplicity and emphasized utilitarianism of new object forms, in which they saw the reification of democracy and new relationships between people. Moscow Planetarium, architect. M. Barshcha, M. Sinyavsky; Eiffel Tower

G. Eiffel

France)

Australia, Sydney)

(

Educational visual aids and course presentations

“History of Architecture” (disc, posters, slides)

Victorian style: prestige and elegance

Architecture, popular in the 19th century in Foggy Albion and in the colonies, does not lose ground today. Victorian houses have 2-3 floors, asymmetry, a complex, multifaceted roof, an attic, often a round turret, a spacious porch, trimmed with carved wood or metal, white or beige. However, the Victorian style has many variations, depending on the time and place of its penetration into a specific cultural environment.

Gothic in architecture: minted mystery

Architectural styles: Gothic

Dutch style: unpretentious peace

Dutch architectural style

Deconstructivism: not like everyone else

The style of deconstructivism leaves no chance for any of the architectural absolutes. It is introduced into any environment with flashy broken shapes and structures that are difficult for visual perception.
Deconstructivism is not called a direction of architecture, but its negation, however, deconstructivists still have a foothold - constructivism and postmodernism.
Architects deliberately distort the principles and compositional motifs of these styles and end up with a dynamic and individual building project.
Read more about

Deconstructivist architecture

European Style: Popular Versatility

European style in the exterior

Italian architectural style: refined drama

Italian style in the exterior

Country style house: warmth and soulfulness

This style has many faces and is based on local customs: for example, in France “rural” houses are made of stone, and in Canada they are made of logs. In any case, country style involves traditional and natural raw materials. The distinctive touches of such an exterior are rusticity (cladding the external walls with faceted stones), interspersed hand-made items (this could be forged door handles or a horseshoe at the entrance), the color of the facade, reminiscent of shades of clay, wood, sand. The yard is decorated with appropriate archaic elements: bird nests on poles, flower beds on carts, a model of a mill.

Architectural styles: Country

Classic style in the exterior: imitation of the best

The architecture of such a structure is based on the standards of the classics - on ancient canons, on the best examples Italian Renaissance, English Georgianism or Russian architecture. Classicism in the exterior is the symmetry of the building (the main entrance is the axis around which the extensions are located), the presence of columns, triangular pediments, porticoes, balustrades, balusters and other accessories of a particular architectural era. Classic-type houses are decorated with pilasters and moldings. The preferred material, of course, is stone, however, nowadays decorative elements are well made from plaster or polyurethane. Classic mansions are often two-story, light in color.

Colonial style in architecture: modest charm

Wealthy immigrants and planters built their households, combining “imported” capital and comfort with local exoticism. This is how the colonial exterior came into being.

Houses in this style are monumental, with two floors. The layout is rectilinear, the entrance is supported by a colonnade. They are built from stone, neutral-colored plaster. The door is massive, wooden. There is almost always a terrace available. The buildings are distinguished by large, panoramic windows that offer views of the garden or wildlife.

Perhaps the most famous subtype of colonial exterior is a bungalow, a one-story or attic mansion, with a spreading veranda along the entire width of the pediment. Its color is traditionally white, reflective, because bungalows were built in the tropics, combining the features of a traditional English cottage, army tents and oriental tents.

Colonial style in the exterior

Loft exterior: fashionable fundamentality

The newest, trendy style. His idea is to transform technological premises, factory floors, garages or hangars into bohemian, luxury apartments.

A loft-style house is a very spacious, tall, distinctly geometric building with a minimal number of internal partitions. An undoubted advantage of such a project is inexpensive building materials: concrete, cement, brick. The loft façade does not require any finishing, nor does it require siding. The roof can be flat or gable, with a metal roof. Be sure to have a large, tall window. A loft home should resemble an industrial building, even if built from scratch.

Modern style house: delightful chic

Minimalism in architecture: freedom and light

German-style houses: fabulous originality

These houses seem to have “jumped out” from the fairy tales of Hoffmann and the Brothers Grimm. They are compact and very neat in appearance. The German style is characterized by economy, productivity, the absence of intricate decoration and the natural color of the facade. Such a dwelling has a square or rectangular shape, the base is covered with stone, and the gable roof is covered with red tiles. A German house is decorated with a balcony or attic, as well as tinted boards - elements of half-timbered wood. An original detail is the windows, separated by lintels and protected by shutters. The door is painted in a color that stands out against the background of the house.

Norwegian style: compact and environmentally friendly

Architecture in the Provence style: rustic romanticism

Why does this style know no boundaries? Because Provence is the embodiment of both brilliance and naivety, and also a symbol family values. It is believed that the name of the style was given by the French region, but “Provence” means “province”: pastoralism, simplicity, leisurely and measured - these are its main “trump cards”.

In the south of France, houses are mainly built from wild stone, making extensive use of pebbles and slate. In other places they resort to imitation, gypsum panels and slabs. But the roofs are always tiled, often multi-layered, of various levels. The northern wall is necessarily blank. The windows on the lower floor may differ in size from the rest; they are often supplemented with sashes. Natural colors are preferred: milky white, grass, straw. Extensions are welcome - verandas, terraces, kitchens, barns. The door is wooden, weighty, with forged hinges and a viewing window. The yard is covered with paving stones.

Architectural styles: Provence

Ranch style: thriftiness and thoroughness

This exterior is one of the most popular in one-story America. Having absorbed the nuances of other styles, features of bungalows and “prairie buildings,” it finally took shape at the beginning of the last century. Low-rise ranch houses are “spread out” in width, complicated by extensions, plastered and painted with light colors. Feature – sliding glass doors. The appearance of a ranch-style house reminds us that farmers began to build such housing: harsh, unpretentious people who value work, but also good rest.

Rococo in architecture: unbridled luxury

Such houses were preferred by French aristocrats. The classical order system on the basis of which they were erected is almost invisible due to the abundant, ornate decor. The walls of the Rococo house are literally drowning in through patterns and lace details - curls, rocailles, cartouches. Playful arches, slender colonnades, graceful cornices and railings add idleness to the premises and a pleasant lightness to life. Artistry and mannerism permeate the Rococo building like the sun through a crystal shard. Traditional colors are soft pastel colors.

Architectural styles: Rococo

Romanesque style in architecture: my home is my fortress

The origins of the exterior lie in the Middle Ages, when citadel castles arose everywhere. Their characteristic features are a primitive silhouette, massiveness and brutality, because protection and shelter were the main task of such abodes.

The stone, of course, reigned. The construction of apses, towers with domes and arched vaults was diversified. The window openings were narrow, like loopholes.

Of course, in the modern version, the Romanesque mansion does not look as trivial and rude as in ancient engravings. The windows have become significantly larger, and the wild stone has been replaced by elegant stylization. But the principle remained unshakable: mansions in romanesque style should be large, heavy and unapproachable in appearance.

Russian architectural style: toy house

Exterior design in the Russian style is not as monotonous as it might seem. These are also houses typical of Slavic wooden architecture, and mansions in the style of Russian merchants, and noble estates.

Wood, of course, rules the roost. A dwelling in the Russian genre rarely exceeds two floors, the roof is gable, the windows are small, covered with platbands, and a covered porch is highly desirable. Balconies, staircases, and turrets will give the mansion a resemblance to a fairy-tale hut, and sophisticated carved decoration and an open veranda on figured supports will resemble boyar mansions.

Scandinavian style in the exterior: Nordic character

Clear contours, natural building materials, a minimum of decor, but maximum amenities - houses with such properties are called Scandinavian.

Among the features of this home are glass doors, huge windows (or an entire transparent wall), which is dictated by the lack of sunlight. Scandinavian houses are covered with either white plaster or wooden paneling, which also fulfills an aesthetic mission: doors and windows are edged with dark wood, walls are sheathed with light wood, or vice versa. The roof can be either flat or gable. Scandinavian mansions are “stuffed” with energy-saving technologies and are often equipped with solar panels.

Scandinavian style in the exterior

Mediterranean style house: glamor and bliss

Residences that could only be admired on the warm coast were also included in the design encyclopedia.

Their peculiarity is their light and joyful color (white, cream, pink); flat, tiled roof; half-open verandas covered with greenery; spacious balconies and rotundas; the presence of a swimming pool and, of course, a patio. The building may consist of several parts flowing into each other. Windows and doorways are often horseshoe-shaped. Preference is given to natural stone, ceramics, and wood.

Mediterranean style in the exterior

Modern style in architecture: freedom of choice

Its value lies in democracy. This design accepts any building materials, including the latest ones. The house is distinguished by its simplicity – both externally and in its operation. It does not need decoration or any stylistic tricks. A gable roof, sufficient space and panoramic glazing are perhaps all that is required.

Tudor style: noble heritage

The Tudor house is the material embodiment of truly English character. He is imposing and a little old-fashioned, like a 100% gentleman.

Formed in the 16th century, combining touches of Gothic and Renaissance, Flemish and Italian motifs, the Tudor style still remains in demand.

Its attributes are thick walls, high chimneys, turrets, lancet openings. And, of course, the half-timbered structure is the outer frame. In the old days, such houses were built from stone and wood, but today they use aerated concrete, panels and blocks. Beams, cornices and shutters, as before, are highlighted in a dark color. The main facade almost always contains a bay window, sometimes in the form of a turret. It is impossible not to mention the roofing: Tudor roofs are complex, with long hips and high gables, with small dormers. The entrance is in the form of an arch, lined with stone and decorated with the family coat of arms. The area around the house is decorated with stone sidewalks, paved paths, wrought-iron fences and, of course, an English lawn.

Half-timbered houses: ancient flavor

Glimpses of this style appeared in the 15th century in Germany. Several centuries later, half-timbered wood “captured” the whole of Western Europe. They still turn to him today.

In essence, the half-timbered technique is a frame construction method. Its basis is fastenings made of wooden beams, racks, crossbars, and braces. They were once made of oak, intricately joined together with “secret” notches and wooden pins. The voids between the beams were compacted with clay, pebbles, and straw. The walls were plastered, whitewashed, and the frame was painted brown, cherry or black. It served as an ornament to the façade, dividing it into clear segments. Houses lined with wooden patterns are still called half-timbered.

Architectural styles: Half-timbered

Farmhouse style: maximum air

Farm houses are often one-story, light in color, with unobtrusive decor. A notable feature is a large porch or open veranda, which, if space allows, can stretch along the perimeter of the house. For finishing, either wood or materials that imitate it are chosen. The windows are large, with a good view, the door is often also glass.

Farm style

Finnish style: scent of wood

Another type of wooden exterior. For façade cladding, Finns use timber, clapboard or plank. During construction, walls are lined with insulation, for example, mineral wool. The height is one and a half to two floors, the roof is gable, ceramic tile, there is often a terrace in front of the house, and above it a glazed balcony. The color of the facade ranges from white to wooden shades. The highlight of a Finnish home is, of course, the sauna.

Fusion style: harmony of contradictions

This amazing style sweeps away laws and rules. The architect and designer are free to use any materials, shapes, textures... And even principles. Unlike eclecticism, which interweaves individual details of similar exteriors into a whole, fusion is a daring attempt to combine diametrically opposed things. For example, industrial design (loft) and baroque fragments. Or gothic with ethno. In addition, the style involves the use of a complex color scheme, a variety of decor... And, of course, a subtle artistic flair that will not allow you to slide into architectural cacophony and design heresy.

Architectural styles: Fusion

High-tech in architecture: on the verge of fantasy

These houses are a challenge to tradition and a demonstration of scientific achievements. High-tech real estate is noticeable from afar thanks to wind generators and solar panels. The layout assumes significant home sizes and cubic shapes. The walls are absolutely flat, the structure is smooth, the materials are concrete, glass, metal and plastic. Color scheme – white, black, silver, shades of various metals. Houses are also distinguished by their maximum glass area: often one of the facades is glazed. The terrace may be open, but the central door is also glass and sliding. The roofs are flat, in the form of level platforms, which are easy to adapt for recreation. The facades are equipped with lighting. External engineering communications serve as decorative items.

Czech style: a secluded place

The design of Czech cottages echoes German and pan-European architectural traditions. Czech mansions are distinguished by their regular geometry, squatness, high and multifaceted tiled roofs, and stone foundations. However, instead of tiles, they are sometimes covered with straw, which harmonizes with the rural landscape. Windows and doors have a streamlined, rounded shape.

Czech architectural style

Chalet style houses: reliable protection

It's hard to believe that in the past, the chalet was just a shepherd's house at the foot of the mountains. Cut off from civilization, this shelter had to be resilient, invulnerable, and have the necessary level of comfort. The foundation and first floor were built of stone, the attic was built of logs. The roof of Alpine houses is gable, flat, with significant projections turning into awnings. The main facade faces east, living rooms to the south. The chalet has at least one spacious balcony. The decoration is made of wood carvings.

Chalet in modern form- not only stone and wood, but also brick and concrete, as well as panoramic windows and a large veranda. A logical addition to such a home would be an alpine slide, coniferous trees, a grill or a barbecue.

Chateau style house: noble nest

Actually, that's what they were called country estates French nobles, consisting of a castle, a park and, often, a winery. The famous Versailles is essentially a chateau.

The style of this exterior is determined by classic proportions, a large number of lancet windows decorated with frames, a multi-pitched roof, elegant gables, wide terraces, spacious balconies with forged, filigree railings and bay windows. The walls can be finished with rusticated stone, brick, or decorated with stucco. The base is usually made of natural stone, and the roof is made of tiles. The chateau-style façade is a proud sign of family nobility.

Architectural styles: Chateau

Swedish style: sweet naturalness

Part of the Scandinavian style, Swedish domestic architecture continues the tradition of dramatic simplicity. The peculiarity of the Swedish cottage is its contrasting color: its walls are painted red, and the corners, window frames and doors are highlighted in white. The buildings are often wooden, with large windows, because sunlight is especially valued in these parts.

Swedish style

Ethnic style: from tower to wigwam

National style is the soul of ethnic style. This could be a house resembling a Russian log house, built using timber and topped with a ridge on the roof. Or a mansion with an oriental “accent” in the form of Arabic ornaments, Persian grilles and tiles. In other words, there are as many cultures and building traditions as there are sources that feed the diverse ethno-exterior.

Japanese style in architecture: laconicism and lightness

Japanese country houses can be seen not only in the Land of the Rising Sun. This is because Japanese style is incredibly organic. Its strengths are clarity, perfection, and unpretentious lines. The materials are stone, glass and wood, the palette is restrained. Sliding doors in such a house are on each side; the central entrance is often complemented by a stepped deck, reminiscent of a porch and bridge. The house can have a covered veranda with a wide view, and an open terrace. The continuation of the Japanese home is an authentic landscape: a mini-pond, several picturesque boulders and a couple of dwarf pine trees will turn even an ordinary home into a philosopher’s refuge.
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Architectural styles.

March 2nd, 2017 , 03:00 pm

Of course, today there are many books where all historical periods, the entire history of Russian architecture, all styles and trends are described in detail.
But the specifics of the Internet are such that many people want to understand common problems in one short note.
This is exactly the review I offer to the readers of the Architectural Style magazine -

Briefly about the periods and styles of Russian architecture

1. Old Russian architecture
X - XVII centuries
The history of Old Russian architecture goes back seven centuries. Even a simple listing of all periods of development of Old Russian architecture is a huge research work. This path was so complex and diverse.
Architecture of Kyiv and Chernigov, architecture of Novgorod the Great and Pskov, Smolensk and Polotsk. Independent and very bright Vladimir-Suzdal architecture developed in the North-Eastern part of Rus', in the Zalessk land. TO end of XII V. Several architectural trends are emerging in Rus', although general principles were the same throughout the entire territory of Rus'. In the 13th century The Vladimir-Suzdal school was divided into two independent ones, one built in Suzdal, Nizhny Novgorod and Yuryev-Polsky, the other in Vladimir, Rostov and Yaroslavl. And finally, the era of the centralized Russian state, in the XV - 16th centuries uniting individual Russian lands around Moscow. The process of unification of Russian lands around Moscow, the formation of a single Russian state, influenced the formation of an all-Russian architectural tradition. The architecture of the 17th century was characterized by complexity and picturesque compositions, diversity and richness of architectural details.
Among the works of Old Russian architecture there are no copies of foreign buildings, no mechanical imitation of the architecture of neighboring countries.

2. “Naryshkinskoe” baroque
End of the 17th century
The first stage of the development of Russian Baroque dates back to the era of the Russian Empire, from the 1680s to the 1700s, called the Moscow, or “Naryshkin” Baroque. A feature of this style (?) is its close connection with pre-existing Russian traditions. Striving for patterns, picturesqueness and elegance, a kind of connecting link between ancient Russian architecture and the new Baroque style.

Church of the Intercession in Fili, Moscow, 1694

3. Style Baroque
1st half of the 18th century
The founding of St. Petersburg gave a powerful impetus to the development of Russian architecture, begins new stage in the development of Russian baroque - Peter's baroque. It was an architectural style based on Western models. The largest building of this time is the Peter and Paul Cathedral. And despite the abundance of foreign architects, Russia is beginning to form its own architectural school. The architecture of Peter the Great's time is characterized by simplicity of volumetric constructions, clarity of divisions and restraint of decoration, and a planar interpretation of facades. Later, a new direction developed in Russia - Elizabethan Baroque. Its appearance is most often associated with the name of the outstanding architect Rastrelli. The difference between this style and Peter’s is its close connection with the traditions of the Moscow Baroque. Rastrelli designed majestic palace complexes in St. Petersburg and its environs - the Winter Palace, Catherine Palace, Peterhof. The architect is characterized by the gigantic scale of buildings, the splendor of decorative decoration, and the decoration of facades using gold. The majestic, festive character of Rastrelli’s architecture left its mark on everything Russian art mid-18th century. An original page of Elizabethan baroque is represented by the work of Moscow architects of the mid-18th century - led by D.V. Ukhtomsky and I.F. Michurin. The main idea of Baroque is beauty, solemnity, pomp, exaggerated pathos and theatricality.

The Great Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, 1752-1757, architect. V.V.Rastrelli

4. Style Classicism
2nd half of the XVIII - beginning. XIX century

Classicism is an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The basis of the architectural language of classicism was the order. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical axial compositions and restraint of decorative decoration. Russian classicism is a style of art that arose in Russia under Catherine II, who in a certain way sought to Europeanize Russia. The emergence of a new style was preceded by more than half a century of development of Russian art of the New Age, characterized by the predominance of the Baroque. Since the 60s of the 18th century, Russian architects have been designing and constructing buildings in the style of noble simplicity of classicism.

Pashkov's house in Moscow, 1784-1788. arch. V.I. Bazhenov (?).

5. « National romantic» stage
1780 - 1800
In the second half of the 18th century, along with the leading classical direction, there was a short-lived stage that was later most often called the “Gothic style”. This is the time of active creativity of V.I. Bazhenov and M.F. Kazakov, and their most famous building is the Tsaritsyn ensemble. Despite Catherine’s instructions, our architects took as their starting point not Gothic, but ancient Russian forms. Tsaritsyn is characterized by an intricate colorful play of white stone details against the background of red brick walls, reminiscent of the details and motifs of Russian architecture of the 17th century. In general, the works of this stage in the classical architectural school are called the time of National Romantic quest.

Palace in Tsaritsyno, in Moscow, 1775 - 1785, architect. V.I.Bazhenov and M.F.Kazakov

6. Style Empire style
1800 - 1840
“Imperial style” Empire is the final stage of classicism, with massive and monumental forms, rich decoration, and elements of military symbols.

Main headquarters in St. Petersburg, 1819-1829, architect. K.I.Rossi

7. Eclecticism
1830 - 1890
A direction in architecture that focuses on the use of any form of the past in any combination in one building. Eclecticism rebelled against academic dogma, which demanded that we follow the “eternal” laws of ancient architecture. Eclecticism in itself cannot be a style, as it is a mixture of stages and styles of past years.
A few words about eclecticism

Assumption Church in St. Petersburg, 1896-1898, architect. G. Kosyakov

8. Style Modern
End of the 19th century - 1917
The style direction is associated with the use of new technical and constructive means, free planning to create distinctly individualized buildings. The term "Modern" defines architecture that sharply rebelled against imitation. The slogan of modernity is modernity and novelty. A system of artistic forms that is in any way related to the order or “styles” of eclecticism does not exist at all in modernity.
The principle of designing a building “from the outside to the inside”, characteristic of past styles, from the shape of the plan and volume to the internal arrangement of the premises, is opposed in modernity by the opposite principle: “from the inside to the outside”. The shape of the plan and facade is not specified initially; it follows from the features of the internal planning structure.
About Art Nouveau - http://odintsovgrigori.ucoz.ru/index/mod ern/0-255

Ryabushinsky's mansion in Moscow, 1900, architect F.O. Shekhtel

9. Retrospectiveism
1905 - 1917
A very complex direction, a kind of parallel to late modernity. A direction based on the development of the architectural heritage of past eras, from ancient Russian architecture to classicism. The distinction between late modernity and retrospectivism is extremely difficult to draw. Examples of the three main movements in retrospectivism -

9.1 - Neoclassicism
The building of the Kievsky railway station in Moscow is reminiscent of the famous buildings of Russian classicism and empire style. The symmetry of this solemn composition is enlivened by the square clock tower placed on the right corner. With sufficient severity of architectural forms, the decorative decoration of the building is very diverse, with rich “antique” motifs.

Kyiv railway station. 1914-1924, Arch. I.I. Rerberg, V.K. Oltarzhevsky, with the participation of V.G. Shukhov.

9.2 - Neo-Russian style
Architectural researchers expressed the opinion that the neo-Russian style is closer to modernism than to eclecticism, and this differs from the “pseudo-Russian style” in its traditional sense.
The building of the Loan Treasury combines business representativeness with the plasticity of chambers of the 17th century. The shape of the front porch against the background of the diamond rustication of the wall enhances the decorative effect of the building. The decor is dominated by “Naryshkin Baroque” motifs. However, the complete symmetry of the facade violates the “principles of modernism” and gives the building some eclecticism....

Loan treasury in Nastasinsky lane. in Moscow. 1913-1916, Arch. V.A. Pokrovsky and B.M. Nilus

9.3 - Neo-Gothic
The Catholic Cathedral on Malaya Gruzinskaya Street in Moscow is a three-nave cruciform pseudo-basilica. The main volume of the temple was built in 1901-1911, finishing work inside continued until 1917. According to various testimonies, for the architect the prototype of the facade was some European gothic cathedrals. This Catholic cathedral houses the largest organ in Russia and you can listen to organ music concerts.

Catholic Cathedral on M. Gruzinskaya Street. 1901-1911, Arch. F.O. Bogdanovich-Dvorzhetsky.

Styles......
It is impossible to fit the entire centuries-old history of Russian architecture onto one sheet of paper.
My task is more specific - to give a general, very schematic idea of how architectural styles changed from the second half of the 17th century until 1917.

And an important clarification about “Styles”:
- In the history of architecture, the very concept "Architectural style" appeared relatively recently, and refers only to periods from the 18th century, from the Baroque style. Sometimes the “Naryshkinskoye” baroque of the second half of the 17th century is also classified as a style.
- The concept of “Style” is generally inapplicable to Old Russian architecture, and an expression like “church in the Novgorod style” refers to the colloquial genre, and nothing more!
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Literature:
- History of Russian architecture. - M.: Academy of Architecture of the USSR, Institute of History and Theory of Architecture, 1956.
- E.I. Kirichenko. Russian architecture of the 1830s-1910s. - M.: Art, 1982.