According to some archaeological data, in the first centuries n. e. On the territory of modern Serbia, which was then part of the province of Pannonia, the Roman Empire, was living with Jews.
In the Middle Ages
At the beginning of the XXI century, necropolis of the VIII-IX centuries in Clarevaevo (modern Vojvodina) was excavated. The necropolis was on the outskirts of very large at the time of the city, perhaps the capital of the Avarian Kaganata. Most of the graves contains skeletons of people of the Mongoloid type, and the other part is undoubtedly the Jews.
The residues of wooden shields, separating the body of the deceased from the Earth, were found in the graves. The bricks were placed in each grave with images of Menoras scratched on them (sometimes - Hanukii), as well as Lulava, Etroga and Shorukhai and inscriptions in Hebrew, containing the name of the BG and the word "Israel".
The evidence of the stay of Jews in Belgrade has been preserved and in other settlements on the banks of the Danube River in the city, when Serbia became an independent principality. In the XII-XIII centuries. Separate families of Ashkenazov's Jews from Hungary and Germany moved to the country. Jews are also mentioned in two perms of the Serbian king Stephen Dushan dated 1337 and 1361.
In the XIV century, the main occupation of the Jews of Serbia, who lived mainly in Belgrade was a trade in salt.
During the power of the Ottoman Empire
Jewish merchants took out skin, wax and copper from Serbia, imported - subtle cloths and other goods. The volume of this trade has increased markedly in the late XVI century, when the reconstruction of the port in Split ensured a reliable connection between the Balkan Peninsula and Venice.
In the 18th century, Belgrade was a major center of Jewish scholarship: Jeshiv, which opened here was widely fame, which opened here in 1617 on the initiative of Rabbi Ihechud Lerma (Rabbi Belgrade in 1617-42).
In 1688, when the Austrian troops were besieged Belgrade, Janchars plundered the Jewish quarter, and after the fall of the city, the Austrians burned the synagogues and learned the mass massacre of the Jews. The surviving took captive, intending to sell into slavery (many of them subsequently bought the Jewish communities of Austria) and only a few managed to run to Bulgaria and other countries. These tragic events found a response in the European Jewry environment: the victim assistance fund was established in London. Two years later, when Belgrade again passed under the power of the Ottoman Empire, some Jews returned to the city and rebuilt one synagogue, but even at the beginning of the XVIII century there were no more than 50 Jewish families (four times less than until 1688).
In 1690, the increasingness of the guides (participants of the Armed Anti-Isman Movement) forced the Jews to flee from Shabac. In the XVIII century, the northern part of Serbia (including Belgrade) has repeatedly become the arena of Austro-Turkish wars; At the same time, both sides were pursuing the Jews and repeatedly administered discriminatory restrictive measures against them, as a result of which the number of the Jewish population here not only grew, but also declined. In the south of the country, where the political situation was more stable, at this time a number of new communities arose, the largest of them in the city of Niche (1728).
The struggle of the Serbian people for independence and the Jews.
Since 1804, the Serbian people began an armed struggle for independence from the Ottoman Imperiosman Empire (Turkey) - Jewish communities. Many Jews restrained together with Serbs with arms in their hands, for which the Turkish army is cruelly pun. So, in 1804, the Jews of Serbia supported the armed performance of the local population against Ottoman rule, having organized the supply of the rebel army with food, weapons and ammunition.
Despite this and contrary to the regulations of the head of the uprising George Petrovich "Black" (Karageorggy - the founder of the Dynasty of Karageorgievich in the future), the participants in the movement robbed Jewish houses and shops, destroyed the synagogues, killed the Jews or subjected them to violent baptism. These desires acquired the greatest scope after the rebel entry into Belgrade (December 1806 - March 1807). Many Jews were forced to escape the region of Vojvodina who was under the authority of Austria, in particular, in the city located near Belgrade (now Zimun - Belgrade district); Others moved to Bosnia and Bulgaria.
When in part of Serbia in 1815, actually autonomous principality was created with the capital in Belgrade, the position of the Jews lived here significantly improved. Prince Milos Obrenovich (Rules in 1815-39. And in 1858-60) not only provided them with equal political and economic rights to the Sultanian decrees ( Hatt and Sheriff) From 1830 and 1833, but also personally patronized the community. With his power, the Jewish community of Belgrade even released her own money. In the nearest surroundings of the prince there were several Jews - H. David (Davicho) was his financial advisor.
The number of the Jewish population of the country increased rapidly:
- in 1815, 1200 Jews lived,
- in 1835 - about 2000 (of which 200 are Jews-Ashkenazy).
After rendered the Milos of Obrenovich from the throne (1839) and, especially after Knyaze became Alexander Karageorgievich (rules in 1842-58), the attitude of the Serbian authorities to the Jews was noticeably deteriorated.
Under the pressure of the Serbian merchants, the competition from the Jews, they were expelled from all cities of the country in 1846, with the exception of Belgrade, where they were prescribed to live in the special quarter of the city citadel Cablelemughn, in which Turkish garrison stood. Jews were also forbidden to engage in some crafts, in particular, shoe and tailoring.
The Paris Treatise concluded in March 1856, following the results of the Crimean War, was proclaimed equality of all residents of Serbia regardless of religion and national origin. Nevertheless, in September 1856, almost all previously introduced restrictive laws against Jews were confirmed.
With the return to the throne, the Milos Obrenovich, Serbian Jews filed a petition to the State Council with a request to return civil rights to them with Serbami-Orthodox, including freedom of movement and economic activity (April 1858). In September 1858, this request was satisfied. However, soon after the death of Prince Milosh (1860), his son Mikhail (on the throne until 1868) ordered 60 Jewish families who lived in provincial cities (mainly in Shabac fellow), to move to Belgrade Citadel Calembal.
The expulsion was suspended only due to the intervention of the Consul General of Great Britain, which indicated the prince that such actions could deprive him of the patronage of the great powers. Mikhail Obrenovich gave way; His Decree, published in November 1861, allowed the Jews to remain in those cities where they had already lived (without the right to acquire real estate), and freely engage in craft and trade (with the exception of trafficking raw materials and some types of finished products).
However, in the spring of 1862, Jews began to evict the country from the inland areas; In the summer of 1863, this campaign intensified. The memorandum of Jews by the Serbian authorities, which contained the requirement to lead the legislation of the country in line with the decree of the Turkish Sultan (formally remained Sisser Serbia) from 1833, remained unanswered. The intercession of the diplomatic representatives of European states and a letter to Moshe Montefiore to the Government of Serbia also did not give any results.
Serbian printing actively led anti-Semitic propaganda; The newspaper "Lightsid" in the Shabac prepared, even demanded immediately expel all the Jews from the country. In January 1865, two Jews were killed in Shabaccha, a 16-year-old girl was forcibrate in April of the same year. After that, many Jews left Serbia: if in 1861 there were 450 Jewish families in the country (about two and a half thousand people), then in 1869 - only 210 families.
On the other hand, the ideas of Zionism began to spread in the country relatively early. In the 1880s, there were Khoviev's circles; In 1897, they entered the World Zionist Organization. Among the delegates of the 1st Zionist Congress was the representative of Serbia - David Alkalay (1862-1933). After returning from the Congress, he founded the Association "Zion" in Belgrade, later in the city was also created by the youth Zionist association "Gillet".
Jews of the region Voevodina
In the tank, a banat and a symbol formed in the middle of the XIX century. The region of Voivodina, which since 1918, is part of Serbia (since 1945 - as an autonomous region), in the XVI-XVII centuries, when these territories were under the authority of the Ottoman Empire, individual families of Sefardov lived.
Almost all of them left the edge at the end of the XVII century. - early XVIII century, when the tank, a banat and SRR have passed under the control of Austria; Few remaining were killed or sold into slavery. At the same time, in the territory of modern Voivodina began to settle Ashkenase - immigrants from Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic. Initially, almost all of them lived in the villages, engaged in small trade. A residence permit in the city could only receive owners of the boring courtyards, Korchmari and suppliers of the Austrian army (among the latter was I. B. I. Z. Openheimer).
The first Jewish community in the territory of modern Voivodina appeared in the city of Petrovaradin in 1697; In 1699, a community in the city of Novi-Garden was formed, which soon became the largest in the region: throughout the XVIII century. A few synagogue was built in this city, Hebrew Kadisha was organized, a Jewish school was opened. In 1786, a community appeared in the city of Subotica, in 1790 - in the city of Bechkerek (now Zrenyanin), in 1793 - in the city of Santa, in 1828 - in the city of Sombor.
In 1807, the Jews who fled from Belgrade created the community in the city of Exolin (Zemun); In the middle of the XIX century. Her spiritual leader was Rabbi Ihechud Alkalay, one of the first proclaimers of Zionism. Almost all communities of Voivodina were at the end of the XVIII century. - early XIX century. Very poor: So, in Zrenyanin, the collection of money for the construction of the synagogue was able to spend only in 1831
Until the end of the XVIII century. The legal status of the Jews in a tank, a banat and a symbol was the same as in other parts of Austria. In 1791, the Hungarian Seimas, under whose jurisdiction was these areas, adopted the De Yudis law, allowed the Jews to freely trade with any goods and buy land.
In the future, many provisions of this law were actually exhausted, but in the 1840s. Jews of Voivodina again achieved a significant expansion of their rights. The Jewish population of the region basically supported the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49, and after its suppression was subjected to repressions: only the tank Jews had to pay seventy-five thousand counterprocement florms.
Emancipation of the Voivodin Jewry ended in 1867 with the formation of Austria-Hungary, the constitution of which proclaimed the equality of all citizens, regardless of their nationality and religious beliefs.
At the end of the XIX century. - early XX century. In Voivodina, about 50 Jewish communities were numbered, mainly neological. Over ten thousand Jews lived in the region, of which two thousand were in Novi Garden.
Jews of Serbia after between two world wars
After World War II, Serbia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs of Croatians and Slovenians, together with the Principality of Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. The kingdom later was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In the joint South Slavonic, the state lived about 65,200 Jews (in the territory of the current Republic of Serbia - about 13,500). Interwar period (1919-1939) was a heyday period for Jewish communities of Yugoslavia.
Before the Second World War in Belgrade, about 10,000 Jews lived in Belgrade, of which 80% were the Ladin-speaking Jews-Sephards and 20% of the Ashkenazov Jews who spoke in the language of Yiddish.
The number of the Jewish population of Serbia between the two world wars
In 1912, 5,000 Jews lived in Serbia. In the first world war, the Jews of Serbia were fought in the composition of the Serbian army. Back in 1878, the Berlin Congress ruled that Serbia should cancel all restrictive anti-European laws; Against this decision made only the head of the Russian delegation to Prince A. M. Gorchakov. In accordance with the requirements of Congress, the Constitution of Serbia, approved in 1888 (in 1894-1903 did not act), consolidated the civil equality of the Jews. At the end of the XIX - early XX centuries, the number of the Jewish population of Serbia gradually increased:
- in 1884, there were 4160 Jews in the country,
- in 1890 - 4623 Jews (0.21% of the total population),
- in 1895 - 5102 Jews (0.22%),
- in 1900 - 5729 Jews (0.23%), of which only three lived in rural areas,
- in 1905 - 6430 Jews (0.26%),
of these, about four thousand - in Belgrade, about eight hundred - in the niche, about six hundred - in Shabacha, about three hundred - in the pyrote, two hundred - in the fire and ledder, about two hundred and fifty - in Smederevo, about a hundred - in the stupid. In all these cities there were Sephardic communities; In addition, in Belgrade in 1869 a small community of Ashkenazov was created (received official status only in 1892, since Sefarda objected to its formation).
Jews of Serbia during World War II
Main article: Holocaust in Serbia
Five organizations have coordinated the destruction of Jews: the German military command at the head of the Economic Cultivation Bureau, representatives of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the Third Reich, Police Intelligence (SS) and, since its inception in August 1944, the Government of General Milan Nedich. The first four organizations met on May 14, 1941, to consider the decision of the "Problems of Jews and Gypsies". So on May 30, a number of measures were taken:
- everyone who was considered as Jews were removed from the public service,
- the duty was introduced to wear a yellow star David and forced work.
- from the confiscated Jewish property, 60% was held by Nazi Germany, as military reparations, and the remaining 40% were transferred to the Government of Serbia.
In response to the emergence of armed resistance against the occupying forces in Serbia, the Nazis conducted active policies of Vesti: in case of losses of the German army, an equal number of Jews, Roma and Communists were executed.
Since the end of the summer of 1941, Jewish men systematically deported to the concentration camps in the Shapac and Topovsk Schuch. At this time, the process of liquidation of Jews in Europe did not gain momentum. The German Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade sends Felix Benzler as an ambassador of Germany in Serbia. In the first telegram in Berlin, he writes that the Jews are responsible for sabotage and terrorism. He suggested sending 8,000 Jewish men on the barges in Danube Delta. Joachim von Ribbentrop rejected this idea, saying that this is not possible without the consent of Romania, which will refuse to accept such a large number of Jews. Despite the frequent appeals from Belgrade about the deportation of Jews, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was denied, because it was decided to entrust the "final decision of the Jewish question" Adolf Eichman. He suggested a shot of the Jews. At the highest level, 2100 Jewish and Gypsy prisoners were decided to shoot, in the Shabat camp, under the pretext of revenge for the murder of Jews 21 of the German soldier in the battles near Belgrade. So 100 prisoners were executed for each killed German soldier, and 50 for each wounded. This ratio has become systematic.
Such a policy has not led to complete liquidation because many of the Wehrmacht's soldiers refused to shoot women, children and older people. In addition, mass executions began to cause adverse reactions in neutral countries. It was decided to send the remaining Jews in the camp of displaced persons to land.
On November 3, 1941, an order came out to collect all Jewish women and Belgrade children and send to the SIMISTE on the barges. Mayor Belgrade Dragomir Jovanovich ordered to organize food for them, mostly were potatoes and cabbage. In May 1942, from Berlin to Belgrade was delivered a shuttle gas chamber for choking. The truck worked every day, except Sunday. Total in the camps Saymishve and Eggs, with the help of the gingerbread, was killed from 5 to 6 thousand people and it lasted from April to May 1942. The operation ended on May 10, 1942, and the truck was returned to Berlin, for use in Belarus.
In the report of the SS officer Harald Turner, Serbia was said: "Serbia is the only country where the Jewish and Gypsy questions are completely solved."
Resistance
Jewish Community Federation of Yugoslavia
To the civil war in the Yugoslavia of the 1990s and the subsequent decay, about 2,500 Jews lived in Serbia, mainly in Belgrade. Small Jewish communities are in Novi Garden, Sombore and Subotica. During the Civil War in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992-95, about a thousand Bosnian Jews fled to Belgrade. Most of them were repatriated in Israel, but about two hundred people remained in Serbia.
During the NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999, the Federation of Jewish communities of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (as part of Serbia and Montenegro) evacuated many elderly Jews, women and children Belgrade in Budapest, where also
History of Serbia
Early period
About 8500 years ago, during the Neolithic period, the culture of Starachevo and Vinya existed near modern Belgrade and dominated the Balkans, as well as in some parts of Central Europe and Asia Minor. Two important archaeological monuments of this era - Lepenci Vir and Vinci-Beldo, still survived near the shores of the Danube.
In the Epoch of the Iron Age about 1000 BC. In the Balkans, Paleobalan peoples, known as Thracians, Daci and Illyrians, developed. These peoples were discovered by the ancient Greeks during their expansion to the south of modern Serbia in the 4th century to our era; The north-western point of the Empire Alexander Great was the city of Kale-Cross. Behind the influx of Greek immigration soon followed the resettlement of the Celtic tribe, which settled in this area in the 3rd century to our era. Songs created their own tribal state and built several fortifications, including the capital Silginun (now Belgrade) and Navisos (now NIS).
The Romans won most of the modern Serbia in the 2nd century to our era. In 167, the Roman province of Illyry was created before our era, the rest of the modern Serbia was conquered during the first century to our era. As a result, modern Serbia extends in the territory of several former Roman provinces, the main cities of which were: Singidunum (Belgrade), Vimicium (Stari Koshomach), Remezian (Bela-Palanka), Navisos (NIS) and Srem (now Sremska-Mitrovica), Which was the Roman capital during the time of tetrarchy.
Seventeen Roman emperors were born on the territory of modern Serbia, which is inferior in this matter only modern Italy. Konstantin Great was the most famous of them - the first Christian emperor, who issued a decree on religious tolerance in the whole empire. When the Roman Empire was divided into 395, the region becomes an eastern part of the Byzantine Empire.
Medieval Serbia
Serbs, as well as Slavs, lived in the Byzantine world on, so-called Slavic lands - originally independent of the Byzantine control of territories. In the 8th century, the Dynasty of the Power Commission creates the Serbian principality. In 822, Serbia includes most of Dalmatia, and in 870 Christianity was taken as a state religion. In the middle of the 10th century, the Serbian state entered the tribal union, which stretched to the shores of the Adriatic Sea along the Rivers of Nerretva, Sava, Morava and Skadar Lake. The state broke up after the death of the last well-known ruler from the Dynasty of Power Gas. Byzantines joined this region and held it for a century until 1040, when Serbs, under the leadership of representatives of the future Dynasty of Vukanovich, rebelled in the Primorsk region of Dukl. In 1091, the Vuchanovy Dynasty creates the Great Serbian Principality (Rashka). Two parts of the principality were reunited in 1142.
In 1166, Stefan Nemanya joined the throne, thereby putting the beginning of the prosperous Serbia, from now on under the rule of the Maudanich dynasty. The son of Nemani Rastro (later Saint Sava) achieved independence for the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1217 and was the author of the oldest of the famous constitutions, and Stefan was the first to create the Serbian kingdom in the same period. The medieval Serbia reached the peak of his development during the reign of sushan of the powerful, which took advantage of the Civil War in Byzantium and doubled its territory by conquering areas in the south and east, reaching the Peloponnese, and even was crowned with Emperor Serbs and Greeks. The battle on the Kosovo field in 1389 marks the turning point in Serbia's history and is considered the beginning of the fall of the medieval Serbian state. Subsequently, in the 15th and 16th centuries of Serbia, influential families ruled - Lazarevich and Brankovich.
After the hit of Constantinople under the power of the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and the siege of Belgrade, Serbia fell in 1459 after the siege of its second capital - Smerevo. The fortress in Smederevo is the largest medieval fortress of Europe. By 1455, Central Serbia was completely conquered by the Ottoman Empire. After reflected by Turkish attacks for more than 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, giving the Ottoman Empire for expansion to Central Europe. Voorodina, as part of the empire of the Habsburg, was resistant to Ottoman rule until the beginning of the 16th century.
History Ottoman Serbia and Great Serbs Resettlement
After the loss of independence and entry into the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, Serbia briefly restored sovereignty during the Board of Jovan not enough in the 16th century. Three invasions of the Habsburgs and numerous uprisings constantly question the Ottoman dominion. One of the key events was the Banat Uprising in 1595, which was part of a long war between the Turks and Habsburgs. The region of modern Voivodina experienced a century-old Turkish occupation, before the Habsburg Empire moved at the end of the 17th century in accordance with the Karlovitsky peace treaty.
The nobility was destroyed in all Serb lands to the south of Danube and Sava, dependent peasants worked on the Ottoman owners, and a significant part of the clergy fled or was isolated in monasteries. In accordance with the Ottoman management system, the Serb-Christian was considered the lower class and were burdened with heavy taxes, and a small part of the Serbian population even underwent Islamization. Osmanas Turks abolished Serbian Patriarchate in 1459, but then restored it in 1555, thus ensuring the limited preservation of Serbian cultural traditions within the empire.
When, as a result of the great relocation of Serbs, most of the southern Serbia dismissed, many Serbs tried to cross the Danube and find refuge in the north in Voivodina and in the West to the Austrian military border, where the Austrian Crown were given rights in accordance with the Valash Statute of 1630. The church center of Serbs also moved to the north, to the Metropolis in the Srem Karlovtsy, after the Pechish Patriarchate was again abolished by the Turks in 1766. After the epistle of the Serbian people, the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire Leopold I officially provided the Serbam autonomous territory.
In 1717 - 1739. The Austrian Empire ruled mostly from Central Serbia, which was called the Kingdom of Serbia (1718 - 1739).
The revolution and independence
The Serbian Revolution for Independence from the Ottoman Empire lasted eleven years - from 1804 to 1815. The revolution includes two separate uprisings, as a result of which Serbia achieved autonomy, and in the future and complete independence (1835-1867).
After the first Serbian uprising, headed by Prince Karageorgia Petrovich, Serbia was independent for almost a decade, before the Ottoman army occupied the country again. Soon after that, the second Serbian uprising began under the leadership of Milos Obrenovich. It ended in 1815 by a compromise between the Serbian revolutionary and the Ottoman authorities. After the Akkerman Convention in 1826, the Adrianopol peace treaty in 1829 and, finally, Hatt-and Sharif was recognized by the sovereignty of Serbia. The first Serbian constitution was adopted on February 15, 1835.
After the collision between the Ottoman army and Serbs in Belgrade in 1862 and under pressure from the great powers, the last Turkish soldiers left the Principality by 1867. By adopting a new constitution, without consulting the Ottoman Port, Serbian diplomats confirmed the actual independence of the country. In 1876, Serbia declared the War of the Ottoman Empire, proclaiming his association with Bosnia. The independence of the country was recognized internationally at the Berlin Congress in 1878, which formally put the end of the Russian-Turkish war. The Berlin treatise, however, forbade Serbia to unite with Bosnia, and Austria-Hungary received the right to occupation of Serbia and Rashki (Sanjak). From 1815 to 1903, Serbia was under the rule of the Obrenovich dynasty, with the exception of the period from 1842 to 1858, when Prince Alexander Karageorgievich rules. In 1882, Serbia became the kingdom managed by King Milan I. In 1903, after the May coup, the authorities seized representatives of the Karageorgievich dynasty and the descendants of the revolutionary leader Karageorggy Petrovich. The revolution of 1848 in Austria led to the creation of an autonomous territory - Serbian Voivodina. By 1849, the region was transformed into the Voivodeship of Serbia and Teesshmar Banat.
Balkan wars, World War II and the First Yugoslavia
During the First Balkan War in 1912, the Balkan Union defeated the Ottoman Empire and won its European territories, which made it possible to expand the territory at the expense of Rashki and Kosovo. Soon the second Balkan War followed when Bulgaria attacked his former allies, but was defeated. A Bucharest peace treaty was signed. For two years, Serbia has expanded its territory by 80% and increased the population by 50%, but suffered heavy losses on the eve of the First World War - about 20,000 dead.
Serbian Soldiers on the island of Corfu during the First World War (1916-1918)
The murder of Austrian Erzgertzog Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo Gaburo, a member of the Young Bosnia organization, led to the announcement of the war of Serbia Austria-Hungary. In defense of his ally, Serbia, Russia announced the mobilization of his troops, which led to the fact that an ally of Austria-Hungary - Germany declared the war of Russia. Avro-Hungary's response Actions against Serbia caused the conclusion of military unions and a chain reaction with the ads of war around the continent, which led to the beginning of the First World War during the month. Serbia won the first major battles of the First World War, including in the Battle of Cer and in the Battle of Kolubar - marking the first victories of the Allies against the central powers in the First World War. Despite the initial success, the central powers ended up over Serbia in 1915. Most of its army and a small part of the civilian population went to the exile to the mainland of Greece and on the island of Corfu, where they restored their strength, regrouped and returned to the Macedonian front to make a final breakthrough through the front line on September 15, 1918, to release Serbia and defeat Austro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria. Serbia, with his allies, was the main Balkan force of the Entente, which made a significant contribution to the victory in the Balkans in November 1918, having assistance to France in the coercion of Bulgaria to surrender. Serbia was classified as a small force of the Entente. Serbia's losses amounted to 8% of the total of the Military Loss of the Entente; 58% (243 600) The soldier of the Serbian army died during the war. The total number of victims is about 700,000 people - more than 16% of the pre-war of Serbia, and most of the general male population (57%).
After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Sire was combined with Serbia on November 24, 1918, with the subsequent attachment of a banat, tanks and lambs in the afternoon, thereby including all the vevodinas in the Serbian kingdom. On November 26, 1918, the Assembly of the Supilchina Podrovichi Dynasty, Dynasty, and united Montenegro with Serbia. On December 1, 1918, the Manifesta of Serbian Prince-Regent Alexander was published on the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, headed by Serbian King Peter I.
After the king Peter Tron inherited his son Alexander in August 1921. There were constant clashes in parliament between Serbian centri and Croatian autonomists, most governments were fragile and short-lived. Nikola Pashich, the conservative prime minister, headed most of the governments with small intervals until the death of death. King Alexander changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia and replaced 33 areas on nine new banners. The result of the dictatorship of Alexander was the further alienation of Nesorbov from the idea of \u200b\u200bunity. Alexander was killed in Marseil during an official visit in 1934 by Vladoch Chernozemsky - a member of the WMR (internal Macedonian-Odrin Revolutionary Organization). Alexander replaced his eleven-year-old son Peter II and the Regent Council was headed by his cousin - Prince Pavel. Prime Minister Dragisha Tvetkovich agreed to address the issue of the Croatian population with Vlado Machcom. In August 1939, the autonomous Banoven of Croatia was created as a result of the carcain-machec agreement.
World War II and Second Yugoslavia
In 1941, despite the attempts of Yugoslavia to maintain military neutrality, the "axis" powers invaded the territory of the country. The territory of modern Serbia was divided between Hungary, Bulgaria, Independent Croatia and Italy (Great Albania and Montenegro), while the rest of Serbia with the puppet government led by Milan Achimovich and Milan Nedich fell under the power of German military administration. The occupied territories became the village of the Civil War between the piano-chunths under the command of Dragee Mikhailovich and the Communist partisans under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. For one year of the occupation, about 16,000 Serbian Jews were killed, which amounted to about 90% of the pre-war Jewish population. Many concentration camps were created throughout the country. In Banitsa, the largest concentration camp was located, where Serbian Jews, Gypsies and Serbian political prisoners became the main victims.
The Puppet State of Powering "Axis", which was the independent state of Croatia, made large-scale persecution and genocide of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies. According to estimates of the Holocaust Memorial Museum, approximately 320,000 - 340,000 ethnic Serbs - residents of Croatia, Bosnia and North Serbia were killed by the Croatian fascists tired. These figures confirm the Jewish virtual library.
The Uzitskaya Republic was short-lasting territory exempted by the liberated partisans (autumn 1941), which is a military mini-state in the western part of the occupied Serbia, and the first liberated territory in Europe during World War II. By the end of 1944, as a result of the Belgrade Operation, the partisans received an advantage in the Civil War, and later control over Yugoslavia. After the Belgrade operation, the Sirm Front became the last stage of World War II in Serbia. Approximately 60,000-70,000 people died in Serbia during the communist seizure of power.
The victory of the communist partisans led to the abolition of the monarchy and the subsequent organized constitutional referendum. Soon the Union-party state was created by the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia. The whole opposition was suppressed, and the people who were believed to support the opposition or performed for separatism were imprisoned or executed for incitement to metension. Serbia became one of the republics (Socialist Republic of Serbia) as part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with the Republican division of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Communist Party of Serbia). Alexander Rankovich was the most powerful and influential politician of Serbia in the time of Tito in Yugoslavia, the representative of the "Big Four" of Yugoslav leaders, along with Tito, Edward Cardell, and a pretty Gilas. Rankovich was later exempted from office due to disagreements about the Nomenclature of Kosovo and the unity of Serbia. Dismissal Rankovich was extremely negatively perceived by the Serbs. The reformers advancing the decentralization of Yugoslavia achieved success in the late 1960s and reached a significant decentralization of power, creating autonomy in Kosovo and Voivodine and recognizing the Yugoslav Muslim nation. As a result of these reforms, colossal changes occurred in the nomenclature and police of Kosovo - mass shifts of Serbs from posts and their ethnic albanic. Further concessions were made in relation to ethnic Albanians in Kosovo in response to riots, including the University of the Spent's University with teaching in Albanian. These changes caused widespread concern among the Serbs.
Decay Yugoslavia and political transition of state power
In 1989, Slobodan Milosevic came to power in Serbia. Milosevic promised a reduction in the powers of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Voivodina, where his allies subsequently came to power during the "antiboocratic revolution". This causes tensions in relations with the communist leadership of other republics and the awakening of nationalism throughout the country, which ultimately led to the breakdown of Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina announced their independence. Serbia and Montenegro remained together as part of the Union of the Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY).
Suggesting ethnic tensions, Yugoslav Wars broke out, with the most severe conflicts in Croatia and Bosnia, where the ethnic Serbian population opposed independence from Yugoslavia. FRY did not interfere in conflicts, but provided transport, military and financial support to Serbian forces in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In response to this UN support introduced sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in May 1992, which led to political isolation and collapse of the economy. The multi-party democratic system was introduced in Serbia in 1990, the official abolition of a one-party system. Critics Milosevic stated that the government remains authoritarian, despite the constitutional changes, since Milosevic kept a significant political impact on state-owned media and state security apparatus. When the ruling Socialist Party of Serbia refused to recognize his defeat in the municipal elections in 1996, it causes mass protests against the government. In 1998 - 1999, the world was again violated when the situation in Kosovo aggravated due to continuous clashes between the Yugoslav Security and UAC. The clashes led to war in Kosovo and bombardments of Serbia for several months by NATO forces and its allies, against the Will, the UN.
In September 2000, opposition parties accused Milosevic to falsify the elections. Civil resistance campaign led by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) is a broad coalition of the parties against Milosevic. This led to the fact that on October 5, when half a million people from all over the country gathered in Belgrade and forced Milosevic to recognize his defeat. The fall of Milosevic completed the international isolation of Yugoslavia. Milosevic was transferred to the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The Democratic opposition of Serbia stated that the Union Republic of Yugoslavia would strive for joining the European Union. In 2003, the Union Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed Serbia and Montenegro; The EU began negotiations on the stabilization and association agreement. The political climate in Serbia remained tense and in 2003, when the Prime Minister Zoran Jindgich was killed as a result of a conspiracy coming from the circles of organized crime and former security forces.
On May 21, 2006, a referendum was held in Montenegro on the exit from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. On June 5, 2006, the Serbian National Assembly announced Serbia to the legal successor of the former State Union. Kosovo Province unilaterally proclaimed independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008. Serbia immediately condemned this statement and continues to deny the independence of Kosovo. The proclamation of independence caused a variety of responses from the international community: some states supported it, while others condemned this one-sided decision. Negotiations between Serbia and the Albanian authorities of Kosovo are conducted in Brussels with the mediation of the EU.
In April 2008, Serbia was invited to join the program of "Intensive Dialogue" with NATO, despite the diplomatic gap with the Alliance due to Kosovo. Serbia officially filed an application for joining the European Union on December 22, 2009 and received the status of a candidate on March 1, 2012 due to a delay in December 2011. After the positive recommendations of the European Commission and the European Council in June 2013, negotiations on joining EU began in January 2014.
Serbia is a country with a richest history, ascending to prehistoric times. One of the oldest traces of the person's stay in Serbia is considered the mesolitic parking of hunters and fishermen Lepenski-Vir.. It is believed that agriculture arose in the territory of Serbia about 10.5 - 8.5 thousand years BC. The neolithic period in Serbia is represented by the cultures of Starachevo and Vinca, created by the descendants of immigrants from Malaya Asia. Symbols of Culture Wix, according to a number of researchers, were ancient writing or protusiveness in Europe. Then the Badencan culture is replaced. The first evidence of metallurgy belonging to the range of 6-5 thousand to n. e., found on such parking as Maidnepek, Jamovatz, Dillennik, as well as in the prehistoric mine of the Rudna chapter.
The oldest copper ax in Europe is found in Propole. He is evidence that Metallurgy in Europe arose about 5500 BC. e. On the territory of Culture Wix. In the XIII century. BC. The territory of Serbia is mainly the Illyrians, in the north - Thracians. Local versions of galasthast culture are developing. In the ancient era, the territory of Serbia was inhabited by Illyrian (Dardanians) and Celtic peoples (Songore). In I in BC e. It was conquered by the Romans and was highlighted in a separate province of mesia, the administrative center of which Silginong became the administrative center. In 441, Silginun was captured by Huns. In 469, the theodorich isgotes come to these lands, where the Saarmatians were nomaded. After departure, heapides occupy their place in Italy. In 583, Avars capture the territory of Serbia. During the existence of the Roman Empire, most of the territory of modern Serbia, inhabited mainly by the Illyrian tribes, was part of the province of the upper mesia. About 395, these lands were enshrined behind the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The nomanization of the upper mesia remained insignificant, there were lack of major urban settlements, with the exception of Silydunum (Belgrade), winning (Kostolats) and Naisus (NIS).
Serbia in the 9th century.
From the middle of the 6th century, the gradual expansion of Slavic tribes began, accompanied by the devastation of the Balkans. Serb's ancestors settled the land to the south of Sava to the Adriatic. They assimilated or supplanted the previous residents of this territory - Illyrians, Celts, Greeks and Romans - in the city, mainly on the coast, as well as in the mountains of Dinarsky Highlands and Albania. In some places, Illyrian and Valash Anklava appeared on the lands populated by the Slavs. The process of folding the state in Serbov was slowed down with various Serbian communities and the absence of economic relations between them. For the early history of the Serbs, the formation of several foci of statehood, which alternately became the centers for the association of Serbian lands. On the coast, prog state formations were formed - the wallation of the Pagania, Zakhumye, Herbal and Dukl, in the internal regions (the eastern part of modern Bosnia and Sanjak) - Rashka. Nominally, all Serbian territories were part of Byzantium, but their dependence was weak. Already from the VII century, the Christianization of the Serbian tribes began, which ended in the second half of the 9th century with the direct participation of students of Saints Kirill and Methodius.
Monastery of the student, XII century.
About how the formation of the Serbian nation can be found.
On the times of Ottoman aggression, the Kosovo battle and life of Serbia under Ottoman authority can be found.
For the life and development of Serbia, in a new time, you can learn about the influence of Russia on the development of Serbia at the same time.
On the history of Serbia at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries. You can find out.
The participation of Serbia in the composition of Yugoslavia in World War II can be found.
In 1986, Slobodan Milosevic got up at the head of the Union of Communists Serbia. In April 1987, he spoke in front of Kosovo Serbs with a promise of struggle for their rights and soon became a national leader in the strengthening of Serbian's position in Yugoslavia. In 1989, Milosevic and his supporters came to power in Serbia, Montenegro and Voorodina. In the 1990s, the Kosovo conflict began to flare up with a new force, and in 1998 the opinion of military intervention was prevailed in NATO. Serbia was presented with ultimatum about the withdrawal of troops from Kosovo and the admission of NATO military units to the Serbian territory. Ultimatum was ignored. On March 24, 1999, NATO aviation inflicted the first bomb strikes on Belgrade and other Serbian cities. The bombing continued for almost three months, until June 9, Serbian's authorities agreed to enter into Kosovo International Security Forces (KFOR). On June 10, the UN Security Council resolution was adopted to resolve the Kosovo problem. Yugoslav troops left Kosovo, the power in the region moved to the Albanians. As a result of the bombardments, Serbian plants were destroyed, the paths of the message were destroyed, at least 500 people died. More than 350 thousand Serbs and other representatives of nonalban nationalities left Kosovo. At the same time, the conclusion of the Serbian troops allowed to begin the process of returning to the land of Albanian refugees: about 700 thousand people returned to the beginning of 2001.
The defeat in the war with NATO weakened the position of nationalists in Serbia. In the elections of President Yugoslavia in 2000, a candidate from the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (Dos) was won by the Cat, but he did not score the absolute majority of votes. Milosevic demanded that in accordance with the law of the second round of voting, but as a result of street demonstrations with the support of Western countries and the United States on October 5, 2000, he was overthrown. A few months later he was arrested. Subsequent elections in Skupshchina Serbia brought victory Dos, the Prime Minister became Zoran Jindgich, the leader of the Democratic Party. The program of reviving the economy and strengthening social protection of the population was adopted. The convergence of Serbia with European states began. In 2001, Slobodan Milosevic was issued to the International Tribunal in the Hague, which caused a split in the ruling coalition. The trial of Milosevic in the International Tribunal for Military Crimes in the former Yugoslavia in the Hague was unprecedented in duration. Milosevic did not recognize the legitimacy of the Hague Tribunal and refused to lawyers, stating that he would defend himself.
In 2002, a new agreement was concluded between Serbia and Montenegro, which reducing the powers of the federal authorities, as a result of which on February 4, 2003, Yugoslavia was transformed into a Confederative State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. On May 21, 2006, a referendum was held in Montenegro, at which it was decided to exit from the composition of the Union. On June 3, 2006, Montenegro proclaimed independence. On June 5, Serbia announced his independence.
Since 2004, Serbia, from 2004, was the head of the Democratic Party (DP), Boris Tadic, Prime Minister in 2004-2008. - Leader of the Democratic Party of Serbia (DPS), Vojislav Catanitsa. Unlike prose-oriented Tadic, the cat holds conservative positions. A significant role is also played by nationalists from the Serbian Radical Party of Vislav Sherel. Over the past years, Serbia's integration policy in the European Union continues. In 2008, Boris Tadic was again re-elected, Boris Tadic was re-elected, ahead of Tomislav Nikolich radicals, which was perceived as supported by the Serbian population of the country's pro-Western coup. On March 1, 2012, Serbia received the official status of a candidate for joining the EU.
Nowadays the Kosovo Question remains the most acute problem. On February 17, 2008, Kosovo announced its independence, which the United States and part of European states soon recognized. Serbia declared the unconstitutionality of this step and the non-recognition of independent Kosovo. It was supported by Russia, China, India, as well as 5 countries from the NATO block - Spain, Greece, Slovakia, Romania and Cyprus. Thus, from 193 countries included in the UN, 97 recognized Kosovo's independence. In the matter of further actions of Serbia, the Kosovo problem was discovered by significant discrepancies between the irreconcilable Prime Minister of Cutunca and the more liberal president Tadic. On March 13, 2008, the president dismissed the parliament. At the extraordinary elections, the victory won the coalition of democratic parties "For European Serbia", which received about 40% of voters. The Radicals of Wiself Sheshel scored about 30% of the votes, the Democratic Party of Serbia Wiself Catunitsa - 12%. The president of the President of the country's government, on June 27, 2008, proposed the current Minister of Finance Mirko Tsvetkovich.
On May 6, 2012, presidential and parliamentary elections were held in Serbia. According to their results, Tomislav Nikolic was elected president of the country.
Serbia - Pearl of the Balkan Peninsula, famous for its centuries-old and rich history. Estimation of the centuries it was the object of claim due to a favorable climate, the convenient position and wealth of natural resources. Who just did not claim this fertile land? Some came with a sword, some with the world, but even losing their independence, Serbia remained distinctive and proud.
Prehistoric period
Balkansthey were populated off. And although the State of Serbia does not yet go on the territory of the future republic, the first settlements are dated the midst of the stone century, the VI century BC. e. Related here illyriansWhat is evidenced by archaeological finds. For a short time, a quiet life in these fertile land continued. We seduced by local beauties, the wealth of settlers or guided by other reasons, in the V century. BC e. The tribes of the Celts won the territory, subjugate the Illyrians. They built cities, the largest of which became Silginum.
Antique Serbia.
Liked Celts Territory future Serbia It is the goal of the growing Roman Empire, which absorbs it, making it its province in I BC. Her power agrees for a long five hundred years, the second part of which for Serbia passes under the dominance of Byzanta - the southern part of the ancient empire. This continues until the VI century n. e., the time of the new resettlement of peoples, when Slavs come to the Balkan Peninsula.
Medieval Serbia.
Resettlement of Slavic tribes- Slovenians, Serbs and Croats - and is due to the education of the state in 969.
Due to the lack of the right of inheritance of power, which led to civil workers, the state became a vassal of the first Bulgarian kingdom, later - Byzantium. Rulers and politics changed. Already in Stefan, Nemanya, the state comes out from under the control of Byzantium and fights for independence, and his son is coroned by the King of Serbs.
The flowering of the country comes to the middle of the XIV century - The Board of Stephen Dushan, who united Albania, Macedonia, Fessel, Epirus and part of Greece and made the largest state of Southeastern Europe from Serbia. This period marks the construction of monasteries and temples and the general development of culture.
Channel change marked vassalitet again - already Ottoman Empirewho forced the Serbian people to defend national dignity and independence.
Serbia of the new time
The new time in Serbs is associated with liberation wars and uprisings, which for some land of Serbia ended with Austrian dominion.
Only in 1829, Serbia received the status of an autonomous principality, to change which comes Serbian kingdom. Not having time to enjoy independence, Serbia turns out to be drawn into the Balkan Wars and the First World War. Huge human losses, destroying in the country and decline in the economy became the reasons for the unification of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians under the ideology of "Yugoslavstanism" to the kingdom.
1941 - and again the war is the second world, and at the end of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, which will later become the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.
History of wars and unions. The country, volunteer or unwittingly becoming a member of all European battles, seen inexorable Mongols and no less cruel Osmanov, shuddering in the vice of fascism and civil wars, survived flourishing and decay, stood, but not surrendered, managed to preserve their traditions, values \u200b\u200band culture.
brief information
Serbia can be considered a peculiar "crossroads" of Europe. Through this country, the shortest roads connecting Western Europe and the Middle East are running. A large number of national parks, mountains, rivers make Serbia a great place for outdoor activities. However, in Serbia there is also a large number of unique attractions and several popular balneological resorts.
Geography of Serbia
Serbia is located at the junction of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. In the north, Serbia is bordered by Hungary, in the East - with Romania and Bulgaria, in the south - with Macedonia, and in the West - with Croatia, Bosnia and Montenegro. The total area of \u200b\u200bthis Balkan country is 88,361 square meters. km, and the total length of the state border is 2,397 km.
The autonomous region of Voivodina occupies a panneon lowland, and on the rest of the territory of Serbia there are Dinar Alps, the East Serbian Mountains, as well as the Carpathian Mountains and Stara Planina. The highest peak in Serbia is Mount Jaorravitz (2,656 m).
Throughout the entire territory of Serbia, Danube flows, the longest river in this country. The biggest tributaries of the Danube - Sava and Tisa.
Capital
The capital of Serbia is Belgrade, in which more than 1.2 million people now live. Historians believe that the first settlements on the site of modern Belgrade founded Celtic tribes.
Official language
Official language in Serbia - Serbian, belonging to the South Slavic subgroup of the Slavic Group of Indo-European languages.
Religion
More than 82% of the population of Serbia are Orthodox Christians (Greek Catholic Church). Another 5% of Serbs consider themselves Catholics, and 2% are Muslims.
State Device Serbia
According to the 2006 Constitution, Serbia is the parliamentary republic. The President is elected by direct universal voting. The legislative power belongs to the unicameral parliament, which employs 250 deputies.
The main political parties in Serbia - the Serbian Progressive Party, "Democratic Party of Serbia", and "Socillary".
Climate and weather in Serbia
The climate of Serbia is under the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, the Adriatic Sea, and various mountain systems. In the north of the country, the climate is continental with hot, wet summer and cold winter, and in the south - moderately continental, with elements of the Mediterranean climate. The average air temperature in July is + 22c, and in January - about 0s. The average monthly precipitation is about 55 mm.
Average air temperature in Belgrade:
January - -3s
- February - -2c
- March - + 2c
- April - + 7c
- May - + 12c
- June - + 15c
- July - + 17c
- August - + 17c
- September - + 13c
- October - + 8c
- November - + 4c
- December - 0s
Rivers and lakes
Throughout the entire territory of Serbia, Danube flows, the longest river in this country. It has the tributaries of Sava, Tis, and run. In addition, there are other rivers in Serbia - the Great Morava, Tamis, Western Morava, Drina, Ibar, South Morava, Timok and Radik.
Serbia has several large natural and artificial lakes - Jerdap Lake, White Lake, Palich, Borsco, Srebno, Zlatatar and others.
History of Serbia
Slavs in the territory of modern Serbia settled in the XVII century AD. After some time, Serbia fell under the power of the Byzantine Empire. In the middle of the X century, an independent Slavic principality was formed in Western Serbia.
In 1170, the Maudanich dynasty begins to rule in Western Serbia. In 1217, Pope hands the crown to King Stephan Nemanich. The flourishing of the Kingdom of Serbia fell on the XIV century, when the country of rules of Stephen Dusan.
However, in 1389, the Serbian army suffers defeat from the Turks in the Kosovo battle, and gradually the land of Serbia begins to conquer the Ottoman Empire. Since 1459, Serbia becomes a province in the Ottoman Empire.
Only in 1878, Serbia became independent, and in 1882 the Kingdom of Serbia was proclaimed.
World War II in 1914 began after the invasion of the Austrian troops on the territory of Serbia. In December 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians was formed, which then began to call Yugoslavia.
After the end of World War II, in 1945, Socialist Yugoslavia was formed at the head of Barz Tito. The 1974 Constitution served as one of the reasons for the expansion of the Croatian, Slovenian and Albanian nationalism.
In 1991-92, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina separated from Yugoslavia. Almost all the 1990s of Yugoslavia (i.e., Serbia) fought with his former republics. Especially difficult to Serbam had to be in the war in Kosovo after NATO intervention. As a result, Kosovo separated from Serbia.
In 2003, the state of Serbia and Montenegro, which existed until 2006 was formed. Now the Republic of Serbia occupies an 88,361 square metering territory. km, and does not have access to the sea.
Culture
Serbs over the centuries took care of their culture, because Thus, they retained their originality under the Board of the Ottoman Empire. Until now, Serbs annually celebrate various holidays, whose history goes back to early Middle Ages. The most popular Serbian holiday - "Dan" (local version of St. Vita's Day).
Kitchen Serbia
The formation of Serbian cuisine has great influence with the country's neighboring. It is especially noticeable to Turkish influence, because Serbia has long been the province of the Ottoman Empire.
Tourists in Serbia We will definitely recommend trying ćevapčići (small rolls of meat minced meat), "pljeskavica" (cutlets), "Musaka", "Podvarak" (fried meat with sauerkraut), "proja" (corn bread), "Gibanica "(Cheese Pie), etc.
Traditional strong Serbian alcoholic beverages - Šljivovica (plum brandy) and Lozovača (Grape Brandy, Rakia).
Sights of Serbia
Serbs have always been carefully related to its history, and therefore there are a lot of interesting sights in this country. The top ten sights of Serbia, in our opinion, include the following:
Belgrade Fortress
On the territory of the Belgrade fortress, a Roman military camp was once a long time ago. Only in 1760, the Belgrade fortress acquired his final view she has now.
"Flex city"
"Damn city" is located in South Serbia on the banks of the river Tuta. It is 202 stone pyramids with a height of 2-15 meters, which are formed by erosion processes. In 1995, Djavolja Varos was declared a monument of nature.
National Assembly Building in Belgrade
The construction of the building of the National Assembly in Belgrade began in 1907 on the project of the architect John Ilkich. However, after the death of John Ilkich, construction ceased, because Drawings were lost. Only the son of this architect was able to complete the National Assembly in 1936.
Gamzigrad-Romuliana
This Roman Palace is located in Eastern Serbia. It is built on the orders of the Roman Emperor Guy Galeriya Valery Maximian. The complex of Hamzigral Romulian is a palace, serfs, basilica, temples, hot tubs, memorial buildings.
Monastery Zhich
This monastery was built in 1206-1217. Now it has three unique medieval frescoes.
Petrovaradinskaya fortress in the city of Novi Garden
The Petrovaradin Fortress was built by Austrian engineers at the end of the XVII - early XVIII centuries. It has 16 kilometers of corridors. Petrovaradinskaya fortress is considered one of the main tourist attractions of Serbia.
"Tower of Skulls"
"Skull Tower" in Niche was built in 1809 by Turkish Pasha to frighten the Serbs. In this tower there are 952 human skulls, which belong to the rebel against the Turkish authorities of the Serbs.
Palace Princess Lidery
The Palace of Princess Lider was built during the reign in Serbia of the Ottoman Empire. Now this palace is a museum.
Church of Saint Sava
This Orthodox Church in Belgrade was built in 2004, although his construction began in 1935.
National Park Tara
The Tara National Park is located in the west of Serbia, it covers the territory of 19 200 hectares. The nature of this park amazes with its beauty of all tourists.
Cities and resorts
The biggest cities of Serbia are Novi-Garden, Niche, and, of course, Belgrade.
Serbia has no way out to the sea, but in this country there are a lot of balneological resorts. The most popular of them are a juice bath, Buyanovka-Banya, Varnug-Banya, Banya-Covilyach, and Nishka-Banya.
Souvenirs / Shopping
Tourists from Serbia We advise you to bring Gingerbread in the shape of a heart, the products of folk crafts, folk Serbian hats, embroidered shirts, traditional folk pants, traditional folk shoes, folk Serbian jewelry (bracelets, beads, necklaces), wine, Slovevitz, and folk Serbian musical Tools (Frula, Gusle and Dvojnice).
Franz Kafka brief biography
The thought of People's Roman-epic "War and World Partisan Movement of People's War
Folk thought in the Roman-Epopea "War and Peace
The history of the creation of "Hunter's Notes"
How are archaeological excavations?