History test Changes in culture and life in the first quarter of the 18th century for 7th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option consists of 2 parts (part A, part B).
1 option
A1. The appearance in Russia is associated with the reforms of Peter the Great
1) lyceums
2) Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy
3) assemblies
4) Moscow University
A2. Created under Peter I, the Kunstkamera was the first Russian
1) archive
2) a museum
3) theater
4) university
1) Ya.V. Bruce
2) A.K. Nartov
3) A.F. Zubov
4) L.F. Magnitsky
A4. What characterizes development artistic culture in Russia under Peter I?
1) weak ties with Western European culture
2) the emergence and development of new genres - engraving and portraiture
3) strict adherence in art to the canons of the Russian Orthodox Church
4) dominance in the architecture of the tent style
A5. Which of the listed architectural monuments was created under Peter I?
1) the building of the Twelve Colleges
2) St. Basil's Cathedral
3) Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
4) Chamber of Facets in the Moscow Kremlin
B1. Below is a list of terms. All of them, except one, appeared in Russia under Peter I. Find and write down serial number, which refers to a term whose appearance in Russia dates back to a different historical period.
1) Academy of Sciences
2) Navigation school
3) engraving
4) parsuna
5) observatory
Option 2
A1. Which of the listed Italian architects worked in Russia during the reign of Peter I?
1) Mark Ruffo
2) Aristotle Fioravanti
3) Domenico Trezinn
4) Aleviz New
A2. What characterizes the education system under Peter I?
1) admission to educational institutions of representatives of all classes, including serfs
2) the emergence of the first specialized educational institutions for girls
3) the creation in large Russian cities of universities modeled on Western European ones
4) the beginning of the formation of vocational education
A3. What was the name of the first printed newspaper that began to be published under Peter I?
1) Chimes
2) Gazette
3) Moscow news
4) Government Gazette
A4. The founder of the Navigation School and the first observatory in Russia was an associate of Peter I
1) J. Bruce
2) A. Vinius
3) P. Gordon
4) F. Lefort
A5. What moralizing book was published during the reign of Peter I?
1) Domostroy
2) An honest mirror of youth
3) A Word about Law and Grace
4) The Tale of Misfortune
B1. Below is a list of terms. The phenomena they designate, except for one, appeared in Russia under Peter I. Find and write down the serial number under which the term appears, the appearance of which in Russia belongs to a different historical period.
1) Museum
2) civil alphabet
3) engraving
4) assembly
5) court theater
Answers to a history test Changes in culture and life in the first quarter of the 18th century
1 option
A1-3
A2-2
A3-4
A4-2
A5-1
B1-4
Option 2
A1-1
A2-4
A3-2
A4-3
A5-2
B1-5
Last name, first name _____________________________________.
The center of education was created in ________ by M.V. Lomonosov and I.I. Shuvalov ____________________university.
In _________ The Academy of ______________________ was established.
In 1764, the _______________________Institute of Noble Maidens was founded for noble daughters.
An outstanding Russian scientist of the 18th century is ____________________ (1711–1765).
The creation of the Academy of Sciences in 1725 attracted European scientists to Russia: mathematicians ___________, _________________. The students of the Academy were: mathematician and astronomer ______________________________, naturalist and ethnographer _____________________, philosopher _______________________.
Published Atlas Russian Empire" ___________________ developed the basics of agronomy. In 1741, a sea expedition ______________________explored the northwestern coast of America.
The historian _____________________ wrote “Russian history from the most ancient times.”
Mechanic ______________ built the first steam engine.
He developed projects for an elevator, a “self-running stroller,” and a 298-meter single-arch bridge across the Neva.
The mechanic ________________ designed the world's first screw-cutting lathe.
Foundry masters ________________made the Tsar Bell weighing 200 tons.
Architect _______________________ built the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.
Created sculptural composition"Empress Anna Ioannovna with a little black boy."
The following architects worked in the style of classicism: ______________ (Pashkov House), ________________ (Tavrichesky Palace), _______________ (the Senate building in the Kremlin, Moscow University, the house of the Dolgoruky princes - “House of Unions”).
Sculptor __________________ - created a monument to Peter I (“ Bronze Horseman»),
The sculptor ___________________ created a monument to Suvorov on the Champ de Mars.
The talent of the wonderful serf actress shone at the Sheremetev Theater... _______________
The largest Russian enlighteners of the 18th century were: 1) I. Kulibin, I. Polzunov; 2) F. Rokotov, D. Levitsky; 3) N. Novikov, A. Radishchev; 4) V. Bazhenov, M. Kazakov.
Match the names of Russian inventors with the names of their inventions.
INVENTORS OF INVENTIONS
1) I.P. Kulibin A) steam engine
2) I.I. Polzunov B) optical telegraph (semaphore)
3) K.D. Frolov V) radio
4) A.K. Nartov G) hydraulic machine
D) machines for drilling gun barrels
See continuation of test 22
CONTINUATION TEST 22
Russian artist XVIII in.: 1) A.I. Kuindzhi 2) A.A. Ivanov 3) V.G. Perov 4) A.P. Losenko 5) N.K. Roerich.
Russian writer late XVIII- early 19th centuries
1) G.R. Derzhavin 2) N.V. Gogol 3) P.A. Fedotov 4) M.F. Kazakov 5) G.F. Miller.
One of the trends in literature and art XVIII century, distinguished by its appeal to the ancient heritage as a model, is called
Indicate the correct sequence of construction of architectural monuments: A) Pashkov House in Moscow B) St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv; B) Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma;
D) Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye; D) Church of the Intercession in Fili in Moscow.
Place in chronological sequence creation of the following architectural monuments.
Winter Palace in St. Petersburg; -Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir; -Novodevichy Convent in Moscow; - St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv; -St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow
Artist 2nd floor. XVIII century: 1) V.G. Perov; 2) G.G. Myasoedov; 3) P.A. Fedotov; 4) D. G. Levitsky.
Determine the genre of the painting by late 18th century artist Mikhail Ivanov by its title: “An olive tree with fittings hanging on it, under which military men, shepherds and shepherdesses are having fun.” (Its full name: “An olive tree on which cuirasses, bags and other military signs are hung with the name of Her Majesty on them, and under them are several military men and shepherds with shepherdesses playing their instruments and having fun, decorated with sunshine, forest , fields and streams").
Answer: -realism, -sentimentalism, -classicism, -modernism
Russian poet second half of the XVIII in.: 1) A.P. Sumarokov 2) D.G. Levitsky 3) A.A. Alyabyev 4) V.G. Perov 5) A.P. Fet.
Fill in the blanks: The story (title) __________________________ caused a shock in Russia and turned (author's surname) _________________________________ into the most popular writer. The pond in which ___________________ allegedly drowned became the site of mass suicides of girls who were disappointed in love. The police even had to cordon off the pond, which is why the epigram arose:
“Here Erast’s bride threw herself into the pond,
Drown yourself, girls, there’s plenty of room in the pond!”
Option #1
The establishment of the Academy of Sciences dates back to: A) 1700; B) by 1709; B) by 1721; D) by 1725
2. Place in chronological order: A) Opening of Moscow University;
B) opening of the Russian Academy; C) opening of the Academy of Sciences; D) Bering expedition
3. The style in which the architect V. Rastrelli built the Winter Palace, distinguished by its decorative pomp and splendor, was called: A) modern; B) classicism; B) baroque; D) empire style
4. Who is called the “father of Russian theater”: A) A.P. Sumarokova; B) G. Gregory; B) F.G. Volkova; D) A.P. Chekhov
5. Author of the comedy “The Minor,” where the author denounced the ignorance and arbitrariness of officials: A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.M. Karamzin
6. Writer, journalist, published the magazines “Truten”, “Wallet”, “Painter”, was imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress: A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.I. Novikov
7. First President Russian Academy: A) I.I. Shuvalov; B) M.V. Lomonosov; B) Catherine II; D) E.R. Dashkova
8. Author of the world's largest Tsar Bell, cast in 1735: A) father and son of Matorina;
B) I.P. Kulibin; B) A. Chokhov; D) father and son Cherepanovs
9. Russian inventor of lathes and screw-cutting machines: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
10. Inventor, mechanic of the 18th century, author of a model of a single-arch bridge across the Neva, an elevator, the first ships that sailed along rivers against the current: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
11 Year of opening of the Smolny Institute noble maidens– the first higher educational institution for noblewomen:
A) 1725; B) 1755; B) 1757; D) 1764
12. Style and direction in literature and art, translated from Italian as “quaint, ancient”: A) baroque;
B) classicism; B) gothic; D) Romanesque style.
13. Famous portrait artists of the 18th century were: A) A.P. Antropov, I.P. Argunov, F.S. Rokotov;
B) D.G. Levitsky, V.L. Borovikovsky; B) Full name Shubin, I.E. Repin; D) G.I. Ugryumov; A.P. Losenko
14.Among the serfs theaters XVIII century, the theater stood out: A) on the estate of A.V. Suvorov; B) Counts Sheremetevs;
B) merchants Strogonov; D) factory owners Demidovs
15. Sculptor, his most famous work is “The Bronze Horseman”, installed in the center of St. Petersburg in honor of Peter I:
A) Full name Shubin; B) K. Rastrelli; B) E. Falcone; D) I.P. Martos
16. Architect, author Peter and Paul Fortress: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) I.E. Starov
17. The founder of Russian classicism in architecture, the author of the Pashkov House in Moscow, created the Tsaritsyn palace ensemble near Moscow, the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov;
D) V.I. Bazhenov
Control section on the topic: “Culture of Russia in the 18th century”
2
1. C XVIII culture century associated name:
A) Simona Ushakova; B) Simeon of Polotsk; B) Vasily Bazhenov; D) Ivan the Red
2. D.I. Fonvizin, A.N. Radishchev, G.R. Derzhavin, N.I. Novikov were contemporaries:
A) Catherine II; B) Peter I; B) Princess Sophia; D) Catherine I
3. Who did A.S. say about? Pushkin: “Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and penetrated everything”: A) about I.I. Polzunov; B) about M.V. Lomonosov; B) about I.P. Kulibino; D) about N.M. Karamzin
4. The founder of sentimentalism in Russian literature:
A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.M. Karamzin
5. Author of the book “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow,” about which Catherine II said: “A rebel worse than Pugachev”:
A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.I. Novikov
6. Author of “Russian History”, “father of Russian history”:
A) N.M. Karamzin; B) M.V. Lomonosov; B) V.N. Tatishchev; D) V.O. Klyuchevsky
7. Famous navigator, led the First Kamchatka Expedition, proved the existence of a strait between Asia and America: A) V. Bering; B) S. Dezhnev; B) V. Poyarkov; D) E. Khabarov
8. Inventor of the first steam engine: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
9. Kogo G.R. Derzhavin called “Archimedes of our days”: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
10. Year of opening of the Academy of Arts at Moscow State University: A) 1725; B) 1755; B) 1757; D) 1764
11. Style and direction in literature and art dominated in Russia in the middle - second half of the 18th century, the signs of which are symmetry, strict forms, yellow and white, nobility, majestic simplicity:
A) baroque; B) classicism; B) gothic; D) Romanesque style.
12. From the serf peasants of the Sheremetev counts came whole family painters and architects:
A) Kovalevs; B) Zhemchugovs; B) Argunovs; D) Rokotovs
13. Among the outstanding creations of the sculptor F.I. Shubin there is a sculptural bust of: A) M.V. Lomonosov; B) Emperor Paul I; B) Empress Catherine I; D) Empress Catherine II
14. Italian sculptor, who worked in Rome and Paris, moved to Russia with his son in 1716; most famous sculptures"Anna Ioannovna with a Little Arab"; equestrian monument of Peter I: A) F.I. Shubin; B) K. Rastrelli; B) E. Falcone; D) I.P. Martos
15. The first architect of St. Petersburg: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) I.E. Starov
16. Architect, author of the Winter Palace - Hermitage: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) I.E. Starov,
17. Architect, supervised the drafting master plan Moscow, according to his designs the Senate buildings were erected in the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow State University, Golitsyn Hospital: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) V.I. Bazhenov
Attached files
Test “Culture and education in the middle - second half”XVIIIV.".
1. The largest Russian encyclopedist scientist:
1. M. I. Shein 2. M. V. Lomonosov 3. G. V. Rikhman 4. S. P. Krasheninnikov
2. The opening of the Russian Academy of Sciences took place in:
1. 1724 2. 1725 3. 1730 4.1745
3. A movement in literature and art, distinguished by its appeal to the ancient heritage as a model:
1. Baroque 2. Romanticism 3. Classicism 4. Realism
4. Founder of the first Russian professional theater:
1. F.G.Volkov 2. D.I.Fonvizin 3. G.I.Ugryumov 4. G.R.Derzhavin
5. Indicate the correct statements:
a) The Academy of Sciences in Russia was not only a scientific, but also an educational center
b) the main form of education for the lower classes was vocational schools
c) belonging to a certain class did not interfere with receiving any education in Russia
d) the founder of sentimentalism in Russian literature was N. M. Karamzin
e) for the first time in the 18th century. numbering of houses by streets appeared
f) Western European clothing in the second half of the 18th century. was introduced into the upper strata of society by force
g) it was mandatory for men and women from the upper classes to wear powdered wigs
h) widespread in the second half of the 18th century. received the assembly
i) leisure of peasants and ordinary townspeople by the end of the 18th century. was very diverse
j) one of the most popular activities of the nobility was collecting
6. About whom we're talking about?
To whom A.S. Pushkin dedicated these lines: “Combining extraordinary willpower with the extraordinary power of concepts, he embraced all branches of education. The thirst for science was the strongest passion of this soul, filled with passions. Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and penetrated everything...”
7. Who is the odd one out in the row:
Portrait artists: 1. A.P.Antropov, 2. N.I.Argunov 3. F.I.Shubin 4. F.S.Rokotov 5. D.G.Levitsky, 6. V.L.Borovikovsky.
8. Mark architectural monuments related to classicism:
1
2
3
Features of the development of Russian culture in the 18th century,
XVIII century - time big changes. The centuries-old process of development of Russian culture is entering a new stage of its development. Localism and class limitations are being overcome, and a national culture is being formed. It is the secular direction that becomes decisive: secular enlightenment is created, the process of accumulating knowledge enters the final stage: transformation into science; a new one is emerging, close to colloquial literary language, national Russian literature appears, the number of printed publications increases; masterpieces of church architecture are created, in which elements of civil architecture are clearly visible; painting and sculpture are developing. It is important that in the second half of the 18th century. Enlightenment thought is formed and the ideas of the Enlightenment penetrate deeply into all spheres of the cultural process.
Education and science
The persistent need for specialists, which the church school could not provide, leads to the creation of secular education. The first to appear were special schools under Peter I (School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, First Medical School, Mining School, Engineering Schools, etc.).
Estate schools. Back in the 30s. closed schools prevailed in the education system, primarily for nobles, who were under the special care of the government. The network of theological educational institutions also lost its all-class character (diocesan schools). The most common type for this time primary schools were garrison schools. The system of estate schools in the last quarter of the 18th century. looked like this:
- for nobles - gentry corps (land, naval, artillery, engineering, page), noble boarding houses;
- for the clergy - theological academies, diocesan schools;
- for merchants - commercial schools;
- for commoners - Academy of Arts. Mining, Medical, Navigation schools, vocational school;
- for soldiers' children - soldiers' schools.
Reforms in the field of education of the 60-80s. XVIII century
One of the ideologists of reforms in the field of education was Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy. From 1764, he headed the Academy of Arts, and was the author of the draft of the new charter of the Academy, approved on November 4, 1764. An educational school was created at the Academy, where boys from the age of 6 were admitted.
In 1763 I.I. Betskoy presented to Catherine II the “General Institution for the Education of Both Sexes of Youth” - a project for the transformation of educational institutions. It proposed organizing closed educational institutions for the education of children from 6 to 18 years old, in strict isolation from the “vices of society,” including limiting the communication of pupils with parents and relatives. Education had to combine physical and intellectual exercises, taking into account the individual abilities of students. Corporal punishment was prohibited.
When opening institutions, the class principle was taken into account. For noble children there were privileged buildings, “schools for noble maidens.” For commoners, a school was provided at the Academy of Arts and educational homes.
Not deciding on such global changes, Catherine, nevertheless, established on September 1, 1763 an educational home “for the unfortunate” in Moscow. The orphan education program was also developed by I.I. Betsky. It was planned to train the most capable children Latin language and pharmacy, as well as drawing, foreign languages. September 6, 1772 same orphanage was established in St. Petersburg. The most diligent and talented pupils of orphanages subsequently studied at Moscow University. Academy of Arts, girls - at the bourgeois department of the Smolny Institute. However, overall the experience was rather unsuccessful.
On May 5, 1764, the Educational Society of Noble Maidens was established in St. Petersburg (Smolny Institute). In 1765, a department for bourgeois girls was opened.
In 1772, an educational institution for merchant children was set up in Moscow in a similar way. Its organizer was Prokopiy Demidov. The charter of the commercial school was approved on December 6, 1772.
Also the ideas of I.I. Betsky were reflected in the charter of the Gentry Cadet Land Corps, approved on September 11, 1766.
Estate schools did not satisfy the need for literate and educated people, and since the 80s. The government begins the creation of general education institutions.
A famous teacher and follower of the ideas of Ya.A. was invited from Austria as an expert. Komensky F.I. Yankovic, who had experience in reforming the education system. In 1872, the Commission on the establishment of public schools was formed under the chairmanship of P.V. Zavadovsky, who was tasked with: I) drawing up and gradually implementing general plan public schools, 2) prepare teachers and 3) translate into Russian or again compose the necessary educational manuals. The plan for the establishment of public schools was approved on September 21, 1782. At the same time, F.I. Yankovic took the position of director of the St. Petersburg Main Public School, which focused on teacher training.
In 1786, according to the “Charter of Public Schools”, the main 4-grade public schools were established (in provincial cities) and small 2-year public schools (in county towns). The “Charter” also provided for the creation of a unified system of secular schools from small public schools to the university.
Development continues higher education. On January 25, 1755, Moscow University was opened with two gymnasiums, which became the center of Russian education. Unlike European universities, education there was free for all classes (except for serfs). Initially, there was no theological faculty and teaching was conducted in Russian. Laboratories, a library, and a printing house are being created at the university. The growing need for qualified teaching staff led to the creation of the Teachers' Seminary at Moscow University (1779) and the St. Petersburg Main (People's School) (1782), which was later transformed into the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg.
The creation and expansion of a network of schools required the appearance of new textbooks. They were developed by the Academy of Sciences and Moscow University. The following were created: “The First Foundations of Metallurgy or Ore Mining”, “Rhetoric”, “Brief Russian Chronicler”, “Russian Grammar” by M.V. Lomonosov, “Geographical and historical description of the Russian Empire” by H.A. Chebotareva.
The development of science was also associated with the spread of education. The main centers of scientific activity during this period were the Academy of Sciences and the Mining School in St. Petersburg (1773). Kyiv Academy. Already in the second half of the 18th century. Russian science reached a pan-European level thanks to the activities of such scientists as Euler and D. Bernoulli. A special role in the formation and development of Russian science belongs to M.V. Lomonosov, scientific activity which was distinguished by its extraordinary versatility (his works in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, philology, and history are known).
Particular development in the 18th century. received natural sciences: in the 20-50s. The Academy of Sciences carried out the Great Northern Expedition (exploration of the Arctic Ocean, northeast Asia and northwest America, Kamchatka). In the 60-80s. a comprehensive expedition was carried out to explore the north of the European part of Russia (Volga region, Urapia, Urals, Southern Siberia). The result of these expeditions was the compilation of maps of the country: 1731 - the first Russian geographical atlas; 1745 - publication of the “Russian Atlas”. Significant successes were marked by the development of mathematics (L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, M.V. Lomonosov), medicine (D.S. Samoilovich, K.I. Shchepin, S.G. Zabelin), chemistry (M.V. Lomonosov, V.M. Severgin).
In the second half of the 18th century. There is a rise in technical thought, associated primarily with the activities of outstanding Russian inventors - I.I. Polzunov (creation of a steam engine) and I.P. Kulibin (design of a single-arch bridge across the Neva, creation of clock and optical mechanisms). The inventions of master K.D. are also known. Frolov (the first hydraulic machine), A.K. Nartov (created new machines for drilling gun barrels, a lifting mechanism, and new methods for casting guns).
The formation of the humanities took place in more difficult conditions: they received less attention at the Academy of Sciences, and they developed mainly outside the Academy. Legal science, linguistics and, above all, history have made significant strides forward. The largest historians of this time were V.N. Tatishchev (“Russian History”, which laid the foundation for Russian historical science), MM. Shcherbatov (“Russian History”, distinguished by its conservative political concept), I.II. Boltin (“Notes on the history of ancient and modern Russia by G. Leclerc” with new and important observations regarding Norman theory, the generality of the historical process, the process and reasons for the registration of serfdom).
During this period, historical local history also emerged: V.V. Krestinin (works on the history of Pomerania), P.I. Rychkov (author of the history of the Orenburg region), publication of documents and historical works begins.
Socio-political thought. Literature
All spheres of spiritual life in Russia in the middle and second half of the 18th century. permeate the ideas of the Enlightenment (a philosophical movement represented by Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, main idea which have been improved human personality). The Enlightenmentists assigned the decisive role in the implementation of ideals to an enlightened monarch capable of transforming the country on a reasonable, humane basis. That is why the question of character state power remained one of the most important (the ideology of “enlightened absolutism” was formed). The ideas of the Enlightenment were so popular that they were equally accepted by representatives of conservative thought (A.P. Sumarokov, M.M. Shcherbatov), liberal (N.I. Novikov, D.I. Fonvizin) and revolutionary (A.N. Radishchev) .
A feature of Russian enlightenment was its anti-serfdom orientation. This trend is reflected primarily in the activities of N.I. Novikov (1744-1818) - the largest publisher and journalist (publisher of the satirical magazines “Truten”, “Painter”, “Wallet”) and A.N. Radishchev (1749-1802), who took the position of radical enlightenment (“Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”),
30s XVIII century the time of the emergence of a new spiritual and social movement of Freemasonry. His penetration into Russia is associated with a certain disappointment in educational rationalism and the search for ways out of a moral impasse. The movement consisted of several “parties” (French, English, knightly, Illuminati), common feature which were religious and moral quests.
Literature of the 18th century represented by three directions: classicism, the work of A.P. Sumarokov (tragedy "Dmitry the Pretender", comedy
“Guardian”, “Reddy Man”); artistic-realistic - the formation of this direction is associated with the work of D.I. Fonvizin (comedies “The Brigadier” and “The Minor”); sentimentalism - N.M. Karamzin (story “Poor Liza”). Sentimentalism is characterized by showing the feelings of an ordinary person and idealizing reality.
Architecture
In the first half of the 17th century, baroque dominated in architecture, characterized by brilliance and luxury. A characteristic feature of Russian Baroque is a fusion of European styles (classicism and rococo) and domestic traditions.
In St. Petersburg, the largest architect of this direction was F.B. Rastrelli (palace of M.I. Vorontsov, Grand Palace in Peterhof, the Great Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, the Winter Palace, the Smolny Monastery complex). One of outstanding achievements Rastrelli is the creation of complexes of ceremonial interiors (an abundance of gold, light, stucco, bronze, mirrors).
In Moscow, buildings in the Baroque style were also created, characterized by calmer architectural forms. The largest architect who worked in this direction in Moscow is considered to be D.V. Ukhtomsky (bell tower of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra).
In the 60s Baroque is replaced by classicism, which used ancient traditions and was distinguished by its noble and stately simplicity (classicism - a style in literature and art of the 18th - early XIX c., who turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model).
In the development of classicism in the second half of the 18th century. two stages can be traced:
- early classicism (60-80s), when public buildings were of leading importance, architectural forms which determined the character of all other buildings;
- strict kpassicism (80-90s), when private palaces and manor buildings with an inherent traditional layout predominated.
The largest architects of classicism:
- in St. Petersburg: D. Quarenghi (Assignation Bank, Academy of Sciences, English Palace in Peterhof, Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo); Lvov N.A. (Main Post Office in St. Petersburg); C. Cameron (creator of palace and park ensembles in the suburbs of St. Petersburg (Cameron Gallery in Tsarskoye Selo, Pavlovsk); I.E. Staroe (Tavrichesky Palace);
- in Moscow: V.I. Bazhenov (project of the Kremlin Palace, palace and park ensemble in Tsaritsyno (pseudo-Gothic style). Pashkov House); M.F. Kazakov (Petrovsky Palace, Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow University building on Mokhovaya, Golitsyn Hospital).
Painting
Russian painting enters into new stage of its development, expressed primarily in the improvement portrait painting and in the emergence of previously absent genres: landscape, historical, everyday life. The flourishing of portraiture is associated with numerous orders from the court and nobles. This genre developed in two directions: ceremonial portrait and chamber portrait. Outstanding artists of this genre are: F.S. Rokotov (portraits of V.B. Novoseltseva, A.I. Struyskaya), D.G. Levitsky (cycle of portraits “Smolyanka”, portraits of Diderot, M.A. Dyakova); V.L. Borovikovsky (portraits of N.A. Naryshkina, M.A. Orlova, M.I. Lopukhina). The beginning of genre painting was laid by the work of M. Shibanov, who created paintings from peasant life (“Peasant Lunch”, “Conspiracy”), the Founder landscape painting is S.F. Shchedrin (landscapes of Pavlovsk and St. Petersburg), F.Ya. Alekseev (“Red Square”). The first paintings in the historical genre were created by A.P. Losenko (“Vladimir and Rogneda”, “Hector’s Farewell to Andromache”),
Sculpture
Sculpture in the 18th century. achieves remarkable success. Among Russian sculptors, F.I. stands out. Shubin, representing the realistic direction in sculpture, who was a master sculptural portrait(portraits of Orlov, Zubov, Potemkin, Pavel 1, Lomonosov, etc.), and M.I. Kozlovsky is the founder of Russian classicism in sculpture, who considered his main task to be to reveal the image by the means used by sculptors Ancient Rome(monument to A.V. Suvorov, sculpture “Samson tearing apart the mouth of a lion”).
The largest of the foreign sculptors, E. Falconet, created a monument to Peter I (“The Bronze Horseman”).
Theater
In the second half of the 18th century. The formation of the Russian theater takes place. The following were created: in 1756, a Russian theater to present tragedies and comedies (the director of the troupe was F. Volkov, a brilliant actor, poet, playwright, musician); in 1779 a private theater on Tsaritsyn Meadow under the direction famous actor N.P. Dmitrievsky; in 1780 the Petrovsky Theater, whose repertoire included opera and ballet performances along with dramatic ones. Great development The serf theater also received (for example, the most famous is the theater of I.A. Sheremetev).
In the last third of the century, the formation of a national school of composition began. A chamber appears lyrical genre (Russian song). Opera becomes the leading genre in music (M.M. Sokolovsky “The Miller - the Sorcerer, the Deceiver and the Matchmaker”, V.I. Fomin “Orpheus”, etc.).
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