Portuguese surnames. Portuguese male and female names Portuguese male surnames list

There are several groups of names based on origin, including:

• traditional;
• ancient Germanic;
• Roman;
• church.

Traditional ones previously pointed out as the main meaning the attribute of a certain person, his characteristic feature, what distinguished him. Take a look: Cândido (from the Portuguese "cândido", i.e. "white, light"), Celestino (from the Portuguese "celestino" or "azure, sky blue"), Patrício (from the Portuguese "patrício" - "aristocrat") .

In the list of Portuguese male names, there was also room for ancient Germanic borrowings. Everything is explained by the common area of ​​residence of the Germanic tribes and the then unformed Portuguese nation (IV century AD). Examples include Manfredo (from the ancient German “Manifred (Manfred)” - “man of the world”), Ramão (from the ancient German “Reginmund”: “protection of the law”).

The language also shows Roman influence. During the Middle Ages, the fashion for antiquity captured the whole of Europe. No country was left behind. Everywhere they tried to build buildings with elements of the architecture of those times, in the theater productions were created based on the works of ancient authors, interest in the lives of the deities glorified in books increased. This is how Roman names came into the anthroponymic system of names. For example, “Paulo” (from the Roman personal name “Paulus” - “modest, small”), Renato (from the Roman cognomen “Renatus”, which means “born again, reborn”).

The most extensive group of names are borrowings from church books and reference books. This situation is typical for the Portuguese, as one of the European nationalities. However, there is one “but” here: Christianization occurred gradually. In the 2nd century, religion appeared in these lands, and Catholic Church took shape from the 8th to the 15th centuries (the period is called the “Reconquista”, which is a period of time when the Iberian Christians tried to conquer lands on the Iberian Peninsula from the Moorish emirates).

Thanks to religion, the following names appeared in the language: Rafael (derived from the Hebrew name, translated meaning “God healed”, the Russian equivalent in the text of the Holy Scriptures is Raphael), Raquel (from the Hebrew “Rachel” - “lamb”).

Popular male Portuguese names and naming

In Portugal and Brazil, the approach to choosing a name is different. In the first of these countries, acceptable and unacceptable name options are fixed at the legislative level, even down to the correct spelling option. Probably, in this way the government is fighting for the purity of the language. By the way, the names of biblical characters and canonized saints appear on the list of popular ones today. Look: João (from the Hebrew "Yochanan", which translates as "Yahweh is merciful"), Tomás (Hebrew origin, meaning "twin", analogous to our "Thomas").

In Brazil, things are different with naming. There are many emigrants living in the country, and they all bring something to the language. Therefore, a name of any origin can be chosen as a name for a child. Moreover, parents usually do not think (as the Portuguese do) about the spelling of a word. As a result, one name appears in several variations in writing.

Conclusion

So we've looked at the key types of Portuguese boy names. It was possible to find out that the connection between historical events, there are political and social changes. And any occurring phenomenon can affect the anthroponymy of a particular language.

Below is a list of male Portuguese given names and surnames. If you have difficulty choosing, we recommend using it.

PORTUGUESE NAMES AND TITLES IN RUSSIAN TEXT: HISTORY AND PROSPECTS

In the pre-Petrine era, our country had practically no contacts with Portugal; few, apparently, both knew and knew about the existence of this distant land. The situation changed thanks to the sovereign transformer of Russia, which became an open country. Suffice it to say that the first St. Petersburg police chief general and one of the first holders of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky was the son-in-law of A.D. Menshikov, a native of Portugal, Anton Manuilovich Devier or Diviere, also known as Antonio Manuel de Vieira, and during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the largest physician of his time, Ribeiro Sanches (or Ribeiro Sanches), lived and worked in Russia, whose name one of the central Lisbon streets is named.
There is a need to develop a transliteration of Portuguese names and titles. Over the course of three centuries, it has undergone some changes, and many problems associated with it still remain unresolved.
The name of Portugal, one of the few European countries whose names are masculine, was immediately appended with the ending –ia. Somewhat later, when the Russian public became acquainted with Brazil, a similar transformation took place with its name. The name of the Portuguese capital, Lisboa, on the contrary, is feminine (goes back to the Latin Olisipona or Ulisipona, which was associated with the name of the legendary Ulysses, or Odysseus). Once on French soil, this name took the form of Lisbonne. From the French name came the English Lisbon, and from the English the German and Russian Lisbon. Due to the loss of the final vowel –a, a characteristic indicator of the feminine gender in the Russian language, the name became masculine. Parallel to the Lisbon option for a long time Lisbon practiced (with one s) - for example, in the novel by K. M. Stanyukovich “Around the World on the Kite” and in the latest, 3rd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. But in Lately this transliteration option has fallen out of use.
The name of the second largest and most important city in Portugal, Porto, until about the middle of the last century, was usually transliterated as Oporto, from the English Oporto. The fact is that the British took the definite article o before it as the first letter of the name. From this name the possessive adjective Oportsky is derived, which is found, for example, in published periodicals of the early twentieth century. articles by A. A. Derental. However, in the published mid-19th century of the “History of the Russian Church”, written by Metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov), there is an adjective Portuen, going back to the Latin portuensis, from which the Portuguese portuense is derived. The first adjective is as hopelessly outdated as the variant of the name from which it is derived, but the second, it seems to us, can and should be resurrected.
The name of the island of Madeira in the 18th-19th centuries. Madera was written in Russian, coinciding graphically with the name of the famous fortified wine produced there (vinho da Madeira). This spelling option is found, in particular, in the mentioned novel by K. M. Stanyukovich, as well as in the travel essays of I. A. Goncharov “Frigate Pallada”. During the same period, the name of the main city of Madeira, Funchal, was translated in Russian into the Spanish way: either Funchal (by Stanyukovich) or Funchal (by Goncharov), due to the fact that few people then felt the difference between Spanish and Portuguese phonetics.
The former capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, has been written in Russian with two hyphens from the very beginning to this day. This is explained by the fact that in the 19th century. There has been a strong tendency, when transliterating from Romance languages, to attach, using a hyphen, the preposition de to the name or title that follows and sometimes precedes it.
Let us now move on to the personal names of the Portuguese and Brazilians.
In the XIX-early 20th century, when Portuguese was not taught in any of the Russian universities Even optionally, Portuguese names were usually transcribed into French and German, since almost the entire intelligentsia spoke these languages. First of all, it is striking that the letter l was rendered not with a hard l (as in modern texts), but with a soft l, as in French and German words: Marquis de Pombal, (marqu;s de Pombal), Antero de Quental. The combination ou was transliterated in French as y: Luis de Sousa, not Sousa (Lu;s de Sousa). The letter h, as well as the combination ch, which now always corresponds to the Russian sh, was often rendered as x, by analogy with the German language: King Dom-Sancho, and not Don Sancho or Don Sancho (El-Rei D. Sancho), Duke of Saldanha , not Saldanha (Duque de Saldanha). The diphthong eu, for the same reason, corresponded to the Russian it - for example, in the name of the city of Ceuta, in the then transliteration - Tseita. The letter z was rendered, also in the German manner, as t - for example, Henriques, Ortiz.
Particularly glaring examples are from the dramatic poem “Camoens” by V. A. Zhukovsky, which is a free translation or arrangement of the work of the same name by the German romantic F. Halm (or Halm), where the young poet is named Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo of Castel Branca. Castelo Branco), and the title character is Don Ludwig Camões (indeed, the German name Ludwig corresponds to the Portuguese Lu;s, since both go back to the Latin Ludovicus), and the emphasis in the word Camões, judging by the location in the verse, falls not on the penultimate, but on the last syllable, as in French.
Another tendency that attracts attention is the focus more on the graphic design of the word rather than on its pronunciation (of which, as already noted, they then had a very vague idea). Therefore, the letter s was rendered as z in the intervocalic position and as s in other cases, but never as sh. The vowels o and e, subject to strong reduction in Portuguese, were rendered in all positions as o and e (at the beginning of a word and after a vowel, as e, to avoid iotation), but never as u and i. The letter y was often written and pronounced where there was an unpronounceable u after g and q in the Portuguese text. For example, V.K. Piskorsky in his “History of Spain and Portugal” calls the infanta-usurper Don Miguel (D. Miguel) the House of Miguel, just as A.N. Ostrovsky calls Cervantes Miguel, and Guy de Maupassant in the pre-revolutionary years was called Guy de Maupassant.
A more accurate, although also far from perfect, transliteration was proposed in the first post-revolutionary years by G. L. Lozinsky, a private assistant professor at Petrograd University, who taught Portuguese language and literature there, brother the famous poet-translator M. L. Lozinsky, awarded the Stalin Prize 1st degree for his brilliant translation of Dante’s “ Divine Comedy". G. L. Lozinsky was closely acquainted with the Portuguese envoy to Russia, with the help of whom he decently mastered the language. In his works, for example, in the prefaces to the works of Herculan and Esa de Queiroz, published by the World Literature publishing house, he tries to bring closer Russian spelling names to their pronunciation in the original language. To do this, he suggests rendering the letter s as sh before a consonant or at the end of a word, however, the unstressed unnasal o is usually transliterated as o, and not as y. For example, he translates the title of Esa de Queiroz's book A Ilustre Casa de Ramires as "The Noble Family of Ramires", the name Castilho as Castillo, Alberto Teles as Alberto Teles. Against this background, the transfer of the names Joaquim as Zhuaquin and Coelho as Cuello looks strange (modern adherents of phonetic transliteration prefer the variants Joaquin and Coelho). Even more strange is the unjustifiably widespread use of the reverse e (José, Almeida, Reis, Aleixo), although the letter e in foreign words has long been customary to pronounce as e (unless it is iotized). G.L. Lozinsky leaves the clearly outdated rule intact, stubbornly maintaining a hyphen between the preposition de and the subsequent name (Esa de Queiroz, Antero de Quental) and even between elements of names and surnames (Batalha-Reis, Almeida-Garrett, Jose Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queiroz, Francisco de Melo Franco). For some reason, the surname of one of the founders of Portuguese romanticism was Herculano or Herculano as Irkulano. However, his older contemporary M.W. Watson transcribes it to Herculaneus in the Latin manner. It must be said that Maria's maiden name was Watson de Roberti de Castro de la Cerda, her father was Spanish, and she mastered the Spanish language well from an early age. The researcher hardly succeeded in mastering Portuguese phonetics well, and therefore she distorted Portuguese names in the article “Portugal and its literature” into the Spanish way. For example: don Juan IV, Leal, Manuel, Jose, Almeida, Araujo, Joao de Deus (this poet encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus-Efron renders it as John de Deus in Russian or, more precisely, in the Church Slavonic manner).
By the middle of the last century, two stable methods of transliterating Portuguese names and titles had emerged: graphic, focused on the spelling of the word, and phonetic, striving to reproduce the sound as accurately as possible. The first is more typical for fiction, the second for scientific and reference literature, as well as periodicals and journalism. However, cases of their interpenetration are not uncommon.
In graphic transliteration, the vowel o in all cases is rendered as o, e-always as e (after the main ones and at the beginning of the word-e). The consonant s in the intervocalic position is rendered as z, in other cases as s and never as sh: this sound corresponds only to the combination ch and, in most cases, the letter x (exception: E;a de Queir;s-Esa de Queiroz) . Nasal; transmitted by an or yang (Me;-Mean, Covilh;-Covilhão), nasal diphthong;o-by an or yang (Jo;o -Joan, Trist;o-Tristan, Maranh;o-Maranhão), combination;es- by means of aens or yaens (Guimar;es-Guimaraens, Magalh;es-Magalhães), combination;es-by means of oens (Cam;es-Camoes, Sim;es-Simoes). The final im is usually rendered as in, not as im: Joaquim-Joaquin, Patraquim-Patrakin. The combinations lho and nho are rendered as lho and nyo, but they have to be pronounced as lyo, or lyo and nyo, or nyo: Botelho, pronounced “Botelho”, Agostinho, pronounced “Agostinho”, and lha and nha- like Lya and Nya: Folha, Saldanha.
The principles of phonetic transliteration are set out in the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin “Foreign names and titles in the Russian text” (M., 1985, pp. 195-208). With this method of transliteration, incomparably more discrepancies and intractable questions arise than with the graphic one. According to this principle, in particular, Portuguese names and titles are conveyed in the latest, 3rd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. The combination;es is conveyed there by means of ainsh (Guimar;es-Guimarães), and;es by means of oinsh (Sim;es-Simões). The unstressed unnasal o is conveyed by y, but only at the end of the word, and in other positions as o: Nicolau Tolentino, Amorin. The exception is the name Jo;o, rendered as Juan. The combinations lho and nho are rendered as liu and new: Botelho, Agostinho, and lha and nha as liu and nya: Folha, Saldanha. The final unstressed e is conveyed, as a rule, by means of and: Andrade, Bocage, Vicente, Verdi, and the ending es by means of ish: Gomes, Pires, Eanish ( Eanes). However, not everyone agrees with this principle. For example, Moscow researcher O. A. Ovcharenko, a consistent supporter of phonetic transliteration, writes Nunes, Alvares, Lopes and Mendes. She also suggests transliterating Correia as Curreia, and not as Correia, and Namorado as Namurada, and not Namorada.
“In addition,” the authors of the reference book state, “Brazilian pronunciation is somewhat different from Portuguese, which creates additional difficulties.” The main difference is that the letter s at the end of a word and before consonants is pronounced sh in Portugal, but in most Brazilian states it is pronounced s. With graphic transliteration, this difference disappears, but with phonetic transliteration, names are transmitted differently, depending on who bears them - Portuguese or Brazilians. Therefore, the names Lu;s, Carlos, Tom;s, Castro, Costa, Dias are transmitted as Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Dias, if their speakers are Portuguese, and Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Dias, if they are Brazilians. Note that if graphically transliterated, these names would in both cases be written as Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Diaz.
Unfortunately, the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin—at least the section “Portuguese”—is replete with errors and inaccuracies. It is hardly possible to adopt the thesis that “in the middle of words, ia after a consonant is transmitted through ya, and after a vowel through ya, for example: Maxial-Mashyal” is better than Masial. We also cannot agree with the fact that “;e is transmitted through ain or yayn” - better than ain and yayin: Ruiv;es-Ruivainsh, Magalh;es-Magalhainsh). It is not clear why Queir;s is rendered as Queiroz and not as Queiroz (for some reason this mistake was also made in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia). It is more than controversial that “unstressed i in the middle of a word between a consonant (except r) and a vowel is conveyed differently in Portuguese and Brazilian names: in Portuguese, through ь<…>, in Brazilian-through and, for example: Maxial-Mashial-Mashial". Finally, the name Alo;sio in Russian should be written Aloiziu, and not Aloyziu and not Aloyzyu, Ant;nio-Antoniu, and not Anthony, Apol;nio-Apoloniu, and not Apolonya, ;rio-Ariu, and not Arya, Caetano -Caetano, not Cajetan, Diogo-Diogo, not Diogu, Eug;nio-Eugenio, not Eugenio, Fialho-Fialho, not Fialho, Hon;rio-Onoriu, not Honoryu, L;cia-Lucia, but not Lusya, etc. Note that phonetic transliteration of Portuguese names and titles is found not only in Russian, but also in Latvian text, although the Latvian language, like Portuguese, uses writing based on Latin graphics and their graphic transmission would be possible without any changes - just as the German poet of French origin Chamisso is written in German while maintaining the rules of French spelling - Chamisso - but pronounced in the German way and even with an emphasis on the penultimate, and not on the last syllable. In the recently published Riga edition of “Anthology of Contemporary Portuguese Poetry” (“Portug;;u M;sdienu Dzejas Antolo;ija.” R;ga: Minerva, 2001) the name Jos; Gomes Ferreira (José Gomes Ferreira) rendered as;oz; Gomi;s Ferreira, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (Sofia de Mello Breyner Andresen)-as Sofia de Mello Breinera Andresena, Jorge de Sena (Jorge de Sena)-as;or;i de Sena, Carlos de Oliveira ( Carlos de Oliveira) - as Karlu;s de Oliveira, etc.
Despite the irreconcilable differences between graphic and phonetic transliterations, there are traditional names and names that are spelled the same in both transliterations. Thus, the name Camões (Cam;es) and the name Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) are also used in phonetic transliteration, and the name Jorge Amado (Jorge Amado) and the name Sao Paulo (S;o Paulo) are also used in graphic transliteration. .
Both strengths and weaknesses of both transcriptions are obvious. Not without some oddities. Adherents of graphic transliteration accuse their opponents of the fact that it is by their grace that most Russian readers pronounce the name of the recently deceased writer Jorge Amado with the emphasis on the last syllable (apparently, by analogy with the word cockatoo). To this they receive the answer that if his last name was written in Russian as Amado, then, most likely, they would begin to pronounce it “Am;da”, since the unstressed o in Portuguese is pronounced as u, and in Russian as a. Moreover: the surname of the recent Nobel Prize winner in literature José Saramago (in phonetic transliteration - José Saramagu) in our country is usually pronounced Saram;ga, and the name of the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho, who has gained unprecedented popularity, is pronounced as Paula Caella . The latter seems especially comical: after all, when during meetings with the Portuguese and Brazilians their names are pronounced by Russian people who do not know the Portuguese language, it is as if their names change from masculine to feminine: male name Augusto sounds like the feminine Augusta, Eduardo like Eduard, Fernando like Fernanda, Francisco like Francis, L;cio like Lucia, etc. The reaction of the bearers of such names has been personally observed by the writer of these lines many times.
Serious discrepancies also arise in the transfer of the names of the Portuguese kings and the Brazilian emperors. These discrepancies were aggravated by the fact that during the Soviet period they tried to talk as little as possible about crowned heads, both Russian and foreign.
Perhaps only the spelling of the names of the two Portuguese queens, Maria I and Maria II (D. Maria I, D. Maria II), does not cause discrepancies, since the Portuguese female name Maria, no matter who it belongs to, is clearly transferred to the Russians Maria. The capital letter D with a dot placed in front of it is an abbreviation of the word Dona. IN Portuguese texts it is always placed before the names of Portuguese queens, Brazilian empresses, as well as the most noble ladies of these countries. In Russian texts it is not necessary, but possible. You just need to write it with a lowercase letter and in full, and not in abbreviation. The spellings Maria II and Don Maria II are possible, but not D. Maria II.
When transferring the name of monarchs, two trends also developed. One of them involves the usual transliteration of a personal name, as if it were borne not by a monarch, but by any Portuguese or Brazilian. So, D. Jos; I proposes to render as José I or Don José I, D. Jo;o VI as Joan VI, Don Joan VI or Juan VI, Don Juan VI, etc. (the word Dom should be rendered as Don, and not as Dom - this heritage of the 19th - early 20th centuries should be resolutely abandoned - and also with a lowercase letter). One can object to this: after all, if you follow this principle, you need to call the French kings François I, and not Francis I, Henri IV, and not Henry IV, Louis XIV, and not Louis XIV, etc. Experience has shown that such a transcription Only suitable for humorous songs. There has long been a tradition to unify the names of European monarchs - that is why the English king is called not Charles, but Charles I, the Spanish king is not Fernando, but Ferdinand VI, and the list goes on. In this case, the mentioned Portuguese kings should be called Joseph I and John VI - in this case the word don is not placed in front of them. This option is used in the mentioned monograph by V.K. Piskorsky, in the reference book “Spain and Portugal” (M., 1946) and other publications of the 19th-1st half. XX century however, in these and similar publications, the unified rendering of royal names coexists with the usual transliteration. For example, the name of the Portuguese king, who later became the Brazilian emperor, is rendered as Dom Pedro or Don Pedro. Based on this, we find it advisable to propose a compromise: unify the names of monarchs if there are precedents, but if there are none, resort to simple transliteration.
As you know, Portuguese personal names consist of several elements. As a rule, this is the baptismal name (nome de batismo, nome crist;o), and sometimes several baptismal names, the father's name, the mother's maiden name and the hereditary surname passed down from the father. For example, full name poet F. Pessoa-Fernando Ant;nio Nogueira Pessoa. His father's name was Ant;nio Joaquim de Seabra Pessoa, and his mother's name was Maria Madalena Nogueira. A married woman usually adds her husband's surname to her full name (nome completo), while keeping her maiden name. Thus, Almeida theater specialist Garrett Andre Crabbe, having married the outstanding writer Miguel Torga, whose real name was Adolfo Correia da Rocha, took the name Andr;e Crabbe Rocha. In the old days, the nobility included in their name the names of all their fiefs (the full name of the Marquis of Pombal is D. Sebasti;o Jos; de Carvalho e Melo, conde de Oeiras, marqu;s de Pombal), and even in the twentieth century in certain circles the long name was considered a sign of aristocratic origin. Brazilian writer José Ortiz Monteiro ironically says of one of the characters in his story “The Last Serenade” that he “had such a long name that it would have been more than enough for four important people.”
There is one subtlety here. As a rule, we call outstanding cultural figures by their last name, leaving the first name in front of it or omitting it. However, following the example of the Italians, it is customary to call some geniuses of the Italian Renaissance by their first names, not their surnames: Dante, not Alighieri, Raphael, not Santi, Michelangelo, not Buonarotti. This seemed unusual even to Pushkin: Salieri in his little tragedy “Mozart and Salieri” is spoken by Raphael, but by Alighieri and Bonarotti (as in Pushkin). Following a similar principle, the Portuguese call some of their illustrious compatriots by their personal name, omitting the surname. They speak and write Camilo, not Castelo Branco, Antero, and not Quental, Jo;o de Deus, and not Ramos, Columbano, and not Bordalo Pinheiro - especially since their personal names are not widespread. Can we follow their example and speak and write to Camila, and not Castelo Branco, Anter, and not Quental, Joao de Deus, and not Ramos, Colubman, and not Bordal Pinheiro? We believe that it is possible, although there are no precedents in Russian literature, except for Joao de Deus, as far as we know, no.
IN special group it is necessary to highlight semantic proper names, i.e., according to V. S. Vinogradov’s definition, “meaningful, significant, “speaking”, nominatively characteristic” names, surnames, nicknames and nicknames. “A significant name,” continues V. S. Vinogradov, “requires from the reader both the original and the translation an understanding of the meaning of the internal form, perception and imagery. Being transcribed, it in itself cannot have an emotional impact on the receptor, while in the original it is designed for such an impact. Therefore, the translator strives to preserve the emotional power of the translation. In modern translation practice, the tendency to translate semantic names is very noticeable."
N. M. Lyubimov showed himself to be an unsurpassed master of such translation of semantic names and nicknames in his translation of Rabelais’s novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel”, as well as in naming minor characters“Don Quixote” (for example, guitarist Trenbreño). The same N. M. Lyubimov, however, leaves the semantic names of the main characters without translation and simply transliterates them immortal novel Cervantes: Don Quijote of La Mancha (quijote in Spanish means blanket, as well as horse croup, la mancha-spot) and Sancho Panza (Panza-belly, belly, metonymically fat-bellied). The translator does this, I think, for two reasons. Firstly, none of the previous translators of Don Quixote, starting with V. A. Zhukovsky, began to translate or Russify the names of the main characters, and the presence or absence of precedents in the art of translation, as in many other things, is a very important thing . Secondly, Russification, the semantic translation of their names would have reduced their images too much - much more than those of Cervantes, who, as we know, conceived his work as a parody of a chivalric romance.
“The higher the degree of artistic expressiveness and typification of a character,” emphasizes V. S. Vinogradov, “the more important his role in Russian literature, the greater the degree of popularization of a name, the more problematic the translation and the more expedient the transcription of this name.” For these reasons, translator T. Ivanova conveyed the title of the novel by the classic of Brazilian literature Machado de Assisa Dom Casmurro (and, accordingly, the name, or rather nickname of the main character) as “Don Casmurro”, although it was suggested that the translation could also be titled “Don Killjoy".
Most animal names are also semantic proper names that should be translated rather than transliterated. Thus, the translator of J. M. Ferreira de Castro’s novel “Wool and Snow” G. Kalugin quite rightly renders the dog’s nickname Piloto as Pilot (this word can also be translated as pilot, but let’s not forget that in the first half of the 1940s. , when the novel takes place, there was a craze for aviation). N. Polyak acted incorrectly, who in the story by J. Soeiro Pereira Gomes “An Incident on the Road” simply transcribes the name of the dog Moiro (i.e. Moor) as Moiro, not to mention the title of the story in the original Um Caso Sem Import ;ncia, i.e. “Minor case.”
Let's summarize. The situation related to the transliteration of Portuguese names and titles can hardly be called anything other than paradoxical. Having gone through a rather long and complex evolution, it was divided into two parallel streams that cannot merge to this day. There is no way out of this situation, since it is unlikely that anyone will be able to offer a more perfect way of writing Portuguese names in Russian. Perhaps in the fairly distant future, either graphic transliteration will replace phonetic transliteration, or vice versa. But most likely, they are doomed to long-term coexistence with possible mutual influence and interpenetration.

To the category "common" Portuguese surnames» refers to the surname Peres. In Spanish, the surname sounds like Perez. The Portuguese variant of the surname Peres has a rare archaic form. In the Middle Ages, this surname was pronounced "Perez". Currently in Portuguese it sounds like "Pires", and is written as Pires. In families where Portuguese surname recorded before the change in pronunciation, the Portuguese version "Peres" was preserved. Portuguese surname Peres and the Spanish surname Perez are formed from the personal name Pedro using the endings (ez) or (es). The ending indicates ownership, that is, it answers the question (whose?). In Russian there is a similar ending(s). The Portuguese surname Perez is quite common in Latin America and Spain. In the USA, the surname Perez belongs to immigrants from Spain and countries. In the United States, this surname is one of the hundred most common surnames. She ranks forty-second. There are four hundred thousand people in the United States who bear surnames. The surname Perez ranks seventh among surnames that are of Hispanic origin. The surname Peres is found among modern Israeli surnames. It means "bearded man". This is the name of a bird from the hawk family. The full name of the Portuguese consists of three parts. The first part is the personal name (or two names). The second part is the mother's last name. The third part is the father's surname. Let's look at an example. Joao Paulo Rodrigues Almeida is the full name of the Portuguese. Joao and Paulo are two personal names of the Portuguese, Rodrigues is the surname of the Portuguese mother, Almeida is the surname of the Portuguese father. formed from the names of the areas in which they lived. Among the Portuguese, the Portuguese surname Almeida is common. The Russian version of this surname is Almeida. In Portugal there is an urban village called Almeida. It is the center of the municipality of the same name, part of the Guarda district. The Guarda district consists of fourteen municipalities and is distributed between the Northern and Central regions. An area in Portugal, which is part of the Guarda district, is named after Almeida. Bearers of the Portuguese surname Almeida are Manuel de Almeida, Nicolau Tolentin de Almeida, Hugo Miguel Pereira de Almeida and Francisco de Almeida. Many famous people have Portuguese surnames. The surname Barbosa is Portuguese. Among famous people its bearers are: writer Jorge Barbosa, Brazilian basketball player Leonardo Barbosa, film and theater actress, famous TV presenter, fashion model, Marina Rui Barbosa. The Portuguese surname is pronounced Gomes or Gomes. And the Brazilian surname Gomes is transliterated into Russian as Gomez., founder of PAIGC Amilcar Cabral.

Famous bearers of the surname Cordeiro are the Portuguese writer Luciano Cordeiro, the Portuguese playwright Joao Ricardo Cordeiro, the Portuguese poet and publicist Felizberto Inacio Januário Cordeiro, and the Brazilian football player of the Hong Kong national team Christiano Cordeiro. Famous representatives of the Portuguese surname Rodrigues are: Portuguese singer Amalia Rodrigues, Portuguese Jesuit Siman Rodrigues, Portuguese football player Francisco José Rodrigues da Costa, born in 1974.

Famous representatives of the Portuguese surname Rosset are the Brazilian Formula 1 race driver Ricardo Rosset, lieutenant general, Vilensky, Minsk governor who lived in the nineteenth century Arkady Osipovich Rosset, the best tennis player in Switzerland, who became the Olympic champion in 1992, Marc Rose.

In Russia now there is complete liberality for parents: register your child under any name that comes to mind. Call him Vanya if you want, or Sigismund if you want. Last year, for example, boys were born in Russia with the names Air Traffic Controller and Lettuce, and in 2011 one girl was named Medmia in honor of President Medvedev.

In Portugal, on the contrary, everything is very strict with names for children. There is a special list of names that can or cannot be given to young Portuguese. It is published on the website of the Ministry of Justice and is mandatory for all registering organizations.

It should be noted that although there are restrictions, the choice is still rich: hundreds of names fit on several dozen pages. For example, you can’t call a boy Adriane, but you can call him Adriano. There may not be an Agatha girl, but Ágata is quite appropriate. Instead of the name Alexei, the choice will fall on the pleasant Portuguese Aléxio, and instead of the pseudo-Greek Ulice, the proud and noble Ulisses will sound. By the way, according to one version, the origin of the name of the capital Lisbon is associated with the name of the cunning king of Ithaca, Ulysses-Odysseus.

Do you want to know which names are the most popular in Portugal? If you are expecting analogues of the Russian Lettuce Salad, then you will be greatly disappointed, but if you are a supporter of beautiful classic names, this is good news for you. Among female names, the most popular in Portugal is Maria. And this is not surprising, given the religiosity of the Portuguese. The following places in descending order are occupied by Beatriz, Ana, Leonor, Mariana and Matilde.

Among male names, João is the leader. This is an analogue of the Russian name Ivan, usually read in Russian as Joao, although in fact the transcription Zhuan is more correct: the letter combination -ão has a complex pronunciation, something between “a”, “o” and “u”, pronounced through the nose, but with his mouth slightly open. To understand, try saying something between “Joao” and “Juan” - this will be the best option. I hope I confused you properly, so just believe that “Juan” is a slightly more correct Russian translation. In addition, connotations immediately arise with Don Juan, “The Stone Guest” and other examples of literature familiar from childhood.

In conclusion, a short lyrical digression in the style of Rudyard Kipling’s fairy tales, which can be called “Why do the Portuguese have such long names.”

The fact is that at birth a child is given two names, and from his parents he receives two surnames: both from the mother and from the father. The order of first and last names is standardized: first comes the first name, then the second, then the mother's last name, and then the father's last name. As a result, the newborn becomes not just Diogo, but, for example, Diogo Carlos Socrates Santos. Do you agree, it sounds? With such a name you can conquer the world, and everyone will say that you really have the right to do so.

To begin with, let's divide all the names into main groups depending on their origin. There are 4 varieties in total:

• traditional;
• ancient Germanic;
• Roman;
• Christian.

Traditional names come from the names of characteristics, character traits or appearance. For example, “Branca” is Portuguese for “white”, and Imaculada is a derivative of the Portuguese “imaculada”, meaning “immaculate”.

Ancient Germanic borrowings in the anthroponymy of the Portuguese language go back to the times when the Vandals and Visigoths lived in the territories of modern Portugal (IV century AD). In the list of Portuguese female names, this is the second largest group. Examples of such names are Adélia (from the ancient German “Adala (Adela)” - “noble”), Adelaide (translated as “a person of the noble class”).

The Middle Ages were marked by a sharp surge of interest in antiquity. Writers dedicated entire works to their ancient colleagues, performances of that time were staged on stages, and architects tried to include certain motifs of those times in the design of facades. Such a hobby has not left its mark on anthroponymy. Spanish- many names appeared, originating from the Roman cognomen. For example, Diana (by analogy with the Roman goddess of the hunt).

The most extensive group of beautiful Portuguese female names are names taken from church books and calendars. Faith came to the people gradually - first, Christianity took shape in the territory (2nd century AD), and later Catholicism was established as the main religion (the process took place from the 8th to the 15th centuries). Along this “path” a huge number of Hebrew, Latin and Ancient Greek names came to Portuguese. For example, Bethania (Hebrew, meaning “house of figs”, goes back to the name of the biblical city “Bethany”).

This type contains the most popular female Portuguese names, according to the latest statistics collected. The fact is that the people of Portugal are very scrupulous about choosing the name of their unborn child. At the legislative level, there is a list of acceptable and unacceptable names, including spelling features. That is why the biblical Mary and Anna have remained in first place in popularity for many years in a row.

For Brazilians, everything is different - they use modern European and local, latin names. They can choose from the whole mass of names, assigning the sound they like to any graphic display in official documents. Everything is explained by the high number of emigrants, each of whom brings something of their own to the language.

Conclusion

We have analyzed the main groups of Portuguese names depending on their origin. As a result of this mini-study, it became clear that the historical background can directly influence the composition of the language, in particular, anthroponymic models.

If you are unable to decide on a name for your future daughter, we offer a list of Portuguese names below for your reference.