Prospects for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by foreign armed forces to solve electronic warfare problems. Composition of onboard equipment of modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) Light medium-range UAVs

10.01.2024

Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation

State educational institution of higher professional education

"South Ural State University"

Faculty of Aerospace

Department of Aircraft and Control

on the history of aerospace technology

Description of control systems for unmanned aerial vehicles

Chelyabinsk 2009

Introduction

The UAV itself is only part of a complex multifunctional complex. As a rule, the main task assigned to UAV complexes is to conduct reconnaissance of hard-to-reach areas in which obtaining information by conventional means, including aerial reconnaissance, is difficult or endangers the health and even lives of people. In addition to military use, the use of UAV complexes opens up the possibility of a quick and inexpensive way to survey hard-to-reach areas of terrain, periodic observation of specified areas, and digital photography for use in geodetic work and in cases of emergency situations. The information received by on-board monitoring tools must be transmitted in real time to the control point for processing and making adequate decisions. Currently, tactical systems of micro and mini-UAVs are most widespread. Due to the larger take-off weight of mini-UAVs, their payload in its functional composition most fully represents the composition of on-board equipment that meets modern requirements for a multifunctional reconnaissance UAV. Therefore, next we will consider the composition of the mini-UAV payload.

Story

In 1898, Nikola Tesla developed and demonstrated a miniature radio-controlled boat. In 1910, inspired by the successes of the Wright brothers, a young American military engineer from Ohio, Charles Kettering, proposed the use of unmanned flying machines. According to his plan, the device, controlled by a clock mechanism, in a given place was supposed to shed its wings and fall like a bomb on the enemy. Having received funding from the US Army, he built and tested, with varying degrees of success, several devices called The Kattering Aerial Torpedo, Kettering Bug (or simply Bug), but they were never used in combat. In 1933, the first reusable UAV, Queen Bee, was developed in the UK. Three restored Fairy Queen biplanes were used, controlled remotely from the ship via radio. Two of them crashed, and the third made a successful flight, making the UK the first country to benefit from UAVs. This radio-controlled unmanned target, called the DH82A Tiger Moth, was used by the Royal Navy from 1934 to 1943. The US Army and Navy have used the Radioplane OQ-2 RPV as a target aircraft since 1940. The research of German scientists, who gave the world a jet engine and a cruise missile during the 40s, was several decades ahead of its time. Almost until the end of the eighties, every successful UAV design “from a cruise missile” was a development based on the V-1, and “from an aircraft” - the Focke-Wulf Fw 189. The V-1 missile was the first to be used in real combat operations unmanned aerial vehicle. During World War II, German scientists developed several types of radio-controlled weapons, including the Henschel Hs 293 and Fritz X guided bombs, the Enzian rocket, and radio-controlled aircraft filled with explosives. Despite the unfinished projects, the Fritz X and Hs 293 were used in the Mediterranean against armored warships. Less sophisticated and designed for political rather than military purposes, the V1 Buzz Bomb was powered by a pulse jet engine that could be launched from both the ground and the air. In the USSR in 1930-1940. aircraft designer Nikitin developed a special-purpose torpedo bomber glider (PSN-1 and PSN-2) of the “flying wing” type in two versions: manned training and sighting and unmanned with full automation. By the beginning of 1940, a project for an unmanned flying torpedo with a flight range of 100 km and above (at a flight speed of 700 km/h) was presented. However, these developments were not destined to be translated into real designs. In 1941, TB-3 heavy bombers were successfully used as UAVs to destroy bridges. During World War II, the US Navy tried to use remotely piloted deck-based systems based on the B-17 aircraft to attack German submarine bases. After World War II, the United States continued to develop some types of UAVs. During the Korean War, the Tarzon radio-controlled bomb was successfully used to destroy bridges. On September 23, 1957, the Tupolev Design Bureau received a state order to develop a mobile nuclear supersonic cruise missile of medium range. The first takeoff of the Tu-121 model was carried out on August 25, 1960, but the program was closed in favor of the Korolev Design Bureau's Ballistic Missiles. The created design found application as a target, as well as in the creation of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft Tu-123 “Yastreb”, Tu-143 “Flight” and Tu-141 “Strizh”, which were in service with the USSR Air Force from 1964 to 1979. Tu- 143 "Flight" throughout the 70s was supplied to African and Middle Eastern countries, including Iraq. The Tu-141 Swift is in service with the Ukrainian Air Force to this day. The "Flight" complexes with the Tu-143 BRLA are in operation to this day, they were delivered to Czechoslovakia (1984), Romania, Iraq and Syria (1982), and were used in combat during the Lebanon War. In Czechoslovakia, two squadrons were formed in 1984, one of which is currently located in the Czech Republic, the other in Slovakia. In the early 1960s, remotely piloted aircraft were used by the United States to monitor missile development in the Soviet Union and Cuba. After an RB-47 and two U-2s were shot down, development of the Red Wadon (Model 136) high-altitude unmanned reconnaissance aircraft was begun to carry out reconnaissance work. The UAV had high wings and low radar and infrared signature. During the Vietnam War, with the increase in American aviation losses from Vietnamese air defense missiles, the use of UAVs increased. They were mainly used for photographic reconnaissance, sometimes for electronic warfare purposes. In particular, 147E UAVs were used for electronic reconnaissance. Despite the fact that it was ultimately shot down, the drone transmitted the characteristics of the Vietnamese C75 air defense system to the ground station throughout its flight. The value of this information was commensurate with the total cost of the unmanned aerial vehicle development program. It also saved the lives of many American pilots, as well as aircraft over the next 15 years, until 1973. During the war, American UAVs made almost 3,500 flights, with losses amounting to about four percent. The devices were used for photographic reconnaissance, signal relay, reconnaissance of radio-electronic equipment, electronic warfare, and as decoys to complicate the air situation. But the complete UAV program was shrouded in secrecy, so much so that its success, which was supposed to spur UAV development after the end of hostilities, went largely unnoticed. Unmanned aerial vehicles were used by Israel during the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1973. They were used for surveillance and reconnaissance, as well as as decoys. In 1982, UAVs were used during the fighting in the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. The Israeli AI Scout UAV and Mastiff small remotely piloted aerial vehicles conducted reconnaissance and surveillance of Syrian airfields, air defense systems positions and troop movements. According to information obtained with the help of a UAV, a distracting group of Israeli aviation, before the attack of the main forces, caused the radar stations of the Syrian air defense systems to turn on, which were attacked using homing anti-radar missiles, and those weapons that were not destroyed were suppressed by interference. The success of Israeli aviation was impressive - Syria lost 18 air defense missile batteries. Back in the 70s and 80s, the USSR was the leader in the production of UAVs; about 950 Tu-143s alone were produced. Remotely piloted aircraft and autonomous UAVs were used by both sides during the 1991 Gulf War, primarily as surveillance and reconnaissance platforms. The USA, England, and France deployed and effectively used systems such as Pioneer, Pointer, Exdrone, Midge, Alpilles Mart, CL-89. Iraq used Al Yamamah, Makareb-1000, Sahreb-1 and Sahreb-2. During Operation Desert Storm, coalition tactical reconnaissance UAVs flew more than 530 missions, flying approximately 1,700 hours. At the same time, 28 devices were damaged, including 12 that were shot down. Of the 40 Pioneer UAVs in use by the United States, 60 percent were damaged, but 75 percent were found to be repairable. Of all the lost UAVs, only 2 were combat losses. The low loss rate is most likely due to the small size of the UAVs, due to which the Iraqi army considered that they did not pose a big threat. UAVs were also used in UN peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslavia. In 1992, the United Nations authorized the use of NATO air power to provide air cover for Bosnia and support ground troops stationed throughout the country. To accomplish this task, round-the-clock reconnaissance was required.

In August 2008, the US Air Force completed the rearmament of the first combat air unit, the 174th Fighter Wing of the National Guard, with MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicles. The rearmament took place over three years. Attack UAVs have shown high effectiveness in Afghanistan and Iraq. Main advantages over the replaced F-16: lower cost of purchase and operation, longer flight duration, safety of operators.

UAVs are becoming an indispensable assistant in search and rescue operations. After all, with the help of UAVs you can not only transmit information, but also deliver cargo, warn the population with the help of an active loudspeaker about impending danger. By participating together with manned aircraft in search and rescue operations, UAVs increase the efficiency of their implementation. The search area can be surveyed simultaneously by a group of drones. Using the equipment installed on board the drone, searches can be carried out at any time. In this case, a high-resolution optical-electronic system with several information output channels is used: a thermal imager, a video camera, an infrared camera, a multispectral camera. Also, if necessary, a radar system, magnetometer, and lidars can be used.
But now, most often, UAVs are used to carry out remote sensing of the Earth (ERS). The prerequisites for the use of UAVs as a new photogrammetric tool are the shortcomings of two traditional methods of obtaining remote sensing data using space satellites (space photography) and manned aircraft (aerial photography). Satellite imagery provides images with a maximum publicly available resolution of 0.5 m, which is insufficient for large-scale mapping. Traditional aerial photography, which is carried out using manned aircraft, requires high economic costs for maintenance and refueling, which leads to an increase in the cost of the final product.
The main task facing drones in remote sensing is to obtain spatial data about an object or terrain. Data obtained from UAV aerial photography can be used to create and update digital topographic maps and digital topographic terrains. The results obtained from aerial photography using drones exceed all expectations. The efficiency of work is obvious: speed of obtaining information, efficiency and timeliness, quality of images. But, despite all the advantages, it is not so easy to use this service. Because in order to carry out aerial photography work, certain rules must be observed: obtaining permission to conduct filming in a certain territory, the availability of appropriate licenses, including a license to carry out work related to the use of information constituting a state secret. Therefore, many consumers are not able to use unmanned aerial vehicles themselves, but order aerial photography services from companies that produce UAVs. Due to the specific nature of their activities, such manufacturing companies have the necessary licenses and are able to obtain permission to carry out work.
Compliance with the necessary requirements for performing work using UAVs leads to limited development of this area. Removing restrictions or relaxing laws on the use of UAVs to solve problems of the national economy will give impetus to the development of new technology. At the current stage of development of the commercial use of unmanned aerial vehicles, the consumers of this technology are still the Ministry of Defense and government services: border troops, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other departments that carry out various types of control. Civilian customers include Gazprom, energy companies and others, who regularly monitor the condition of their facilities.
But the market is taking its toll, and Chinese UAVs – multicopters – are appearing in the entertainment segment. First of all, they are purchased as toys, but at the same time, the number of commercial applications of such devices is growing. For example, using them to deliver small goods.

Today, aviation systems with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are one of the most promising types of weapons. In the interests of law enforcement agencies, unmanned aircraft systems make it possible to minimize the use of manned aircraft in areas of operation of enemy anti-aircraft weapons and are capable of solving a wide range of tasks:

– conducting all possible, depending on the target load available on board, types of reconnaissance in order to provide one’s forces with the required information – preferably in real time;

– adjusting the fire of their weapons, issuing target designations for high-precision weapons and assessing the results of fire impact;

– implementation of electronic countermeasures;

– information relay;

– direct destruction of designated enemy targets;

– monitoring of particularly important military and government facilities in the interests of ensuring their safety and security;

– protection of the state border of the country;

– support for the actions of law enforcement and security agencies.

In addition, at present, UAVs are increasingly finding various applications in the civilian field, where it is advisable to use them to solve problems such as:

– operational round-the-clock monitoring of high-risk technological facilities and transport infrastructure - roads and railways, airports and seaports, pipelines for various purposes, etc.;

– carrying out inspections of facilities, incl. in emergency situations, man-made or natural disasters (fires, floods, radiation, chemical or bacteriological contamination, oil and gas leaks, damage to power lines, etc.);

– cartographic survey of the area;

– work as a repeater in information and communication systems for various purposes.

The uniqueness of unmanned aerial systems is due to their specific features.

as the possibility of use from airfields or ground sites without special preparation of infrastructure; reusability of UAVs; lower cost of development, production and operation compared to manned aircraft; eliminating personnel losses; the ability to use radio-electronic and special equipment as a target load to solve a wide range of problems; as well as the possibility of use from sites of limited size (for mini- and micro-UAVs and helicopter-type vehicles).

However, if the use of UAVs in the interests of law enforcement agencies in Russia practically does not cause problems (at least, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is assigned as one of the two government agencies responsible for issuing permission to fly UAVs), then their operation in airspace used by civil aircraft , is still virtually impossible due to gaps in domestic legislation. Or rather, the complete absence of such in relation to unmanned aircraft.

Today we are talking about the fact that in Russia there is no regulatory framework at all on the issues of ensuring (determining) the airworthiness of UAVs, their certification, compliance with safety standards, training of specialists (management and maintenance of such UAVs), licensing (both equipment and various types of activities), as well as insurance. But the most important thing is that Russia has not established rules and regulations for ensuring the safe operation (flight) of UAVs in unrestricted airspace, as well as their integration into the country’s unified air traffic control system without causing damage to its other users. The situation here is much worse than the nervous and incomprehensible situation that has developed around Russian small aviation.

Although, in fairness, it should be noted: such “legal chaos” became possible partly due to a broader – international – problem in the field of ensuring the safety of UAV flights in unrestricted airspace. The fact is that the eighth article of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), in the part relating to the organization of UAV flights, states: “no aircraft capable of flying without a pilot shall fly without a pilot over the territory of a Contracting State without special permission of that State or not in accordance with the terms of such authorization. Each Contracting State undertakes, when such aircraft is flown without a pilot in areas open to civil aircraft, to provide such flight control as to avoid danger to civil aircraft."

But it is simply impossible to do without the help of the state in the matter of creating aviation complexes based on medium and heavy UAVs. If we really want this area to receive at least some development in Russia, and not just one-off projects, then we need to have a general customer. And here a rather contradictory situation arises. On the one hand, the command of the Armed Forces regularly declares the high importance for national security of the development of unmanned systems for various purposes, calling it a priority: “The Armed Forces have developed a program for the development of systems with UAVs, which defines their role and place, the main types and stages of development.” ,” said Colonel General Alexander Zelin, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force, in an interview in 2007. But if you look at the problem from the other side, it turns out that this is, at best, just an attempt to pass off wishful thinking.

The lack of real work in the field of creating medium and heavy UAVs became visibly noticeable at last year’s exhibitions “Unmanned multi-purpose systems in the interests of the fuel and energy sector” and MAKS-2007: the vast majority of UAVs that left the “paper” stage belong to the “mini” class and carry a fairly simple target load. This is another problem - today Russian developers are not able to provide on-board equipment for small and medium-sized UAVs that meets strict requirements for weight and size characteristics.

Especially for the current second exhibition “Unmanned multi-purpose systems in the interests of the fuel and energy sector,” we have prepared a short guide to unmanned aerial vehicles developed and produced by Russian companies. It includes only currently relevant UAV projects - those in service (supply) of the Armed Forces, other law enforcement agencies, in operation by civilian companies, as well as new models undergoing flight tests or being prepared for them in the near future. There were about fifty such UAVs. Taking into account the very wide range of dimensions of unmanned vehicles being developed today in Russia (from several hundred grams to 10 tons), we conditionally divided all UAVs into several groups: light (up to 20 kg), medium (from 20 to 200 kg) and heavy (over 200 kg ). There is a separate class of unmanned helicopters. Within each group, the devices are placed in order of increasing take-off weight, starting with the lightest.

Abbreviations of UAV developers used in the review

"Unmanned Systems" - LLC "Unmanned Systems", Izhevsk (formerly - A-Level Aerosystems)

“Irkut” – OJSC “Research and Production Corporation “Irkut”, Moscow

"Kamov" - JSC "Kamov", Moscow region.

KVAND – KVAND Company, CJSC NPF “KVAND-ASKHM”, Moscow, Minsk

“Kulon” – OJSC “Research Institute “Kulon”, Moscow

"Luch" - OJSC "Design Bureau "Luch", Rybinsk (part of OJSC "Radio Engineering Concern "Vega")

POPPY. – M.A.K., Moscow

Moscow Helicopter Plant named after Mil - JSC Moscow Helicopter Plant named after. M.L. Mile", Moscow

NPO im. Lavochkin - JSC NPO im. S.A. Lavochkin", Moscow region.

OKB im. A.S. Yakovlev – JSC OKB im. A.S. Yakovleva", Moscow

"Radar MMS" - OJSC "NPP "Radar MMS", St. Petersburg

"Sokol" - JSC "OKB "Sokol", Kazan

"Topaz" - JSC "SKB "Topaz", Moscow

"Transas" - CJSC "Transas", division "Transas Aviation", St. Petersburg

"Tupolev" - JSC "Tupolev", Moscow

"ENICS" - CJSC "ENICS", Kazan

Light and ultra-light UAVs

ZALA 421-11

An ultra-light UAV designed for operational monitoring of objects. Made according to the “flying wing” design. Payload: one video camera. A special feature of the device is the compactness of the complex (the UAV itself and the control station fit into a standard-sized case). In terms of target load set, it is identical to the larger model ZALA 421-08. The flight is carried out automatically using an on-board control system (with a data encryption channel and color video transmission). Developed on a proactive basis, the first flight was carried out in May 2007.

ZALA 421-08

Developer: Unmanned Systems

A portable, ultra-light, small-sized complex for operational monitoring of objects, the weight of which, including two UAVs, a compact control station, two spare sets of batteries and a backpack container for transportation, is only 8 kg, and the UAV itself is packed in a shoulder backpack. Made according to the “flying wing” design with a pulling propeller. Start - by hand, landing - by parachute. The UAV performs flight in automatic and semi-automatic modes. Payload – a replaceable unit (video camera module consisting of a gyro-stabilized color TV camera controlled from the GCS, and a heading-view TV camera; IR camera; camera).

T23 "Aileron"

Developer: "ENICS"

An ultra-light UAV for remote observation of objects and monitoring of ground conditions, including in the event of emergencies, natural and man-made disasters. It is designed according to the “flying wing” design with folding consoles; an electric motor with a pushing propeller is located in the tail section. The payload is a stabilized TV system and a digital camera. Start - using a rubber band, landing - with a parachute. Flight modes – manual, autonomous, fly-by, automatic return. The complex includes the T23E UAV, the T23U portable ground control station and the T23P launcher. The small size and electric power plant provide the UAV with very low optical, acoustic and radar signature in flight. The satellite navigation system allows you to accurately record structures, various vehicles and military equipment, groups and individuals. The complex can be transported in backpack containers or by any transport. First demonstrated at MAKS-2005. Since 2007, accepted for supply to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation (see “Irkut-2M”)

"Irkut-2M"

Developer: Irkut

An aviation remote sensing complex designed to receive and transmit to the ground in real time TV and photographic images of the area, determine the coordinates of ground objects, collect, accumulate and process video information. The complex includes two UAVs and ground control and maintenance equipment. Payload – TV camera or digital camera. The propulsion system is an electric motor, the power source is a battery. Communication line – two digital secure channels – control and data transmission. Route control is autonomous. Launch - ejection, landing - parachute. The ground control station is portable and operated by one person. Composite materials are widely used in the design of the UAV, providing high strength with a relatively low weight, as well as resistance to external factors. The design allows for quick assembly and disassembly without the use of special technical means. Produced in series.

Developer: "ENICS"

An ultra-light UAV designed for remote observation of objects and monitoring of ground conditions, incl. in case of emergency situations. It is a civilian version of the T23 Eleron UAV. It is designed according to the “flying wing” design with folding consoles; an electric motor with a pushing propeller is located in the tail section. Payload – stabilized TV system (modified T25D) or IR camera (T25N) or photographic equipment. First demonstrated at MAKS-2005.

"Curl"

Developer: Topaz

The remote monitoring complex with a small-sized UAV is designed to solve various tasks in the interests of ministries and departments, commercial organizations in conditions where the use of manned aircraft is impossible or impractical. Made according to the traditional aircraft design. Launching by hand, landing by airplane. Payload – TV (IR) surveillance equipment or digital camera. The ground complex includes a control, reception and processing center (CRP) and containers for carrying UAVs. Manufacturer: Istrinsky Experimental Mechanical Plant LLC.

Developer: Unmanned Systems

A lightweight UAV designed for operational monitoring of an area or object. Made according to the “flying wing” design with a pushing propeller. Takeoff and landing are automatic. The launch is carried out using an elastic catapult. The UAV is equipped with an automatic control system that allows you to set a route, control and adjust the flight in real time. Flights in automatic and semi-automatic modes. The payload is a color video camera on a gyro-stabilized platform. Since 2006, he has been supplying the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Developer: "ENICS"

A lightweight UAV designed for remote monitoring of terrain. It is designed according to the “flying wing” design and is equipped with an electric motor with a pushing propeller. Payload – TV system. Takeoff - from a catapult, landing - by parachute.

"Irkut-10"

Developer: Irkut

An aviation remote sensing complex designed to receive and transmit to the ground in real time TV, thermal imaging and photographic images of the area, determine the coordinates of ground objects, collect, accumulate and process video information. The complex consists of two UAVs, ground control and maintenance equipment. It is designed according to the “flying wing” design and is equipped with an electric motor with a pushing propeller. Power source – battery. Route control is autonomous. Payload – TV or thermal imaging camera, digital camera. UAV launch - from a portable catapult, landing - using a parachute on unequipped ground areas. Communication line – two digital secure channels – control and data transmission. The ground control station is portable and operated by one person. Produced in series.

Developer: "ENICS"

A lightweight UAV designed for remote monitoring of terrain and transmission of photo and video images to a ground control point. Made according to the “flying wing” design. Payload – TV/IR system. Takeoff - from a catapult, landing - by parachute.

Developer: "ENICS"

A lightweight UAV designed for terrain monitoring using TV equipment. It is designed according to a tandem biplane with detachable consoles and vertical tail, equipped with a piston single-cylinder internal combustion engine with a pusher propeller. Payload: TV camera. Start - from a pneumatic catapult with an overall length of 3 m, landing - by parachute. Flight modes: autonomous, point flyover, radio command. The design of the UAV allows it to be transported in a container with dimensions of no more than 0.3x0.3x1.5 m.

Middle class UAV

M830B "Whistle"

Developer: "ENICS"

The air target is made according to the normal aerodynamic design. Options with two types of propulsion systems have been developed: with a turbojet engine (M830B) and with a PuVRD engine (M830A). Start – ground from an accelerating cart. Landing is like an airplane.

UAV-07

Developer: "Luch"

A small-sized tactical UAV, which is planned to be included in the Tipchak complex. Made according to the “duck” design with a pushing screw. The target load is a combined dual-spectrum TV/IR camera or photographic equipment. Launch - using a catapult, landing - by parachute. Design began in 2005, first demonstrated at the Hydroaviasalon 2006.

Developer: "ENICS"

A small-sized UAV designed for terrain surveillance, operational search, detection of ground objects, and clarification of weather conditions in the target area. Used as part of the Smerch MLRS. The adjustment of MLRS fire at a range of up to 70 km reduces shooting errors and reduces the consumption of shells. The layout is similar to the T92 UAV. Engine – PuVRD. Payload – TV camera. When folded, the UAV is placed in a special container and fired using a standard 300-mm 9M534 rocket. After “reaching” the design point, the UAV is separated from the missile. The flight takes place in autonomous navigation mode using SNS signals. Landing by parachute. It is being tested in the interests of the Russian Defense Ministry and is offered for export.

T92 "Lotus"

Developer: "ENICS"

An aerial ground launch platform designed to deliver a target payload to a given area, complete the mission and return to the landing site. It was previously intended to be used as part of the Tipchak complex. The UAV is built according to the biplane-tandem scheme. Folding wing consoles and a two-fin rotating vertical tail make it possible to store the UAV in a compact container. Start - from a ground catapult, landing - by parachute. TV and/or IR cameras can be used as payloads. The flight is performed in autonomous mode or in radio control mode. The propulsion system is a piston engine. It was tested in 1995 and already took part in research exercises of the Ground Forces at the Alabinsky training ground of the Moscow Military District and in the exercises of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Tatarstan in 1998. It is in operation.

"Dozor-2"

Developer: Transas

UAV for monitoring of national economic and military purposes, search

victims and delivery of necessary cargo, border patrol, ice control, geological exploration, digital cartography. Made according to a two-beam aircraft design. The power plant is a two-stroke internal combustion engine with a power of 5.5 hp. with a push screw. Takeoff and landing are according to aircraft. The payload is an automatic digital camera, high-resolution front- and side-view video cameras, a near- and long-range IR system, and an object recognition system. Information can be transmitted to the ground via a radio channel or recorded on an on-board storage device for 30 hours. The complex includes three UAVs (in the stowed position they are placed in special containers) and a mobile center for receiving, processing and transmitting information. The entire complex is located on the base of an all-terrain vehicle. The on-board control system was developed by TeKnol LLC. Work on the complex began in 2005. The device was tested at a special training exercise for the border troops of the FSB of the Russian Federation. One of the Russian oil producing companies ordered several kits for monitoring the pipeline. Work is underway to create the next generation UAV “Dozor-3”, the take-off weight of which can be 500 kg, and the payload weight can be more than 100 kg. In the future - the creation of a UAV capable of carrying a payload weighing 150-160 kg.

La-225 "Komar"

Developer: NPO im. S.A. Lavochkina

UAV for remote sensing of the earth's surface, made according to a two-beam aircraft design. The engine is a two-stroke gasoline engine with a pusher propeller. The device can transmit video information in real time to ground equipment. The flight map is set before launch, the route can be changed. Launch and control are carried out from a mobile ground complex, landing is carried out on the landing gear. The Komar UAV is in the development and testing stage. The La-225 prototype was demonstrated for the first time at MAKS-2007.

UAV-05 / "Tipchak"

Developer: "Luch"

An aerial reconnaissance complex designed for round-the-clock search, detection, recognition of objects, determination of their coordinates and transmission of the received data in real time to a ground control point at a distance of up to 40 km. The complex includes six UAVs, an antenna vehicle (post), an operator vehicle, a transport and launch vehicle and a technical support vehicle. All vehicles are located on the chassis of a KamAZ-3314 off-road vehicle. The UAV is made according to the normal design with a double-boom tail unit. The power plant is a piston engine with a pusher propeller. Launch - using a catapult, landing - by parachute. Payload – a combined dual-spectrum TV/IR camera, with the ability to replace it with photographic equipment, etc. Operating modes – autonomous and by operator commands. The equipment for the radio transmission and reception of information and control carries out information exchange between the ground control point and the aircraft, transmission of command information from the ground point to the board, transmission of broadband video information, navigation data and telemetric information from the aircraft to the ground point. State tests were completed in 2007, and the complex is planned to be put into service in 2008.

UAV-08

Developer: "Luch"

Low-speed UAV with long flight time. It should be on par with the Tipchak UAV and be used in reconnaissance systems used in the interests of various types of armed forces and branches of the military. Made according to the normal design with a V-shaped tail and a pusher propeller (the engine is located above the fuselage). Launch - using a pneumatic catapult, landing - by parachute. First demonstrated at the Hydroaviation Show 2006.

Developer: "ENICS"

An aerial target designed to simulate subsonic maneuvering targets such as a “cruise missile,” “gliding bomb,” or “UAV.” Made according to the normal design with a double-boom tail unit. Engine – PuVRD. The complex includes an aerial target, an autonomous ground control station, a launcher and a set of technological equipment. Start - from a towed pneumatic catapult, landing - by parachute. In-flight control is from a ground mobile control station; forced termination of the flight is provided by signals from on-board systems or by radio command. Flight modes – automatic return and flyby. Payload – Luneberg lens, angled

reflector, false thermal target, smoke tracer. Produced in series.

Developer: "ENICS"

An aerial target designed to simulate subsonic maneuvering targets such as a “cruise missile,” “gliding bomb,” or “UAV.” It is made according to the normal design with a two-boom tail unit, the engine is a PuVRD. The complex includes an aerial target, an autonomous ground control station, a launcher and a set of technological equipment. Start - from a towed pneumatic catapult, landing - by parachute. In-flight control is from a ground mobile control station; forced termination of the flight is provided by signals from on-board systems or by radio command. Flight modes – automatic return and flyby. Payload – Luneberg lens, corner reflector, thermal decoy

T92M "Chibis"

Developer: "ENICS"

An aerial ground launch platform, the device was originally intended for the Tipchak complex. Aerodynamically similar to the mass-produced E95M aerial targets. The launch is carried out from a ground launcher (catapult), landing is by parachute. TV and IR cameras can be used as payloads. The propulsion system is a piston engine. Currently in use.

M850 "Astra"

Developer: "ENICS"

An aerial target for training crews of air defense systems. It can also be used to perform aerial work related to operational monitoring of the earth's surface (installation of additional targeted equipment is possible). The start is aerial. The launch can be carried out from the external sling of an airplane or helicopter. Parachute landing is carried out automatically or at the operator's command. The aerodynamic design is normal. Power plant - PuVRD. The flight takes place autonomously or in radio control mode.

"Pchela-1T" / "Stroy-P"

Developer: OKB im. A.S. Yakovleva/ “Pendant”

An aerial reconnaissance UAV designed to monitor the battlefield in the interests of tactical units of various military branches in real time, incl. conducting reconnaissance (search, detection, flight, recognition and determination of coordinates) of attack targets, additional reconnaissance of targets, issuing target designation in real time, as well as monitoring the results of a fire strike. The complex includes 10 UAVs, a mobile ground station for remote control of the launch system and pre-launch control (or a control station and a separate transport-launcher), a technological machine, and a transport-loading machine. Start - from a ground launcher, landing - using a parachute shock-absorbing system. Flight – automatic according to the program or remote control. The payload is a gyro-stabilized TV camera with a varifocal lens and a broadband transmitter with an antenna. Instead of a TV camera, an IR camera can be installed (in the “Pchela-1IK” modification). In the modification of the Pchela-1VM aerial target, a set of special equipment is placed on board to increase visibility in the optical and radar ranges. Design work and laboratory tests were carried out in 1984-1986, tests - from 1986 to 1990, the complex was put into service with the Pchela-1T UAV in 1991. The complex and the UAV are being modernized in terms of equipping them with a digital noise-resistant radio link control, a new television surveillance system with a digital camera, which allows the complex to be used not only during the day, but also in the deep twilight.

E22 "Bertha"

Developer: "ENICS"

An aerial target for training crews of air defense systems. Made according to the “canard” design with vertical tail surfaces at the wing tips. Propulsion system - PuVRD (there are also options with piston and turbojet engines). Start method - with a ground launcher or in an airplane (for the version with a piston engine).

Landing - like an airplane (for the version with a piston engine) or with a parachute.

"Golden eagle"

Developer: Tupolev

UAV for operational monitoring of territories and fuel and energy complex facilities. Made according to the "duck" design with a main engine with a pusher propeller. Start - from an inclined automobile catapult, landing - using a parachute-shock-absorbing system. Target load – TV and IR cameras, surveillance sensors, radio data transmission line, navigation, flight and telemetry equipment. First demonstrated at the UVS-TECH exhibition in 2007.

"Irkut-200"

Developer: Irkut

An aviation remote sensing complex designed to receive and transmit to the ground in real time TV, thermal imaging, radar and photographic images of the area, determine the coordinates of ground objects, collect, accumulate and process video information. The complex includes two UAVs, a ground control station and maintenance equipment. Payload – TV camera, thermal imaging camera, radar and digital camera. Propulsion system: 60 hp internal combustion engine. with a fuel reserve of 60 kg. Power source – generator. Takeoff and landing are like an airplane, carried out by the operator of the ground control station. Route control is autonomous. The ground control station is served by two operators: the first controls the aircraft, the second controls the payload. Currently under development and testing.

Heavy UAVs

"Tribute"

Developer: Sokol

An aerial target complex designed to simulate UAVs, cruise missiles and subsonic tactical aircraft during combat training of troops and testing anti-aircraft missile, small arms and artillery systems and weapons systems of fighter aircraft. Built according to a normal aerodynamic design. The complex includes three types of air targets (a fully equipped target with options for general and target equipment; a target with towing equipment for a subtarget that simulates infrared radiation and radar characteristics; a target for combat training), a ground control point, as well as special ground support equipment ( mobile or stationary launcher, transport-charging vehicle, air launch installation, control and start-up system, set of technological equipment) and general (fuel and oil tanker, airfield mobile electrical unit) purposes. Power plant - turbojet engine. Start - from a launcher with a solid propellant starting engine, landing - with a parachute or on shock absorbers. The control system is combined (program and radio control). The target load is a radar target simulator, a device for simulating the use of passive radar and infrared interference, miss measurement equipment, tracers and Luneberg lenses. The complex has been adopted by the RF Armed Forces and is in operation.

"Hummingbird"

Developer: M.A.K.

An aviation system for remote control and inspection with a reconnaissance UAV, designed to conduct reconnaissance in the interests of various types of troops in tactical and operational-tactical depth. The complex includes UAV-O (survey) and UAV-R (repeater), a ground station for remote control, reception and processing of target information, a station for driving and landing UAVs on the runway, and a technical and operational part for servicing and storing unmanned vehicles. Power plant - one 75 hp piston engine. Takeoff and landing are by plane from the runway. It is possible to create a variant of the Kolibri UAV, launched from a launcher using a solid propellant rocket engine and using a parachute-shock absorption system for landing. The UAV is supposed to be equipped with various reconnaissance equipment - a television camera or thermal imaging equipment placed on a stabilized platform. Transfer of intelligence information in real time. The design of the UAV uses an integral fuselage shape and radio-absorbing coatings. The first flight was carried out in 2005, a prototype was demonstrated for the first time at the Interpolitex-2005 salon.

"Dunham"

Developer: Sokol

An environmental monitoring complex designed to solve monitoring problems, in particular the review, control and protection of large-area and industrial facilities over land and water surfaces, incl. monitoring gas and oil pipelines, identifying locations of gas leaks and oil spills, determining the fact of unauthorized connection and mapping “lost” sections of pipelines, as well as remotely determining the concentrations of explosive mixtures near leak sites in conjunction with a gas analyzer. The complex includes a UAV (one or more), a mobile ground control station consisting of an operator station and an antenna post, as well as ground support equipment (mobile launcher, transport vehicle and mobile repair station). The UAV is made according to the normal design, equipped with a rotary piston engine with a pushing propeller. Start - from a ground-based launcher using a solid-fuel starting engine, landing - by parachute or in an airplane. The control system is combined, software and radio command. The target equipment is an optical-electronic system with TV and thermal imaging channels. It is at the stage of systems development. First demonstrated at MAKS-2005.

"Dan-Baruk"

Developer: Sokol

A complex of unmanned aerial vehicles designed for conducting aerial reconnaissance with the ability to strike individual targets (search, detection and identification of targets, monitoring them, determining the coordinates of targets for their destruction, including other fire weapons, guiding UAVs to the target and use of airborne weapons against ground targets). The complex includes a UAV (one or more), a mobile ground control station consisting of an operator station and an antenna post, as well as ground support equipment (mobile launcher, transport vehicle and mobile repair station). Payload – surveillance and sighting system, on-board weapons (two containers with self-aiming or cumulative fragmentation combat elements). The propulsion system is a piston engine with a pusher propeller. Start - from a ground launcher using a starting engine, landing - by parachute or in an airplane. The control system is combined, software and radio command. Capable of solving reconnaissance missions with the ability to strike at detected or further reconnaissance targets; The UAV has a long flight duration and altitude, and an anti-interference radio link. It is distinguished by high autonomy and mobility of the complex. Currently in the R&D stage, first presented at MAKS-2007.

UAV-06 "Stork"

Developer: "Pendant"

An aerial surveillance complex designed to monitor pipelines located on the surface of the earth, oil and gas production sites, and power lines; searching for leaks in underground and above-ground gas pipelines, places where pipelines are flooded, places where soil and water are contaminated with petroleum products as a result of an accident; control of pipelines and power lines in conditions of poor weather visibility using SAR; as well as monitoring the air condition in areas of oil and gas production and processing. In the basic configuration, the complex includes a ground control point (GCP), a ground information processing point (GPO), a UAV, a transport vehicle (TM), and a technological machine (MT). The UAV is made according to the normal design, with a V-shaped tail. The power plant is two piston engines with tractor propellers on the wing. The NPU is designed to control the flight of the UAV and its target equipment, receive, display and register information coming from the UAV and ensure information exchange with external consumers. The payload is a wide-area dual-spectrum (TV/IR) line equipment, an on-board synthetic aperture radar, an on-board information recorder, an information-command radio link and a gas analyzer. For detailed observation, a gyro-stabilized optical-electronic system consisting of combined TV and IR cameras and a laser rangefinder can be used.

"Irkut-850"

Developer: Irkut

An aviation remote sensing complex designed to receive and transmit to the ground in real time television, thermal imaging, radar and photographic images of the area, determine the coordinates of ground objects, collect, accumulate and process video information, as well as deliver compact cargo. The complex includes two optionally manned aircraft (OPAV) - the Stemme S10VT motor glider, a ground control station and maintenance equipment. Payload – TV camera, thermal imaging camera, radar and digital camera. Optionally, manned aircraft of the aviation complex can be used in both manned and unmanned versions. The transition from a manned to a remotely controlled and autonomous version does not require special work. Aircraft have high aerodynamic quality. The power plant is an internal combustion engine with a power of 100 hp. with a fuel reserve of 70 kg. Takeoff and landing - like an airplane, on a runway no more than 300 m long. Control: on the route - autonomous; takeoff and landing are carried out by the operator of the ground control station. The ground control station is served by two operators: the first is to control the aircraft, the second is to control the payload. Distinctive features are multitasking, the ability to be used in manned and unmanned versions, the use of various payloads, low operating and life cycle costs, as well as a high degree of autonomy. Tests have been completed and serial production has been prepared.

Tu-243 "Flight-D"

Developer: Tupolev

An unmanned tactical reconnaissance complex designed for conducting photo and TV reconnaissance at any time of the day in areas where troops and military equipment are concentrated, engineering structures, areas of environmental and natural disasters, determining the location and extent of forest fires, gas and oil pipeline accidents. It is possible to install radiation reconnaissance equipment. It is a modernized version of what was mass-produced in 1972-1989. The Tu-143 “Flight” UAV differs from it in a completely updated set of reconnaissance equipment, a new navigation and flight system, an increased fuel reserve, etc. Compared to the Reis complex, the ground support equipment included modernized mobile launch and technical equipment, which significantly improved the operational characteristics of the complex. Made according to the “tailless” design with a low-lying delta wing and a destabilizer in the nose. Main engine – turbojet engine type TR3-117. Launch - from a launcher using two solid fuel boosters, landing - by parachute. The first flight was carried out in 1987, in the 90s. mass-produced. It is in service with the Russian Air Force.

Currently, further modernization of the tactical UAV "Reis-D" is proposed in the reconnaissance versions "Reis-D-R" ("R-D-R") and the attack UAV "Reis-D-U" ("R-D-U" ). In the R-D-R reconnaissance version, the UAV can be equipped with one of three options for target equipment: IR reconnaissance, TV reconnaissance and radiation reconnaissance equipment; RTR and radiation reconnaissance equipment; radar and radiation reconnaissance equipment. In the strike version, “R-D-U” is equipped with a surveillance and sighting system and a fire control system. The armament can consist of two KMGU blocks inside the cargo compartment, equipped with fragmentation, anti-tank cumulative and cumulative-wasp explosive, volumetric-detonating combat elements. The flight is carried out according to a program previously entered into the on-board computer; during the flight, it is possible to correct the flight program, as well as change the operating modes of the on-board equipment using radio commands from the ground control station via a radio link.

Tu-300

Developer: Tupolev / Kulon

A multi-purpose operational-tactical unmanned system designed to solve a wide range of reconnaissance, ground target destruction and relay tasks. The complex includes several UAVs, a mobile transport and launcher, a remote control point and a data decryption point. Simultaneous flight control of two reconnaissance UAVs and two relay UAVs is provided (the latter provides information transmission for 2 hours when flying at a speed of 500-600 km/h at an altitude of 500-6000 m). The UAV is designed according to a “tailless” design with a low-lying delta wing and a destabilizer in the nose. The main engine is an AI-25TL turbofan engine. Launch - from a launcher using two solid fuel boosters, landing - by parachute. Payload - reconnaissance equipment (electronic reconnaissance equipment, side-view radar, cameras, IR cameras) or aircraft weapons on the external sling and in the internal compartment. Flight tests began in 1991, several prototype UAVs were built. First demonstrated at MAKS-93 in 1993.

In 2007, the intention was announced to “reanimate” the project and modernize it in terms of improving performance and using new equipment. Currently offered in reconnaissance (Tu-300-R) and strike (Tu-300-U) versions. The Tu-300-R reconnaissance UAV is designed for aerial reconnaissance in tactical and operational-tactical depth in the interests of the command of directions, fronts, armies and army corps. Payload – optical-electronic and radiation reconnaissance equipment, RTR. The Tu-300-U attack UAV is designed to destroy air defense radars, aircraft on the ground, IR-contrast targets, protected control posts, armored vehicles on the move and in concentration areas, surface ships and vessels, etc. For this purpose, the UAV is equipped with a surveillance and sighting system, a beam holder for external sling and a cargo hatch. Weapons used: conventional and adjustable bombs, air-to-surface missiles with various guidance systems, KMGU, various types of mines, depth charges, air-to-air missiles, etc.

"Breakthrough"

Developer: OKB im. A.S. Yakovleva

A unified family of heavy UAVs developed using the units and systems of the Yak-130 combat training aircraft, including the Proryv-U attack UAV, the Proryv-R reconnaissance UAV and the Proryv-RLD radar surveillance UAV. To reduce the cost and development time, it was planned to use systems and assemblies tested on the Yak-130 aircraft, primarily the engine, remote control system, other aircraft systems, special on-board equipment, etc. According to the illustration on the official website of the OKB im. A.S. Yakovlev", the degree of unification of the Proryv UAV and the Yak-130 can reach 40%. For the first time, sufficiently detailed information and diagrams of the Proryv family of UAVs were published in a special anniversary issue of the all-Russian scientific and technical magazine Polet for the 100th anniversary of A.S. Yakovlev in March 2006. In the strike version, the device is planned to be designed according to a stealthy flying wing design without a tail, with internal placement of the combat load and one engine with an air intake at the top of the fuselage head. Modifications of the reconnaissance aircraft and radar apparatus, which are 60-70% unified with the combat version, differ from it, in addition to the use of other equipment complexes, by the use of high aspect ratio wing consoles and a tail module.

"Scat"

Developer: RSK "MiG"

A promising heavy stealth combat UAV designed to destroy pre-reconnaissance stationary ground targets, primarily air defense systems, in conditions of strong opposition from enemy anti-aircraft weapons, as well as the destruction of mobile ground and sea targets when conducting both autonomous and group actions together with manned aircraft . Takeoff and landing are like an airplane. The UAV is designed according to the stealthy “flying wing” design without a tail unit. The power plant is one turbofan engine of the RD-5000B type with a thrust of 5040 kgf, equipped with a flat nozzle to reduce visibility. The engine air intake is located at the top of the nose of the vehicle. Inside the UAV body there are two payload compartments, inside of which two air-to-surface or air-to-radar missiles, or two adjustable bombs of 250-500 kg caliber can be placed. The maximum combat load weight of the device is 2000 kg. The development of the Skat UCAV has been carried out by RSK MiG since 2005 on an initiative basis. In 2007, a full-size mock-up was built in the pilot production of RSK MiG, which was first demonstrated during MAKS-2007.

Unmanned helicopters

ZALA 421-05Н

Developer: Unmanned Systems

Surveillance complex with a small helicopter-type UAV. The device can be used in automatic or semi-automatic modes. The UAV payload may include a high-quality video camera, thermal imaging camera or photo camera mounted on a gyro-stabilized platform. It was first shown at the Interpolitex-2006 exhibition and, according to the company, by that time it had already been successfully tested in two versions, differing in the power plant: with an electric motor (for special tasks) and with an internal combustion engine. Planned for delivery to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

DPV series UAV

Developer: NPP Radar MMS.

The monitoring complex based on small-sized helicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicles is designed for operational monitoring from the air of large areas and extended sections of the earth, water and ice surfaces in hard-to-reach areas in order to support search and rescue operations, conduct ice reconnaissance, identify fires, emergency sections of power lines and pipelines, places of flooding, unauthorized deforestation, accumulation of schools of fish, patrolling of urban and restricted areas, environmental monitoring of the area, etc. The complex does not require specially prepared airfields and sites. The complex includes several similar unmanned radio-controlled helicopters of the "DPV" family of various modifications with a two-bladed main rotor with servo blades and a tail rotor, a remote control station consisting of two automated workstations and a transceiver system (UAV control, reception, display and registration of information, control of the functioning of the complex elements), as well as a set of starting equipment. Everything is placed on a minibus chassis. The on-board equipment of helicopters consists of a television system with equipment for transmitting telemetric information in the structure of the TV signal, an SNS receiver, optionally a duplex radio channel for control and transmission of telemetry over 20 km, an autopilot, a radio altimeter and a software control system for the flight path. Helicopter control – manual in visual mode and using television images from the helicopter in real time; when equipped with an autopilot – autonomous flight along a given route. The operation, maintenance and preparation of the helicopter for work is carried out by two people - the helicopter operator and the observer-decipherer.

Short-range man-portable UAV

Developer: Kamov

A short-range portable unmanned helicopter designed for aerial photography, broadcasting and relaying television and radio signals, etc. as part of a multifunctional monitoring complex. The concept is being developed based on the experience of creating the Ka-37 and Ka-137 helicopters. It is made according to a pine design, with a spherical body. The project was first presented at the UVS-TECH exhibition in 2007.

Developer: KVAND

Robotic small-sized unmanned helicopter designed

for monitoring territories and objects, conducting prospecting work, geological exploration, aerial photography of the area, and performing aerochemical work. Built according to a single-rotor design with a tail rotor, with a skid-type chassis. The power plant is two gas turbine engines (the power unit is mounted in the center of the fuselage). The main rotor is two-bladed, with elastic fastening of blades made of composite materials, the tail rotor is two-bladed. The complex includes a UAV and a ground control station (operating modes - automatic and backup). The small size of the helicopter allows it to be transported on a small car trailer. First demonstrated at the exhibition “Unmanned multi-purpose systems in the interests of the fuel and energy sector” at the beginning of 2007. Tests began in May 2007.

ZALA 421-02

Developer: Unmanned Systems

An autonomous helicopter-type UAV designed to solve various tasks of ground and sea reconnaissance, target detection, target designation, providing relay communications, etc. It is capable of solving problems of monitoring infrastructure facilities in the oil and gas and other industries, as well as monitoring the condition and use of agricultural land, forestry, etc. The device is built according to a classic helicopter design with a tail rotor, a three-point landing gear. The fuselage is made of ultra-light composite materials. The engine is a two-stroke two-cylinder. The complex includes a UAV and a control station, which allows you to control the payload and access mission planning information; viewing video images, taking photographs and recording are also available. The UAV performs flight in automatic and semi-automatic modes. A prototype has been built and tests are being carried out.

Ka-137

Developer: Kamov

The multi-purpose unmanned helicopter complex MBVK-137 with the Ka-137 UAV is designed to solve a wide range of tasks in the interests of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Defense, and the national economy. The UAV is capable of conducting engineering, radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance; deliver emergency special-purpose cargo; broadcast and relay information in emergency situations dangerous to humans, as well as solve a wide range of other tasks. The complex in the ground-mobile version includes from two to five UAVs, a mobile control station PPU-137, a transport and operating vehicle, a crane for loading and unloading aircraft, as well as replaceable sets of target on-board equipment. In the airmobile version, the UAV is delivered to the deployment site on the external sling of a Ka-32 helicopter, on board of which there is also a control and operation center. The UAV is made according to a coaxial design and has a spherical fuselage; there is no tail. The supporting system consists of two two-blade rotors. The design of the Ka-137 began in 1994, the first flight was carried out in 1999. At the beginning of 2007, at the UVS-TECH exhibition, a project for a modernized version, the “Multifunctional Medium-Range UAV,” was presented.

A-002M

Developer: Irkut

The aviation remote sensing complex based on the lightweight A002M gyroplane is designed to receive and transmit to the ground in real time television, thermal imaging, radar and photographic images of the area, determine the coordinates of ground objects, collect, accumulate and process video information, as well as deliver compact cargo. The complex includes two gyroplanes, a ground control station and maintenance equipment. Payload – TV camera, thermal imaging camera, radar station and digital camera. The power plant is an internal combustion engine with a power of 210 hp. with a fuel reserve of 150 liters. Take-off and landing are like a gyroplane, the required runway length is no more than 30 m. The ground control station is served by two operators: the first controls the aircraft, the second controls the payload. Serial production has begun.

Mi-34BP

Developer: Moscow Helicopter Plant named after. mile

Multi-purpose unmanned helicopter complex based on the Mi-34 light helicopter, designed for monitoring the earth's surface and transmitting to the ground television and/or thermal imaging images of the terrain or specific objects on the ground, chemical and radiation reconnaissance, transportation of cargo for various applications up to 300 kg. The complex includes a UAV and a ground control station. The basic configuration of the on-board equipment complex includes a helicopter control system, autopilot, trajectory control and landing system, radio communication line, and special equipment. The UAV is made according to a single-rotor design with a tail rotor and a skid-type chassis. Power plant - turboshaft engine type AI-450, VK-450X or "Arrius" with a power of 450-500 hp. The project was first presented at the UVS-TECH exhibition in early 2007. It is in the preliminary design stage.

UAV based on Ka-226

Developer: Kamov

Unmanned helicopter long-range monitoring system based on the serial Ka-226 helicopter. The design of the UAV provides for the use of up to a third of the components and structural elements of the base helicopter - rotors, tail boom, upper engine compartment of the fuselage, etc. The chassis is skid type. The project was first presented at the exhibition “Unmanned multi-purpose systems in the interests of the fuel and energy sector” in early 2007. A UAV based on the Ka-226 should become an element of an unmanned multi-element helicopter complex, the flexibility of which will be ensured by the presence of standardized elements and a replaceable standard load set.

Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation

State educational institution of higher professional education

"South Ural State University"

Faculty of Aerospace

Department of Aircraft and Control

on the history of aerospace technology

Description of control systems for unmanned aerial vehicles

Chelyabinsk 2009

Introduction

Story

Composition of onboard equipment of modern UAVs

To ensure the tasks of observing the underlying surface in real time during the flight and digital photography of selected areas of the terrain, including hard-to-reach areas, as well as determining the coordinates of the studied areas of the area, the UAV payload must contain:

Devices for obtaining view information:

Satellite navigation system (GLONASS/GPS);

Radio link devices for visual and telemetric information;

Command and navigation radio link devices with antenna-feeder device;

Command information exchange device;

Information exchange device;

On-board digital computer (ONDVM);

Type information storage device.

Modern television (TV) cameras provide the operator with a real-time picture of the observed terrain in a format closest to the characteristics of the human visual apparatus, which allows him to freely navigate the terrain and, if necessary, pilot a UAV. The capabilities for detecting and recognizing objects are determined by the characteristics of the photodetector and optical system of the television camera. The main disadvantage of modern television cameras is their limited sensitivity, which does not ensure 24-hour use. The use of thermal imaging (TPV) cameras makes it possible to ensure 24-hour use of UAVs. The most promising is the use of combined television and thermal imaging systems. In this case, the operator is presented with a synthesized image containing the most informative parts inherent in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges, which can significantly improve the tactical and technical characteristics of the surveillance system. However, such systems are technically complex and quite expensive. The use of radar allows you to receive information around the clock and under unfavorable weather conditions, when TV and TPV channels do not provide information. The use of replaceable modules allows you to reduce the cost and reconfigure the composition of on-board equipment to solve the problem under specific application conditions. Let's consider the composition of the onboard equipment of a mini-UAV.

▪ The survey heading device is fixed motionless at a certain angle to the combat axis of the aircraft, providing the necessary capture area on the ground. The survey heading device may include a television camera (TC) with a wide-field lens (WFL). Depending on the tasks being solved, it can be quickly replaced or supplemented with a thermal imaging camera (TIC), a digital camera (DCC) or a radar.

▪ A detailed view device with a rotating device consists of a detailed viewing TC with a narrow-field lens (NFL) and a three-coordinate rotating device, which ensures that the camera rotates along the heading, roll and pitch according to the operator’s commands for a detailed analysis of a specific area of the terrain. To ensure operation in low light conditions, the TC can be supplemented with a thermal imaging camera (TIC) on a microbolometer matrix with a narrow-field lens. It is also possible to replace the TC with a DFA. Such a solution will allow the use of UAVs for aerial photography when the optical axis of the DFA is turned to nadir.

▪ Radio link devices for visual and telemetric information (transmitter and antenna-feeder device) must ensure the transmission of visual and telemetric information in real or near real time to the control unit within radio visibility.

▪ Command-navigation radio link devices (receiver and antenna-feeder device) must ensure reception of UAV piloting commands and control of its equipment within radio visibility.

▪ The command information exchange device ensures the distribution of command and navigation information among consumers on board the UAV.

▪ The information exchange device ensures the distribution of view information between on-board sources of view information, a radio link transmitter of view information and an on-board device for storing view information. This device also provides information exchange between all functional devices that are part of the UAV target load via the selected interface (for example, RS-232). Through the external port of this device, before the UAV takes off, the flight mission is entered and pre-launch automated built-in control is carried out on the functioning of the main components and systems of the UAV.

▪ The satellite navigation system provides coordinate reference (topographic reference) of the UAV and observed objects using signals from the GLONASS global satellite navigation system (GPS). The satellite navigation system consists of one or two receivers (GLONASS/GPS) with antenna systems. The use of two receivers, the antennas of which are spaced along the construction axis of the UAV, makes it possible to determine, in addition to the coordinates of the UAV, the value of its heading angle.

▪ The on-board digital computer (ONDCM) provides control of the on-board UAV complex.

▪ The view information storage device ensures the accumulation of view information selected by the operator (or in accordance with the flight mission) until the UAV lands. This device can be removable or permanent. In the latter case, a channel must be provided for retrieving the accumulated information to external devices after landing of the UAV. Information read from the view information storage device allows for a more detailed analysis when deciphering the view information received during the flight of the UAV.

▪ The built-in power supply ensures matching of voltage and current consumption of the on-board power supply and devices included in the payload, as well as operational protection against short circuits and overloads in the electrical network. Depending on the class of the UAV, the payload can be supplemented with various types of radar, sensors for environmental, radiation and chemical monitoring. The UAV control complex is a complex, multi-level structure, the main task of which is to ensure the deployment of the UAV to a given area and the execution of operations in accordance with the flight mission, as well as to ensure the delivery of information received by the UAV's on-board means to the control point.

Onboard UAV navigation and control complex

The onboard complex "Aist" is a fully functional means of navigation and control of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of an aircraft design. The complex provides: determination of navigation parameters, orientation angles and UAV movement parameters (angular velocities and accelerations); navigation and control of the UAV when flying along a given trajectory; stabilization of UAV orientation angles in flight; output to the transmission channel of telemetric information about navigation parameters and UAV orientation angles. The central element of the Aist BC is a small-sized inertial navigation system (INS), integrated with a satellite navigation system receiver. Built on the basis of microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers) on the principle of a strapdown ANN, the system is a unique high-tech product that guarantees high accuracy of navigation, stabilization and control of aircraft of any class. Built-in static pressure sensor provides dynamic detection of altitude and vertical speed. Composition of the onboard complex: inertial navigation system unit; SNS receiver; autopilot unit; Flight Data Storage; airspeed sensor In the basic configuration, control is carried out through the following channels: ailerons; elevator; rudder; motor controller. The complex is compatible with the PCM radio channel (pulse code modulation) and allows you to control the UAV both manually from a standard remote control and automatically, according to autopilot commands. Autopilot control commands are generated in the form of standard pulse-width modulated (PWM) signals suitable for most types of actuators. Physical characteristics:

dimensions, mm: autopilot unit - 80 x 47 x 10; INS – 98 x 70 x 21; SNS receiver - 30 x 30 x 10; weight, kg: autopilot unit - 0.120; ANN - 0.160; SNS receiver - 0.03. Electrical characteristics: supply voltage, V - 10...27; power consumption (max.), W - 5. Environment: temperature, degrees C - from –40 to +70; vibration/shock, g - 20.

Control: RS-232 ports (2) - data reception/transmission; RS-422 ports (5) – communication with external devices; PWM channels (12) - control devices; programmable waypoints (255) - route turning points. Operating ranges: roll - ±180°; pitch - ±90°; course (travel angle) - 0...360; acceleration - ±10 g; angular velocity - ±150°/sec

System for controlling the spatial position of highly directional antenna systems in UAV complexes

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) itself is only part of a complex complex, one of the main tasks of which is to promptly communicate the received information to the operational personnel of the control point (CP). The ability to ensure stable communication is one of the most important characteristics that determine the operational capabilities of the UAV control complex and ensures that information received by the UAV is communicated in “real time” to the operating personnel of the control center. To ensure communication over long distances and increase noise immunity due to spatial selection, highly directional antenna systems (AS) are widely used in UAV control systems both on the PU and on the UAV. The functional diagram of the spatial position control system of a highly directional speaker, which ensures optimization of the process of entering into communication in the UAV control complexes, is shown in Fig. 1.

The control system for highly directional speakers (see Fig. 1) includes:

Actually a highly directional speaker, the radio technical parameters of which are selected based on the requirements to ensure the required communication range over the radio link.

Servo drive of the speaker, providing spatial orientation of the speaker pattern in the direction of the expected appearance of radiation from the communication object.

An automatic directional tracking system (ADT), which provides stable automatic tracking of a communication object in the zone of confident capture of the direction finding characteristics of the ASN system.

A radio receiving device that provides the formation of a “Communication” signal, indicating the reception of information with a given quality.

Antenna system control processor, which provides analysis of the current state of the AC control system, generation of servo drive control signals to ensure spatial orientation of the AC in accordance with the flight mission and spatial scanning algorithm, analysis of the presence of communication, analysis of the possibility of transferring the AC servo drive from the “External control” mode to the “External control” mode Automatic tracking", generating a signal to switch the AC servo drive to the "External control" mode.

Rice. 1. Functional diagram of the spatial position control system of a highly directional speaker in UAV control complexes

The main task performed by the attitude control system of a highly directional AS is to ensure stable contact with the object specified by the flight mission.

This task is divided into a number of subtasks:

Ensuring the spatial orientation of the speaker pattern in the direction of the expected appearance of radiation from the communication object and its spatial stabilization for the case of the station location on board the aircraft.

Expansion of the zone of stable capture of radiation from a communication object through the use of a discrete spatial scanning algorithm with a deterministic spatio-temporal structure.

Transition to the mode of stable automatic tracking of a communication object by the ASN system when a communication object is detected.

Ensuring the possibility of re-establishing communication in case of failure. For a discrete spatial scanning algorithm with a deterministic spatiotemporal structure, the following features can be distinguished:

Scanning of the speaker pattern is carried out discretely in time and space. Spatial movements of the AS DN during scanning are carried out in such a way that there are no spatial zones left that are not overlapped by the zone of confident capture by the ASN system during the entire scanning cycle (see Fig. 2).

Fig.2. An example of organizing discrete spatial scanning in azimuthal and elevation planes

For each specific spatial position determined by the scanning algorithm, two phases can be distinguished: “Auto-tracking” and “External control”.

In the “Auto Tracking” phase, the ASN system assesses the possibility of receiving radiation from the communication object for the selected spatial position of the DSN.

If the evaluation result is positive: Spatial scanning stops. The ASN system continues to automatically track the radiation of the communication object according to its internal algorithm. The input of the AC servo drive receives signals of the spatial orientation of the AC according to the current bearing of the communication object from the ASN X ASN (t) system. In case of a negative result of the assessment: The spatial movement of the RCH AU is carried out to the next spatial position determined by the scanning algorithm.

In the “External control” phase, control signals for the AC servo drive are generated at the output of the antenna system control processor. Servo control signal components provide:

X 0 – initial spatial orientation of the speaker pattern in the direction of the communication object; ∆X LA (t) – parrying the spatial evolutions of the aircraft; X ALG (t) – expansion of the zone of stable capture of radiation from the communication object of the ASN system in accordance with a discrete spatial scanning algorithm with a deterministic spatio-temporal structure.

In the event of a communication failure, starting from time T SV=0 (loss of the “COMMUNICATION” signal), signal X ASN (T SV=0) is stored in the “Calculation and storage” device, and is subsequently used by the AC control processor as the expected value bearing of the communication object. The process of entering into communication is repeated as described above. In the “External control” mode, the control signal of the servo drive of the highly directional speaker through the “heading”, “pitch” and “roll” channels can be recorded

(1)

In the “Auto Tracking” mode, the control signal of the servo drive of the highly directional speaker can be recorded

(2)

The specific type of control signals is determined by the design features of the antenna system servo drive.

UAV inertial system

The key point in the mentioned chain is the “measurement of the state of the system.” That is, the coordinates of location, speed, altitude, vertical speed, orientation angles, as well as angular velocities and accelerations. In the on-board navigation and control complex, developed and manufactured by TeKnol LLC, the function of measuring the state of the system is performed by a small-sized inertial integrated system (MINS). Consisting of triads of inertial sensors, micromechanical gyroscopes and accelerometers), as well as a barometric altimeter and a triaxial magnetometer, and combining the data of these sensors with the data of the GPS receiver, the system produces a complete navigation solution based on coordinates and orientation angles. MINS developed by TeKnola is a complete Inertial System, which implements a strapdown INS algorithm integrated with a satellite navigation system receiver. It is this system that contains the “secret” of the operation of the entire UAV control complex. In fact, three navigation systems operate simultaneously in one computer using the same data. We call them “platforms”. Each of the platforms implements its own control principles, having its own “correct” frequencies (low or high). The master filter selects the optimal solution from any of the three platforms depending on the nature of the movement. This ensures the stability of the system not only in straight-line motion, but also during turns, uncoordinated turns, and cross gusty winds. The system never loses the horizon, which ensures correct autopilot reactions to external disturbances and adequate distribution of influences between the UAV controls.

UAV on-board control complex

The UAV Onboard Navigation and Control Complex includes three components (Figure 1).

1. Integrated Navigation System;

2. Satellite Navigation System Receiver

3. Autopilot module.__

The autopilot module generates control commands in the form of PWM (pulse-width modulated) signals, in accordance with the control laws embedded in its computer. In addition to controlling the UAV, the autopilot is programmed to control on-board equipment:

Video camera stabilization,

Time and location synchronized shutter release

camera,

Parachute release,

Dropping a load or sampling at a given point

and other functions. Up to 255 route turning points can be stored in the autopilot's memory. Each point is characterized by coordinates, altitude and flight speed.

During flight, the autopilot also provides telemetric information to the transmission channel to monitor the UAV’s flight (Figure 2).

What then is a “quasi-autopilot”? Many companies now declare that they provide their systems with automatic flight using “the world’s smallest autopilot.”

The most illustrative example of such a solution is the products of the Canadian company Micropilot. To generate control signals, “raw” data is used here - signals from gyroscopes and accelerometers. Such a solution, by definition, is not robust (resistant to external influences and sensitive to flight conditions) and, to one degree or another, is operational only when flying in a stable atmosphere.

Any significant external disturbance (gust of wind, updraft or air pocket) is fraught with loss of orientation of the aircraft and an accident. Therefore, everyone who has ever encountered such products sooner or later understood the limitations of such autopilots, which cannot in any way be used in commercial serial UAV systems.

More responsible developers, realizing that a real navigation solution is needed, are trying to implement a navigation algorithm using well-known Kalman filtering approaches.

Unfortunately, not everything is so simple here either. Kalman filtering is just an auxiliary mathematical apparatus, and not a solution to the problem. Therefore, it is impossible to create a robust, stable system by simply transferring standard mathematical apparatus to MEMS integrated systems. Fine and precise tuning for a specific application is required. In this case, for a maneuverable winged object. Our system implements more than 15 years of experience in the development of inertial systems and algorithms for integrating INS and GPS. By the way, only a few countries in the world have the know-how of inertial systems. This

Russia, USA, Germany, France and Great Britain. Behind this know-how are scientific, design and technological schools, and at least

It is naive to think that such a system can be developed and manufactured “on the knee” in an institute laboratory or in an airfield hangar. An amateurish approach here, as in all other cases, is ultimately fraught with financial losses and loss of time. Why is automatic flight so important in relation to the problems solved by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex? It is clear that aerial monitoring itself has no alternative. Monitoring the condition of pipelines and other objects, security, monitoring and video surveillance tasks are best solved using aircraft. But reducing costs, ensuring regularity of flights, automating the collection and processing of information - here, attention is quite rightly paid to unmanned vehicles, which proves the high interest of specialists in the ongoing exhibition and forum. However, as we saw at the exhibition, unmanned systems can also be complex and expensive systems that require support, maintenance, ground infrastructure and operations services. This applies to the greatest extent to complexes that were originally created to solve military problems, and are now being hastily adapted to economic applications. Let us dwell separately on operational issues. Controlling a UAV is a task for a well-trained professional. In the US Army, active Air Force pilots become UAV operators after a year of training and training. In many ways, it is more difficult than piloting an airplane, and most unmanned aircraft accidents are known to be caused by pilot operator error. Automatic UAV systems equipped with a full-fledged automatic control system require minimal training of ground personnel, while solving problems at a great distance from the home base, without contact with the ground station, in any weather conditions. They are easy to operate, mobile, quickly deployed and do not require ground infrastructure. It can be argued that the high performance of UAV systems equipped with a full-fledged self-propelled gun reduces operating costs and personnel requirements.

Automated UAV systems

What are the practical results of using an onboard complex with a real inertial system? The TeKnol company has developed and offers customers systems of automatic UAVs for rapid deployment to solve monitoring and aerial surveillance problems. These systems are presented at our stand at the exhibition.

The autopilot as part of the onboard navigation and control complex provides

Automatic flight along a given route;

Automatic takeoff and approach;

Maintaining a given altitude and flight speed;

Stabilization of orientation angles;

Software control of on-board systems.

Operational UAV.

The multi-purpose UAV system is being developed by Transas and is equipped with the TeKnola navigation and control system.

Since controlling a small UAV is the most difficult task, we will give examples of the operation of the onboard navigation and control complex for an operational mini-UAV with a take-off weight of 3.5 kg.

When conducting aerial photography of an area, the UAV flies along lines at intervals of 50-70 meters. The autopilot ensures following the route with a deviation not exceeding 10-15 meters at a wind speed of 7 m/s (Figure 5).

It is clear that the most experienced pilot operator is not able to provide such precision control.

Rice. 5: Route and flight path of a mini UAV when surveying the area

Maintaining a given flight altitude is also ensured by the MINS, which generates a comprehensive solution based on data from GPS, barometric altimeter and inertial sensors. During automatic flight along the route, the on-board complex ensures the accuracy of maintaining altitude within 5 meters (Figure 6), which allows you to fly confidently at low altitudes and around terrain.

Figure 7 shows how the self-propelled gun brings the UAV out of a critical roll of 65º, as a result of exposure to a gust of crosswind during the maneuver. Only a real INS as part of the on-board control complex is able to provide dynamic measurement of UAV orientation angles without “losing the horizon.” Therefore, during the testing and operation of our UAVs, not a single aircraft was lost while flying under autopilot control.

Another important function of the UAV is video camera control. In flight, stabilization of the forward-looking camera is ensured by testing the UAV's roll oscillations using autopilot signals and MINS data. Thus, the video image is stable, despite the aircraft's roll fluctuations. In aerial photography tasks (for example, when compiling an aerial map of the proposed work area), accurate information about the orientation angles, coordinates and altitude of the UAV is absolutely necessary for correcting aerial photographs and automating frame stitching.

An unmanned aerial photography system is also being developed by TeKnol LLC. To do this, the digital camera is modified and included in the autopilot control loop. The first flights are scheduled to take place in the spring of 2007. In addition to the mentioned rapid deployment UAV systems, the Onboard UAV Navigation and Control Complex is operated by SKB "Topaz" (UAV "Voron"), installed on a new UAV developed by Transas (multi-purpose UAV complex "Dozor"), and is being tested on a mini UAV from Global Teknik (Turkey). Negotiations are ongoing with other Russian and foreign clients. The information presented above and, most importantly, the results of flight tests clearly indicate that without a full-fledged on-board control complex equipped with a real inertial system, it is impossible to build modern commercial UAV systems that can solve problems safely, quickly, in any weather conditions, with minimal costs on the part of operating services. Such complexes are mass-produced by the TeKnol company.

conclusions

The considered composition of the UAV on-board equipment makes it possible to solve a wide range of tasks for monitoring terrain and areas difficult to reach for humans in the interests of the national economy. The use of television cameras in the on-board equipment allows, in conditions of good weather visibility and illumination, to provide high resolution and detailed monitoring of the underlying surface in real time. The use of DFA allows the use of UAVs for aerial photography in a given area with subsequent detailed interpretation. The use of TPV equipment makes it possible to ensure round-the-clock use of UAVs, although with lower resolution than when using television cameras. It is most appropriate to use complex systems, for example TV-TPV, with the formation of a synthesized image. However, such systems are still quite expensive. The presence of a radar on board allows you to receive information with a lower resolution than TV and TPV, but around the clock and under unfavorable weather conditions. The use of replaceable modules for devices for obtaining view information allows you to reduce the cost and reconfigure the composition of on-board equipment to solve the problem in specific application conditions. The ability to ensure stable communication is one of the most important characteristics that determine the operational capabilities of the UAV control complex. The proposed system for controlling the spatial position of a highly directional speaker in UAV control complexes ensures optimization of the process of entering into communication and the possibility of restoring communication in the event of its loss. The system is applicable for use on UAVs, as well as at ground- and air-based control points.

Used Books

1. http://www.airwar.ru/bpla.html

2. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV

3. http://www.ispl.ru/Sistemy_upravleniya-BLA.html

4. http://teknol.ru/products/aviation/uav/

5. Orlov B.V., Mazing G.Yu., Reidel A.L., Stepanov M.N., Topcheev Yu.I. - Fundamentals of designing ramjet engines for unmanned aerial vehicles.

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Tactical and technical characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles in service with units of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation

For technical equipment of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations with unmanned aerial vehicles, Russian enterprises have developed several options, let’s consider some of them:

UAV ZALA 421-16E

is a long-range unmanned aircraft (Fig. 1.) with an automatic control system (autopilot), a navigation system with inertial correction (GPS/GLONASS), a built-in digital telemetry system, navigation lights, a built-in three-axis magnetometer, a module for holding and active target tracking ( “AC module”), a digital built-in camera, a digital broadband video transmitter of C-OFDM modulation, a radio modem with a satellite navigation system (SNS) receiver “Diagonal AIR” with the ability to work without a SNS signal (radio range finder), a self-diagnosis system, a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a current sensor, a propulsion system temperature sensor, a parachute release, an air shock absorber to protect the target load during landing and a search transmitter.

This complex is designed for aerial surveillance at any time of the day at a distance of up to 50 km with real-time video transmission. The unmanned aircraft successfully solves the problems of ensuring the security and control of strategically important objects, allows you to determine the coordinates of the target and quickly make decisions to adjust the actions of ground services. Thanks to the built-in “AS Module”, the UAV automatically monitors static and moving objects. In the absence of a SNS signal, the UAV will autonomously continue performing the task

Figure 1 – UAV ZALA 421-16E

UAV ZALA 421-08M

(Fig. 2.) Made according to the “flying wing” scheme - this is a tactical-range unmanned aircraft with an autopilot, it has a similar set of functions and modules as the ZALA 421-16E. This complex is designed for operational reconnaissance of terrain at a distance of up to 15 km with real-time video transmission. The ZALA 421-08M UAV is distinguished by its ultra-reliability, ease of operation, low acoustic and visual signature and best-in-class target loads. This aircraft does not require a specially prepared take-off and landing site due to the fact that the take-off is carried out using an elastic catapult, and carries out aerial reconnaissance under various weather conditions at any time of the day.

Transportation of the complex with the ZALA 421-08M UAV to the place of operation can be carried out by one person. The lightness of the device allows (with appropriate preparation) to be launched “by hand”, without using a catapult, which makes it indispensable when solving problems. The built-in “Module AC” allows an unmanned aircraft to automatically monitor static and moving objects, both on land and on water.

Figure 2 – UAV ZALA 421-08M

UAV ZALA 421-22

is an unmanned helicopter with eight rotors, medium range, with a built-in autopilot system (Fig. 3). The design of the device is foldable and made of composite materials, which makes it easy to deliver the complex to the place of operation by any vehicle. This device does not require a specially prepared take-off and landing site due to its vertically automatic launch and landing, which makes it indispensable when conducting aerial reconnaissance in hard-to-reach areas.

ZALA 421-22 is successfully used to perform operations at any time of the day: to search and detect objects, to ensure the security of perimeters within a radius of up to 5 km. Thanks to the built-in “AC Module”, the device automatically monitors static and moving objects.

Phantom 3 Professional

Represents the next generation of DJI quadcopters. It is capable of 4K video recording and HD video output right out of the box. The camera is integrated into the gimbal for maximum stability and weight efficiency in a minimal size. In the absence of a GPS signal, Visual Positioning technology ensures hovering accuracy.

Main functions

Camera and Gimbal: The Phantom 3 Professional shoots 4K video at up to 30fps and takes 12 megapixel photos that look sharper and cleaner than ever. The camera's improved sensor gives you greater clarity, lower noise, and better pictures than any previous flying camera.

HD Video Link: Low latency, HD video transmission, based on the DJI Lightbridge system.

DJI Intelligent Flight Battery: 4480 mAh DJI Intelligent Flight Battery has new cells and uses an intelligent battery management system.

Flight Controller: Next generation flight controller, provides more reliable operation. The new recorder stores data from each flight, and visual positioning allows you to hover accurately at one point in the absence of GPS.

Figure 4 – Phantom 3 Professional UAV

UAV Inspire 1

The Inspire 1 is a new multicopter capable of recording 4K video and transmitting high definition video (up to 2 km) to multiple devices right out of the box. Equipped with a retractable chassis, the camera can freely rotate 360 degrees. The camera is integrated into the gimbal for maximum stability and weight efficiency with minimal size. In the absence of a GPS signal, Visual Positioning technology ensures hovering accuracy.

Main functions

Camera and Gimbal: Captures up to 4K video and 12-megapixel photos. There is space to install neutral density (ND) filters for better exposure control. The new suspension mechanism allows you to quickly remove the camera.

HD Video Link: Low latency, HD video transmission, this is an advanced version of the DJI Lightbridge system. It is also possible to control it from two remote controls.

Chassis: Retractable landing gear allows the camera to take unobstructed panoramas.

DJI Intelligent Flight Battery: 4500 mAh uses an intelligent battery management system.

Flight Controller: Next generation flight controller, provides more reliable operation. The new recorder stores data from each flight, and visual positioning allows you to accurately hover at one point in the absence of GPS.

Figure 5 – Inspire 1 UAV

All characteristics of the UAVs listed above are presented in Table 1 (except for Phantom 3 Professional and Inspire 1 as indicated in the text)

Table 1. UAV characteristics

UAV	ZALA 421-16E	ZALA 421-16EM	ZALA 421-08M	ZALA 421-08F	ZALA 421-16	ZALA 421-04M
UAV wingspan, mm	2815	1810	810	425	1680	1615
Flight duration, h(min)	>4	2,5	(80)	(80)	4-8	1,5
UAV length, mm	1020	900	425	–	–	635
Speed, km/h	65-110	65-110	65-130	65-120	130-200	65-100
Maximum flight altitude, m	3600	3600	3600	3000	3000	–
Target load mass, kg(g)	Up to 1.5	Up to 1	(300)	(300)	–	Up to 1

A lesson on solving problems, taking into account the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles in service with units of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

– emergency detection;

– participation in emergency response;

– assessment of damage from emergency situations.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is very relevant. Unmanned aircraft technology is experiencing a real boom. Unmanned aerial vehicles of various purposes, of various aerodynamic configurations and with a variety of tactical and technical characteristics are flying into the airspace of various countries. The success of their use is associated, first of all, with the rapid development of microprocessor computing technology, control systems, navigation, information transmission, and artificial intelligence. Advances in this area make it possible to fly automatically from takeoff to landing, solve problems of monitoring the earth's (water) surface, and provide military unmanned aerial vehicles with reconnaissance, search, selection and destruction of targets in difficult conditions. Therefore, in most industrialized countries, development of both the aircraft themselves and the power plants for them is underway on a broad front.

Currently, unmanned aerial vehicles are widely used by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to manage crisis situations and obtain operational information.

They are capable of replacing airplanes and helicopters during missions that involve risk to the lives of their crews and the possible loss of expensive manned aircraft. The first unmanned aerial vehicles arrived at the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in 2009. In the summer of 2010, unmanned aerial vehicles were used to monitor the fire situation in the Moscow region, in particular, in the Shatursky and Yegoryevsky districts. In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 11, 2010 No. 138 “On approval of the Federal Rules for the Use of the Airspace of the Russian Federation,” an unmanned aerial vehicle is understood to be an aircraft that performs a flight without a pilot (crew) on board and is controlled in flight automatically by an operator from the control point or a combination of these methods

The unmanned aerial vehicle is designed to solve the following tasks:

– unmanned remote monitoring of forests to detect forest fires;

– monitoring and transmission of data on radioactive and chemical contamination of terrain and airspace in a given area;

engineering exploration of areas of floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters;

– detection and monitoring of ice jams and river floods;

– monitoring the condition of transport highways, oil and gas pipelines, power lines and other objects;

– environmental monitoring of water areas and coastlines;

– determination of the exact coordinates of emergency areas and affected facilities.

Monitoring is carried out day and night, in favorable and limited weather conditions.

Along with this, the unmanned aerial vehicle provides a search for technical equipment that has suffered an accident (catastrophe) and missing groups of people. The search is carried out according to a pre-entered flight mission or according to a flight route quickly changed by the operator. It is equipped with guidance systems, on-board radar systems, sensors and video cameras.

During flight, as a rule, control of an unmanned aerial vehicle is automatically carried out through an on-board navigation and control complex, which includes:

– a satellite navigation receiver that provides reception of navigation information from GLONASS and GPS systems;

– a system of inertial sensors that provides determination of the orientation and movement parameters of an unmanned aerial vehicle;

– a sensor system that provides measurement of altitude and airspeed;

– various types of antennas. The on-board communication system operates in the permitted radio frequency range and provides data transmission from board to ground and from ground to board.

Tasks for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles can be classified into four main groups:

– emergency detection;

– participation in emergency response;

– search and rescue of victims;

– assessment of damage from emergency situations.

Emergency detection means reliable identification of the fact of an emergency, as well as the time and exact coordinates of the place where it was observed. Aerial monitoring of territories using unmanned aerial vehicles is carried out based on forecasts of an increased probability of an emergency or based on signals from other independent sources. This may involve flying over forested areas in fire-hazardous weather conditions. Depending on the speed of spread of the emergency, data is transmitted in real time or processed after the return of the unmanned aerial vehicle. The received data can be transmitted via communication channels (including satellite) to the headquarters of the search and rescue operation, the regional center of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations or to the central office of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. Unmanned aerial vehicles can be included in emergency response forces and can also prove extremely useful, and sometimes irreplaceable, during search and rescue operations on land and at sea. Unmanned aerial vehicles are also used to assess damage from emergencies in cases where this needs to be done quickly and accurately, and without risk to the health and life of ground rescue teams. So in 2013, unmanned aerial vehicles were used by employees of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to monitor flood conditions in the Khabarovsk Territory. With the help of data transmitted in real time, the condition of protective structures was monitored to prevent dam breaks, as well as the search for people in flooded areas, followed by adjustments to the actions of the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry employees.

Considering the experience of using unmanned aerial vehicles in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, the following generalizations can be made: – the economic feasibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles is due to ease of use, the ability to take off and land on any selected territory; – the operational headquarters receives reliable video and photo information, which allows you to effectively manage the forces and means of localizing and eliminating emergencies; – the ability to transmit video and photo information in real time to control points allows you to quickly influence changes in the situation and make the right management decisions; – the possibility of manual and automatic use of unmanned aerial vehicles. In accordance with the Regulations “On the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief,” the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations manages the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations at the federal level. The efficiency of such a system is largely determined by the level of its technical equipment and the correct organization of the interaction of all its constituent elements. To solve the problem of collecting and processing information in the field of civil defense, protecting the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety, the safety of people on water bodies, as well as exchanging this information, it is advisable to use comprehensively space-based, airborne, ground-based or surface-based technical equipment. The time factor is extremely important when planning and carrying out measures to protect the population and territories from emergencies, as well as ensuring fire safety. The level of economic damage from the emergency and the number of affected citizens largely depend on the timely receipt of information about emergencies by the management of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations at various levels and on the prompt response to what is happening. At the same time, in order to make appropriate operational management decisions, it is necessary to provide complete, objective and reliable information, not distorted or modified due to subjective factors. Thus, the further introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles will significantly contribute to filling information gaps regarding the dynamics of emergency situations. An extremely important task is to detect the occurrence of an emergency. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles alone can be very effective for a slowly developing emergency or an emergency in relative proximity to the deployed forces and means to eliminate it. At the same time, in combination with data obtained from other space-based, ground-based or surface-based technical means, the real picture of upcoming events, as well as the nature and pace of their development, can be presented in detail. Technical equipment of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations with promising robotic systems is a pressing and extremely important task. The development, production and implementation of such products is a rather complex and capital-intensive process. However, government costs for such equipment will be covered by the economic effect of preventing and eliminating emergencies using this technology. The Russian Federation suffers colossal economic losses from annual forest fires alone. Thus, to modernize the technical base of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, a program has been developed for re-equipping the units of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations with modern models of machinery and equipment for 2011–2015. An analysis of the response of government bodies and forces to federal emergencies associated with the passage of the summer-autumn flood of 2013 in the Far Eastern Federal District emphasized the relevance of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. In connection with this, the decision was made to create a division of unmanned aerial vehicles. Along with this, there are a number of problems that need to be addressed before unmanned aircraft become widespread. Among them, we can highlight the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles into the air traffic system in such a way that they do not pose a threat of collisions with manned aircraft, both civil and military. When carrying out specific rescue operations, the forces of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations have the right to use their technical means to carry out the necessary work. In this regard, there are currently no strict regulatory restrictions, much less bans, on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. At the same time, the issues of legal regulation of the development, production and use of unmanned aerial vehicles for civil purposes in general have not yet been resolved.

– the first turning point of the route (the starting point of the route (IPM) is installed next to the starting point.

– the depth of the working area must be within the limits of stable reception of video signals and telemetric information from the UAV. (Working area depth

– distance from the location of the NSU antenna to the maximum remote turning point. Working area - the territory within which the UAV performs a given flight program.).

– The route line, if possible, should not pass near high-power power lines (power lines) and other objects with a high level of electromagnetic radiation (radar stations, transceiver antennas, etc.).

– The estimated flight duration should not exceed 2/3 of the maximum duration declared by the manufacturer.

– At least 10 minutes of flight time must be allowed for takeoff and landing. For a general inspection of the territory, the most appropriate is a circular closed route. The main advantages of this method are coverage of a large area, efficiency and speed of monitoring, the ability to survey hard-to-reach areas of terrain, relatively simple planning of a flight mission and prompt processing of the results obtained. The flight route must provide coverage of the entire work area.

For the rational use of UAV energy resources, it is advisable to lay out the flight route in such a way that the first half of the UAV flight occurs against the wind.

Figure 2 – Construction of a flight of a rectilinear parallel route.

It is recommended to use a parallel route when taking aerial photographs of terrain areas. When preparing a route, the operator must take into account the maximum width of the UAV camera's field of view at a given flight altitude. The route is laid so that the edges of the camera's field of view overlap adjacent fields by approximately 15% -20%.

Figure 3 – Parallel route.

Flying over a given object is used when conducting inspections of specific objects. Widely used in cases where the coordinates of an object are known and clarification of its state is required.

Figure 4 – Flying around a given object

During the inspection of active forest fires, the operator determines the main direction of fire spread, the presence of a threat of fire spread to economic facilities and populated areas, the presence of individual fires, areas that are particularly dangerous in terms of fire, places where fire passes through mineralized strips, and, if possible, identifies the locations of people and equipment involved in fire extinguishing in order to determine the correct placement of them on the edge of the fire. Simultaneously with the receipt of video information, forest service representatives make decisions on tactical methods of extinguishing, maneuvering human and technical resources. Natural boundaries for stopping the fire, access roads (approaches) to the fire, and a section of the edge (roads, trails, lakes, streams, rivers, bridges) are outlined.

UAV application example

In April 2011, three HE300 unmanned helicopters were used to conduct visual surveillance of the damaged Fukushima nuclear plant. These UAVs are equipped with a professional video camera, a thermal imaging camera, various sensors for measurements and shooting, and also have a tank for spraying various liquids. The results of video shooting from a UAV are shown in Fig. 5.6.

Figure 5.6 – Japanese nuclear power plant after an accident with a UAV.

In February 2014, ZALA UAVs allowed the EMERCOM teams in the Kirov region to keep the situation under control during a fire at a railway station (a train with gas condensate derailed and caught fire), to competently concentrate forces for the safe evacuation of residents and liquidation of the consequences of the incident. Aerial monitoring of the emergency zone was carried out during the day and at night, completely eliminating the risk to the lives of the population and the rescue team. Photos from the place. The crashes filmed by the UAV are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 – Fire at a railway station, filmed by a UAV camera.

The ZALA UAV system was used to monitor floods in the Far East in 2013. The Moscow detachment "Tsentrospas" sent a complex with unmanned aircraft to Khabarovsk, which flew during the day and at night, informing ground detachments about the flooded areas and the location of people in distress. Fig. 8.

Figure 8 – Overview of the flood zone