The role of lyrical digressions in the creation of the “encyclopedia of Russian life” (Based on the novel by A. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”)

What do we call a lyrical digression? Maybe, from the point of view of plot development, this is generally unnecessary in the work? Firstly, it distracts from the main line. Secondly, the lyrics, and give us events and conflicts, a story about the actions of the main characters or, at worst, a description of nature. But such an opinion is superficial. If you think about it, the goal of any work is not the development of the plot, but the implementation of the author’s ideas associated with it, his response to historical events or the author’s contemporary views on life.

Pushkin himself stepped onto the pages of the novel “Eugene Onegin”, stood next to the characters, talking about personal meetings and conversations with them. It is from the words of the author that we largely learn the character of Onegin; it is his memories and assessments that become signs of the times for the reader. Lyrical digressions in the novel are not just sweet memories from the author’s life, not only flashes of his bright personality, but the most truthful and vivid illustrations of Russian life in the first quarter XIX century, written the greatest artist, sprouts from which, wonderfully intertwined, they formed and grew into pictures of life.

For example, a lyrical digression about women's legs seems to be comic, funny, like sketches in the margins of a draft, which are insensitively drawn by a hand, while the mind gives birth to a thought, while the line is being put together. But its ending is about youthful love: I remember the sea before the storm:

How I envied the waves

Running in a stormy sequence

Lay down with love at her feet!

How I wanted then with the waves

Touch your lovely feet! -

Not a random flash-vision of young Maria Raevskaya, but an important detail of the narrative, because it is precisely to tragic fate Pushkin will return to this proud and brave woman more than once. Isn’t it her dedication and respect for her husband that will be heard in the last answer of Pushkin’s beloved heroine, Tatyana! It is her loyalty and self-sacrifice, the ability to live in duty to loved ones that symbolizes the soul of a Russian woman for the poet. Or a lyrical digression about Moscow, about the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, permeated with a sense of pride that

...my Moscow didn’t go

To him with a guilty head.

Not a holiday, not a receiving gift,

She was preparing a fire

To the impatient hero.

Pride in one’s capital, one’s homeland, a sense of involvement in its history, a feeling of being an integral part of it are characteristic of the Russian character of Pushkin’s contemporary and like-minded person. It was from this that the desire to change the foundations of the state grew; from here the Decembrists paved the way for Senate Square and to the mines of Siberia. In lyrical digressions we see the interweaving of the personal and the public, the voices of the heart and soul and the calls of the mind. Here is another lyrical digression - at the beginning Chapter VIII. The result of a separate period of life and creativity, when the muse

Sang<…>

And the glory of our antiquity,

And hearts trembling dreams,

When the poet proudly says:

Old man Derzhavin noticed us

And, going into the grave, he blessed.

You immediately remember that Derzhavin and Pushkin have a lot general topics in poetry and one of them is “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”. No, lyrical digressions are not superfluous. There is nothing “superfluous” in the brilliant novel of the brilliant Russian poet, because the “encyclopedia of Russian life”, written by the great poet and outstanding personality, is composed of events comprehended by his mind and feelings that excited his soul.

1. V. G. Belinsky about Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin.”
2. Historicism of the work.
3. Lyrical digressions in the novel.

A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” is realistic work. V. G. Belinsky wrote that ““Onegin” is a poetically true picture of Russian society in known era" The critic noted: “we see a poetically reproduced picture of Russian society, taken in one of most interesting moments its development. From this point of view, “Eugene Onegin” is a historical poem in the full sense of the word, although among its heroes there is not a single historical person.”

Belinsky's opinion cannot but seem interesting to us, modern readers. But, on the other hand, in what way is the historicism of the work manifested? After all, the author does not talk about any historical event. And the life story of a young nobleman is actually not so connected with the historical era... But in fact, the novel brilliantly recreates the picture of real life of that time, largely thanks to lyrical digressions. There are more than enough of them in the work. Undoubted dignity lyrical digressions is that the novel does not read like a story about privacy Main character. They allow us to perceive the novel as a real “encyclopedia of Russian life,” as V. G. Belinsky called the work.

The novel contains digressions of an autobiographical nature. In them, the poet refers to his past, talks about himself and own life. The elegiac tonality characteristic of digressions of this nature gives us the opportunity to impartially observe the ideological evolution of the poet himself, to realize how he himself changes as he writes the novel. The creation of “Eugene Onegin” took Pushkin about eight years. This is a very significant period within human life. And if we consider that the poet died in a duel at a relatively young age (thirty-seven years old), then for him short life eight years is a long time.

Of great importance are the lyrical digressions in which the poet talks about the culture of that time. He turns to theater and literature, names the names of the most famous figures arts and culture:

Magic land! there in the old days,

Satire is a brave ruler,

Fonvizin, friend of freedom, shone,

And the enterprising Prince;

There Ozerov involuntary tributes

People's tears, applause

Shared with young Semyonova;

There our Katenin was resurrected

Corneille is a majestic genius;

There the prickly Shakhovskoy brought out

A noisy swarm of their comedies,

There Diderot was crowned with glory,

There, there under the canopy of the scenes

My younger days were rushing by.

One can understand that Pushkin is proud of them. He is well versed in the present and the past, and feels his involvement in the world of beauty. No less interesting are the lyrical digressions in which the poet talks about Moscow:

Moscow, I was thinking about you!

Moscow... so much in this sound

For the Russian heart it has merged!

How much resonated with him!

Here, surrounded by his own oak grove,

Petrovsky Castle. He's gloomy

He is proud of his recent glory.

Napoleon waited in vain

Intoxicated with the last happiness,

Moscow kneeling

With the keys of the old Kremlin:

No, my Moscow did not go

To him with a guilty head.

Moscow, in the mind of Pushkin himself, is closely connected with the fate of the Russian people. It is no coincidence that the poet remembers Napoleon, who wanted to conquer Russia. The fact that the native country survived, in the author’s opinion, is a pattern, because the Russian people are ready to defend their state to the last drop of blood.

Thanks to the author's digressions, vivid pictures are revealed to the reader. From them you can learn more about the peculiarities of life of provincial landowners and the life of peasants. Much has been said about folk customs. The life of the Larin family, provincial landowners, is closely connected with the life common people. We learn that the “habits of dear old times” are necessarily observed in their family, and we also observe how they spend their time and have fun:

They kept life peaceful

Habits of a dear old man;

At their Shrovetide

There were Russian pancakes;

Twice a year they fasted;

Loved the round swing

Podblyudny songs, round dance;

On Trinity Day, when people

Yawning, he listens to the prayer service,

Touchingly on the beam of dawn

They shed three tears;

They needed kvass like air,

And at their table there are guests

They carried dishes according to rank.

We get the impression that the life of rural landowners is more harmonious than the life of a brilliant secular society. The contradictions, falsehood and hypocrisy characteristic of noble people are too obvious:

But everyone in the living room is occupied

Such incoherent, vulgar nonsense;

Everything about them is so palely indifferent;

They slander even boringly;

In the barren dryness of speech,

Questions, gossip and news

No thoughts will flash for a whole day,

Even by chance, even at random;

The languid mind will not smile,

The heart will not tremble, even for a joke.

And even nonsense is funny

You won’t find it in you, the light is empty.

Belinsky wrote brilliantly about how great the role of lyrical digressions is in the novel “Eugene Onegin”: “The digressions made by the poet from the story, his appeals to himself, are filled with extraordinary grace, sincerity, feeling, intelligence, acuity; the personality of the poet in them is so loving, so humane. In his poem, he was able to touch on so much, hint at so many things that belong exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society!” This connection of the work with real life Russian society of the 19th century is felt even now, despite the fact that we, modern readers, separates from Pushkin's time a huge time period. We enthusiastically read Pushkin’s lines, which give us the opportunity to better learn and understand history. home country, her past. It is no coincidence that the novel “Eugene Onegin” is considered one of best works Russian classical literature.

The role of lyrical digressions in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is difficult to overestimate. They help the author express many thoughts and ideas that would be incomprehensible or not so obvious without them.

The meaning of the novel

The role of lyrical digressions in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is enormous. With their help, the author constantly intervenes in the narrative, persistently reminding himself of himself. With the help of this technique, which later began to be actively used by other authors, the poet introduces the reader to his own point of view on a variety of issues and life problems, and formulates his own ideological position.

Thanks to lyrical digressions in the novel "Eugene Onegin", Pushkin even manages to portray himself next to the main character (they appear together on the banks of the Neva).

Creation of a novel

On his novel, Pushkin insisted on precisely this definition of the genre, although outwardly the work looks more like a poem, the poet worked for seven whole years. He finished it only in 1831. Pushkin called his work on it a real feat. According to him, only “Boris Godunov” was as difficult for him.

The poet began working on Onegin in Chisinau, when he was in Southern exile. At that time, the author was experiencing a creative crisis and was reconsidering many things in his worldview. In particular, he abandoned romanticism in favor of realism.

This transition is especially clearly visible in the first chapters of Eugene Onegin, in which romanticism still keeps pace with realism.

The novel was originally planned to have 9 chapters. But then Pushkin reworked the entire structure, leaving only 8. From the final content, he removed the part dedicated to Onegin’s journey. Its fragments can only be found in appendices to the text.

The novel describes in detail the events between 1819 and 1825. It all begins with the foreign campaign of the Russian army against the French, and ends with the Decembrist uprising.

Plot of the novel

The novel begins with the fact that the young St. Petersburg nobleman Evgeny Onegin, due to the illness of his uncle, is forced to leave the capital for the village. This is the premise of this work. Afterwards, Pushkin talks about the upbringing and education of the main character. They were typical of a representative of his circle. Only foreign teachers taught him.

His life in St. Petersburg was filled with love affairs and intrigues. A series of constant entertainments led him to the blues.

He goes to his uncle to say goodbye to his dying relative, but no longer finds him alive. He becomes the heir to the entire estate. But soon the blues overtake him in the village. His young neighbor Lensky, who has just returned from Germany, is trying to entertain him.

It turns out that Onegin's new friend is crazy about Olga Larina, the daughter of a local rich landowner. She has another sister, Tatyana, who, unlike Olga, is always thoughtful and silent. Onegin is indifferent to the girl, but Tatyana herself falls in love with a St. Petersburg nobleman.

She decides to take an unprecedented step - she writes a letter to her lover. But even then Onegin rejects her, calm family life disgusts him. Soon, again from melancholy and boredom, at a party at the Larins', Onegin makes Lensky jealous of Olga. The young and hot Lensky immediately challenges him to a duel.

Onegin kills his ex-friend and leaves the village.

The novel ends with the meeting of Onegin and Tatiana in the capital three years later. By that time, the girl had married a general and became a real society lady. This time Evgeniy falls in love with her, but she rejects him because she believes that she must remain faithful to her husband to the end.

A novel about everything

It is no coincidence that many critics call Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” an encyclopedia of Russian life. Perhaps you will never come across such a work with such a wide range of topics.

The author not only talks about the fate of the characters, but also discusses the most intimate things with the reader, talks about creative plans, talks about art, music and literature, tastes and ideals that are close to his contemporaries. This is precisely what the lyrical digressions in the novel “Eugene Onegin” are devoted to.

It is with the help of such digressions that Pushkin makes a full-fledged picture of the era from an ordinary story about friendship and love, creates a holistic and tangible image of Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century.

Themes and forms of lyrical digressions in "Eugene Onegin"

Lengthy digressions can be found already in the first chapter of the novel. They are dedicated to the achievements of the domestic theatrical arts, an essay on the author’s contemporary secular mores, opinions on unusual habits socialites and their husbands.

In the first chapter of the novel, the theme of love is heard for the first time. Critics believe that in his lyrical, elegiac memoir, Pushkin is sad about Volkonskaya. In subsequent chapters, love becomes a reason for the author's digressions.

The role of lyrical digressions in the novel by A. S. Pushkin is difficult to overestimate. With their help, the author formulates own opinion about what is happening, creates the effect of the reader’s participation in what is happening, creating the illusion of a dialogue with him.

For example, this role of lyrical digressions in the novel “Eugene Onegin” can be traced at the moment when the author comments on the protagonist’s refusal of Tatyana’s love. Pushkin persistently defends the protagonist from accusations that may fall upon him. He emphasizes that this is not the first time Onegin shows his nobility.

Friendship theme

The role of lyrical digressions in the novel "Eugene Onegin" can be understood by the way it sanctifies the theme of friendship. This happens at the very end of the fourth chapter.

Discussing the friendship between Onegin and Lensky, Pushkin raises the topic of narcissism and disdain for others. Arguing that selfishness is one of the typical features generations.

Images of Russian nature

One of the poet's discoveries in this novel was the creation of realistic images of Russian nature. More than one chapter of Eugene Onegin is dedicated to them.

The author pays attention to all seasons without exception, accompanies all this landscape sketches. For example, before talking about Tatyana’s letter to Onegin, Pushkin describes a night garden, and the scene ends with a picture of a rural morning.

Literary questions

It is interesting that in Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” there was also room for lyrical digressions dedicated to the problems of contemporary literature and native language. And also the topic creative crisis, in which writers often find themselves.

For example, in the fourth chapter, Pushkin openly polemicizes with an imaginary critic who demands odic solemnity from writers in their works.

For Pushkin himself, the ode is a relic of the past. At the same time, the poet criticizes many of his contemporaries, who overdid it in tearfulness and imitation. Pushkin even shares with the reader what difficulties he encounters when writing a novel. Complains about difficulties when using foreign words.

In one of last chapters"Eugene Onegin" Pushkin in a lyrical digression even raises patriotic theme. The poet confesses his sincere love for Russia.

Thus, one can be convinced that the role of lyrical digressions in the novel “Eugene Onegin” is great. According to Belinsky, the poet’s whole soul was reflected in them.

The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” is one of the greatest assets of Russian literature of the 19th century. Everyone who read this work found something new for themselves. V. G. Belinsky rightly called the novel “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”
In “Eugene Onegin” A.S. Pushkin separated the author from the main character. The narrator, on whose behalf the story is told, is present in the novel along with other characters. And the author’s worldview differs from the worldview of his heroes.
The poet in the novel raises many problems: the position of a person in society, the influence of historical conditions on the individual, unhappy love, the meaning of life. The novel is given a special uniqueness by lyrical digressions, in which the author expresses his attitude to events and characters, and also philosophizes on various topics.
In my opinion, in his lyrical digressions, Pushkin emphasizes the spiritual closeness of himself and the main character of the work: “Onegin is my good friend,” “Tatyana is a dear ideal.” The author's reflections are primarily an extra-plot element, with the help of which the narrator addresses the reader from the pages of the book, while certain ideas are expressed directly, and not on behalf of any character.
In “Eugene Onegin” there are twenty-seven lyrical digressions and about fifty different lyrical insertions. For a novel that the author himself called “free,” this form of communication with the reader is very important, since it creates the feeling of a relaxed conversation on the most different topics. So, Pushkin reflects on his favorite pastime - literature, on the desire to write in prose.
I believe that lyrical digressions seem to recreate the image of Pushkin himself - an intelligent, loving, humane man. This was the reason for Belinsky to say: “Onegin” is Pushkin’s most sincere work, the most beloved child of his imagination, here is his whole life, all his soul, all his love; here are his feelings, concepts, ideals.” In lyrical digressions, the poet raises pressing problems of his time, and also addresses eternal, human issues. Most often it is associated with love:
Love for all ages;
But young virgin hearts
Her impulses are beneficial,
Like storms outside the fields.
In the rain of passions they become fresh,
And they renew themselves and mature -
And the mighty life gives
And lush color and sweet fruit.
In another digression, Pushkin writes about romantic literary heroes, to which the author gives his own special characteristics:
Lord Byron by a lucky whim
Cloaked in sad romanticism
And hopeless selfishness.
The poet also addresses his contemporary society, in which there is a lot of envy, pretense and cruelty. Often some absurdity in this society can cause the death or murder of a person:
Enemies!
They are in silence to each other
They are preparing death in cold blood...
Shouldn't they laugh while
Their hand is not stained,
Should we part ways amicably?..
But wildly secular enmity
Afraid of false shame.
Pushkin refuses traditional introduction with an appeal to the muse, but there is something similar to this at the end of the seventh chapter:
Yes, by the way, here are two words about that:
I sing to my young friend
And his many quirks
Bless my long work,
Oh you epic muse!
The language of lyrical digressions is distinguished by liveliness, simplicity and expressiveness, which, in my opinion, creates spontaneity and friendliness towards the reader and the characters of the novel. Through the language of the narrative, the author expressed his attitude towards the characters. So, in the first chapter, the reader is familiar with Onegin, Pushkin used the style of secular speech with its feature of “without being forced to touch on everything lightly in a conversation.” He used French in English words, spoke with a grin about Onegin’s upbringing, about his education. Characterizing Lensky’s subtle and impressionable nature, the author used romantic vocabulary: “He wandered the world with a lyre,” “the soul ignited in him with poetic fire.”
The author describes his favorite heroine Tatyana in a completely different way. There is a special kindness and warmth in his words. The epithet dear is used very often: “I love Tatyana so much,” “Tatyana, dear Tatyana,” “and dear Tanya’s youth fades.” Also, when describing her image, the narrator uses diminutive forms of words: “she wrote with a charming finger,” “the little voice sounds.” Talking about the girl’s love, the poet decorates the lines with epithets and metaphors, emphasizing her emotional unrest: “she drinks, a seductive deception,” “her cheeks are covered with an instant flame.” Thus, various artistic and stylistic means successfully used by Pushkin to express his attitude towards the heroes and to more accurately characterize them.
Thus, we can say that the author in the novel appears as an educated and wise person. He is deep and attentive to the problems of contemporary society. His statements are so bright and expressive that they later became aphorisms (“you can be a practical person and think about the beauty of your nails,” “all ages are submissive to love,” “like rosy lips without a smile, without a grammatical error, I don’t like Russian speech”). The author often empathizes with his heroes, and he is not indifferent to their fates.
I think “Eugene Onegin” - amazing work, since it was not similar to others either in its form or content. The peculiarity of the novel is its content and relevance both for the nineteenth century and for our days.

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The role of lyrical digressions in A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”

Lyrical digressions are one of the stylistic devices, expressed by the author’s deviation from the plot of the work. This is the author's reflection related to what is written, direct or indirect. Digressions can be memories, the writer’s appeals to readers. Most often found in lyrical works.

What are they needed for?

The role of lyrical digressions is important, because they allow you to look at the work from a different angle, to see the ideological plan. With the help of them, the author seems to “slow down” the development of events in the narrative, which gives the reader the opportunity to think about important life values.

Lyrical digressions are also an opportunity for the author to directly communicate with readers, as if revealing his thoughts. This gives people the feeling that they were able to truly understand the work; the feeling that the writer shared something important with them.

Lyrical digressions are thoughts filled philosophical meaning, which help to prepare readers for a more serious perception of the work. Or they can reflect the author’s civic position and sound like a call to action. These reflections can be organically woven into the fabric of the work, because are directly related to the plot of the work itself.

Types of lyrical digressions

They are divided into several groups:

• author's - they can be written in the form of memories or discussions about values;
• critical-journalistic - the writer “comments” on the work with them, discussing how his creation could be written better;
• conversations on everyday topics - the writer can act in various roles, which may differ depending on his point of view;
• landscape - beautiful abstract descriptions of nature help the reader to better imagine the picture of what is being described;
• on civil issue- author's statements about important historical events.

Digressions in "Eugene Onegin"

A lyrical digression in a novel is not just a reflection on life; using this technique, the writer creates the impression that he is a direct participant in the events. Such thoughts have become hallmark novel "Eugene Onegin". The topics of lyrical digressions in this work are extensive:

• The love theme is one of the important foundations of the novel itself, and for the author it is vital. For the poet, life and love are inseparable.
• Discussions about freedom - the author's attitude towards it changed throughout the novel: at the beginning it is only the external side of life, and towards the end - freedom as a state of mind, independence from public opinion.
• About creativity - thanks to the poet’s thoughts about the creative component of the novel, the reader gets the feeling that he is a friend to Pushkin, who can appreciate his jokes, who can support any small talk.
• Reflections on life are discussions about the meaning, purpose of it, how it changes.
• Nature - the simplicity of the syllable reflects the simplicity of the nature of Russia. Most of Such descriptions are given in the perception of Tatiana and the poet himself.
• Spiritual life of Russian society - theatrical performances, literature, art - this is all an integral part secular people, which included Evgeny Onegin. Therefore, the poet’s discussions on this topic are organically woven into the novel.

Lyrical digressions in "Dead Souls"

One more famous work which uses this stylistic device is the poem " Dead Souls". In these digressions, the writer reflects on Russia, about what awaits it in the future, about distinctive features Russian people. IN " Dead souls"They can be divided into two groups:

• lyrical digressions of a detailed plan, in which the author talks about Russia and its future;
• characterization of individual characteristics of the Russian people or character traits.

Deployed retreats

1. About the power of the Russian word and how talented the Russian people are.
2. A lyrical digression about youth and what the author’s perception was in teenage years, which opens the sixth chapter.
3. Reasoning about creative destiny writer. In these digressions, the author expresses his views on creativity.
4. About the author’s love for Rus' and its future - this digression in chapter 11 is perhaps the most famous of the entire poem. With the help of the description of the road and the flying troika, pictures of Russian nature are drawn. But the most important question for Gogol, what will happen to Russia in the future, remains unanswered. And so open ending forces the reader to think for himself about the future of the Russian people.

Other digressions in the poem

Shorter reflections allow the reader to better imagine the image of the heroes of the poem, in which one can see the weaknesses of human character. In "Dead Souls" short lyrical digressions are the author's reflections on human nature, on the reasons for any actions of people. They are organically woven into the poem, making it even more expressive, and immerse the reader in the world of Chichikov and the landowners. These small digressions are not of a philosophical nature, but more of a discussion on life topics and about creativity.

Analysis of the lyrical digression will make it possible to understand why the author introduced it in one place or another of the work. The reader can speculate on how natural and appropriate it is. Also, during a detailed analysis of the digression, you need to determine what topic it relates to. A lyrical digression is an opportunity for the author to become a real participant in the narrative and communicate with the reader. This technique allows you to understand the full depth of the creation, expand the boundaries of the narrative, so that the reader can see how multifaceted a literary creation can be.