Theoretical foundations of import. Export and import in the global economy An importer is an organization that

05.03.2024

Today, any state is an active participant in global trade. Every day, millions of tons of cargo cross borders. In these transactions, one party acts as a seller, the other as a buyer. Knowing what imports and exports are for a particular country can say a lot about its welfare.

What does "import" mean?

The cross-border flow of goods and services from the point of view of the receiving country is called imports. Objects of import may be:

Agricultural products(for example, Japan, practically deprived of agriculture, is forced to purchase up to 90% of raw materials for food abroad);
Minerals(almost all developed European countries are consumers of Russian gas);
Manufacturing products(Gulf countries buy from the West almost everything that is more complex than a fountain pen);
Services(consumers of financial services of VISA and Mastercard companies are almost all countries of the world);
Intellectual property objects(American films, music and software bring their creators more money than is in the Russian budget).

The more developed a country is, the more primitive goods it tries to buy and sell of better quality. The structure of imports and exports says a lot about the national economy of a particular state.

Trade balance of Russia

Our country's foreign trade turnover amounts to more than 28 trillion rubles a year. The lion's share of it came from the European Union (the CIS is in second place). It has been a steady decline for several years now, against the backdrop of sanctions and a structural economic crisis.

The leading items imported into the country are:

Machinery and equipment (almost half the cost of all imported goods);
Chemical industry products;
Foodstuffs;
Light industry products;
Raw materials (primarily metals).

Russia makes money from the sale of the following goods:

Minerals - mainly oil and gas (more than 60% of exports);
Metals and metal semi-finished products;
Food;
Timber.

The trade balance clearly indicates that the country is seriously ill with the so-called “Dutch disease”. In other words, Russia produces practically nothing and, in relation to developed Western countries, is a source of raw materials and a sales market. Colonies played a similar role in the 18th-19th centuries.

Importing international mail: what does it mean?

Modern Internet capabilities allow you to track the location of a parcel without leaving your home. The status of the shipment will be indicated as the corresponding status. If the parcel arrives in Russia from another country, then after crossing the border the status “ Import»:

Postal workers assign this value approximately a couple of days after the arrival of airmail. This is how much time the unloading procedures, checking the condition of cargo, etc. take;
A day after registration, the item arrives at one of the large postal exchange centers;
Customs processing takes place at these centers. The parcels are then sent to post offices in the recipients' area of residence.

The duration of maintaining the status depends on the size of the queue for customs clearance. If the recipient has good reason to worry about the condition of the shipment, it is necessary to submit a search application.

Import substitution: what is it?

The current unenviable situation of the Russian national economy cannot but worry the country's authorities. An import substitution project has been developed as one of the measures to overcome the crisis.

According to the plan until 2020, the following indicators are expected to be achieved:

Create a basis for creating advanced industry in the country;
Implement active measures to stimulate domestic demand;
Provide labor resources with high-paying jobs;
Update production (machines, equipment, etc.);
Systematic increase in labor productivity and thereby increasing the competitiveness of domestic products;
Complete the process of “synchronization” of Russian standards with global ones.

The program is designed for two stages: before and after 2015. The bosses' captivating plans will cost the budget 10 trillion rubles. The money will be spent both on the development of science and technology and on updating infrastructure. Part of the funds will be used to attract expensive foreign specialists.

What is importing and exporting contacts?

Long gone are the days when the phone book was a physical entity separate from the phone. Everyone is accustomed to the convenience of an electronic database stored in the memory of a smartphone.

But you have to pay for every pleasure: when you buy a new device, you need to transfer contacts to your address book. Entering the name and number again is very labor-intensive and can irritate even the most patient person.

It is much easier to use the Yandex-Moving application, which will take all this headache upon yourself. For this it is necessary

Install the program on your old phone;
Once launched, the application will collect all entries from the phone book and send them to the cloud storage;
Then, on the new device, open Yandex Disk and open the settings;
Click on the item “Moving from phone to phone”;
The application will require a PIN code, which will be sent to your old phone.

In addition to the product of the Russian technology company, similar solutions are known. For example, “My Contacts Backup”, “CardDAV”, etc.

Import from a SIM card: what is it?

Storing phone numbers on a SIM card has a number of very important disadvantages:

If your device is lost, thieves can gain access to valuable personal data;
The memory capacity of even the most modern SIMs is many orders of magnitude smaller than the internal memory of the phone;
There is no possibility of data encryption.

But sometimes saving information on a SIM card may be advisable, for example, to transfer the phone book from an old gadget to a new one.

The sequence of actions in this case is as follows:

Insert the old SIM card into the new device. The address book must first be saved on the card;
Open the “Contacts” item on the main screen of your smartphone;
In “Settings” select “Import/Export”;
In the menu that opens, find the line “Transfer from SIM card” (may be called differently in different OS versions).

The specified sequence of actions is given for devices running the Android system. On Apple gadgets, the algorithm is even simpler: synchronization occurs by clicking on a single button in the settings.

Centuries change, but the position of our country remains unchanged. “Scrupulous London,” as before, “brings us the gifts of technological progress in exchange for timber and lard.” Over the course of two hundred years, England was joined by the USA, Japan and China. Perhaps this is enough to understand what import and export are in Russia.

Video: saving contacts on Android

In this video, Andrey Stilavin will show you how to export or import contacts on an Android smartphone:

Saving contacts on Android

In the case when you need to save phone book contacts to your computer, you need to follow a few simple steps, and in this article we will help you do this. In fact, there are special tools that you can use for this. They are both on the phone itself and in your Google account, of course, if the contacts are synchronized with this account. And, of course, no one has canceled third-party programs that also allow you to do this.

We only use the phone

The first method is the simplest, and in order to complete it, you only need a phone and a computer, since we need to transfer contacts to it. So, to transfer contacts, you need to go to the “Contacts” section, click on the menu button, and select “Import/Export”. After this, the following functions will be available to you:

- And import from storage – this function is used to import contacts from a file in the phone’s memory or SD storage;

- uh export to drive is the opposite function, in which a file with the vcf extension is saved on the device or in a memory card. This method is suitable for us to transfer phone book contacts to a computer, since this file from the phone or card memory can be freely transferred further;

- P transfer of visible contacts - this function is useful in cases where you have set a contact filter and you will need to transfer only those contacts that are displayed to the computer. At this point, you also save the file in vcf format to a drive or phone memory.

Well, let's assume you have chosen a convenient way for you to transfer contacts to your computer. Once you have saved the phone book contacts file, reset it to your PC by connecting your phone to it via a USB cable. After connecting, copy the file and open it in any convenient way. This file format is opened using the following programs:

- P Windows Contacts app;

- P Microsoft Outlook application.

Let us note one detail - if you do not have enough fonts installed on your computer, phone book contacts saved in Russian may not be displayed correctly. Therefore, if this happens, know that the problem is in the fonts.

How to fix this problem?

To get rid of this problem, you need to edit the vcf file correctly. This file saves all information in UTF-8 encoding, and a computer running Windows operating system tries to open this file using Windows 1251 encoding.

Therefore, to fix this problem you need to:

- V use a program that will read the UTF-8 encoding and open contacts normally;

- m You can add certain tags to the vcf file that will help inform programs that open the file that this file uses a different encoding;

In fact, all methods are effective and simple. But the simplest is the last one - basic resaving in the required format. To do this, just indicate when saving the file that a different encoding format is required. This can be done by clicking on the “File” tab - then select “Save With Encoding”, and in the window that opens, select the required Cyrillic encoding (or Windows 1251). That's all, after this the computer will successfully read the phone book contacts.

Saving contacts to your computer using a Google account

If you synchronize your contacts with a Google account, transferring them to a computer or any other personal machine is even easier. To do this, just go to your account page, to the appropriate section “Google Contacts”.

Next, you need to go to the column on the left and select the “More” section, in which select the “Export” function. Next, you will need to indicate which contacts you want to export, in what form and format. After setup, successfully export all contacts to a file and transfer it to your computer.

We use third-party programs for transfer

Now, as for third-party programs for transferring phone book contacts to a computer. In fact, there are many services, applications and other software products that can do this. For example, this is the AirDroid application, with which you can transfer contacts from your phone to your computer.

Or, do it using cloud storage. In a word, to do this, you just need to go to the official Google Play application store and select an application that will be as convenient and understandable for you as possible. Thus, today there are no problems with transferring phone book contacts to a computer, and there should not be any.

Often, when upgrading a phone or tablet, you need to import contacts to the new gadget. This procedure is also relevant if you need to make a database backup.

You can copy information either using a personal computer or without it. It is recommended that you immediately activate the appropriate type of Google or Apple mobile account on your device immediately after purchasing your device. Then enable data backup to a cloud service. This will allow you to quickly copy the database in case of loss or need to update the device without unnecessary hassle. For older devices, the method of synchronizing data using a personal computer is suitable.

Import using PC

The computer's hard drive is used as data storage. The resulting file is then transferred to the new device. To transfer your contact list, do the following:

Connect your old phone via a USB cable to your personal computer. You may need to enable the USB debugging feature on your device in the Settings section. New models perform this procedure by default.
Save the information in VCF or CSV file format to disk. The list is stored in the Phonebook folder. If the phone does not support importing and exporting contacts in a given format, then you need to install a specialized program, such as Mobedit or similar, on your personal computer. It will quickly find the desired file and save it in the optimal extension to the target folder.
Connect the new device with a cable and replace the file with contacts on it. After the replacement, you need to restart the phone and check whether all the information was copied in the correct form.

In order not to search for a file in the phone's memory, you can use specialized software that will automatically make all the settings after the user selects the type of operation.

Transferring contacts through the phone functionality

There are several alternative ways to import contacts. The most commonly used options are:

Use your Google or Apple account to synchronize your database across multiple devices. To do this, you need to go to your phone's mail and use the import function in the application menu. The phone book will be copied to the account database. After connecting a new device through the account management manager, you can synchronize data in its user database.
Sending by email. You can simply send yourself a file with your contact database in CSV format, and then access this mailbox from another device. After downloading the information, update it on your new phone.
Using bluetooth. You need to turn on both devices, go to the bluetooth menu, find the device of interest in the list and distribute a file with the necessary information to it. After that, export the phone book using the received data.

If other methods do not work, you can try saving the user list to your phone's SIM card, and then insert it into a new device and synchronize the information. If there is a lot of data, this procedure will have to be performed several times, sequentially saving blocks of transferred data to the card. In a similar way, you can use an SD card for this procedure, selecting its memory as storage.

Abroad, and importing them into the country for use and consumption.

IMPORTER - a legal or natural person engaged in the import of goods from abroad. Those. an organization that imports goods or receives services from abroad. The term international can also be applied to the state into which goods are imported, or to an organization that imports goods or receives services from abroad.

The importer may be:

individual entrepreneurs
enterprises, organizations, corporations (legal entities)

In the analysis of world trade in goods, works, and services, the concept of a country is used - a net importer and a net exporter. A net importing country is characterized by a significant excess of import volume over export volume.

Notes

If the goods are exported from the country

Any country strives to expand its exports. If she sells goods needed abroad, she receives foreign currency. In turn, the country purchases the foreign goods it needs for foreign currency. The one who sells goods abroad is called an exporter, and the one who purchases them is called an importer.

When exporting, goods (services) are taken abroad by the exporter, and he is not obliged to return them back. Together with operations for importing goods, exports form the basis of international trade.

Export can be carried out through:

Export of products that are manufactured, grown or mined in the exporter’s territory.
Deliveries of semi-finished products or raw materials to another country for processing there.
Export of products received from other countries for sale in third countries.
Providing production or consumer services to foreign companies
Investing capital in your own foreign production.

The legislation of a particular country may also refer to other products that cross the customs border of the exporter as exports. Often, goods intended for export to one country are adapted for sale in others or for sale on the domestic market. Re-export is also used, which involves the import of raw materials or semi-finished products with their subsequent sale without processing on international markets.

Almost two hundred countries are engaged in export. The share of twelve of them in world trade is about 60 percent. Of these, Germany, China, the USA and Japan export a third of everything these twelve countries sell. The European Union ranks first in terms of export volume.

What is import

Import assumes supply of goods and services from abroad without the obligation to take them back. The difference in the volumes of exports and imports shows the balance of the country's foreign trade, and their sum shows the trade turnover. Import calculations are made taking into account the cost of the goods, freight and insurance costs. Therefore, the value of exports to the world is reduced by the amount of these costs. Foreign suppliers of goods to the country provide high quality and lower prices than local manufacturers. They usually import products that are not available in the importer's domestic market.

Various import schemes are used, including searching around the world for promising products for import and sale, foreign suppliers offering the lowest prices. Today, import schemes involving a local distributor and a manufacturer abroad are common, when goods are purchased without intermediaries directly from the manufacturer.

Usually the state seeks to regulate imports. For this purpose, quotas, duties, minimum import prices, technical obstacles, import taxes, etc. are used. This is usually done to create preferences for domestic producers and replenish the budget. This policy is called protectionist. With a liberal policy, restrictions are minimal.

How are exports and imports regulated?

Export and import are regulated in each state and at the international level. In most countries, this is done by the government and the ministry of trade or foreign economic activity. They are governed by special legislation. Companies exporting their products have special foreign trade divisions. Specialized banks usually finance foreign trade operations.

In 1995, the functions of regulating international trade relations were assigned to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which is a UN agency. It declares the principle of freedom of exchange of goods and services in the world, which helps ensure economic development and growth in people's well-being. It includes more than one and a half hundred states, together accounting for 95% of the turnover of goods and services in the world.

Its task is to eliminate restrictions and obstacles in trade relations between countries. It is guided by the general agreements signed by all member states regarding trade in goods and services and intellectual property rights.

For this WTO:

Analyzes compliance with the requirements of its member policy documents.
Considers disputes between states regarding their foreign trade policies.
Organizes interaction with other international bodies.
Provides assistance to countries with developing economies.

What is the difference

Export is an activity aimed at exporting goods and services produced in it abroad. Such activities are stimulated by the state.

Import means the legal entry of goods from abroad. Often states, in the interests of their companies, set import restrictions.

Since Soviet times, the word “import” has firmly taken its place in the dictionary. Almost everyone knows that this term means the import of various goods, services, technologies, developments, and works into the territory of the state from abroad without the obligation to export them back. But who is an “importer”? This is a fairly broad concept that is worth considering in more detail.

Definition of the concept

From an economic point of view, an importer is an individual or legal entity engaged in the import of any goods from another country. Various services received abroad can also be imported.

If we take a broader concept, then an importer is a party to international economic cooperation that is engaged in the purchase of goods, services, labor, capital, etc. abroad and importing them into the territory of its country for use or consumption.

The exchange of goods between different partners has always taken place within the framework of international trade relations. Since ancient times, there has been a natural exchange of food, fabrics, and various household items. The principles of import-export operations have remained largely unchanged, although their scale has increased and payment and sales technologies have been improved, customs and new tax instruments have appeared.

Who is the importer

Who has the right to bear the title “importer”? This can be an individual entrepreneur, a company, a corporation, or an organization. This term is sometimes even applied to states that actively import certain goods from abroad.

Financiers consider two categories of signs by which an importer can be identified:

the ability to cross the border and go through customs with all the necessary documents drawn up in accordance with international rules and certificates;
import of products and goods into the customs territory of the state.

If we combine all these signs, we come to the conclusion that an importer is a person who has the right to cross the border in accordance with international rules and import goods from abroad into the territory of his country.

Goods for import

In modern conditions, external economic ties are constantly strengthening and receiving different expressions. Thus, through trade exchange at the international level, the problem of shortage of a particular product in those regions where it is not produced is solved.

The subject of foreign trade activities can be a wide range of goods and services, as well as the results of intellectual activity (including innovations, new technological projects and developments). All this is mandatory regulated by modern laws. For example, importing countries that do not own mineral deposits purchase oil, coal, and iron ore from other countries. At the same time, these same powers can produce iron ore products and export finished products.

The situation on the domestic market

Today, a variety of goods imported from near and far abroad countries are supplied to the Russian Federation market:

household and medical equipment;
light and heavy industry products;
food products (baby food, dairy products, vegetables, fruits);
production equipment;
scientific and applied developments and technologies;
trucks and cars, auto parts.

Over the past few years, the Russian Federation has entered into agreements on trade exchange and foreign economic trade cooperation with many countries. These include the CIS countries, the European Union, as well as China, Brazil, India, etc. Russian importers supply the country with cars, machinery, equipment, medicines, ferrous metals, clothing and footwear, petroleum products, synthetic rubber, chemicals (for care and plant protection), tea, coffee, agricultural products, food, textiles, etc.

International trade is characterized by its conduct in 2 directions. One is import and the other is export. It is represented by the export of national goods from the country. The sale of services can be carried out in the same way. Exported goods are exported to other countries. The article describes in more detail what import and export are.

Import and export of products

Exported goods are represented by a group of nationally manufactured products intended for sale on foreign markets. The opposite direction is to import foreign goods and services into the country. Imports are represented by products intended for sale on the national market.

It is produced taking into account the tastes of the residents of the country for which it is intended. Also, its production is based on strict adherence to international standards.

To understand what import and export are, it is enough to pay attention to foreign goods on store shelves. They usually stand out against the background of domestic products both in appearance and cost. The higher price, in comparison with nationally manufactured products, is associated with transportation costs and taxes.

Imports and exports indicate the level of economic development of a country

The structure of export and import is an indicator of the economic development of the country. These characteristics determine its position in the division of labor in the international format.

Very often it turns out that exports exceed imports. The opposite situation also happens. The size of imports and exports directly depends on the value of all manufactured and purchased goods. Therefore, what are imports and exports, if not a very clear indicator of a country’s economic success?

A state that exports more than it imports is characterized by an active (positive) balance. And if imports exceed exports, then this indicator is passive (negative).

What goods are involved in international trade

Export and import of goods is represented by different products and services. These concepts are, to one degree or another, characteristic of every country. By the direction of imports one can judge the advantages over other countries. The structure of exports indicates the peculiarities of the manufacture of goods.

For a country, exports and imports are often characterized by the predominance of industrial products, of which engineering products stand out significantly. Goods exported from developed countries are characterized by knowledge intensity and technological complexity. Their imports are dominated by oil, industrial raw materials, and natural gas.

These countries import such types of finished products, the production of which they prefer to avoid due to the harm caused to the external environment. Types of such products include washing powders, medicines, pesticides, and paints.

Exports from developing countries are mainly represented by food products and raw materials. If a state’s economy is very poorly developed, then only 1-2 goods are exported. In this case, export is called monocultural. But imports from developing countries are represented by equipment, cars, high-quality shoes and clothing, sophisticated household appliances, and good food products.

International organizations

International trade represents the most striking manifestation of the economic part of globalization. Every year there is an increase in the turnover of foreign sales and acquisition of various goods. To expand the possibilities for the exchange of goods between countries, as well as to simplify transactions, international organizations and unions are being created. Among the largest of them are the following:

World Trade Organization;
Customs Union;
European Union (EU);
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

When such organizations are created, the process of exchange of goods and services between states is greatly simplified.

International trade for the Russian Federation

Russia is not a member of only one of the organizations listed above. But this does not in any way reduce the number of trade turnovers and transactions that take place between the Russian Federation and states located in the European Union. The majority (half) of Russian turnover comes from EU countries. And every year there is a strengthening of this direction.

What are imports and exports as factors that do not require special control? For this purpose, in order to simplify the process of exchange of goods between Belarus, Russia, and Kazakhstan, the Customs Union was created. It is supported by a large number of signed agreements aimed at the exchange of services and products.

The following goods are mainly imported to Russia:

cars;
cars;
vehicles;
car equipment.

In the structure of imports, these goods account for 47%. Then comes the products of the chemical industry. Its share in the import value is 15%. The third significant group of goods is represented by food. It also accounts for 15%. International trade, in particular Russian exports and imports, is now being improved and supported in every possible way.

Foreign trade development trend for Russia

The structure of exports and imports assumes an expansion of the range of products. At the same time, sales markets need to be reoriented. Excess foreign trade, as well as the influx of foreign currency from abroad, is ensured by the sale of hydrocarbons.

Developed and emerging markets, which include the economies of countries such as China, Japan, Brazil, and the USA, should show an increase in demand for energy resources. At the same time, the Russian economy is characterized by the presence of a large number of competitive industries. Now they have unrealized potential. The future strength of the Russian economy lies in harnessing the potential of untapped industries.

Thus, imports, exports, services are an indicator indicating the level of development of the country. And attention to them is due to the desire to raise the level of the state in an international format.