Franz Kafka years of life. Franz Kafka brief biography

Franz Kafka (1883 - 1924) is a famous German writer, classic of literature of the twentieth century. During his lifetime, was not deservedly appreciated. Almost all the well-known works of the writer are published after his premature death.

Childhood

A future writer was born in Prague. He was the first of six children in a rather secured Jewish family. Two of his brothers died in early childhood, only sisters were left. Kafka-senior was a lucky merchant. He fastened a good condition for the sale of haberdashery products. Mother originated from prosperous brewers. Thus, despite the absence of titles and accessories to the Higher Society, the family never needed.

As soon, the foal was six years old, he began to attend primary school. In those years, the need for education has already made any doubts. The parents of the same boy on the example of their own life perfectly understood his importance.

Franz studied well. He was a modest and educated child, invariably neatly dressed and consistent, so adults always treated him favorably. At the same time, a living mind, knowledge, a sense of humor attracted to the boy of peers.

Of all the subjects of Franz, the literature is initially most of all. To be able to discuss read and share thoughts, he initiated the organization of literary meetings. They were popular. Helloing by this, Kafka decided to go further and create his own theater circle. Most of all his friends were surprised. They knew perfectly as far as their comrade was shy and not quite confident. Therefore, his desire to play in the scene caused bewilderment. However, Franz could always count on support.

Study, work

In 1901, Kafka graduated from the gymnasium and received a certificate of maturity. He had to decide on future classes. Romaining for a while, the young man chose the right and went to comprehend his complexity in Karlov University. It is impossible to say that it was only his decision. Rather, the compromise with the Father, which was going to attract him to trade.

Relations with a despotic father had a bad father. In the end, Franz left his home and many years lived in removable apartments and rooms, interrupting a penny to a penny. After graduating from the university, Kafka was forced to give an official in the insurance office. It was a good place, but not for him.

The young man was not created for such work. In his dreams, he saw himself as a writer, and all his free time gave the study of literature and his own creativity. In the latter, he saw exclusively to the inventory for himself, without a minute without recognizing the artistic value of his works. He was so embarrassed by them, which even visited his friend to destroy all his literary experiments in the event of death.

Kafka was a very painful person. He discovered tuberculosis. In addition, the writer was tormented by frequent migraines, insomnia. Most experts agree that these problems had psychological roots, leaving for childhood, family and attitudes with her father. Be that as it may, but most of the life of Kafka was in an endless depression. It is very clearly visible on his work.

Relations with women

Kafka was never married. However, there were women in his life. For a long time the writer tied relations with Felicia Bauer. She obviously wanted to marry him, because the girl did not embarrass the torn wrapping and the fact that he soon made her an offer. However, the wedding did not end and this time. Kafka changed his mind again.

You can also explain these events by the fact that young people communicated mainly by correspondence. Based on the letters of Kafka created himself in the imagination the image of a girl who in reality turned out to be completely different.

The greatest love of the writer was Milena Esenskaya. For the 20s of the last century, it was an incredibly free and self-sufficient person. Translator and journalist, Milena saw in his beloved talented writer. She was one of the few, with whom he shared his work. It seemed that their novel could turn into something more. However, Milena was married.

At the very end of the life of Kafka, a novel with nineteen-year-old Daja diamond.

Creation

During the life of Kafka, he published only a small number of stories. He would not do this if not a close friend Max Brod, who always tried to support the writer and believed in his talent. It was him Kafka who won destroy all written works. However, it didn't do it. On the contrary, he sent all manuscripts to the printing house.

Soon the name Kafka stuck. Readers and critics highly appreciated everything that they managed to save from the fire. Unfortunately, the Diamond Diamond still managed to destroy some books that took her.

Death

In his diaries, Kafka often speaks of fatigue from constant diseases. He directly expresses confidence that he will not live more than forty years. And it turned out to be right. In 1924 he did not.

The Jewish roots of Franz Kafki did not interfere with him to excellently master the German language and even write their works on it. During his life, the writer was published little, but after his death, close kafki published his work, despite the direct ban of the writer. How did you live and worked the word formation master Franz Kafka?

Kafka: Life Picture

The author was born in the summer: July 3, 1883 in Prague. His family lived in the former ghetto for the Jews. Herman's father had his small business and was a wholesale merchant. And Julia's mother was the heiress of a rich brewer and spoke very well in German.

Two brothers and three kafki sisters constituted all his family. The brothers died at an early age, and sisters died in later years in concentration camps. In addition to the German language, which he taught his mother, Kafka knew Czech and French.

In 1901, Franz graduated from the gymnasium, then received a maturity certificate. Five years later, he was awarded the diploma of Karlov University. So he became a doctor of law. Weber himself led by writing his dissertation.

In the future, Kafka worked all his life in one insurance office. Early, due to health problems, he retired. Working in the specialty Kafka did not like. Led diaries, where he described his hatred to the boss, colleagues and all its activities in general.

During the period of its working capacity of Kafka, the labor conditions at the factories of the Czech Republic significantly improved. At work, he was very valued and respected. In 1917, the doctors found tuberculosis from Kafki. After the diagnosis was made, he was not retired for another 5 years, as he was a valuable employee.

The writer had a difficult writer. He broke up early with his parents. He lived poorly and ascetic. I wandered a lot on removable camorks. It was ill not only to tuberculosis, but also migraines, and also suffered from insomnia and impotence. Kafka himself led a healthy lifestyle. In his youth engaged in sports, tried to adhere to a vegetarian diet, but could not heal from his ailments.

Kafka often engaged in self-adhesiveness. It was unhappy with himself and the world around. I wrote a lot about it in diaries. Back in school, Franz helped organize performances, promoted a literary circle. The surrounding impressed the impression of a neat young man with an excellent sense of humor.

From school times, Franz was friends with Max Brod. This friendship continued until the writer's impassive death. Personal life kafki did not fold. Some researchers believe that such a state of affairs had root in his relationship with the father-despot.

With Felicia Bauer Franz was engaged twice. But never married a girl. After all, her image that came up with a writer did not correspond to the nature of a living person.

Then Kafka had a novel with Yulia Vethrytiek. But here, family life did not work out. After Franz met with a married journalist Elena Esenskaya. At that time, she helped him edit his works.

After 1923, the health of the kafki was very shaken. Tuberculosis Larches developed rapidly. The writer could not eat and breathe normally, was exhausted. In 1924, natives took him to the sanatorium. But this measure did not help. So on June 3, Franz Kafka went to the world of others. He was buried on a new cemetery for the Jews in Olshans.

Writer's works and his work

• "Contemplation";
• "Fireman";
• "Rural doctor";
• "Horodar";
• "Kara".

Collections and novels were selected by Franz to publish themselves. Before the death of Kafka, he expressed the desire for his close to destroy the rest of the manuscripts and diaries. Part of his works really went to the fire, but many remained, and were published after the author's death.

The novels "America", "Castle" and "Process" have not been completed by the author, but the existing chapters still have passed the publication. Eight working notebooks of the author are also preserved. They contain sketches and sketches and not written by the works.

What did I write a difficult life, Kafka? Fear in front of the world and the court of higher strength impresses all the works of the author. His father wanted the Son to become the heir of his business, and the boy did not meet the expectations of the head of the family, therefore was subject to the tyranny of the Father. This imposed a serious imprint to Franz's worldview.

Written in the style of realism of the novels transmit everyday life without unnecessary decorations. The author's style may seem dry and stationery, but the plot turns in stories and novels are rather nontrivial.

In his work there is a lot of unfinished. The writer leaves the reader the right to independently interpret some situations in the works. In general, Kafki works are filled with tragedy and an oppressive atmosphere. Some of their works by the author wrote with each other Max Brod.

For example, the "first long-distance railway trip" or "Richard and Samuel" is a small prose of two friends who supported each other all their lives.

Franz Kafka did not receive great recognition as a writer, in life. But his work published after death was appreciated. Roman "Process" received the greatest approval of critics from around the world. He also loved readers. Who knows how many beautiful works burned down on the edge of the author himself. But what came to the public is considered to be a great addition to postmodern style in art and literature.

Kafka was born on July 3, 1883 in the Czech Republic. The first education in the biography of Franz Kafka was obtained in elementary school (from 1889 to 1893). The next step in education was the gymnasium, which Franz graduated in 1901. Then he entered University of Karlov in Prague, after which he became a doctor right.

Becoming in the insurance office, the whole career of Kafka worked in small official posts. Despite his passion for literature, most of the works of Kafki were published after his death, and he disliked their official work. Kafka fell in love several times. But then the novels never came the business, the writer was not married.

Most of the works of Kafka are written in German. His prose reflects the fear of the writer before the outside world, anxiety and uncertainty. So in the "Letter Father" found an expression of the relationship between Franz and his father, who had to break early.

Kafka was a painful person, but he tried to confront all his ailments. In 1917, severe illness (pulmonary hemorrhage) happened in the biography of Kafki, as a result of which the writer began to develop tuberculosis. It is for this reason that, during the passage of treatment, Franz Kafka died in June 1924.

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Creativity Franz Kafki

W. Eco about the Roman Kafka "Process" in the cycle "Domestic reviews": "Very even a good book, a detective a little with a Hichkokov bias. Good murder in the final. In general, the book will find its reader. But such an impression that is what "For censorship. Why are incomprehensible hints, why not call their names and heroes, and a place of action? And for what time this" process "takes place to clearly clarify dark places, specify descriptions, to bring facts, facts and again Facts. Springs of what is happening will be revealed, "Suspantly" will increase. Young writers believe that it is smarter to write "one person" instead of "Mr. Such in such a place and in such an hour", and imagine it is poetic. Well, okay . If a refinement is to be finalized, otherwise rejected. "

Kafka is simultaneously called the Austrian and German writer, but in both cases - the classic and the greatest writer of our time. And it is not by chance. The impact of the prose of kafki, especially his Process novels and the "castle", on the literature of the twentieth century it was extremely wide (peak of popularity in Western Europe falls on the 50-60s., In Russia, at this time of Kafka - forbidden writer) and caused If not a whole direction in the literature, then the general desire to change the meaning of literature. Kafka, who did not belong to any literary flow during his lifetime, managed to express the universal aspirations of the modernist art of the XX century. He was one of the first in the field of art prose, addressed the themes of the absurd and torn consciousness. The specifics of the Café prose lies in the fact that the new content (ie, illogical, irrational, phantasmagoric, absurd, "dreamy" reality) is embodied in deliberately logical, clear, ascetic uniform, while Kafka fully retains the traditional language structure, connectedness and causal - Next logicality. In other words, with the help of traditional classical techniques, Kafka depicts "unreal" situations, and its heroes can logically for several pages talk about illogical, just incredible things as about the most ordinary, while the author's comment is missing, only the point of view of the hero, and the reader Must rely on your own experience. As a result, the effect occurs: "everything is clear, but nothing is not clear"; The feeling of shock, discomfort, madness, otherwise - "Kafkiana", hidden ("permanent") revolution in prose. The most implausible and absurd events in Kafka, like, for example, the transformation of a person in the insect in the "transformation" is depicted so thoroughly and in detail, with a large number of naturalistic parts, which ultimately there is a feeling of their unrealistic reliability.

The phenomenon of Kafka and Kafkiana repeatedly became the subject of reflection of writers and philosophers of the twentieth century. So, preparing the essay to the tenth anniversary of the death of Kafki, Walter Benjamin tying a correspondence with the hersh Scholme, Werner Kraft and Theodore Adorno, and also talk about Kafka with Bertold Brecht. Schola explains the prose of kafki from the standpoint of Kabbalistic, adorno finds the lack of dialectics (in her hegel's understanding), Brecht enters the kafku in a wide social context, Kraft points to a more complex communication of the texts of the kafki with the law and its representatives. Eugene ionisko, French playwright, the creator of the "Theater of Absurd" spoke about Kafka:.

The influence of Hoffman and Dostoevsky affected the original and unique prose, and from philosophers - Schopenhauer and especially Kierkegaor, whom Kafka considered the most close one. The artistic manner of the kafka is inherent in the rigor and transparency of the form, the strict logic of the development of thought and plot, allegority and multi-consciousness, combination of fiction and reality. The world is often depicted in the kafka without specifying the specific time and place, but this timeless unreal world is built according to the real laws of society. Kafka often resorts to Grotesque, allegories and affected as a means of satirically allegory and philosophical generalization. Kafku is called a master of allegory. According to Walter Benjamin, in the prose of Kafki Eternal, the archetypal situations that Kafka did not compose so much how much did you retreat, maybe extract them from some deep layers (collective unconscious?).

All the rare excluses of the prose of Kafka to one degree or another has a parable character (see, for example, Novella "How the Great Wall of China", "starvation", "in a correctional colony") was built. Universal archetypical parable text model involves the following characteristics:

polyesmantic - the presence of many equal meanings, the possibility of various text interpretations, i.e. The text simultaneously has several "correct" interpretations;

multi-level - availability of the second, hidden text level, or otherwise - subtext. As a rule, at the level of the subtext, the instructive meaning of the text, usually associated with the issues of morality, is encrypted. As a result of reading the text, the reader must independently conclude, make an effort and build a private to general, fill allegorical conventional abstract figures with their own individual content, autobiographical experience.

Kafka retains in its prose all the features of the genre of parables (eg, the novel "Transformation", the novels "Castle", "Process"). Moreover, the American poet Wicthend Hugh Oden believes that Kafka is a certificate of parable.

Kafki's central topics of prose are thematic complexes 1) "guilt, fear, loneliness, punishment / retaliation" and 2) "forces and authorities, law." Each of the concepts in these thematic bundles are meaningful and ambivalent.

Parable always has a versatile and autobiographical, personal meaning, therefore biographical information about the author of parables can help when interpreting text, send the reader and protect it from improper reading.

Max, Max Brod Kafka bequeathed to burn three unpublished novels ("America", 1912-1914, publ. In 1927)), "Process" (publ. In 1925), "Castle" (publ . in 1926), all manuscripts and notebooks. However, Max Brother did not fulfill his will, and at present not only all the novels of Kafki, its novels, proverbs, but even diaries and letters (with the comments of Max Brod). Kafka himself did not want to publish his works for various reasons. One of them - Kafka considered his prose unworthy of the public. Kafka was very uncertain in himself with a lot of complexes. As a child, he was a weak, a punched boy, who was afraid of his father, teachers, boys on the street. Another reason is intimate prose content. Biographers Kafki and his first biographer, friend Kafki Max Broad find many hidden, encrypted autobiographic elements in the metaphorical prose of kafki. They believe that in all their works Kafka describes its own fears and nightmarish dreams. The third reason is the fear of multiplying evil in the material world, because Café prose is saturated. "evil images" (diavoly), feelings of despair and hopelessness.

The feeling of incorrectness, homelessness and loneliness - the leitmotifs of Kafki's creativity - pursued him all his life. He is a Jew by nationality ("Nation of expelled"). Kafki's parents are German-speaking Jews, the mother comes from the Rabbi family (Rabbi - Mudretsian teachers). Undoubtedly, in his parable texts, Kafka continues the biblical religious and philosophical tradition of parables. In his youth, Kafka was indifferent to Judaism, in mature years he independently studies Hebrew and even wants to go to Palestine. Max Bard believes that Kafka was deeply religious, and offers the religious and esoteric interpretation of his work.

Kafka Czech at the place of birth, he was born and lived almost all his life in Prague. German in language - a method for expressing thoughts - and Austrian on culture. The Czech Republic was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire - the monarchy of the Habsburgs (the time of the reign of Franz Joseph), which broke up in 1918

Kafka received a legal education. At the insistence of the Father, he studies the right in Karlov (German) University in Prague. In 1906, Kafka ends the university and protects the dissertation, having received a doctor of law as a result. During the year, Kafka passes the practice in court, it works for some time in the private insurance office. Since 1908, he starts service with a small official in the state insurance campaign made by the insurance of workers from accidents. The duties of the Kafka were to control the safety, writing reports and newspaper articles on the activities of the campaign. Before lunch (the service ended at 14 o'clock) Kafka was various papers in the service, after dinner rested, and at night he wrote. When the parents wanted to make her son work in a shop after dinner (Kafki's father engaged in haberdashery trade), then Kafka even thinks about suicide. Kafka had an incredibly complex relationship with the Father. See "Letter to Father" (1919). The problem of the relationship of the Son and Father is a personal problem of Kafka - in his prose always decided as "the guilty son - the right one who has the power of the Father." Max Brod believes that the feeling of guilt before his father then grew up in a sense of guilt before her life.

Kafka served the official in the insurance campaign, but he saw the meaning of his life only in creativity. Work in the insurance campaign, conflicts with the Father, failed attempts to marry, their own dreams, any life experience - everything became material for his prose. Writing Kafka began at the university, its very first artistic experiences - novels, "poems in prose" belong to 1904. Collection of "Contemplation" stories - the first book of Kafka, which was published in 1912 using Max Brod. In addition to this collection, the collections of the Rural doctor (1919), "in a correctional colony" (1919), "starvation" (1924) were also published during the life of Kafki.

In her first novel, "missing" ("missing"), published in 19276. Max Brody called "America" \u200b\u200bKafka refers to the topic "Father - Son". His hero is the 16-year-old Karl Rosmann is expelled from the house of the parents (the servant gave birth to a child from him). He leaves for America, Oklahoma (letters. From Indian - "Beautiful Country"). The novel was not over. However, according to the author's plan, the hero after a series of misses was to return home and find his parents. But the estimated optimistic interpretation is only one of the possible options for resolving the situation, and further the late works of Kafka, for example, also the unfinished novel "Castle" will not even suggest such a Heppi-End. Kafka even reproached that he did not offer any way out in his works.

In 1912, Kafka meets Felice Bauer. Their engagement is terminated twice. The feeling of guilt is only enhanced. In letters to a friend Kafka complains that none of his loved ones does not understand, and the bride, among other things. In total, the acquaintance with Felice continued for 5 years (from 1912 to 1914). One of the reasons for the gap is the fear of the kafka to break the loneliness needed for creativity. "In essence, loneliness is my only goal, my biggest temptation. And despite this - the fear of what I love," Kafka wrote. The theme of loneliness in the work and life of the Kafka is ambivalent - he wants to get rid of loneliness and keep it at the same time. On the one hand, loneliness is the tragic fate of a person who is doomed to misunderstanding, and it is connected with punishment. On the other hand - the election mark and dissimilar to others.

Synthesis of those "guilt - fear (nightmare) - loneliness" is presented in the new transformation (1912, publ. In 1915), which, together with the story "Verdict" (1912, publ. In 1913) and "Kochghar" (1913, Under this name, the first chapter of the incomplete novel "Missing Loss") was published) should be a trilogy under the general name of the "sons".

In the "transformation", the feeling of loneliness caused by the feeling of its disrespects on others, leads the main hero of Gregor, the semi-in-haired insulation, which Kafka transmits through the change in appearance to make it more apparent. Gregor's transformation is primarily an internal transformation, which is shown through the change in the appearance.

In the "transformation" of Kafka uses the reception of "metaphor's materialization". It takes the literal meaning of fragile stable expressions (eg, "he lost the human appearance," "it's like a nightmare") and implements this value as the plot. As a result, the prose of Kafka is a metaphorical, while in the tissue of the text there is practically no metaphor, its language is exact, clear and extremely logical.

Symbolic language in the novel "Transformation" can be interpreted as a symbolism of a dream. In his prose, Kafka often relies on the "Dreaming Material" and, accordingly, uses the "Dream Logic". Feature: A terrible sleep in Kafka begins when the hero wakes up ("transformation", "process"). Alogic, the absurdity and irrationality of the content, the emergence of things and people are unknown from where - all this is deliberately connected and rationally outlined irrational content - the result of the orientation of a dreamful reality.

Presentation novels "Process" and "Castle" also talk about spiritual and mental transformations. Over the novel "Process" Kafka operates in 1914-1915, over his last novel "Castle" - in 1921-22. The main theme of these novels is the power of power and law (understood as the metaphysical force) and human powerlessness.

In the "Process" novel, the main character of Josef K. wakes up, but the day, instead of starting as usual, suddenly develops on the logic of nightmarish sleep. Instead of the maid with morning coffee, two policemen appear and reported that Josef K. is guilty and that the court is waiting for him. At the same time, they are not called the guilt of the hero, and the reader does not know what the hero is to blame. About Joseph K. report that he is "terrible with all his innocence." The arrest is imposed on Joseph formally, and he does not prevent him from going to move freely, to carry out official responsibilities, but the incomprehensible force of the court pursues him hourly. In the end, Josef K. This incomprehensible secret court attracts Josef to the answer, His execution - kill, "like a dog." The absurdity of the situation is that on the place of guilt in the novel - emptiness, a space, but this does not prevent the process to grow and eventually lead the death sentence. Josef K. takes the conditions imposed on it, and he does not find out the truth, but is looking for means of protection as an accused.

The development of events in the "Process" was for the Kafka the general scheme, and various options for this scheme are presented in its prose: " force associated with deformation - wines , often unknown and rather metaphysical - ansitude of man , passivity, if there is a manifestation of activity, then unsuccessful - punishment as retribution (car or reward) ". The feeling of guilt in Kafka is dualifiable - 1) Wines as a distinguishing feature of a person, this concept is associated with conscience and implies purification;

) Invisibility sign. The force in the prose of Kafki, as a rule, abstract and impersonal is the complex and branched form of society, it is extremely bureaucratis and is basicly aimless. The only purpose of this force is the suppression of man and suggests the feelings of guilt. In the "Process", this force is the law (see "Gates of the Law" from the insertion paradise), in the "Castle" - power.

The unfinished form of works (the open form of the novel, "minus reception" in the terminology of the lotman) only enhances the feeling of hopelessness, creates the illusion of infinity of the evil and unresimary of the collision.

Brod gives the novel "Castle" Additional Other Dimension: This man strives for God, seeks partly by his own, partly - according to the rules common among people, but God has its own orders, he misunderstanding and the paths of his non-evortions, he is not ashamed to lose, and the desire for It is the only meaning of human existence.

The life of society invades a person's personal life, the need to win individual freedom. Turning to the problem of "Man - Society", Kafka showed the absurdity and inhumanity of the bureaucratic totalitarian society. Moreover, Kafka only reports about the existing or possible position of things, depicts them so as to cause the reader a feeling of "quiet horror", but in his task it was not the proposal of ways to exit such a situation, including because the kafka himself did not see them. Each reader must conclude himself.

On the other hand, the reaction of the person himself is important for the mechanism of power. So, in the novel "Castle" in order to intimidate a person, the castle did not need to do anything: the system created by him works immaculately, because the concept of power and its mechanisms are formed in the consciousness of the person himself. As a result, a person cannot accept worthy of the power and resist her - he is used to obey. Consciousness of a person corrupt, his own "I" is destroyed, and the person voluntarily turns into a mechanism - "Vicky" power. Universal conflict in prose Kafka is served as: " human ("Alien", "Unit", "Function", "Mechanism") - the world ("Others", "Bureaucratic Dictatorship"). Kafka - depersonalization, "decrease" of the hero, who loses its human appearance or its name, and dehumanization (A. Gulga), the lack of faith in the person who, however, does not give grounds for faith in it.

One of the possible conclusions from the prose of Kafki is responsible for what is happening in the world and with the person himself should be taken on himself, no one with a person will decide and no one else, even the highest instance in the world, even God, will not ease her. If a person did not use his capabilities, then you need to blame yourself. One of the central provisions of the philosophy of existentialism is the philosophical basis of modernist art: "It all begins with each individual person and its individual choice." Kafka, raising existential problems in his prose, writes about the same.

Literature xx in. It is characterized by increased attention to the inner world of man. Of course, the Kafka is also interested in subtle mental experiences of a person, but all the same, it pays more attention to circumstances, conditions that form this diverse inner world. At the same time, Kafka, from the whole manifold of the sphere of human peace of mind, considers only a few aspects: it is interested in the emergence and work of fear mechanisms, guilt, dependence. He considers them in pure form - as abstract behaviors.

The feeling of tragicness and absurdity of life brings closer with the expressionists, but his prose of style is more traditional than avant-garde. Kafka "Expressionist" on the worldship. Its purpose is the expression of its own internal state, tragic and twisted, then this inner picture is projected into the outside world - the result of the prose of kafki.

In October 1915, Kafka receives the Fountain Prize. Actually, the award was awarded to another writer - Carlo Sternheim, who handed it to the "young writer" Frank Kafka for his story "Kochegar", published in 1913. This premium for Kafka was and consolation, and a source of suffering. In his diaries, they have already become familiar complaints about insomnia and headaches, reflections on the fall only intensify: "The fury of God in relation to humanity"; "Take me, take me, plexus from stupidity and pain." Kafka puts himself in guilt: "Vices inherent in officials: powerlessness, economy, indecision, habit everything, prudency," "official spirit, boyfriend, depressed by the Father will."

In winter, 1916-1917 Kafka lives in Prague on Alchemistgasse, he calls his apartment of the True Writer's Kiel. Lack of coal. As a result, one of the most mystical stories of Kafki "Horseman on the boiler (bucket)" (1917) appears.

In 1917, at 34, the Kafka opens tuberculosis and the last 7 years of life, he partially spends in the sanatoriums of Central Europe. It is characteristic that Kafka's disease explains mental reasons. On the one hand, he considers the disease "punishment", and on the other - he sees in it "Salvation from marriage". Max Brod believes that the most profound causes of the disease of the café were: "Architis-last years, efforts, contrary to all obstacles, service and alleged marriage - fully disclose their creative tranquility and relating to all this weakening of the body."

In 1921-1922 Kafka while working on the novel "Castle" (the beginning of work - March 1922) is experiencing a happy novel with Mylena Esenskaya - Czech journalist who lived in Prague (see "Letters to Milen"). According to biographers, this love story was reflected in the novel "Castle". Milena, Church Czech, i.e. A representative of the "Alien World" is called the prototype of Frida, and Her husband of Ernsta Paraba, who had an incredible power over Mylena, is the prototype of the club. According to Kafki, the main feature of the character was "fearless". Milena Esensk died during the war, in the fascist concentration camp.

In 1923, Kafka meets Doroi Dimant, who originated from the family of eastern Hasida. Since 1923, Kafka lives in Berlin together with delah. He feels happy, but his physical condition is steadily worsening. In the spring of 1924, he is sent to the sanatorium under Vienna and there June 3, 1924, without having survived one month to his 41th anniversary, dies from the tuberculosis of the larynx. He was buried at the Jewish cemetery in Prague.

kafka Creativity Prose Classic

Literature

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.Podoroga V. A.

.Italo Calvino. Ease.

.G. Hesse about Kafka: "The Dainened King of German Prose."

Franz Kafka is one of the bright phenomena in world literature. Those readers who are familiar with his works have always noted some kind of hopelessness and doomed in texts, seasoned with fear. Indeed, during the years of its active activity (the first decade of the 20th century), all of Europe were fascinated by the new philosophical current, later we aroused as existentiationism, and this author did not remain aside. That is why all his works can be interpreted as some attempts to realize their existence in this world and beyond. But back to the fact that it all started.

So, Franz Kafka was a Jewish boy. He was born in July 1883, and it is clear that then the persecution of this people has not reached its apogee, but some kind of dismissive attitude in society has already been. The family was pretty secure, the father kept his own shop and led mostly wholesale trade in haberdashery. The mother took place either not from the poor. Santa cafes on the mother line was a brewer, and quite famous in his area and even rich. The family, though he was a purely Jewish, but he preferred in Czech, and they lived in the former Prague ghetto, and at that time - a small area of \u200b\u200bJosefov. Now this place is already attracted to the Czech Republic, but during the childhood kafki it belonged to Austria-Hungary. That is why the mother of the future Great Writer preferred to talk solely in German.

In general, as a child, Franz Kafka knew several languages \u200b\u200bimmediately, could speak freely and write on them. He gave preference, as Julia Kafka (mother) herself, too, German, but actively used Czech, and French, that's just his relatives practically did not own. And only reaching the age of twenty years and encountered close to the Jewish culture, the writer became interested in and Idysh. But it was not specifically to teach him.

The family was very big. In addition to Franz, Herman and Julia Kafka had five more children, and only three boys and three girls. The eldest was just a future genius. However, the brothers did not live him up to two years, but the sisters remained. They lived quite friendly. And they did not allow to quarrel in different trifles. In the family very honored traditions. Since "Kafka" with Czech is translated as "dank", then the image of this bird was considered the family coat of arms. And Gustav himself had his own business, and the silhouette of the Galka was blocked on corporate envelopes.

The boy got a good education. At first he studied at school, then moved to the gymnasium. But on this his training did not end. In 1901, Kafka entered Charles University in Prague, from which he already released with the degree of Dr. Legal Sciences. But on this, actually, career by profession and ended. For this man, as for true genius, the main thing of the whole lifestyle was literary creativity, it and the soul heal, and was Otrada. Therefore, the kafka's career ladder did not move anywhere. As after the university, he entered a low position in the insurance office, so with the same and dismissed in 1922, just two years before the death. A terrible disease sharpened his body - tuberculosis. The writer fought with her for several years, but unsuccessfully, and in the summer of 1924, without having lived just a month before the birthday (41 years old), Franz Kafka died. The reason for such an early death is still not the disease itself, but exhaustion due to the fact that he could not swallow food due to strong pain in the larynx.

Formation of character and personal life

Franz Kafka as a man was very complex, complex and rather difficult in communication. His father was very despotic and tough, and the fectures of the upbringing influenced this way on the boy that he only closed in himself. Insecurity appeared, the most, which, more than once, will be driving in his works. Since childhood, Franz Kafka has manifested itself in constant writing, and it resulted in numerous diary records. Just thanks to them, we know how unsure in themselves and fearing it was a person.

The relationship with the Father was not initially charged. Like any writer, Kafka was a wounded person, thinly feeling and constantly reflecting. But the stern Gustav could not understand this. He, a true entrepreneur, demanded a lot from his only son, and such education resulted in numerous complexes and the inability of Franz to build a strong relationship with other people. In particular, the work for him was hell, and in their diaries the writer more than once complained about how hard him to go to the service and how Lyuto he hates his bosses.

But not fit with women. For a young man, from 1912 to 1917, it is possible to characterize as first love. Unfortunately, unsuccessful, like all the next. The first bride, Felicia Bauer - the same girl from Berlin, from which Kafka ruptured twice. The reason was the complete inconsistency of characters, but not only this. The young man was insecure himself, and mostly, because of this, the novel developed mainly in letters. Of course, the distance was also marina. But, one way or another, in his episristolar love adventure, Kafka created the perfect image of Felicia, very far from the real girl. Because of this, relationships and collapsed.

The second bride - Julia Vhorkyke, but everything was even more fleeting with her. I barely putting the engagement, the Kafka himself and the dissolve. And literally a few years before his own death, the writer had some romantic relationship with a woman named Melena Esenskaya. But here the story is rather dark, because Melena was married and was distinguished by a somewhat scandalous reputation. Partly, she was the main translator of the works of Franz Kafka.

Kafka - a recognized literary genius not only of his time. Even now, through the prism of modern technologies and rapid running of life, his creations seem incredible and continue to affect pretty sophisticated readers. They are particularly attracted by the characteristic of this author insecurity, the fear of existing reality, fear of making at least one step and the famous absurdity. A little later, after the death of the writer, existentationalism was held in the world a solemn procession - one of the directions of philosophy, trying to realize the significance of human existence in this struck world. Kafka found only the origin of this worldview, but his work is literally impregnated with them. Probably, life itself pushed the kafku to exactly such creativity.

The incredible story that occurred with the community of Gregor's Zama in, in many respects it becomes in many ways with the life of the author himself - closed ascension ascetic, inclined to eternal self-seen.

Absolutely "process", which actually "created" his name for the culture of the world postmodern theater and cinema of the second half of the XX century.

It is noteworthy that in life this modest genius did not become famous. Several stories were published, but they did not bring anything but a small profit. Meanwhile, the novels were granted in the tables, the very, about which after the whole world will speak, and will not cease to now. This is the famous "process", "castle" - they all saw the light only after the death of their creators. And they came exclusively in German.

And this happened this is like. Already before the overweight itself, Kafka called his principal, quite close to him by him, friend, Max Ford. And he expressed a rather strange request: burn all the literary heritage. Do not leave anything, destroy to the last sheet. However, the forehead did not obey, and instead of burning, he published them. Surprisingly, for the most part, the reader liked unfinished work, and soon the name of their author became famous. However, nevertheless, some of the works did not see the light, because they were still destroyed.

Here such a tragic fate was in Franz Kafka. He was buried in the Czech Republic, but the new Jewish cemetery, in the family grave of the genus Kafki. Only four compilations of small prose were made by works published during life: "Contemplation", "Rural doctor", "Lord" and "Kara". In addition, Kafka managed to publish the first chapter of his famous creation "America" \u200b\u200b- "missing", as well as a small part of very short copyright writings. They did not pay virtually no attention to the public, and did not bring anything to the writer. Glory shelted him only after death.