The President of Russia helped us indirectly remember this date. On Tuesday, September 18, Vladimir Putin met with ministers of the Russian Government and made a number of serious comments to them. And he suggested reprimanding two.

It will take, I think, a day or two until the relevant orders are prepared in the prime minister’s office and published. It is quite possible that the punishments will fall on the two heads of departments on the very day when all Russian federal ministers - both former and current, as well as republican, regional, and regional ministers - will have a reason to raise a modest flag.

September 20 will mark 210 years since, through the efforts of Emperor Alexander I, a new profession appeared in Russia - minister. Yes, yes, in the early autumn of 1802, the young tsar, filled with the desire to reform everything and everyone, transformed the collegiums that had existed since the time of Peter into ministries. It should be noted that both the sovereign himself and his immediate circle - Stroganov, Czartoryski, Novosiltsev, Kochubey - were reputed to be Anglophiles. This is probably why the British term was chosen.

Initially there were eight ministries. These are the ministries of internal affairs, foreign affairs, military land, naval, public education, justice, commerce, finance. Today, by the way, there are 20 ministries. True, there are also federal agencies and federal services, as well as countless government commissions. But this has no direct relation to our date.

What interesting and useful did Alexander Pavlovich do regarding the first ministries? The most unexpected thing was not in the structure of executive bodies, not in the selection of candidates for positions, not in functionality. The most interesting thing concerned the ideology of the process. The Emperor decided to do away with collective responsibility and introduce individual responsibility. “Personal and personal,” as President Putin noted at that same meeting in Sochi mentioned above. The minister was endowed not only with individual responsibility for everything that happened in his department, but also with great personal power. This was spelled out in the imperial “Instructions” addressed to the first eight Russian ministers.

They decided to coordinate the actions of different ministries through a body called the Committee of Ministers. In fact, the prototype of the council of ministers or government in the current sense of the word. True, another body has appeared with a much more mysterious name - the Indispensable Council. It included 12 people personally selected by the king. If we continue the analogies, then this was already the presidential administration.

It cannot be said that it was enough for the ministers to read the “Instructions”, come to the Indispensable Council - and everything worked as it should. In fact, the reform was quite long and difficult.

In 1806, the Minister of Internal Affairs, Count Kochubey, reported to the sovereign that the new system of public administration was not working well, to put it mildly, and it was necessary to strengthen the staff with like-minded people, strengthen the responsibility of ministers for the assigned direction, and give leaders the right to resolve issues on the merits. Viktor Kochubey suggested a lot more then. However, apparently, the faithful friend of the Tsar’s youth did not have enough authority. Or Napoleonic passions got in the way. But criticism of the ministries continued.

Next, the main reformer of Tsar Alexander, Mikhail Speransky, took up the matter. It took him about a year to figure out the pain points of the new public administration system. And in 1809, Speransky explained that one of the main troubles is... the lack of responsibility of ministers.

In 1811, the tsar signed the final document related to the reform of government administration, the “General Establishment of Ministries.”

The regulatory framework for the ministries has been reduced. All that remains is to wait for the practical result.

But apparently, a minister is such a mysterious profession that one is rarely satisfied with the results. What is above, what is below.

So: if “minister” is a noun, then it means “minister” and ... “priest”. And if it’s a verb, then it means to serve, help, contribute.

Everything in this world begins with conscience.

Mikhail Bykov

In this chapter, the object of our attention will be the activities of Russian military ministers. The activities of some fit within the framework of military reforms, while the activities of others can be characterized as military reform. Let's understand the terms. Reform of the armed forces includes changes in recruitment methods, organizational structure, weapons and technical equipment, combat training of troops, command and control systems, as well as reform of military education and training. Thus, military reform is a set of fundamental changes in all of the above areas. Military transformations usually affect certain aspects of military affairs.

Activities of the military ministers of the Russian Empire

First Minister of War Vyazmitinov S.K. streamlined the activities of the Military Collegium, which turned from a governing body into an executive structure under the minister. Under his leadership, on January 7, 1803, the Department of the Minister of Military Ground Forces (office of the War Ministry) was formed. By the decision of the Minister of War, an independent engineering expedition was separated from the Artillery Expedition, which contributed to the further development of artillery and engineering in the Russian army. Under him, a medical expedition was formed, and the position of chief inspector was established to coordinate the actions of medical inspectors of the army and guards units. Vyazmitinov S.K. revised the order of subordination of fortresses, which increased responsibility for the maintenance of fortifications. Under him, the role of the artillery inspection was strengthened, and a Provisional Artillery Committee was established, which considered inventions aimed at improving artillery systems. In the course of improving the organizational structure of troops, a divisional system was introduced in the army, and divisions were formed in the artillery. The provision and commissariat expeditions were united into one department and received greater independence in providing the troops with the necessary allowances; the zemstvo militia also underwent reorganization: a mobile zemstvo army was formed, which served as an additional source of replenishment for the army.

Second Minister of War of the Russian Empire Arakcheev A.A.

Arakcheev subordinated the emperor's military campaign office, introduced the position of general on duty, reorganized the Engineering Expedition, all Russian fortresses were divided into 10 districts subordinate to district commanders. The divisional system was finally approved in the army, 27 reserve recruiting depots were created with clear indications of their locations, and the role of the Medical Expedition, which was responsible for maintaining the health of ground forces personnel, was increased. During the leadership of A.A. Arakcheev, new rules and regulations were issued for various parts of the military administration, correspondence was simplified and shortened, measures were taken to increase the level of special education of officers, and the material part was streamlined.

The third Minister of War of the Russian Empire, Barclay de Tolly, held a number of events to prepare the country for war, improve the system of military command and control bodies and train troops. The Ministry was divided into seven departments: Artillery, Engineering, Inspector, Audit, Commissariat, Provisions and Medical. The Military Collegium, as a body duplicating departments, was abolished. A Council and an office were formed under the ministry, and a Military Scientific Committee was created from the former Artillery Military Scientific Committee and the Military Topographical Depot. In March 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly presented Alexander I with a special report “On the protection of the western borders of Russia.” Under the leadership of M.B. Barclay de Tolly developed the “Institution for the management of a large field army” (January 27, 1812), which determined the rights and responsibilities of not only the commander-in-chief, but also the highest military commanders, as well as the staff of the Field Headquarters. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, combining the positions of Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the 1st Western Army, M.B. Barclay de Tolly took full responsibility and gave the order to retreat deep into Russia, which saved the Russian armies from defeat by Napoleon.

Eighth Minister of War of the Russian Empire A.I. Chernyshev did a lot of work to rearm the army. Thus, since 1842, flint weapons were replaced by percussion weapons, the calibers and designs of artillery pieces were improved, and mountain artillery was created. Under his leadership, work was done to codify the code of military regulations (1840) and publish military criminal regulations. At the same time, work was carried out on a military-statistical description of the provinces, the first eight cadet corps were being formed, and new fortresses and fortifications were being built.

Ninth Minister of War of the Russian Empire V.A. Dolgorukov carried out the following transformations: military educational institutions are subordinate to the Chief of the General Staff; the positions of inspector generals of infantry, cavalry, engineer and rifle battalions were established; The troops of the active army are divided into Western, Middle and Southern armies.

The tenth Minister of War of the Russian Empire, Sukhozanet N.O., in order to reduce the cost of maintaining the army, abolished military settlements, eliminated the institution of military cantonists, reduced the number of military command bodies and the service life of soldiers from 25 to 15 years.

Defeat of Russia in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. showed the political, economic and military weakness of Russia in the mid-19th century. Before the Minister of War Milyutin D.A. There was an extremely difficult task: to reorganize the entire system of military command and organization of the army. At the same time, it had to, on the one hand, reduce military spending, and on the other, make sure that this did not affect the combat effectiveness of the army. The main transformation in the field of reorganization of military administration was the military district reform. The entire territory of Russia was divided into 15 military districts. The district was headed by the commander of the troops. Each district was simultaneously a military command and control body and a military administrative body, concentrating in itself all the functions of military command. This made it possible to quickly command troops and quickly mobilize them. Along with the creation of military districts, the corps were liquidated. The division became the highest tactical unit in infantry and cavalry. This provided a number of advantages. Firstly, during mobilization, divisions could be combined into corps or detachments of small strength and composition. Secondly, in the event of war, it was possible to form the headquarters of armies, corps and detachments from the most capable officers of the entire army. During the military-judicial reform, the task was to raise the morale of the army and form a sense of duty and honor among its personnel. The “Disciplinary Charter” and the “Internal Service Charter” and the “Military Regulations on Punishments” were approved. The regulations stated that military service was the highest service to the homeland. The regulations proclaimed the protection of the honor and dignity of a soldier, and the main offense was considered to be a violation of duty.

In the 60-70s of the XIX century. There was an urgent question about improving the officer training system. Transformations in command and control bodies, improvements in equipment, changes in combat training of troops required from the officer not only knowledge of combat service, but also a fairly good level of general and special education and high moral qualities. During the reorganization of military educational institutions, cadet corps were liquidated. Military gymnasiums with a seven-year training period opened, representing educational institutions that were advanced in their organization and program. Their graduates, as a rule, entered military schools. The reorganization of military educational institutions made it possible to significantly increase the trained composition of the officer corps and improve its educational level. In 1865, there were 24 military educational institutions in Russia. In 1870-1871 there are already 52 of them.

In the second half of the 19th century. The issue of rearmament of the Russian army was acute. During the Crimean War, the undeniable advantage of rifled weapons over smooth-bore weapons was revealed. Immediately after the end of the war, work began to rearm the army with rifled weapons. In 1856, a 6-line strike weapon entered service with the troops. In 1860, a 6-line Cossack rifle entered service with the troops. In 1867, the 6-line Karle needle rifle entered service. At the end of the 1860s, the small-caliber breech-loading rifle of the Berdan No. 1 system entered service with the army. Simultaneously with the rearmament of the Russian army with small arms, the military department took measures to improve artillery. In the 50s of the XIX century. The artillery was armed with smooth-bore guns that were loaded from the muzzle of a gun. In 1873, the world's first rapid-fire cannon and a 6-barrel canister cartridge, designed by the Russian inventor V.S. Baranovsky, entered service. The rearmament of the Russian army continued for about 20 years, but by the end of the 70s of the 19th century. the problem was never fully resolved; the rearmament of the army was not completed.

Major changes in military affairs, combat experience acquired during the wars of the second half of the 19th century, and the introduction of new, more advanced weapons required increased combat training of troops. The task was to teach troops only what was necessary in war. Troop training was required to be carried out in conditions close to combat. For this purpose, training maneuvers and shootings were organized, and engineering and sapper studies were studied. By the end of the 1870s, 34 training camps had been built. In the summer, camp meetings were held regularly. All types of troops were trained to act together. New principles of combat training required the development of the soldier’s physical qualities. From the early 1860s, training in gymnastics and fencing was introduced. Much attention was paid to spreading literacy among soldiers, since the combat training of literate soldiers was more successful than that of illiterate ones.

(13) January 1874 the Charter on all-class military service was published. It stated that the defense of the throne and the Fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian subject and that the entire male population who has reached the age of 20, without distinction of class, is subject to military service. The statute on conscription made it possible to increase the size of the army and issue a trained reserve necessary for its deployment in wartime. Thanks to the introduction, the size of the cadre army increased from 770 thousand in 1874 to 1360 thousand in 1914. Among the progressive aspects of the new law was the fact that it abolished the main privileges of the nobility granted to it by Peter III. The establishment of educational benefits stimulated the development of education. The introduction of universal conscription ensured the transformation of the Russian armed forces into a modern mass army.

Vannovsky P.S. made a significant contribution to improving the mobilization readiness of troops, strengthening regular cavalry, creating combat and food reserves in areas of concentration in case of war, building new and reconstructing old fortresses and fortifications on the western border, etc. Under his leadership, a three-line rifle of the type was adopted by the army 1891, artillery switched to smokeless gunpowder, new uniforms were introduced, the living conditions of troops and the financial situation of officers were improved, and a number of major military maneuvers were carried out. P.S. Vannovsky achieved a revision of military judicial proceedings and disciplinary regulations (1888) in the direction of toughening punishments in the army.

Kuropatkin A.N. carried out a reform of cadet schools and made attempts to improve the system of service for officers.

The military reforms of 1905-1912 are associated with the names of three military ministers - V.V. Sakharov, A.F. Roediger. and Sukhomlinov V.A. The political reasons that dictated the need for military reforms were divided into two interrelated groups: external and internal. The main foreign policy reasons included Russia's international position after its defeat in the Far East and the process of formation of opposing groupings of leading states in order to prepare for a future major war. One of the most important reasons that prompted the Russian government to begin military reforms was the strengthening of internal political contradictions in Russia. They were expressed in the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. In 1905-1906 In the army alone, no less than 437 soldier demonstrations were recorded, including 106 armed ones. It was necessary to urgently reform the army, increase moral and material incentives, strengthen the officer and, especially, non-commissioned officer corps, change the deployment of troops and carry out a number of other measures that were included in the concept of military reform and would bring the army into proper condition.

During the period of military reforms 1905-1912. There have been major changes in military policy. A law on conscription was adopted in 1912, reducing the quota of benefits for those exempt from conscription, and fixing the terms of conscription, which were adopted in 1906. An attempt was made to create a coordinating body to coordinate actions between various structures of state power - the State Defense Council. He played a positive role in the implementation of reforms, although his activities were not without shortcomings.

The central link of the military reforms of 1905-1912. there was a reorganization of the army. During the reform, through trial and error, it was correctly determined that the Ministry of War should be integral, all departments, including the General Staff, should be subordinate to one person - the Minister of War, who bears full responsibility to the state for defense issues. It was created in 1906 by the Higher Attestation Commission - a collective body that determined the procedure for appointment and candidacy for senior military positions from the commander of a separate brigade to the commander of the military district. The appointment of the rank of a general or officer ceased to depend on the Minister of War, who submitted lists of candidates for approval to the Tsar. The organizational structure of all military branches has been simplified. In the infantry, 26 brigades and 152 battalions of reserve and reserve troops were abolished. The serf infantry was also eliminated. The total number of batteries increased by 120, of which 60 were heavy. The engineering, railway and communications troops were strengthened. Since 1910, a territorial recruitment system has been introduced in Russia, in which each corps had its own recruitment area. As a result of the reorganization, the total number of ground forces in wartime states amounted to 3 million 268 thousand people, and under the old organization it was significantly lower than 3 million people.

During the years of reform, much attention was paid to strengthening the officer corps. The Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions was reorganized. Junker schools were transferred to the military category. New training programs were introduced in academies and military schools. This allowed for better training of command personnel. Introduction to 1909-1912 new regulations and instructions significantly improved the training of troops at the company-regiment level and the individual training of soldiers and non-commissioned officers. Under the influence of transformations during the period of military reform, there was a significant improvement in the tactics of the ground forces. Advanced tactical provisions were expressed during the reform of combat manuals and instructions, which became the best in the world at that time. Methods of conducting offensive and defensive combat were developed in detail. The battle itself began to be defined as a combined arms battle. Accordingly, the tasks of all types of troops in battle were clarified. It was correctly determined that, due to the saturation of artillery and machine guns, fire combat became the main thing. Simultaneously with the ground forces in 1905-1912. A major reorganization of the fleet was carried out. An important event was the formation of the Naval General Staff, which was supposed to be in charge of drawing up plans for war at sea and measures to organize the combat readiness of naval forces, and also to establish joint activities of the Naval General Staff with the General Staff of the Army in general issues relating to national defense and in the development of the armed forces of the empire.

After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Based on its experience, work began in many countries to create an underwater minelayer capable of secretly laying mines in enemy waters. In 1910 in Nikolaev, according to the project of M.P. Naletov, the world's first underwater minelayer "Crab" was laid. Thus, the military reforms of 1905-1912. significantly strengthened the Russian army and navy. Their combat readiness and the defense capability of the state as a whole have increased.

In years I, the activities of military ministers A.A. Polivanov, D.S. Shuvaev. was aimed at restructuring industry on a war footing. The activities of the military ministers of the Provisional Government were not thoughtful and significant. The most important milestone in the development of the Russian Armed Forces is the activities of the People's Commissars and Ministers of Defense of the USSR.

According to the press service of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, on December 18, 2018, in Moscow, under the leadership of the President of Russia - Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Vladimir Putin, a extended meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Defense.

The work of the expanded Board was attended by commanders-in-chief of branches and branches of the military, heads of central military command and control bodies, command staff of military districts, fleets, formations and individual formations of the Armed Forces of our country.

The Supreme Commander-in-Chief assessed the progress of military development and activities of the Armed Forces in 2018, determined the main directions for their further development (text of the speech). The Minister of Defense of Russia, Army General Sergei Shoigu made a report at the meeting of the Board.

Abstracts of the report of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General S.K. Shoigu at an extended meeting of the Board of the Russian Ministry of Defense:

The past year was marked by further complications of the military-political situation in the world. The military potential of the United States and NATO continues to build up.

Since June 2018, in order to achieve superiority in outer space, the United States began creating a new type of armed forces - the Space Force. The second operational fleet of the US Navy has been re-established since August. Its main task will be to expand the American military presence in the Arctic.

A decision was made to form two new commands by 2022 - the joint NATO Allied Command Atlantic and the joint logistics command. This will allow the alliance to ensure the transfer of troops from the United States to Europe and their accelerated deployment near Russian borders.

In 2019, the main and alternate transport routes will be determined. By 2020, a mechanism for coordinating cross-border transfers has been formed, and the time frame for obtaining the necessary permits will be reduced from 15 to 5 days.

This year, the United States has already spent six billion three hundred million dollars on work to develop a forward-deployed system, mainly in Central and Eastern Europe.

In Norway, 60 kilometers from the Russian border construction of infrastructure for the deployment of the new Globus-3 radar is underway. This year, the number of US Marine Corps units stationed in Norway has doubled to 700 people.

Poland has agreed to host an armored division of US ground forces on its territory and allocate up to two billion dollars to create infrastructure for it.

Instead of maintaining strategic stability, the United States plans to withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

The American military budget next year will increase from seven hundred seven to a record seven hundred twenty-five and a half billion dollars, which is comparable to the total annual military budget of all countries in the world.

NATO countries bring their share in the alliance budget to 2% of national GDP.

They more than doubled the number of exercises compared to last year.

Increasingly, non-NATO states are being involved in them - Georgia, Ukraine, Sweden and Finland.

The number of reconnaissance flights in the Western and Southwestern directions increased by 10%. We are closely monitoring the situation. Not a single military activity of foreign states was left unattended. The results of each of them were analyzed and taken into account in the combat training of the troops.

The modern, mobile, compact and combat-ready Russian army is ready to counter existing and future threats without increasing its size or increasing the military budget.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief, in accordance with the plans approved by you, the quality of the Armed Forces is improving.

A program to staff the Armed Forces with contract military personnel is being implemented as planned. By the end of 2025, their number will reach 475,600 military personnel, while the need for conscription of citizens for military service will be proportionally reduced to 220,000.

The officer corps of the Armed Forces is staffed with trained professional personnel. All commanders of military districts, combined arms armies, air force and air defense armies, division commanders, as well as 96% of commanders of combined arms brigades and regiments have combat experience.

Strategic nuclear forces are maintained at a level that allows for guaranteed nuclear deterrence. The goal set in 2017 to bring the Strategic Nuclear Forces to 82% modernity has been achieved. This year, another missile regiment equipped with the Yars mobile ground-based missile system went on combat duty. The strategic aviation nuclear forces were replenished with modernized aircraft - one Tu-160 and four Tu-95ms.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief, your order to confirm the possibility of salvo launches from strategic missile submarines and Tu-160 missile carriers has been completed.

In May of this year, the strategic missile submarine Yuri Dolgoruky carried out a successful salvo launch of four Bulava ballistic missiles at the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. This is the first time that such a number of missiles have been fired on submarine cruisers of this project. In November, the Tu-160 strategic missile carrier, after modernization, successfully launched 12 XA-101 air-launched cruise missiles at the Pemboy test site, located beyond the Arctic Circle.

In contrast to the US deployment of a global missile defense system, the Armed Forces are increasing their strike potential. Kinzhal high-precision hypersonic aircraft-missile systems are on experimental combat duty.. They carried out 89 patrol flights in the waters of the Black and Caspian Seas.

On December 1, 2018, installations of the Peresvet combat laser complex began testing combat duty. Throw tests of the heavy intercontinental ballistic missile of the Sarmat strategic complex were successfully carried out. In 2019, the first missile regiment, armed with a strategic missile system with a gliding cruise unit "Avangard", will go on combat duty. All these means will ensure guaranteed penetration of the most modern anti-missile system. In addition, testing has begun on the lead submarine of the Borei-A project, which is distinguished by increased stealth and reliability compared to foreign analogues.

As for general purpose forces. The goal of increasing the level of modern weapons in the Ground Forces this year was exceeded by 2.3%. This figure was increased to 48.3%. The troops received 2,200 new and modernized weapons, and 10 formations and military units were formed.

In 2018, 126 modern airplanes and helicopters, nine spacecraft, and 120 pieces of air defense equipment were delivered to the Aerospace Forces. The share of modern weapons in the Air Force has reached 64%, and in general in the Aerospace Forces it has reached this year’s target of 74%. The equipment of the Navy with new weapons and equipment exceeded the planned indicators and amounts to 62.3%. 14 ships and combat boats, as well as 11 support vessels, four coastal missile systems “Bal” and “Bastion” were accepted into service.

In 2018, the Airborne Forces received more than 300 basic types of weapons, military and special equipment and over 11,000 sets of equipment for landing personnel, weapons and cargo. The share of modern weapons and equipment in the Airborne Forces amounted to the planned 63.7%.

The creation of medium-range unmanned reconnaissance strike systems is being completed. Starting next year they will begin to enter the troops. Every year, as part of the state defense order, troops receive more than 300 short-range and short-range aircraft. Their number in the Armed Forces exceeded 2,100.

The automated control system of the Armed Forces is being improved as a priority. In order to achieve a balanced development of all its components, a comprehensive target program is being implemented. It made it possible for the first time to create all the elements of a promising automated control system on a domestic software and hardware platform. Due to the supply of more than 31,000 units of communications equipment to the Armed Forces this year, the level of equipment with modern control equipment in the troops has increased to the target of 66%.

In general, all activities provided for in the activity plan of the Ministry of Defense and the state defense order of 2018 have been completed. We adhere to the established indicators for equipping the Armed Forces, their maintenance and allocating the necessary funds for R&D.

For some types of weapons, such as airplanes and helicopters, we are reaching planned targets. In this regard, the tasks you set for diversification become especially relevant.

In many ways, the increase in the efficiency of execution of state defense orders was facilitated by the creation, on your instructions, of a unified information system for payment of state defense orders, within the framework of which this year a methodology for maintaining separate accounting of financial and economic activities was developed and implemented. It allows you to receive and process reports from organizations executing state defense orders separately for government assignments and for other economic activities. The complex of measures carried out will make it possible to monitor the pricing of supplied products under the state defense order.

The Armed Forces, receiving new and modernized weapons and equipment on a regular basis, continued their development and intensive combat training. Six sudden comprehensive checks of combat readiness were carried out with the participation of all military districts, branches and branches of the Armed Forces.

The largest military training event in the history of modern Russia was the Vostok-2018 maneuvers. They were held in an international format, with the participation of military units of the People's Liberation Army of China and the Armed Forces of Mongolia. In terms of the number of troops, the number of weapons and military equipment, this event is comparable to the Zapad-81 maneuvers, and in terms of the territorial scope and scale of regroupings, such events were not carried out even in Soviet times.

In 2018, the Navy conducted its first major naval exercise in the eastern Mediterranean. The group of 28 warships and vessels, as well as 36 naval aviation aircraft, showed the ability to effectively carry out assigned tasks to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation in the Mediterranean Sea. The level of field, air, and naval training of personnel has increased. In just one year, the Armed Forces conducted over 18,000 exercises and training at various levels. The intensity of interspecific training increased by 16%, and the number of bilateral exercises increased by 20%.

Every year, the interest of foreign countries in the International Army Games, which have become the most important component of combat training, increases. Competitions and games were held in seven countries: Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Kazakhstan, and for the first time in Armenia and Iran. 189 teams took part in them, which is 4,700 participants from 32 countries. The games, along with the international military-technical forum "Army", are also a good demonstration of the capabilities and advantages of domestic weapons over foreign analogues. They make a significant contribution to filling the export portfolio of orders for Russian military equipment.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

Last December, the operation of the Armed Forces in Syria was completed. 96% of its territory has been liberated from terrorist groups. This was reported in detail at the conclusion of the operation.

In accordance with your instructions, the withdrawal of the main group from Syria has been completed. Equipment and weapons that were not part of our bases in Khmeimim and Tartus were transferred to Russian territory. The size of the group has been reduced and brought to the established level, which is sufficient to complete the tasks. Their composition is typical, and their numbers are comparable to our military bases operating in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Armenia.

In addition, the assigned tasks are carried out by military advisers, special operations forces, military personnel of the Center for the Reconciliation of Warring Parties and military police. Aviation flights have been reduced from 100–110 per day to 2–4 flights per week, mainly for additional reconnaissance of the situation.

The most important result achieved in the spring and summer of 2018 was the transition to the control of the Syrian government army without the use of force of the suburbs of Damascus, eastern Ghouta, eastern Qalamoun and Yarmouk, the northern regions of Homs province, as well as the provinces of Es-Suwayda, Darya and Al-Quneitra. This became possible thanks to the active work of the Russian Center for the reconciliation of warring parties with field commanders, the opposition and the government of Syria.

In conditions of stabilization of the situation in the republic, the implementation of a large-scale program to restore peaceful life and return refugees began. To coordinate this work, interdepartmental coordination headquarters have been created in Russia, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan; in cooperation with authorized international organizations, they resolve issues regarding the return of refugees and provision of everything necessary. Since July 18 of this year, 68,230 people have already returned to Syrian soil from these countries. In total, since 2015, more than 1.5 million refugees and internally displaced persons have returned to their places of former residence.

This year, the Russian Center for the Reconciliation of Warring Parties has provided support for 86 humanitarian convoys of the United Nations and various international organizations, carried out 294 humanitarian actions, provided medical assistance to 37,000 people, and provided food to 163,000 civilians.

The most important stage in resolving the conflict is the organization of political dialogue. Negotiations in the Astana format gave it maximum acceleration. The Syrian National Dialogue Congress was successfully held in January in Sochi, marking the beginning of the formation of a constitutional committee. Thus, political conditions are created to preserve the state integrity of the Syrian Arab Republic. The combat experience gained in Syria has been generalized and is being actively introduced into the educational process of [military] universities. The transition to electronic media has been completed in all military educational institutions - this means 12,000 electronic teaching aids. As a result of the introduction of modern forms of training, the overall level of training of cadets is significantly increasing. For five years they have shown high achievements during international Olympiads.

The “Geographical Dictation” event contributes to the development of one’s horizons. Over 150,000 people from the Armed Forces took part in it. This year, a military-historical dictation began. About 50,000 military personnel were already involved in it.

This year restoration of the military education system has been completed, which allowed universities of the Ministry of Defense to conduct a full-fledged graduation. More than 12,000 officers have been sent to the Armed Forces. All graduates are assigned to military positions in accordance with their acquired specialties, and each is assigned an experienced mentor.

The prestige of military education among young people is increasing. The competition for the first courses of our universities this year reached up to 8 people, and in a number of educational institutions - up to 20 people per place. Students from 81 countries study at universities of the Ministry of Defense, which exceeds the indicators of Soviet times. In accordance with your instructions, Vladimir Vladimirovich, military training of 60,000 students is being carried out in 93 military training centers and universities without interrupting their studies.

The educational and material base of pre-university educational organizations is actively developing. A new multifunctional building with a total area of ​​52,000 m², equipped with modern teaching and laboratory equipment, was commissioned at the Nakhimov Naval School. In total, since 2013, 15 pre-university educational organizations have been created, of which four Suvorov military schools, three Presidential Cadet Schools, three branches of the Nakhimov Naval School, two cadet corps and three schools for gifted children. For the first time, open cadet games were held with great success; starting next year they will acquire an international scale.

A reliable source for increasing the military-scientific potential of the Armed Forces are scientific companies. Since their creation, 459 military personnel have become officers. In total, 1,285 developments were implemented, 110 inventions were registered. To conduct innovative scientific research, the Ministry of Defense created the ERA military technopolis. It has 18 laboratories, equipped with 600 units of unique equipment. Representatives of 32 leading industrial enterprises and scientific organizations, as well as operators of four newly created scientific companies, were involved in the research. The implementation of this project will contribute to the development of fundamental and applied science, as well as the creation of high-tech production.

Innovative approaches are implemented in the “Effective Army” program. Over the course of five years, we have reached the point of covering the deficit of basic indicators for material, technical and utility supplies in the face of rising prices for these services. At the same time, as part of the measures taken, the Ministry of Defense does not request additional financial resources to increase military spending.

The annual effect of the work of the restored regular military repair bodies amounts to about 1 billion rubles in budget savings. The installation of 730 access control and food ordering control systems in the canteens of military units produced an economic effect of about 3 billion rubles. At the same time, the installation and equipment of 111,000 utility meters in all military camps made it possible to save 5,300 million rubles.

Currently, together with the NOVATEK company, a pilot project is being developed to convert two boiler houses in the Murmansk region to liquefied natural gas. Based on its results, a program will be developed to convert all boiler houses operating on diesel fuel and naval fuel oil to this type of fuel. The economic effect from one such boiler house will be 10–12 million rubles annually, and we have 3,921 such boiler houses.

The repair shops restored at the arsenals this year alone returned 550,000 missiles and ammunition to service. Their purchase would cost the budget 63 billion rubles. Since 2016, about 590,000 pieces of new modern closures for ammunition have been purchased and supplied to arsenals. This allowed saving 1,400 million rubles annually.

In order to reduce the cost of maintaining property not used by the Armed Forces, it is transferred into the ownership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Since 2013, 3,210 houses, 8,144 housing, utilities and gas facilities, 1,482 social facilities and 16,565 industrial facilities have been transferred. The total economic effect is 9,300 million rubles.

The main result of the change in the functioning of the military construction complex was the acceleration of the pace of construction work on the construction of special housing and infrastructure facilities. This made it possible to achieve synchronization and creation of infrastructure with the timing of weapons and military equipment arriving to the troops.

This year, construction, reconstruction and major repairs of 3,573 buildings and structures with a total area of ​​3,600,000 m² have been completed. Compared to last year, the pace of construction related to the commissioning of buildings and structures increased by 6% with the same amount of funding. This is achieved through the use of standard and modern technological designs. As a result, the cost of constructing one square meter of Ministry of Defense facilities does not exceed 32,000 rubles, which is lower than in the country as a whole. For one invested ruble there is one ruble 40 kopecks of introduced fixed assets.

The main part of the work on reconstructing the airfield network is coming to an end. More than 3,700,000 m² of artificial airfield surfaces were laid at 19 airfields.

We are completing the arrangement of missile brigades armed with Iskander-M missile systems. Between 2013 and 2018, 458 buildings and structures were built for 10 missile brigades. All Iskander-M systems delivered to the troops are maintained in regulatory conditions and are ready for use

In order to improve and optimize storage sites for weapons, missiles and ammunition, 366 out of 580 storage facilities have been built, including 221 this year. This will allow them to accommodate 218,000 tons of ammunition; the construction of storage facilities will be completed in 2019.

The construction of infrastructure for the mobile and silo-based Yars missile systems entering the Strategic Missile Forces continues actively. Combat launch positions for 6 missile regiments have been fully put into operation, and 7 have been equipped with places for combat duty. This year, the first pilot production and logistics complex “Nara” began to operate; about 2,000 units of equipment and about 18,000 tons of material resources were transferred to its assets, which made it possible to disband 4 out of 27 unpromising, outdated bases and warehouses. Next year, construction of two more production and logistics complexes will begin in Sevastopol and Arkhangelsk by attracting private investment under concession agreements.

Oil companies have put into operation 12 fuel and refueling complexes at the airfields of the Armed Forces, and the construction of three more is nearing completion. Rosneft and LUKOIL joined this project. In 2019, they will begin construction of 12 complexes. The total investment in this project by oil companies has already amounted to about 17 billion rubles.

In the course of creating infrastructure in the Arctic, the construction of 20 minimum launch facilities for the resumption of flights at the Severomorsk-1 airfield was completed. The runway on it has been reconstructed and is equipped with modern means of radio engineering and lighting for flight support. On the island of Alexandra Land, the construction of 59 buildings and structures of a military city for a radar department and an aviation guidance point is being completed.

The reconstruction of the Temp airfield on Kotelny Island continues.

Construction has begun on a block-modular town in the village of Tiksi to accommodate units of the Third Air Defense Division of the Northern Fleet, which will be formed next year.

In 2019, we will complete the creation of infrastructure for the deployment of air defense radar units and aviation guidance points on Sredniy, Wrangel and Cape Schmidt islands.

The Armed Forces are completing the elimination of environmental damage to the Arctic in the areas where troops are stationed. In total, since 2015, environmental units have cleared 104,000 km² of territory. 18,572 tons of scrap metal were collected, 16,000 tons were removed. 9,000 left to clear km² , that is, about 9% of the territory.

In accordance with your, Vladimir Vladimirovich, instructions given at an extended meeting of the board of the Ministry of Defense last year, together with the leaders of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, work has been carried out to resolve social issues of military personnel and members of their families.

Its result was a 97% reduction in the queue for preschool institutions and a reduction of almost 99% in the number of military families in need of employment; in 80 constituent entities of the Russian Federation this issue has been resolved in full.

In the republics of Dagestan, North Ossetia-Alania and the Sakhalin region, there are still 202 children left without places in kindergartens. At the same time, the Ministry of Defense has fully implemented the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation to transfer 467 kindergartens to the jurisdiction of local authorities.

Plans to provide military personnel with permanent housing have been fully implemented. During the current year, 8,300 military personnel received it, of which 2,800 received apartments, 5,500 received housing subsidies.

The rate of formation of specialized housing stock has been increased 5.5 times. This made it possible to increase its volume to 78 thousand office residential premises. In 2018, this fund included 16,500 apartments, and 35,500 military families were provided with service housing.

The development of the savings mortgage system continues. This year, another 43,000 military personnel are included in it, which is 2 times more than in previous years. Moreover, more than 64% of the participants are private and non-commissioned military personnel who have entered into new contracts.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

Thanks to the implementation of the decisions you made to index the pay of military personnel, its amount remains at the level of wages for workers in leading sectors of the economy. As part of the implementation of the May decrees, annual indexation of pensions and allowances is provided.

We have completed the creation of a network of modern military medicine, have begun to provide a full range of high-tech medical care at the level of international standards, and have completed the work begun in 2013 to transfer 29 hospital clinics to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The appearance of medical institutions has changed: they are equipped with modern equipment, systems of telemedicine consultations and air ambulance evacuation have been deployed and are functioning. As a result, over the course of three years, the morbidity rate among military personnel decreased by 16%, and for the most relevant pathology - respiratory diseases - by 23%.

More than 15,000 patients have received high-tech medical care this year. 187 emergency and planned telemedicine consultations were conducted for military personnel of individual garrisons. Since the beginning of the use of multifunctional medical innovative modules, the lives of more than 1,400 people have been saved.

In accordance with your decree, this year we began to create military-political bodies. One of the most important areas of military-political work is the patriotic education of military personnel of the Armed Forces and youth.

The Yunarmiya movement is expanding every year; today it is represented in every constituent entity of Russia and unites 276,125 teenagers. During the summer, 1,637 Youth Army camps and 26 expeditions were held. This is 15 times higher than last year. The number of their participants was 83 thousand children and adolescents.

Following the example of pioneer houses and orphanages for creativity, houses for Youth Army members and “Patriot” parks are being created in garrisons, which will provide children with the opportunity to study in clubs and sections all year round.

The International Military-Technical Forum “Army-2018” has become an effective form of establishing interaction between government authorities and the business community in the development of international military-technical cooperation. Representatives from 118 countries took part in its work, including 102 official military delegations, which is twice as many as last year. This indicates the growth of its popularity and international recognition.

Military cooperation events this year covered 98 countries. In the field of military-technical cooperation, China, India, Egypt, Algeria, and Vietnam remained our priority areas. We have increased military contacts within ASEAN, are actively participating in the ADAM Plus dialogue mechanism, and have continued to strengthen allied relations with the CSTO, CIS and SCO countries.

25 international exercises of various levels were conducted, the most large-scale of which were the CSTO CRRF exercises “Interaction 2018” and the SCO maneuvers “Peace Mission 2018”. This year's annual Moscow Conference on International Security was attended by a record number of delegates, more than 850 representatives from 95 countries and eight international organizations.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

All tasks defined for 2018 have been completed by the Armed Forces. An 11% increase in combat capabilities and a given level of maintaining the country's defense capability were ensured.

There is a qualitative and quantitative increase in the main indicators compared to 2017. In general, the equipment of the army and navy with modern weapons reached 61.5%.

In 2019, the Ministry of Defense will have to solve a number of priority tasks. Regarding strategic nuclear forces: place 31 launchers with Yars and Avangard intercontinental ballistic missiles on combat duty in the Strategic Missile Forces. Introduce into service four modernized Tu-95 strategic missile carriers. Accept into the fleet the lead nuclear submarine cruiser of the Borey-A project, Prince Vladimir, armed with Bulava ballistic missiles.

For general purpose forces. As part of the improvement of district army sets in the Ground Forces, form 11 formations of military units, supply the coastal forces of the Navy and Airborne Forces with 719 modern armored vehicles, one brigade set of Iskander-M missile systems, two brigades of S-400V4 anti-aircraft missile systems , "Buk-M3", to increase the share of modern models to 50.8%.

Supply the Aerospace Forces, naval aviation and air defense forces of the Navy with 143 new and modernized aircraft, two regimental sets of S-400 Triumph anti-aircraft missile systems, one Vityaz anti-aircraft missile system and seven divisional anti-aircraft missile systems missile and gun complex "Pantsir".

Bring the share of modern military and special equipment in the Air Force to 65% , and in the Aerospace Forces - up to 81.8%. Ensure the fulfillment of the tasks of experimental combat duty of the Unified Space System.

Introduce 12 ships and combat boats, two submarines, and 12 support vessels into the operational composition of the Navy. Supply four coastal missile systems “Bal” and “Bastion” to the troops. In general, increase the share of modern models in the Navy to 64% .

As a result, ensure the timely placement and strict execution of tasks of the state defense order for 2019 and reach the level of equipment of the Armed Forces with modern weapons and equipment - 67%.

Prepare and conduct 18,500 various exercises and trainings, including the strategic command and staff exercise “Center-2019” and the exercise of strategic nuclear forces “Thunder”.

Put 3,751 buildings and structures into operation synchronously with the timing of weapons and military equipment entering the troops. Complete environmental work in the Arctic, clean up the remaining 9,000 km².

Build the Presidential Cadet School in Kemerovo, a boarding school for students of the Ministry of Defense in St. Petersburg. To intensify military-patriotic work among young people, to increase the number of Youth Army members to 500,000 teenagers.

In the next three years, solve the problem of constructing ice rinks, swimming pools and sports towns in all pre-university institutions of the Ministry of Defense.

Continue the implementation of the “Effective Army” program.

By 2020, complete the implementation of a system for recording personal data of military personnel using electronic cards “Passport”.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

Solutions identified during the work on problematic issues are taken into account in the activity plans of the Ministry of Defense for 2019–2025.

The report is finished.

Russian Empire inXIXV.

Describe the main directions of the internal policy of the Russian Empire in the first half XIXV.

First half of the 19th century - This is the reign of two emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I.

Alexander I (1801-1825)

The first period of Alexander's reign was marked by liberal reforms. At the beginning of his reign, he confirmed the liberal disposition of future reforms: the “Secret Chancellery” was destroyed, freedom was granted to political prisoners and exiles, torture, which became an indispensable part of legal proceedings, was prohibited. The emperor paid especially great attention to the issues of abolishing serfdom and limiting autocracy. The solution to these issues and others was discussed by Alexander among his like-minded people who were members of the “Unspoken Committee” (P.A. Stroganov, V.P. Kochubey, N.N. Novosiltsev, A.D. Chartorysky).

Already in 1802, an administrative reform was carried out, which consisted of replacing the boards with 8 ministries: military, naval, foreign affairs, justice, internal affairs, finance, commerce, and public education. Simultaneously with the creation of ministries, Senate reform was also carried out. The Senate was proclaimed the “supreme seat of the empire,” whose power was limited only by the power of the emperor. Ministers were required to submit annual reports to the Senate, which it could appeal to the sovereign.

But still, Alexander never ceased to be concerned about the solution to the peasant question, firstly, he stopped the practice of distributing state peasants as serfs to the nobles, and secondly, on February 20, 1803, the Decree on free (free) cultivators was issued, which established the rules for the emancipation of serfs and the allotment their land, but he attributed the provision of freedom to the decision of the owners of the estates themselves. This Decree formed a special social category of free cultivators who owned land by private property rights, in contrast to state peasants. As for the practical results of this Decree, they were small. The total number of serfs freed after its publication was about 50,000.

In 1803, another important reform was carried out - a reform in the field of public education. On January 24, 1803, Alexander approved a new regulation on the organization of educational institutions. The territory of Russia was divided into six educational districts, in which four categories of educational institutions were created: parish, district, provincial schools, as well as gymnasiums and universities. The latter were supposed to represent the highest level of education. If before this time there was only one university in Russia - Moscow, founded in 1755, now many old universities were restored and new ones were created. Although education still remained inaccessible to a significant part of the population, primarily peasants, the new education system met the needs of society for competent, qualified specialists.

The new stage of reforms, which began in 1803, required new people, these new people were A.A. Arakcheev and M.M. Speransky. The first dealt primarily with issues related to the reorganization of the army, the second with the development of plans for new reforms.

Speransky's reforms.

The reform plan proposed by Speransky represented the thoughts of the emperor himself.

Firstly, he proposed reforming the system of public administration by implementing the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial.

Secondly, the reform plan addressed the issue of civil rights, which were supposed to be given to the entire population of the country, including serfs. Among these rights he included the impossibility of punishing anyone without a court decision. The right to participate in elections was supposed to be given only to the first two classes of the state - the nobility and the merchants.

The implementation of Speransky's plan was supposed to transform Russia into a constitutional monarchy, where the power of the monarch would be limited by a bicameral legislative body of a parliamentary type.

The implementation of Speransky's plan began in 1809 - 1810. On January 1, 1810, the State Council (legislative body) was created, which was supposed to coordinate the activities of all three branches of government. The implementation of the next stages of the reform was delayed; in the summer of 1810, the transformation of ministries began: the Ministry of Commerce was liquidated, the ministries of police and communications, as well as a number of new Main Directorates, were created. The State Duma was never created. The project for reorganizing the Senate proposed by Speransky, the essence of which was to divide it into two - government and judicial, was rejected by members of the State Council. After a series of failures, Speransky asked for resignation.

Reasons for the failure of the new reforms:

the very personality of Speransky, who rose from the bottom, aroused envy and anger in court circles.

secondly, Speransky’s reforms encroached on a long-established order that was very convenient for the nobility and bureaucrats.

Arakcheev's reforms.

Arakcheev's reforms became a transition from liberalism to reaction, the hallmark of which was the implementation of military reform, which consisted of the creation of military settlements. Realizing that any attempt to abolish serfdom would cause discontent on the part of the landowners, Alexander decided to make the army his main support. However, the army itself was largely dependent on the nobility: half of the recruits were taken from the serfs, most of the food supplies also came from the noble estates. The first priority was to create a self-sufficient army. This is where the idea of ​​military settlements originated. In military settlements, military training was combined with productive work. It was expected that: 1) the army would become self-sufficient in economic and financial terms; 2) soldiers will be provided with land and means of subsistence; 3) military settlements will relieve the population of the need to pay taxes used to maintain the army.

However, there were not many successful military settlements; mostly the soldiers did not approve of this idea, since here they faced new oppression from the administration, which led to a series of uprisings that were brutally suppressed by Arakcheev’s assistants.

By the end of his reign, Alexander completely forgot about reforms, pursuing reactionary policies and acting to please the landowners. The activities of Masonic lodges were prohibited, and landowners were allowed to exile offending peasants to settle in Siberia.

All historians say that the reason for the failure of the ongoing and planned reforms was Alexander’s weakness in front of the nobility, who did not want to change the foundations that were convenient for them. In addition, there is inconsistency in the reforms being carried out: “the emperor and his employees decided to introduce new government institutions before suitable civil relations were created; they wanted to build a liberal constitution in a society, half of which was in slavery.”

Nicholas I (1825-1855)

Nicholas I was the complete opposite of his brother; there was not a shadow of liberalism in his actions. Already with his first measures, he confirmed the reactionary nature of his policy: the press was limited, universities were placed under strict control, and the Special Third Department of the Imperial Chancellery, a secret police body, was created.

The beginning of Nicholas' reign was marked by a historically remarkable event - the uprising of the Decembrists, who proposed reform projects that contributed to the strengthening of Russia. The ideas of the Decembrists did not disappear without a trace, but were adopted by Nicholas, who adhered to them in his actions. Nicholas takes a number of measures to limit serfdom. The Decembrists drew attention to the need to abolish serfdom. The purpose of the laws issued was reduced to the idea of ​​regulating the exploitation of peasant labor by landowners. However, they had no practical significance.

A series of peasant unrest swept across Russia, during which there was a demand for the return of communal self-government. To meet this requirement, guardianship reform was carried out. Its essence was the division of provinces into districts, and they, in turn, were divided into volosts and rural communities. The administration of the districts was entrusted to the district commanders of their nobles. And peasant self-government was introduced in volosts and rural communities. This reform contributed to improving the well-being of state peasants.

Another evil pointed out by the Decembrists was disorder in finances. This became the basis for financial reform, under the leadership of Finance Minister Kankrin. As a result, Russia's gold reserves were increased and a new exchange rate was supported, at the expense of which the stabilized paper money introduced in 1839 was 3.5 times more expensive than the previous ones. The silver ruble was introduced as the “main coin”, and credit notes were issued, which were freely exchanged for silver.

Kankrin was the initiator of another reform, which, according to his plan, contributed to the creation of a deficit-free budget. This is a trade, or guild, reform that limited the possibilities of monopolizing trade by the merchants of the first guild and expanded the rights of the average merchants, which contributed to the emergence of another source of budget replenishment.

The destinies of Alexander I and Nicholas I are similar in the sense that both the first and the second tried to carry out reforms necessary for society, but were powerless in the face of insurmountable difficulties associated with conservative public opinion, the absence in society of those political forces that could support reform efforts Emperor.

Analyze the development of the Russian financial and monetary system during the reign of Alexander Iand NikolaiI. What is the role of the Ministry of Finance and its head E.F. Kankrin in creating a deficit-free budget?

In 1802, the Ministry of Finance was created, which performed national functions - drawing up the budget, determining sources of replenishment of the treasury, developing economic policy and customs tariffs.

Since the share of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. there were many trials - Russia participated in a number of international conflicts, its territory was invaded by Napoleon's armies, the devastating Crimean War took place in the middle of the century - public debt increased year after year, creating a budget deficit.

The activities of the first ministers of finance (A.I. Vasiliev, F.A. Golubtsov) did not improve the current situation at all; on the contrary, during their tenure the financial situation sharply worsened: the issue of paper money - banknotes - increased, which caused a drop in their exchange rate, even increased taxes, the introduction of additions to taxes and duties did not improve the situation.

In 1810, the Ministry of Finance was headed by D.A. Guryev, his appointment was facilitated by M.M. Speransky. Guryev did not support Speransky’s financial projects, but acted using his own methods. In 1810, he introduced a monetary system based on the principle of monetary monometallism, without reducing the issue of banknotes. Guryev achieved a manifesto introducing uniform circulation of bank notes. All payments, primarily taxes and duties, were allowed to be paid in banknotes at the exchange rate of the day on which they were made. This led monetary circulation in the country to almost complete disorder.

Speransky's reforms were more consistent and contributed more to the stabilization of the financial sector. Speransky drew up a “Finance Plan”, the goal of which was to eliminate the budget deficit; this was supposed to be achieved by increasing taxes, including on noble estates, introducing new customs tariffs (policy of protectionism), and reducing government spending. Some of the measures envisaged by Speransky were implemented: a new customs tariff was introduced, new taxes on distilling were introduced, the scope of credit for noble estates was expanded. However, Speransky's proposal to increase taxes largely contributed to his removal from business, as it gave rise to mass discontent with this measure.

Guryev held the post of Minister of Finance until 1823, and was replaced in this post by E.F. Kankrin. Unlike his predecessors, he had a professional education and extensive practical management experience. Like his predecessors, Kankrin tried to ensure a deficit-free budget. For this purpose, a trade or guild reform was carried out, which limited the possibilities of monopolization of trade by the merchants of the 1st guild and expanded the rights of the average merchant. The reform provided another source of budget replenishment, since payments were introduced for trading burghers, artisans and peasants who had not previously made guild payments to the treasury.

An important stage in achieving this goal was the monetary reform at the turn of the 30-40s; the need for this reform had been ripe for a long time, since the joint circulation of metal and paper rubles led to the fact that the paper ruble became 3.5 - 4 times cheaper than the metal one. The first step in preparing monetary reform was to increase Russia's gold reserves. The next stage was the release in 1831-1839. treasury notes (auxiliary means in monetary circulation). They combined the nature of a credit term obligation and a state banknote. In 1839, the Ministry of Finance established depository offices that issued deposit notes backed by silver ruble for ruble.

The manifesto of Nicholas I of July 1, 1839 declared the silver ruble the main legal monetary unit of Russia, and banknotes were allowed as a secondary sign - the transition from banknote circulation to credit circulation began. By 1843, the process of withdrawing banknotes from circulation and exchanging them for non-credit notes was proceeding successfully. At the end of Kankrin's tenure, Russia had a deficit-free budget. However, the Crimean War again plunged Russian finances into a deep crisis, the overcoming of which extended into the second half of the 19th century.

Show the relationship between the peasant reform of 1861 and the liberal reforms of the 1860-1870s.

The peasant reform of 1861 was the largest socio-economic and political transformation in Russian history, which entailed other liberal reforms. The connection of this reform with subsequent ones is emphasized due to the fact that providing peasants with personal freedom required the creation of conditions for its implementation in the social, cultural and economic fields. These conditions were provided by the ongoing liberal reforms, the implementation of which was facilitated by the change in the nature of the Russian state.

The basis is the interdependence of peasant reform with the reforms of the 60-70s. lies in the fact that they were carried out in the same vein of liberal sentiments, the need for which arose after the dominance of the political regime of Nicholas I. Liberalism tends to emphasize the absence of class, group and national prejudices, individualism, and the self-worth of the individual. Therefore, all reforms were aimed at overcoming class discrimination towards the peasantry.

The zemstvo reform of 1864 created the first truly local self-government for all classes that had existed since pre-Petrine times. Peasants were granted political rights: suffrage implied the participation of peasants in the election of members of zemstvo assemblies (elected from the peasants were part of the third curia). The first curia included landowners, and the second included urban voters. The created bodies of local self-government in the provinces (provincial assemblies and provincial councils) and counties (county assemblies and district councils) were supposed to exercise control over schools, hospitals, mail, communications, trade, insurance services, statistics, etc.

The urban reform of 1870 implied the implementation of measures similar in spirit to the zemstvo reform, aimed at improving urban management. The voters were also divided into three curiae.

The role of zemstvos in the second half of the 19th century. great. The development of peasant farming was supported and stimulated by zemstvo savings and loan partnerships and various forms of cooperation.

Judicial reform of 1864, which was led by S.I. Zarudny, was aimed at improving the judicial procedure. During it, crown and magistrate courts were created. Volost courts were created especially for peasants. Although the judicial reform preserved some features of the estate system, it contributed to the peasants gaining the right to a fair trial, since previously the peasants were judged by the landowners themselves, following their interests, and not the letter of the law.

The military reform of 1874 introduced universal conscription. This law was deeply democratic in spirit, since until that time, only the tax-paying classes (peasants, burghers, etc.) had to bear the conscription obligation introduced by Peter I. class differences in the army and especially in the navy remained, although any soldier could become an officer based on merit.

Financial reform, led by Liberal Finance Minister M.H. Reitern, during which the following measures were taken:

Wine taxation, salt, sugar, oil taxation were abolished, and an excise system was introduced;

the principles of transparency, legality and control over the administration were proclaimed;

taxes increased and expenses decreased;

1859 – the system of government tickets was eliminated;

an extensive network of credit institutions was created, consisting of the State Bank (1860) and private commercial banks.

As a result of these actions in the 70s. financial and industrial recovery began in Russia. The railway network connected the southern and northern regions of the country and grew 11 times. The further development of fallow lands in the south of Russia received impetus, and the land shortage of the peasantry decreased.

The reform of public education provided universities with broad autonomy: they could decide scientific, educational, administrative and financial issues themselves. Peasants who received personal freedom should have enjoyed the right to education, but financial difficulties did not allow them to do this. Therefore, the Ministry of Public Education allocated special funds to gymnasiums for the education of gifted children at public expense. Since all reforms were carried out with the goal of providing equal rights to all citizens, it was necessary to provide women with the opportunity to receive education, which began in the 70s.

Results of liberal reforms of the 60-70s:

The reforms outlined the state's course towards creating a third estate - the estate of small owners.

formation of civil society and the rule of law in Russia.

Give a description of the activities of finance ministers N.Kh. Bunge and I.A. Vyshnegradsky.

N.H. Bunge (1881-1886)

Appointment to the post of Minister of Finance N.Kh. Bunge initiated the preparation of a new monetary reform and changes in the taxation system. Bunge carried out the following reforms in the tax system: he introduced taxation on non-taxable classes, excise taxes on alcoholic beverages, and income from rent and wages was taxed.

To overcome the budget deficit, Bunge began accumulating currency from customs duties, pursuing a policy of protectionism. As a result, in 1887 the gold reserves in the State Bank amounted to 84.3 million rubles. In 1887, Bunge abolished the poll tax.

Nikolai Khristoforovich paid great attention to issues of expanding the domestic market and contributed to an increase in industrial financing.

Of no small importance in Bunge’s activities was the peasant issue, by solving which he tried to eliminate the negative consequences of the peasant reform of 1861. He was engaged in the resettlement of land-poor peasants.

The last measure that Bunge advocated was the introduction of an income tax, but he failed and became one of the reasons for his resignation.

I.A. Vyshnegradsky (1887-1892)

The activities of the new Minister of Finance were aimed at enhancing the balance of payments. His career began with boosting the grain trade with the West. The export of wheat from 1887 to 1895 increased 1.5 times. To encourage the grain trade, the state introduced a railway tariff system and raised duties. Vyshnegradsky was accused of putting forward the slogan: “We won’t finish eating, but we’ll take it out!” In the lean years of 1891 and 1892, the grain provinces were struck by famine, and government funds, which were also lacking in public forces, were used to combat it. In productive years, Vyshnegradsky managed to draw up deficit-free budgets. He carried out a bold operation to convert old loans (lowering the interest rate or changing the repayment period).

In 1887, due to complications in relations between the St. Petersburg and Berlin cabinets, German Chancellor Bismarck tried to cause the financial collapse of the Russian Empire, which placed its government loans on the Berlin stock exchange. To avoid this, the Russian Ministry of Finance agreed with representatives of French banks to buy Russian securities. In 1888-1890 Several large loans were placed on the Paris money market and old ones were converted. As a result of Vyshnegradsky’s activities during the 80s. For a long time, the treasury of the State Bank decreased by 300 million, and in 1901 the treasury had no debt. At the same time, the amount of state debt as a result of conversion into chalk increased and interest on debt remained high.

Analyze the essence, implementation mechanism and results of the peasant reform of 1861.

The need to abolish serfdom had been ripe for a long time; the political regime that existed under Nicholas I further confirmed the need to implement this measure, since its main drawback was the institution of serfdom: there was a deep decline in agriculture, and export rates of main agricultural crops decreased.

Although the need for this reform had been ripe for a long time and even concrete steps were taken towards its implementation, it was carried out under Alexander II. The implementation of this reform was greatly facilitated by the awareness of its necessity even among conservatives and the willingness of Alexander II to sacrifice the interests of the feudal landowners. However, there was one more obstacle to the implementation of the peasant reform; it was the inability of state bodies to carry it out. In January 1857, the Secret Committee for Peasant Reform was created, later renamed the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs; it consisted of several senior officials who, fearing decisive action, slowed down the work. In November 1857, rescripts were signed addressed to the Vilna and St. Petersburg governors general on the creation of provincial committees from local landowners “to improve the life of the landowner peasants”; this decisive step made retreat from the implementation of the reform impossible. In 1858, such committees were created in 46 provinces. Alexander, in a speech to the Moscow nobility, noted: “It is better for reform to take place from above than to expect serfdom to be abolished from below.”

Developing a general reform plan and clarifying the state of the provinces for its implementation took three years. The activities of provincial committees were checked by editorial commissions established in 1859, which were headed by Yakov Rostovtsev, a liberal-minded dignitary who played an important role in carrying out the reform. N.A. also had a great influence on the course of the reform. Milyutin, Yu.F. Samarin, M.Kh. Reitern et al.

The result of the activities of the created organizations was the “Regulations on the Peasantry” signed by the emperor on February 19, 1861 and the “Manifesto”, which announced the liberation of the peasantry.

Basic principles of the reform:

the servants were supposed to be released within two years without ransom, but they received nothing but freedom;

serfs received not only personal freedom, but also plots of land, which amounted to approximately half of what was left to the owner. When determining the norm of allotment, both natural and economic conditions were taken into account, as well as the land that remained with the landowner. The law provided for cutting off or cutting off plots of land from the peasant allotment in case of deviation from the norm. As a rule, the “segments” included meadows, pastures, and watering places, without which farming would be difficult;

under the terms of liberation, the land did not become the private property of the peasants, but was considered as the property of the landowner, to whom they had to pay for the use of the land. The state decided to help speed up the process of buying land from the landowner by providing additional credit for buying land. Payment for land was made on the basis of long-term obligations. The amount that the government paid for the land of the peasant had to be paid within 49 years. But even after the land was redeemed by the government, the peasants did not take it into private ownership, since it became the common property of the peasant association or village with collective responsibility for the redemption payments of its members.

Results of the peasant reform:

peasants lost more land than they gained;

the interest-bearing loan provided by the government for the purchase of peasant lands, the payment of which stretched over 49 years, forced the loan to be repaid threefold;

Two types of farming appeared in the village - landowner and peasant allotment. This led to the possibility of agricultural development along two paths - landowner farming based on noble land ownership and small-scale peasant production;

Peasant reform provided the opportunity to carry out a number of liberal reforms.

Give a brief description of the three main trends in the socio-political thought of Russia in the second half XIXcentury: security, liberalism and revolutionary democracy.

Security is the official ideology of autocracy, expressed in the formula “Orthodoxy - autocracy - nationality” and designed to justify and protect the foundations of the autocratic system. This ideology began to be developed by the Minister of Education S.S. Uvarov in the 40s. XIX century as opposed to revolutionary ideology in society.

In the 60-80s. the ideology of conservation receives deeper development thanks to thinkers such as K.N. Leontyev, N.Ya. Danilevsky, K.P. Pobedonostsev. They were united by the conviction that Europeanization and politicization of the people were disastrous for Russia. In particular, Pobedonostsev considered it a crime to incite political passions in the peasantry, which led to greed, self-interest, and the emergence of dark instincts. He was a staunch opponent of democracy in Russia, believing that the Russian peasantry was not ready for self-government. The ideal form of government, in his opinion, is a monarchy, where the monarch represents the unity of rational will.

Supporters of the ideology of preservation were against the revolution, leading to spiritual and inevitably subsequent material destruction. Their main goal was to preserve the most important national foundations - the Orthodox faith, an original political and socio-economic system. Representatives expressed interesting ideas about the development of events in the 20th century. So Leontyev created his own historiosophical concept, according to which the development of liberal and socialist ideas will cause the emergence of “slavery in a new form”, in the form of the most brutal subordination of individuals to small and large communities, and of communities to the state; his prophecy was justified.

Liberalism, which developed in the first half of the 19th century, in the late 50s. entered a new stage, which lasted until the 90s. During this time, liberals gained unity in their desire to have a real influence on domestic politics, in particular, liberal-minded politicians led the implementation of the “great reforms” of the 60s and 70s. Their practical activities revealed an important pattern of liberal politics - gradual economic and social transformations should significantly outpace transformations of the political system.

A new generation of liberals took part in the development and implementation of reforms: N.A. and D.A. Milyutin, A.V. Golovnin, M.Kh. Reitern, N.H. Bunge. As a result of their transformations, they came to the conclusion that Russia must choose the path of constant and careful transformations to prevent a revolutionary explosion in the country, which they considered an absolute evil. The implementation of zemstvo, city and judicial reforms in Russia led to the spread of the ideals of liberalism in the provinces. On their basis, a broad zemstvo-liberal movement arose.

By the beginning of the 90s. New trends are emerging in the liberal movement. Among Russian liberals, two trends stand out: radical (constitutional) and moderate. Liberals of the late 19th and early 20th years opposed Russian absolutism and condemned the arbitrariness and violence that flourished in the country; they sought to introduce bourgeois-democratic freedoms in Russia, expand the functions of local self-government, involve the bourgeois public in resolving issues of a national plan, etc.

Revolutionary democracy. The first representatives of revolutionary democracy in Russia were the Decembrists, who created a revolutionary organization and opposed the autocratic serfdom system. The second period of this movement began in 1861, N. G. Chernyshevsky had a great influence on it. By 1861, two centers of the revolutionary movement were emerging: one in London, the other in Russia. Populists of the 1870s adopted the democratic, anti-liberal traditions of the revolutionary democrats of the 60s.

Populism of the 60-80s. were characterized by a rejection of bourgeoisism; the desire to defend the interests of the peasantry, in particular, the main theorist of revolutionary populism of the 70s. M.A. Bakunin considered the main goal of the movement to be the conquest of freedom (economic, political, spiritual), that is, the liberation of the people in all areas; reluctance to acknowledge the presence of capitalism in Russia. The means to achieve this goal was a revolution, the main driving force of which should be the people. Other prominent representatives of populism were P.L. Lavrov, P.N. Tkachev, N.K. Mikhailovsky. After several unsuccessful attempts to rouse the people to revolt, there is a peculiar return to the tactics of the Decembrists: a revolution by the forces of a small group of revolutionaries united in a revolutionary organization. In 1876, the secret revolutionary society “Land and Freedom” was created. In 1879, due to the emergence of disagreements, two organizations “Black Redistribution” and “People’s Will” appeared. After the defeat of “Narodnaya Volya”, as a result of the unification of Narodnaya Volya organizations operating abroad and in Russia, the “Northern Union of Socialist Revolutionaries”, “Party of Socialist Revolutionaries”, etc. were formed. By the end of the 70s - early 80s. XIX century revolutionary populism is transformed into liberalism, which does not set as its goal the organization of a revolutionary struggle.

What system of government authorities was formed under Alexander? I?

As a result of the administrative reform carried out under the leadership of M.M. Speransky, under Alexander, a system of state authorities was formed, based on the principles of separation of powers into the legislative (State Council), executive (ministries) and judicial (Senate). All branches of power were confined to the sovereign.

What is the significance of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army for Russian history?

The Russian Empire, having achieved a brilliant victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812, became the leading power in the world.

The Patriotic War of 1812 greatly contributed to the emergence in society of ideas about the abolition of serfdom as a necessary condition for the further development of Russia. This was facilitated by the peasant unrest that began at the very beginning of the war. If Napoleon in such a situation had announced the abolition of serfdom, the resistance of the peasantry, outraged by the tyranny and robberies of the Napoleonic army, would have been suppressed, Russia would have been conquered. But not only was peasant resistance not eliminated, on the contrary, the war of 1812 is a rare example when all classes acted as a united front against the enemy. “... this powerful national impulse... meant much more than decades of peaceful everyday existence... Without a national principle, there is neither 1812 itself, nor the entire subsequent spiritual life of Russian society...”

In addition, foreign campaigns are a source of Decembrism. The Decembrist movement is a manifestation of the anti-feudal, bourgeois struggle. The future Decembrists gleaned these ideas during their campaigns abroad, becoming convinced that serfdom was not a universal phenomenon, and its abolition improves the situation of the peasantry and contributes to the development of the country as a whole.

What do you know about the causes and consequences of the Decembrist uprising?

Reasons for the Decembrist uprising:

feudal-serf system in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. was a brake on the development of productive forces and the historical progress of the country. The best minds of Russia understood that the preservation of serfdom and autocracy was disastrous for the future fate of Russia;

an internal reaction aimed at imposing brutal discipline in the army and the brutal suppression of any manifestations of free thought, and a reactionary foreign policy (the creation of the “Holy Alliance”, the purpose of which was to unite the reactionary monarchical powers to fight the revolutionary and national liberation movement);

a general deterioration in the situation of the masses, which intensified after the War of 1812: many villages were ruined, the nobles increased oppression, trying to improve their financial situation at the expense of the peasants;

Foreign campaigns greatly contributed to the formation of a revolutionary worldview. The future Decembrists, having visited abroad during them, became convinced that serfdom was not a universal phenomenon and only disgraced Russia;

In addition to internal reasons, there were also factors of international significance. Beginning of the 19th century marked by the growth of the revolutionary movement in many countries of the world, which contributed to the breakdown of feudal-absolute institutions and orders.

Consequences of the Decembrist uprising:

For a long period of time, Russia lost extraordinary people, brilliant minds lost in exile. For many years, the country's public life was frozen;

the authorities, frightened by the bold speech of the Decembrists, were extremely suspicious of any proposals for modernization and change;

The authorities' reaction to the Decembrist uprising convinced the educated society of Russia that the people were indifferent to Western ideals of freedom and the political movement in general. Revolutionary actions cannot lead Russia to freedom;

Another consequence of the uprising is that it accelerated the implementation of reforms in Russia, emphasizing their necessity with its speech. Consideration of ways to develop the political life of Russia began in the 30s. and only in the 60s. liberal reforms began to be implemented.

What do you know about the Crimean War? How did its results affect Russia's domestic politics?

CRIMINAL WAR (1853 – 1856)

Causes of the war:

aggravation of contradictions between Russia and Turkey and Western European countries. Russia, dissatisfied with the political guarantee of the regime of the Black Sea straits, enshrined in the London Conventions, has again returned to the “free hands” policy in the Middle East. This circumstance became a source of conflict between tsarism, Turkey and Western European countries;

Russia sought to increase its conquests in the Ottoman Empire;

Western European countries (England, France), speaking on the side of Turkey, hatched a plan for war against Russia with the aim of reducing it to a minor power.

The reason for the start of the war was the mission of Prince A.S. Menshikov in Constantinople, during which he demanded that the rights of the Orthodox Church in Palestine be restored and confirmed by a special convention, the prince’s defiant behavior closed the way for resolving the conflict peacefully. Great Britain played an important provocative role in starting the war, whose ambassador did everything to start the war.

The Crimean War, during which there are two stages. The first (November 1853 - April 1854) is the Russian-Turkish campaign itself. The second (April 1854 - February 1856) was associated with the Anglo-French intervention in Crimea and extensive military operations on the Caucasian front.

Results of the war:

Russia was defeated in the Crimean War;

the main task of England and France, which was to undermine Russian military power in the Black Sea basin, was achieved;

On March 18, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed, which marked the formation of the Crimean system, based on the principle of neutralizing the Black Sea. Russia was deprived of the right to have a navy in the Black Sea, Russia also lost the southern part of Bessarabia, but it managed to defend the rights of the Moldavian, Wallachian and Serbian peoples, the Danube principalities did not fall under the Austrian yoke.

The Crimean War had an exceptional impact on the internal situation of the country. It contributed to the development of mass peasant uprisings, and therefore accelerated the formation of the first revolutionary situation in Russia.

What do you know about the activities of the populist organizations “Land and Freedom” and “People’s Will”?

The first major revolutionary-democratic secret organization, “Land and Freedom,” was created in 1861. Its ideological leader was N.G. Chernyshevsky. The landowners considered Ogarev’s article “What the People Need” to be their program document, which warned the people against premature, unprepared speeches.

The landowners launched active illegal publishing activities in their printing house. They conducted extensive oral propaganda and agitation, explaining the need to eliminate the autocracy, a fair solution to the agrarian question and the establishment of democratic freedoms in Russia.

Focusing on the rise of the peasant and national liberation movement in Russia, the landowners hoped to start a revolution. However, in 1863 the peasant movement began to decline, many revolutionaries, including Chernyshevsky, were arrested. As a result, by the spring of 1864, “Land and Freedom” ceased to exist. The activities of this organization were of great historical significance: it was a rallying point for the most active democratic forces and had a serious influence on the subsequent development of the liberation movement and the formation of revolutionary democratic ideology in Russia.

In 1876, the organization “Land and Freedom” was revived, first in the form of the organization “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”. It included participants in the “going to the people” led by A.D. Mikhailov, G.V. Plekhanov, S.M. Kravchinsky, N.A. Morozov, V.N. Finger et al.

The “Land and Freedom” program provided for the implementation of a socialist revolution by transferring all land to the peasants and organizing “secular self-government” based on peasant communities. They considered riots, strikes and demonstrations to be the main means to achieving their goals. “Land and Freedom” had close ties with student organizations. The practice of village settlements and agitation by landowners did not bring the expected results. It was not possible to raise a popular uprising. Disillusioned with the chosen methods, which did not bring significant results, some landowners began to lean toward terror tactics. As a result of disputes over the choice of tactics, a split occurred in the organization. “Land and Freedom” was divided into “Black Redistribution” and “People’s Will”.

"People's Will" (1879 - 1881) was headed by A.D. Mikhailov, S.L. Perovskoy, V.N. Finger and others. People's Volunteers believed that the people were oppressed and reduced to slavery by the government. Their goal is to carry out a political revolution and establish a democratic system in the country, transfer land to peasants and factories to workers. To achieve their goals, the Narodnaya Volya attracted all the dissatisfied. Much attention was paid to terror and preparations for regicide. They managed to carry out their plans - on March 1, 1881, Alexander II was killed, but this did not cause an uprising as expected. Under Alexander III, who intensified repression, almost all members of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya were arrested.

What were the prerequisites and results of the gold reform of S.Yu. Witte?

Prerequisites for the gold reform:

the activities of previous finance ministers Bunge and Vyshnegradsky, who took all possible measures towards creating a deficit-free budget;

The Crimean War significantly worsened Russia's financial development; in order to bring the country out of a situation of constant budget deficit, it was necessary to “put our currency on a solid basis”;

it was necessary to improve the state of the country's state economy, especially to ensure the possibility of industrial development.

Results of the gold reform:

Currency reform strengthened the external and internal exchange rates of the ruble;

the monetary economy was placed on the same level as the economy of Western European states;

the gold reform improved the state economy in general and gave a significant impetus to the development of Russian industry;

stabilization of the ruble exchange rate contributed to the expansion of Russia's foreign trade relations;

monetary reform gave Russia the opportunity to endure the Japanese war relatively safely.

Dates

When was the “Decree on Free Plowmen” issued?

When did the Battle of Borodino take place?

When was the State Bank of the Russian Empire founded?

June 1860

When was the poll tax abolished in Russia?

When did serfdom abolish in Russia?

The Manifesto was published in 1861, but the actual liberation of the peasants began in 1863.

When did the spread of Marxism in Russia begin?

During the 80s. The spread of Marxism in Russia began.

Personalities

What is the historical significance of the activities of M.M. Speransky?

Speransky, being a liberal-minded reformer, contributed to the formation of the foundations of a constitutional monarchy in Russia, introducing the principle of separation of powers and civil rights for all segments of the population. Speransky's activities became a harbinger of the liberal reforms of the 60-70s.

Which Westerners and Slavophiles do you know?

Westerners: T.N. Granovsky, V.P. Botkin, K.D. Kavelin, N.V. Stankevich, M.A. Bakunin, S.M. Soloviev, V.G. Belinsky, P.V. Annenkov, I.I. Panaev, young A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev.

Slavophiles: A.S. Khomyakov, Aksakov brothers, Kireevsky brothers, Yu.F. Samarin, A.I. Koshelev, Prince V.A. Cherkassky.

Which liberal figures do you know who prepared and carried out reforms in the 60s and 70s? XIX century?

S.S. Lanskoy, Ya.I. Rostovtsev, Milyutin brothers, M.Kh. Reitern, N.H. Bunge, A.V. Golovnin.

What do you know about the political activities of M.T. Loris-Melikova?

M.T. Loris-Melikov – Minister of Internal Affairs, hero of the Russian-Turkish War, Governor-General of Kharkov.

The name of this Minister of Finance is associated with the creation of the “constitution”. Its main idea was that the revolutionary activity of the intelligentsia cannot be stopped by coercive measures alone. In his opinion, the revolutionaries enjoyed the moral support of the moderate classes of society because of their dissatisfaction with the autocracy of the government. He believed that the government should satisfy the moderates by granting a constitution. Loris-Melikov believed that it was necessary to satisfy the desire of society representatives to participate in public life through the involvement of elected representatives from zemstvos in the work on bills. However, this plan could not be implemented due to the assassination of Alexander II.

What is the significance of the activities of M.Kh. Reuterna as finance minister?

During Reitern's tenure as Minister of Finance, the first State Bank was created, and the network of credit institutions was expanded, which significantly contributed to the development of trade. Measures were taken to eliminate the government ticket system.

As a result of Reitern's activities in the mid-70s. financial and industrial growth began in Russia, the foundations of financial and

economic policy.

Whom do you know among the first Russian Marxists?

G.V. Plekhanov, V.I. Zasulich, V.N. Ignatov.

Terms:

Security

This is the official ideology of autocracy, expressed in the formula “Orthodoxy - autocracy - nationality” and designed to justify and protect the foundations of the autocratic system. This ideology began to be developed by the Minister of Education S.S. Uvarov in the 40s. XIX century as opposed to revolutionary ideology in society. Representatives: K.N. Leontyev, N.Ya. Danilevsky, K.P. Pobedonostsev.

Liberalism

- firstly, a way of thinking and activity, a state of mind, which is characterized by independence in relation to traditions and dogmas; secondly, a set of ideological and political teachings, political and economic programs aimed at eliminating or mitigating various forms of state or social coercion according to attitude towards the individual.

Radicalism

- a revolutionary movement whose main idea is rebellion and destruction of old Russia.

Monometalism

- a monetary system in which one metal (gold or silver) acts as a universal equivalent and the basis of monetary circulation. For example, such a system was created under the Minister of Finance D.A. Guryev.

Raznochintsy

– these are the children of peasants and traders who have received primary or higher education; fly from among the clergy who refused to be priests; children of minor officials who did not want to follow the example of their fathers, and children of impoverished nobles. The commoners quickly formed a new social class - the intelligentsia, which included many nobles.

Allotment land tenure

- this is a type of land ownership, according to which, after the abolition of serfdom, plots of land (allotments) were in household or community ownership, the community had to bear responsibility for obtaining this land.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://sergeev-sergey.narod.ru/start/glava.html

September 15, 1801
On the day of the coronation of Alexander I, an Imperial Decree is issued "On the abolition of torture."

In honor of the new Emperor, a bronze medal is issued with the image of the monarch on the front side and the inscription “Law is the guarantee of the bliss of one and all” on the reverse.

June 24, 1801
The first is taking place in the imperial chambers meeting of the Secret Committee, which includes friends of Alexander I’s youth: Count P.A. Stroganov, Count V.P. Kochubey, N.N. Novosiltsev, Prince A.A. Czartoryski. These were educated representatives of the noble youth who became prominent statesmen of the era.

The Committee's tasks include: "first of all, to find out the actual state of affairs; then to reform the various parts of the administration and, finally, to provide state institutions with a constitution based on the true spirit of the Russian people."

September 8, 1802
Approved Manifesto of Alexander I "On the establishment of ministries".

To manage public affairs, a single Ministry is created, divided into 8 departments: military, naval, foreign affairs, justice, internal affairs, finance, commerce and public education. The head of each department is called a Minister, and the departments themselves, immediately after their establishment, are officially called Ministries. All ministries, together with the Committee of Ministers, existed until 1917 (except for the Ministry of Commerce, abolished in 1810).

The first Minister of Internal Affairs is appointed Count Kochubey Viktor Pavlovich . The Minister's comrade is Count Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov.

Subordinate to the Minister of Internal Affairs:

• Manufactory Collegium (except for the expedition of preparation and storage of promissory notes and stamp paper),
• Medical College,
• Main salt office,
• Main Post Office,
• Expedition of the state economy, guardianship of foreign and rural economics, in addition to the affairs of the chamber table and printing of bills,
• Provincial boards and orders of public charity, state chambers, on the arrangement and maintenance of public buildings and on population calculations.

The jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire includes local administrative and police institutions, class bodies of the nobility and urban classes.

September 19, 1802
Count Kochubey, in a personal circular, demands that governors report to the Ministry data “for complete and fundamental knowledge of the situation of each province at the present time, and then continue to constantly notify about changes in the situation of one or another branch of government.”

Provincial reports include information “about population movements, about taxes and duties, about harvests, about food stores, about factories and industrial enterprises, about the state economy, about public buildings, about disturbances of public peace,” etc.

1803
Published Decree "On means of correcting the police in cities", which became along with "Charter of Deanery" the main regulatory act that determined the structure, functions, and competence of city police agencies.

According to the Highest Decree in St. Petersburg, it is formed the first professional fire brigade on a permanent basis. The team is made up of “soldiers for frontline service, incapable, but of kind and sober behavior, ... who, in turn, would serve as guards and firemen.” The population of the capital is exempt from the provision of night watchmen, maintenance of firefighters, and maintenance of street lamps.

The staff of the St. Petersburg fire brigade includes: fire major; fire chiefs (11 people - according to the number of fire departments); assistant fire chiefs of non-commissioned officer rank (11); firefighters (528); pump master; locksmith; blacksmiths (2); chimney sweeper; chimney sweeps (24); coachman (137).

Colonel Domrachev was appointed St. Petersburg fire major (from 1803 to 1827).

January 7, 1803
The staff (45 people) of the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was approved, which received the name Department of the Interior, originally consisting of four expeditions, which included:

• Folk food and salt part - First expedition.
• Calmness and Decency - Second Expedition.
• Improvement of agriculture, state factories and factories, mining, road conditions - Third expedition.
• Orders of public charity, hospitals, charitable institutions, prisons - the Fourth Expedition.
• A Society of Nobles is established under the Department “to compile the history of each part of the administration, systematize information about each province to compile general statistics of the state, carry out local investigations, assist Expeditions, and carry out special orders of the Minister”.

1804
The first issue comes out "St. Petersburg Magazine", the official periodical organ of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (until 1809). V.P. is directly involved in its publication. Kochubey, M.M. Speransky and Alexander I himself.

The magazine consisted of two sections. The first section published imperial decrees, the most important government acts, and also, for the first time for the general public, reports from the Minister of Internal Affairs on the situation in the Empire and the activities of the department entrusted to him. The second section contained materials about foreign government bodies, scientific articles related to the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

New police personnel have been approved and are beginning to be introduced, first in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and later in other provincial and district cities. The Metropolitan Police is divided into internal and external:

The internal part consists of deanery councils, private bailiffs, quarterly supervisors, who carried out the orders of city authorities and courts, carried out investigations, controlled the activities of trading establishments and compliance with the passport regime;

The outer part consists of police and fire brigades, night watches, i.e. units performing regular patrol duty.

Responsibility for maintaining public order rests with police chiefs and fire chiefs.

Following St. Petersburg, Moscow is creating its own professional fire brigade, distributed among city parts.

1806
At the initiative of Kochubey and Speransky, a reorganization of the Ministry is taking place, the meaning of which boils down to the transfer of the Postal Department to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a change in the structure and functions of the Department of Internal Affairs, and the introduction of new lower-level structural units - desks headed by chiefs.

To the staff Ministry of Internal Affairs includes:

• The minister and his comrades,
• Society of Nobles under the Minister and 5 Secretaries,
• Internal affairs department,
• Medical advice,
• Main Post Office with a separate office.

internal affairs department are:

• Expedition of the State Economy (87 employees) with the Manufactory Board and the Main Salt Office;
• State Improvement Expedition (25 employees), consisting of two sections,
• The expedition of the state medical board, which in turn was divided into two departments. The first department was entrusted with monitoring the activities of all medical officials of the state, including issues of certification and appointment to positions. The second department was engaged in financial and economic activities. In addition, the printing house of the Medical College was subordinate to her.
• Construction Committee (4 employees)

Functions First branch of the State Improvement Expedition:

• collection of information about all incidents, crimes, persons arriving from abroad and leaving the country,
• control over the "decency" of public spectacles and meetings - the first table;
• supervision of the condition of roads and compliance with order on them,
• "establishment" of the staff of city police teams, night and fire watches, prison officers,
• control over the delivery of convicts to places of serving their sentences,
• organization of recruitment into the army - second table;
• appointment, rewarding, dismissal of local police officials - the third table.

Second department, mainly deals with complaints against the police.

Expedition of public charity with the State Medical Administration (55 employees).

In the Moscow district, for the first time in the practice of organizing local police bodies, city and zemstvo police were united. But the new structure until the 60s of the XIX century. did not receive further distribution.

November 1807
Prince appointed to the post of Minister of Internal Affairs Kurakin Alexey Borisovich .

1809
The Directorate of Water and Land Communications was created - a central management body for communication routes. The territory of the state is divided into ten districts with corresponding directors in charge of transport police.

Created in Moscow and St. Petersburg office addresses, which became Metropolitan Police departments.

All those who came to the capitals for permanent residence in order to work for hire were obliged to register in the address office, which was monitored by private bailiffs and quarterly supervisors. A similar rule applied to foreigners “who live temporarily in the capital or permanently, but are not assigned to any state.”

Fire protection included in the jurisdiction of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

November 3, 1809
The first issue is published Northern mail or new St. Petersburg newspaper", a printed publication of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which replaced the "St. Petersburg Journal".

The newspaper was published twice a week and existed until 1819.

1810 – 1815

1810
The Manifesto “On the division of state affairs into special departments, identifying the items that belong to that department” was published.

The title of Chief of Police was restored under the name of the Minister of Police "for general consideration and the main administration of all subjects belonging to the state police."

January 1, 1810
Published Manifesto "On the Formation of the State Council", the highest legislative body. M.M. was appointed head of the office of this body with the rank of State Secretary. Speransky. The Council is divided into six departments: Laws, Military Affairs, Civil Affairs, Spiritual Affairs, State Economy, and the Kingdom of Poland. The Chairman of the Council is the Emperor and "no Law, Charter or Institution proceeds from the Council without the approval of the Supreme Power."

March 1810
Kozodavlev Osip Petrovich .

July 25, 1810
Published new distribution of government affairs between ministries, where the main responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior is recognized as the care of agriculture and industry. State improvement and medical services are transferred to the newly established Ministry of Police.

The building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire in St. Petersburg

January 16, 17, 1811
After the report of the head of the military ground forces, Barclay de Tolly, an Imperial Decree was issued on the reassignment of provincial companies and district commands to the Ministry of War and a Decree on the formation of new army regiments on the basis of garrison battalions.

From the garrison battalions (4 companies), 3 companies are allocated, staffed by the strongest soldiers, from which infantry battalions are formed (13 army regiments in total). The remaining companies are combined with the provincial companies into a half-battalion of internal service, subordinate to the military department.

March 27, 1811
Published Imperial Decree on the reorganization of disabled companies and teams.

All disabled people in these units are divided into three categories: mobile, serving and incapable. The “incapable” are on state support, receive a salary and “are in the department of the commander of the garrison battalion according to the rules of 1764.” Third companies of provincial half-battalions and separate companies to serve army hospitals are formed from disabled people capable of service.

July 3, 1811
Approved and made public "Regulations on the internal guard", which defines the final composition and functions of the internal guard, the order of its subordination to the military department and the local provincial authorities.

According to the Schedule, the internal guard of the Russian Empire is divided into 8 districts headed by district generals. The district covers from four to eight provinces and 2-4 brigades are stationed in it (20 brigades in total).

The duties of the internal guard include:

• assistance in the execution of laws and court sentences;
• capturing thieves, pursuing and exterminating robbers and dispersing gatherings prohibited by law; pacification of disobedience and rioting;
• capture of fugitive criminals and deserters;
• prosecution of prohibited and secretly imported goods;
• assistance to the free movement of domestic food;
• assistance in collecting taxes and arrears; maintaining order and tranquility in church ceremonies of all confessions tolerated by law;
• maintaining order at fairs and auctions, folk and church festivals, etc.;
• receiving and escorting recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners; sending military personnel who have overstayed their leave to their commands;
• assistance during fires and river floods; dispatching the necessary sentries to public places, prisons and prisons; treasury support.

July 7, 1811
Position created Internal Guard Inspector(aka assistant to the Minister of War), to which he is appointed Count E.F. Komarovsky .

July 25, 1811
Published Manifesto "General Establishment of Ministries", more clearly defining the structure and limits of power of central government bodies.

According to the Manifesto, all ministries consist of departments (directorates), departments are divided into branches (expeditions), departments - into desks. Unity of command and personal responsibility of ministers are being strengthened. A new advisory body was introduced into the ministries - the Minister's Council, consisting of senior officials of the ministry and third-party "informed" people: manufacturers, breeders, merchants, etc. Matters of particular importance cannot be decided without prior consideration by the Council.

According to the Manifesto, a new Ministry of Police, consisting of three departments, the Medical Council, the General and Special Chancellery.

The first - the Economic Police Department (2 departments, 24 employees) is engaged in:

• food issues;
• orders of public charity.

The second - the Executive Police Department (3 departments, 32 employees) is engaged in:

• drawing up police staff, appointing, dismissing, rewarding police personnel, reviews provincial reports, keeps statistics;
• judicial and criminal cases, the organization of prisons and their guards, the transfer of convicts, the capture of fugitives and those without a passport, the suppression of vagrancy, prohibited games, large debtors, bankruptcy cases, dissenters, supervision of the actions of the police in catching criminals, complaints about the actions or inaction of the police, etc. .P.
• matters related to the “dispatch” of zemstvo duties, relations with military units.

The third department - Medical (3 departments, 32 employees) deals with:

• the structure of medical management and general issues of public health;
• procurement of pharmaceutical materials and government pharmacies;
• accounting of amounts and audit of pharmaceutical materials.

The Medical Council is responsible for supplying the military department with medical supplies, giving opinions on cases of forensic medicine, introducing advanced methods of combating diseases, etc.

The special office of the Minister of Police consists of three Tables, an executor, the head of the archive and his assistant. Table items are:

• cases related to the department of foreigners and foreign passports: statements about those traveling across the border, issuance of passports for entry and exit from the state, visas for foreigners, requests for citizenship and everything else related to foreigners and foreign relations.
• censorship audit: supervision of booksellers and printing houses, observation “so that books, magazines, small works and sheets are not circulated without permission from the government”, information “about permissions given for the printing of new works and translations”, about those imported from boundaries of books, permission for new theatrical performances, supervision over the publication and circulation of various public news (posters), etc.
• special cases that the Minister of Police deems necessary to provide his own information and permission.

At both offices there are “a certain number of officials who, without having specific positions, are used by the minister’s own election for various local Administrations; to check local investigations and the like. These officials can, according to their abilities, be preferably assigned to one or the other. another part of the police service, for openings."

The special office under the Minister of Police, originally created to conduct secret office work, actually performed the functions of the political police. By 1819, the Head of the Special Chancellery, who made personal reports to the Emperor, became practically independent of his Minister.

Published simultaneously with the Manifesto "Establishment and instructions to the Minister of Police", which states that, acting in emergency circumstances, the Minister of Police, bypassing the Minister of War, can take command of the necessary military units; has the right to demand information from all local authorities, bypassing the relevant ministries; The Ministry of Police is given the right to “supervise the implementation of laws” across all ministries; The Ministry of Finance is obliged to familiarize the Ministry of Police with “the use of amounts allocated to local authorities”, etc.

Appointed Minister of Police Balashov Alexander Dmitrievich.

After the reorganization, a new structure and functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were approved, which until 1819 lost its primary importance in public administration in the law enforcement sphere.

The following remain in the Ministry of Internal Affairs:

• Office of the Minister with the editorial office of the newspaper "Northern Post" and the Temporary Commission for the "Affairs of the Royal Georgian House" (46 employees),
• Department of State Economy and Public Buildings with the Construction Committee and the Drawing Department (61 employees),
• Department of Manufactures and Internal Trade (33 employees),
• Postal Department (50 employees),
• Ministerial Council.

1812
According to the Highest command, a Fire station"for making fire tools."

“For the successful dissemination of the art of preparing tools so useful and necessary for the general safety, the Highest commanded that from each province three people from each capable, and if possible, already having some, be sent to St. Petersburg to teach this art skill in this craft, such as mechanics, blacksmiths, etc., so that these people, as they acquire the necessary knowledge, return to their provinces and bring benefit, both by preparing fire-fighting tools and by teaching others this art." .

March 1812
Due to the secondment of A.D. Balashov to the Western Army to carry out special assignments of the Emperor, was appointed acting Minister of Police (and in fact Minister until 1819). Count Vyazmitinov Sergei Kozmich - first Minister of War (until 1808), St. Petersburg Governor-General. According to contemporaries: - “how many useless victims of suspicion would have fallen in St. Petersburg (during the war), if not for the experience and philanthropy of S.K. Vyazmitinov.”

June 12, 1812
French troops cross the Neman and invade Russia. Begins Patriotic War of 1812.

Police in the war zone are reassigned to army command.

June 10, 1815
Commander-in-Chief Barclay de Tolly ordered that in each cavalry regiment one trustworthy officer and 5 privates be elected, “who will be entrusted with monitoring order on the march, in bivouacs and cantonary quarters, removing the wounded during the battle to dressing stations, capturing marauders and etc." These ranks began to be called gendarmes(army police) and were subordinate to corps commanders.

August 27, 1815
Separate gendarme teams are abolished, and the Borisoglebsk Dragoon Regiment, which previously carried out police service in the army, is called the gendarme regiment. At the same time, it was ordered “to staff gendarmerie regiment convert exclusively lower ranks, efficient, excellent in behavior and generally capable of performing military-police service, which requires special qualities.”

In the same year, the Life Guards Gendarmerie Half-Squadron was established, which became the successor to the gendarmerie regiment established in Gatchina by Paul I.

1816 – 1825

March 30, 1816
By the highest decree, the entire internal guard of the Empire is officially called Separate corps of internal guards.

April 4, 1816
The commander of the Separate Internal Guard Corps is appointed E.F. Komarovsky.

May 5, 1816
A decree is issued on filling the positions of police chiefs with retired wounded headquarters and chief officers.

1817
Introduced stage system for transporting prisoners. Responsibilities for transportation are assigned to the Siberian units of the internal guard, exempting the Cossacks, Bashkirs and Meshcheryaks from these functions. Stage teams consist of 28 people headed by a chief officer and are located along the highway through one station.

The staffing of the stage teams is carried out from trustworthy people, “unseen in frontline service, but by no means completely mutilated, or for some reason unable to carry a gun”; young soldiers are allowed to enlist only after two years of service.

February 1, 1817

City Watch, St. Petersburg

Approved Regulation "On the establishment of gendarmes of the internal guard", developed by the favorite of Alexander I, cavalry general A.A. Arakcheev, who headed the State Council and the Committee of Ministers.

The gendarmerie guard includes metropolitan divisions (staffing 334 people) and gendarmerie teams (31 people) in 56 cities. Capital gendarme divisions are subordinate to the chief police chiefs of the capitals, and provincial and port gendarme teams are subordinate to the commanders of local garrison battalions.

Later, a third, Warsaw division was established.

The duties of the gendarmes coincided with the duties of the internal guard, with the exception of collecting taxes and guarding public places and prisons.

August 1819
The Prince was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Golitsyn Alexander Nikolaevich .

November 4, 1819
Imperial decree issued "On the merger of the Ministry of Police with the Ministry of Internal Affairs".

After the death of Vyazmitinov, there was no new appointment to the post of Minister of Police. V.P. Kochubey , who again became the Minister of Internal Affairs, justified the need to return the functions of police management to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Simultaneously with the merger of the Police Departments, the Department of Manufactures and Trade, and then the Postal Department, are removed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

July 22, 1822.
Imperial Decree issued "About Exiles" And Charter on stages in the Siberian provinces, developed by M.M. Speransky, appointed Governor-General of Siberia in 1819.

The charter sets out in detail the procedure for sending and escorting parties of prisoners, rules for moving along the stage, travel time and rest time, rules for maintaining documentation, etc. In each party, convicts are separated from exiles. Branding (later shaving half of the head), shackling and chains, and chaining several people to an iron rod are practiced.

July–August 1823
Baron appointed Minister of the Interior Kampenhausen Baltazar Baltazarovich .

August 1823
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Lanskoy Vasily Stepanovich .

1824
After the “outrage” of soldiers and non-commissioned officers of the Semenovsky Guards Regiment, a secret police was created at the headquarters of the Guards Corps.

December 14, 1825
On the day of Nicholas I’s accession to the throne in St. Petersburg, a group of officers and soldiers perform on Senate Square, which later became known as Decembrist revolt. The uprising is brutally suppressed, but the investigation into the conspiracy reveals a wide network of revolutionary noble communities throughout Russia. The main ones include the Union of Salvation or the Society of True Faithful Sons of the Fatherland (formed in 1816), the Union of Welfare (1818), the Southern and Northern Society (1821 and 1822, respectively), and the Society of United Slavs (1823).

The main objectives of these societies were the overthrow or limitation of the monarchy, the abolition of serfdom, and the transformation of Russia into a federal state. Some ideas of the Decembrists, in particular, the organization of local police, were later used in the development of Russian bills.

1826 – 1832

Chief of gendarmes since 1826

The position was established by the highest order Chief of gendarmes to which it is assigned Benkendorf Alexander Khristoforovich . All gendarmerie units of the Internal Guard Corps are subordinate to him. The gendarmerie regiment under the Benckendorf troops only inspects.

July 3, 1826
The Imperial Decree "On the annexation of the Special Office of the Minister of Internal Affairs to His Majesty's Own Office" was issued. The Third Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery is being created.

III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery consists of four expeditions (16 employees), in charge of:

• Cases of the "high police" and persons under police supervision.
• Sects and schisms, counterfeiting and forgery of documents, as well as places of imprisonment for state criminals.
• Supervision of foreigners living in Russia.
• Correspondence about all incidents in the state.
• In 1842, the Fifth Expedition was formed for theatrical censorship.

Chief of Gendarmes Alexander Khristoforovich Benkendorf is appointed chief manager of the III department.

The Decree does not explicitly indicate that control over the activities of the administrative-police apparatus is entrusted to the gendarmerie, but this is repeatedly mentioned in secret instructions to gendarmerie officers.

1827
To suppress vagrancy, correctional prison companies of the civil department are created.

April 1828
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Zakrevsky Arseny Andreevich.

September 29, 1828
The General of Infantry, Tobolsk and Tomsk Governor-General, Pyotr Mikhailovich Kaptsevich, is appointed commander of the Separate Internal Guard Corps.

Over the twelve years of leading the Corps, Kaptsevich managed to significantly increase the quality level of the internal guard personnel, mainly due to young recruits who were enrolled in garrison battalions.

1829
Zakrevsky A.A. publishes decree on the distribution of affairs of the Ministry into three groups: “submitted directly to the Sovereign,” presented to the Committee of Ministers, and resolved directly by the Minister. In addition, a number of decrees are issued that determine the nature of cases proceeding from the provincial government to the Office of the Minister. The general tendency of these acts was “to limit the competence of provincial bodies to minor matters,” as a consequence of the central government’s distrust of local government.

The Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the official publication of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, begins publishing.

1832
The entire construction part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (except for the construction of monuments) is transferred to the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Communications.

The Main Directorate of Religious Affairs of Foreign Denominations was attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Accepted Fire regulations, which regulated service in fire brigades, the main provisions of which were published earlier, and a number of articles contradicted each other.

Accepted " Regulations on pensions all officials within the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs."

The government publishes order dividing criminals into 3 categories(important, unimportant and vagabonds), ordering that each category be kept in a separate room. It was forbidden to keep women in the same “category” with men, and minors and minors with adults.

February 1832
Bludov Dmitry Nikolaevich .

1833 – 1838

1833
In order to reduce correspondence, Bludov D.N. replaced “special circulars for each order with one general printed one,” which gave tangible results. In 1827, the Ministry of Internal Affairs handled 35 thousand cases, and in 1833 - 17 thousand.

1834
Established under the Council of Minister statistical department, and statistical committees have been opened in the provinces, the importance of which was pointed out by V.P. Kochubey in 1803

December 20, 1834
Approved new staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs:

• Office of the Minister (51 employees),
• Statistics Department (9),
• Executive Police Department (42),
• Department of Spiritual Affairs (25),
• Economic Department (48),
• Medical Department (44),
• officials on special assignments (20).

The main structural unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is the Police Department, whose functions include reviewing organizational issues of the local police and monitoring its activities, especially the expenditure of funds. The number of officials on special assignments is increasing, spending a significant part of their time on control and inspection trips.

1835
A new project for a staged system for transferring prisoners to Siberia “along the route from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod” has been drawn up.

1836
Created Special Corps of Gendarmes, subordinate to the Chief of Gendarmes, at the same time the head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. Gendarmerie units are being withdrawn from the Separate Corps of Internal Guard.

By position, the Corps of Gendarmes is divided into seven Districts, of which 6 are stationed in Russia and one in the Kingdom of Poland. The Districts include: provincial gendarme headquarters officers, gendarmerie divisions, gendarme teams of provincial, port and other cities. The directorates of the Corps of Gendarmes are divided into Main, District and Provincial.

"Gendarmerie divisions in the capitals, provincial, serf and port commands are used:

• To enforce laws and court sentences, if necessary.
• To capture thieves, fugitives, innkeepers, pursue peddlers and disperse legally prohibited gatherings.
• To pacify the riot and restore broken obedience.
• To pursue and capture people with prohibited and secretly transported goods.
• To transport unusual criminals and prisoners.
• To maintain order at fairs, markets, church and folk festivals, festivals, all kinds of bagel conventions, fires, military parades, divorces, etc.

Gendarmerie divisions and teams are also appointed for night patrols in cases where there is no other cavalry, and with such a number of ranks that this outfit is not burdensome for the divisions and teams.

The gendarmes assigned to the squad are under the direct authority of the Chief Police Chiefs, Police Chiefs and Mayors.

Each gendarme who catches a fugitive, a tramp, or a person without a passport receives 10 rubles as a reward. notes to the account of the bailee."

Reformed Medical Department. According to the new position, it is headed by the Director (who is also the General Staff Doctor for civil affairs) and consists of two departments and a secretarial desk under the Director. The first department considers all cases “concerning the medical personnel of the Empire”, the second - cases of medical police and forensic medicine.

The Department of State Medical Procurement is established, which is entrusted with the procurement, storage, distribution of medicines and medical supplies for the army, navy and “certain government places of the civil department.”

The staff of the Medical Council consists of a Chairman, three active members and an “indefinite number” of honorary members (mainly professors and academicians).

The printing house, inherited from the Medical College and located under the Medical Department, becomes subordinate to the Director of the Minister's Office.

1837

Junior police officer

The position of governor-general is abolished throughout almost the entire Empire. By Imperial decree, the highest local official becomes Governor, who is “... the main representative of the supreme power in the province, and therefore has supervision over all provincial institutions,... the chief police chief, guardian of justice and public interest, obliged to oversee the administration of duties, collection of taxes, etc.” .

Nikolai Ivanovich Hartung took command of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, who continued the attempts of his predecessors to improve the qualitative composition of the Corps, military training, and improve the material support of officers and soldiers. Under Hartung, the inner guard becomes a truly effective reserve for replenishing field troops.

A decision was made to staff fire brigades with people who had served their sentences, which often led to robberies and looting when putting out fires.

June 1, 1837
Simultaneously with the beginning of the reforms, “in state villages” it was established Regulations "On the Zemstvo Police", which, by defining new staff and functions of the rural police, marked the beginning of the reorganization of these bodies. The regulations and further decrees more specifically defined the rights, duties and responsibilities of zemstvo police officials and established new, simplified forms of office work.

According to the new regulation, the police place in the district is the zemstvo court, chaired by the zemstvo police officer, consisting of assessors “from among the nobility and villagers.” The police officer and the senior assessor are elected by the nobles, the rural assessors by the peasants, and the rest by the provincial boards.

To “maintain silence and order,” new assessors were additionally introduced into the staff of the zemstvo court, heads of district areas or camps, and called bailiffs. Police officers are appointed by the governor from among the candidates presented by the county noble assembly, and are required to live in their area, for which they are allocated funds for the purchase of housing. Subordinate to the bailiffs are the sotskys and tens, selected from 100-200 and 10-20 peasant households, respectively, who must report weekly (except in emergency cases) to the bailiff’s apartment with a report on all incidents in their villages.

“By granting the provincial authorities the right to determine police officers, the Government intended to place these officials in close dependence on the highest police authority (the governor), at whose disposal they are, and which is responsible for their choice; ... on the other hand, the instruction added to this “So that the choice is directed primarily at the nobles who have real estate in the province, the goal is to open the closest path to occupying these positions for people who know the situation of the plots entrusted to them and, moreover, are connected with the local inhabitants through their personal benefits and skills.”

1838
New approved Metropolitan Police Regulations. St. Petersburg is divided into 13 parts and 56 blocks. Two private bailiffs are appointed at the head of each unit, one of whom is responsible for administrative, operational and investigative activities, and the protection of public order, the second controls the conduct of the inquiry and investigation. A new link is created in the city administration of the capital in the form of a police chief, heading several city units and reporting to the chief police chief. Every day, the police chief receives reports from private bailiffs and gives them orders. Police chiefs have at their disposal foot police teams of retired soldiers and non-commissioned officers, as well as teams of city guards.

Characteristic of the activities of the city police is the strengthening of external guard service, for which the number of “police booths” is increasing in many cities.

1839 – 1855

March 1839
Count was appointed Minister of the Interior Stroganov Alexander Grigorievich .

September 1841
Count was appointed Minister of the Interior Perovsky Lev Alekseevich .

December 11, 1841
Approved Regulations on the Medical Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where it was stated:

• decide that the Medical Council is the highest medical-educational, medical-police and medical-judicial place in the state,
• oblige each of the members of the Council managing a separate part to give a report on their actions in this part,
• that no measure on a medical device should be submitted for the Supreme approval, without first discussing it in the Medical Council, etc.

1842
A temporary department is being created under the Department of Executive Police to “proceed cases for the review of public places and institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.”

Gendarmerie Regiment with the troops, he was included in the Special Corps of Gendarmes.

March 1842
To conduct secret paperwork under the Minister of Internal Affairs the Special Office was re-established. The General Office was renamed the Department of General Affairs.

Positions established vice directors of all departments(previously, such a position existed only in the Executive Police Department). This measure is associated with strengthening control over the activities of local governments. Heads of departments begin to travel more often to the provinces of the Empire.

September 17, 1844
Prince Orlov Alexey Fedorovich is appointed head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery.

January 2, 1845
Count Perovsky's project on division of all cases received by provincial boards into 3 categories: judicial decisions, which the board decided collectively; administrative ones, which were decided by the provincial government and approved by the governor; executive, decided by the vice-governor and advisers. The approval of the new order in all provinces ended in 1852.

1846
Published Charter of city fire societies, according to which the composition and functions of voluntary fire brigades were determined.

The most combat-ready teams include several units. For example, a water supply squad ensures the delivery of water to the site of a fire, a pipe squad supplies water to a burning object with pumps, a ladder squad penetrates the upper floors and attics, a clumsy squad dismantles a burning building, a security squad protects the fire site from curious people and looters, etc. .

Fire brigade at work, St. Petersburg

1848
A temporary department is being created under the Department of Executive Police to “monitor the progress of prisoners’ cases.”

Of the funds allocated for the construction of “public places”, zemstvo fees and city revenues, about 500 thousand rubles. silver was allocated for “the construction of correctional prisons using a system of solitary confinement.”

1850
By order of Nicholas I, the Ministry of Internal Affairs is conducting first staff reduction. The number of official positions is reduced by 17 and amounts to 270 full-time employees.

1852
Highly approved regulation "On the reduction of office work", after the introduction of which the staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was reduced by 67 officials (including two vice-directors).

August 1852
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Bibikov Dmitry Gavrilovich.

1853
A law was issued according to which, in order to strengthen the police patrol service in cities (by analogy with capitals), police teams from the "lower military ranks". Their number is determined at the rate of 5 police officers per 2 thousand inhabitants and 10 police officers led by a non-commissioned officer per 5 thousand inhabitants. The police teams were staffed by “lower ranks incapable of military service” and were subordinate to the police chief.

Departments are being united to “produce cases for the review of public places and institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs” and “monitor the progress of prisoners’ cases” of the Executive Police Department.

March 17, 1853
The "Normal report card for fire brigades in cities" has been approved. In accordance with this document, the staffing of fire brigades is determined not by the “Highest Permission”, but by the number of citizens.

All cities are divided into seven categories. The first includes cities with a population of up to two thousand inhabitants, the seventh - up to 30 thousand. The number of firefighters was set at 5 and 75 people, respectively, recruited from the military department. According to the state, the provision of fire equipment and funds for its maintenance and repair were determined.

August 1855
Count was appointed Minister of the Interior Lanskoy Sergey Stepanovich.

1857 – 1861

1857
Are abolished military settlements, the territory and administration of which since the reign of Alexander I were under the jurisdiction of the War Ministry.

The office of the zemstvo district court is divided into two departments. The first deals with issues of combating crime, maintaining public order, and conducting investigations; the second controls the implementation of rural police orders by the provincial administration.

January 1957
By order of the Emperor, the Secret committee on peasant affairs"to discuss measures to organize the life of the landowner peasants." Prince A.F. was appointed chairman. Orlov (in the absence of the Emperor), members: S.S. Lanskoy (Minister of Internal Affairs), P.F. Brock (Minister of Finance), M.N. Muravyov (Minister of State Property), Count V.F. Adlerberg (Minister of the Court), etc.

February 18, 1858
The Emperor instructs the Ministries of Justice, State Property, Internal Affairs, and the Special Conference (consisting mainly of governors) to develop proposals for the organization of the county police.

In order to improve the health of the internal guards, a grandiose action of resettlement of the “most disgraced lower ranks” with their families to Eastern Siberia begins. Over the course of three years, about 13 thousand military personnel have been deployed to the Amur Territory. The number of crimes in the garrisons of the European part is declining sharply.

March 4, 1858
Within the Ministry of Internal Affairs is created Central Statistical Committee, consisting of two departments: Statistical and Zemstvo, chaired by fellow Ministers. The committee was entrusted with the main work of preparing the peasant reform of 1861.

Since 1860, the Central Statistical Committee has been collecting and systematizing information about fires in Russia.

March 26, 1859
Department of State Medical Procurement from the Ministry of Internal Affairs is transferred to the War Ministry.

June 8, 1860
A Decree was signed, leaving the police only to carry out “initial inquiries into criminal offenses” and transferring preliminary investigation by forensic investigators, subordinate to "general judicial places".

April 1861
Count was appointed Minister of the Interior Valuev Petr Alexandrovich .

February 19, 1861
Approved Manifesto on Peasant Reform.

The peasant liberation project consisted of General Regulations (636 articles), Local Regulations (981 articles) and additional rules (192 articles).

July 27, 1861
Zemstvo department The Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which dealt with peasant affairs, was transformed into an independent part.

1862

January 1862
Minister of War V.A. Milyutin presents Alexander II with a report that laid the foundation military reform 1860-1870s, according to which recruitment kits are replaced by military service.

January 1, 1862
Instead of the monthly "Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs", the daily newspaper "Northern Post" is published, edited by academician Nikitenko A.V.

December 25, 1862

Policeman

"Accepted" Temporary rules on the structure of the police in the city and provincial districts according to the general institution of the governed." The district and city police are united into district police departments, headed by district police officers, who are appointed by the government. The districts are still divided into camps, headed by the police officer, sotsky and ten. In cities subordinate to the district administration, the police The service is carried out by city and local bailiffs, as well as police supervisors.

The merger does not apply to the central and largest district cities, where the city police are retained, the head of which, the chief of police, is appointed by the governor. Cities are divided into parts led by city bailiffs, assistant bailiffs and police supervisors.

The organization of the police in St. Petersburg has its own characteristics, dictated by the operational situation. The Metropolitan Police is headed by the chief police chief, under whom three police chiefs are appointed to perform inspector functions and two officials for special assignments. The main executive link of the capital's police structure is the police station headed by the bailiff. He is subordinate to one officer and a clerk. The site is divided into districts headed by district guards, city guards and janitors. Special instructions have been developed for city and district police officers.

§1. City police officers are the lower ranks of the Police Guard, which was established to monitor order and decency and to protect order and decency and to protect public safety through the prevention and suppression of crimes and the elimination of accidents.

§2. Policemen, by order of their immediate superiors, are appointed to serve as duty officers at mobile and permanent posts, are sent to maintain order in places where the public gathers and are used both in teams and individually for individual assignments in the service, such as: for searching for criminals, for escorting detainees persons, etc.

§10. The policemen on duty must always be in visible places so that anyone in need of help can find them. Therefore, they are prohibited from entering courtyards, or drinking and trading establishments, except in cases where this is necessary to stop the disorder, or upon invitation to provide assistance. When leaving the post due to illness or due to an accident for a long time, the policeman on duty must let him know occasionally so that the latter will take over.

Gorodov is charged with:

• to ensure that litter, rubbish, rubble and any general uncleanness collected from houses are not thrown out onto the street, but left in the courtyards until they are removed by garbage men;
• require street sweepers to scrape and sweep sidewalks, gutters, and streets every morning. Snow, ice and debris should be placed in piles until they are removed by garbage collectors.
• stop all noise, shouting, swearing, quarrels and fights in the streets, squares and public places,
• prohibit workers, janitors and common people in general from loudly uttering obscene curses and indecent jokes on the streets,
• drunks who stagger or fall, and those who allow themselves to shout, make noise, swear, sing songs, detain and send to a private office house for sobering up. When there is a gathering of drunks, when it is not possible for the policeman on duty alone to restore order, he must use a whistle to call the policemen of neighboring posts and call the nearest janitors for help.
• through janitors and porters of good behavior, find out about the dens of suspicious and undocumented people, and report this information to your local supervisor.
• demand that janitors and watchmen near the shops regularly perform night guard duty, do not allow them to sit on benches or sleep at the gates, and instill that they pay attention to everyone entering and leaving the house to prevent theft, especially in the summer when apartment owners move to dachas."

§2. District guards, being under the direct supervision and disposal of the District Bailiffs, receive from them all instructions and orders verbally and report on their actions in the service also orally.

§3. Policemen are directly subordinate to the police officers, as their closest superiors; they receive orders from these latter, for the execution of which they are responsible, as well as for disobedience to their superiors.

§6. District guards are entrusted with immediate supervision of the observance of rules regarding public improvement and decency within the district entrusted to them, the duty to warn and stop violators of these rules, restore order, and the right, in the event of failure to comply with their legal demands, to draw up protocols about this.

§9. When carrying out an inquiry, district guards... collect the necessary information secretly, taking advantage of their close knowledge of the residents of their district and the area, trying not to arouse any suspicion or mistrust, without disturbing the residents with inappropriate interference in their affairs, and not allowing themselves to enter apartments and disturb their peace ; In no case should they arbitrarily carry out searches and seizures, unless they have a special order from the District Bailiff, who in such a case bears responsibility for the order made.

1863 – 1869

April 30, 1863
Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs transformed from a collegial body into a bureau processing statistical information. A Statistical Council was established under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, composed of representatives of various ministries and departments.

January 1, 1864
"Regulations on zemstvo institutions"receives the force of law.

For local government, a district zemstvo assembly and a district government are established in the county, and a provincial zemstvo assembly and a provincial zemstvo government are established in the province. The county assembly consists of councilors elected by the population of the county - landowners, city residents and electors from rural societies appointed by volost assemblies. The provincial assembly consists of councilors elected by the district assemblies. Vowels (deputies) of zemstvo assemblies are elected for 3 years. The councils become the executive bodies of the district and provincial assemblies.

The new institutions are entrusted with the management of the entire local economy: food, medicine, “public charity”, roads, education, etc.” Government authorities, represented by governors and the Minister of Internal Affairs, oversee the actions of these bodies, mainly from the point of view of their legality The governor may suspend the decision of the zemstvo assembly if it contradicts the current legislation.

August 6, 1864
The Separate Internal Guard Corps was abolished. His responsibilities are assigned to local and reserve (internal) troops. Regulations “On Military District Directorates” and “On the Management of Local Troops of a Military District” were introduced.

The district troops include fortress regiments, provincial reserve, fortress battalions, district, local and stage commands, military prison companies subordinate to the commander of the district troops (with the rights of a division commander). In each province, the position of provincial military commander (usually the commander of a provincial battalion) is established to lead local forces.

November 20, 1864
As part of the judicial reform, they are publishing Judicial statutes, which confirmed the removal of judicial and investigative functions from the jurisdiction of the police. The police conduct the investigation "through searches, verbal inquiries and secret surveillance, without making any searches or seizures in houses."

According to the new Charter, criminal trials are conducted as a competition between a lawyer and a prosecutor in the presence of a jury. Judges are appointed for life.

April 6, 1865
Educated in the Ministry of Internal Affairs Technical and Construction Committee, which took over the affairs of the civil construction department of the Ministry of Railways.

September 1, 1865
Put into effect Law "On Censorship". Scientific and expensive periodicals may be published without prior censorship with the permission of the Minister of Internal Affairs. If prohibited information is found in them, the perpetrators (author, publisher, translator, editor) are punished in court.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs is establishing Main Directorate for Press Affairs engaged in censorship.

1866
After the assassination attempt on Alexander II, under the St. Petersburg mayor, a Department for the Protection of Order and Public Peace, which must conduct operational work in a revolutionary environment.

1867
Founded in St. Petersburg police reserve, which performed two tasks: training police officers and assisting the police in performing patrol duty.

January 27, 1867
Position created Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners, he is also the head of the transit and transit unit of the General Staff of the Ground Forces.

September 9, 1867
Regulations approved "About the Separate Corps of Gendarmes". The Separate Corps of Gendarmes includes:

• Headquarters;
• supervisory staff;
• departments of the Caucasian, Warsaw and Siberian districts;
• provincial departments (56);
• county administrations (50);
• railway management;
• St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw divisions;
• city ​​equestrian teams (13).

An observation staff (renamed additional staff in 1870) of non-commissioned officers was tasked with collecting information about the state of mind in the Empire.

Only officers “who had completed a course of science at least in secondary schools and served in the troops for at least 5 years” were allowed to be transferred to the Corps.

March 1868
Timashev Alexander Egorovich.

With the transfer of Timashev, who had previously been the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, the Postal and Telegraph Departments were created in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

December 2, 1868
The Advisory Veterinary Committee and the Veterinary Department have been formed within the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

October 27, 1869
The “Government Bulletin”, “the common and unique official newspaper for all ministries and main departments,” begins to be published.

1870 – 1876

District warden

The new "has been approved at the highest level" City situation", according to which the main body of city government is the City Duma. The executive body is the city government. The City Duma is elected by citizens, divided into 3 categories - large taxpayers, medium and small, and the amount of payments made to the city treasury should be distributed equally between the categories. Each rank elects one third of the total number of councilors. Members of the council are elected by the Duma. Both bodies are headed by the mayor, elected by the Duma.

The responsibilities of public administration include: “managing the capital and property of the city, taking care of the improvement, ensuring food and health of the inhabitants, protecting against fire and other disasters, developing public education, etc.”

The city administration is “charged with the responsibility of covering the costs of the police, fire department, military post, arrangement and maintenance of prison premises.”

The administrative authority, the governor or mayor, is mainly charged with monitoring “the legality of the activities of the city duma and council.”

May 19, 1871
"Accepted" Rules on the procedure for the ranks of the gendarme corps for the investigation of crimes". This act introduces the gendarmerie into the list of participants in criminal proceedings with the right to conduct inquiries into state crimes, when the gendarmes are allowed to carry out investigative actions such as inspections, examinations, searches and seizures. The prosecutor had the right, with the consent of the head of the provincial gendarmerie department, to appoint a gendarme to conduct the inquiry and for a criminal offense.

1873
The military department is exempt from the “mandatory appointment of lower ranks to police and fire brigades,” and the city administration is given the right to replenish the loss of civilian personnel.

The police force is being strengthened in two directions: increasing staffing on the one hand and increasing the “cultural level of agents” on the other.

The service life is set at 15 years, of which 6 years in service and 9 years in reserve. After the expiration of this period, the reservist until the age of 40 is assigned to the militia. “Every year, only the age of the population is drawn by lot, namely young people who, by January 1 of the year when the selection is made, have passed twenty years of age...”

Disabled teams are being abolished in the internal troops. Recruitment of recruits is carried out on a general basis, and not on a residual basis.

Fire brigades are allowed to be supplemented with new recruits, exempting them from conscription into the army.

1876
Formed in St. Petersburg Committee on the Construction of Firefighting Instruments, which is headed by N.N. Bozheryanov. One of the first works of the Committee was comparative testing of fire pumps.

1877 – 1880

1877
The State Council establishes a Commission on Prison Reform under the chairmanship of Secretary of State Privy Councilor K. Grot. The Commission is tasked with preparing proposals on the general procedure for managing prison affairs and streamlining the system of criminal penalties.

The Prison Transformation Commission, having studied foreign experience, puts forward a concept prison reform, based on the widespread use of imprisonment in punitive practice.

• In terms of severity, the reference to hard labor with deprivation of property, detention in prison, hard forced labor and compulsory settlement in Siberia at the end of the term of hard labor takes first place.
• Another type of punishment is detention in a correctional home, with preliminary placement in solitary confinement. After serving their assigned sentence in solitary confinement, prisoners work in general workshops with complete isolation at night and during free time.
• Short-term imprisonment is also introduced as punishment, including permanent confinement of the convicted person in solitary confinement with mandatory labor service.
• For state and war criminals, imprisonment in a fortress is provided.

June 9, 1878
Highly approved" Temporary regulations on police officers". The position of a police officer was introduced into the staff of county police departments, occupying a middle position between the police officer (“in carrying out searches”) and the police officers and tens (“for them they were smart leaders”).

§2. Police officers, being under the direct supervision and control of the Police Officers, receive all instructions and orders from them and report to them about their actions in the service. In relations, both police officers and police officers should, if possible, avoid written proceedings, first giving their orders, and the last making their reports in words.

§3. Sotskys and tens, being directly subordinate to police officers, as their closest superiors, receive orders from them, for failure to comply with which they are responsible for disobedience to their superiors.

§5. Police officers are obliged, in the areas entrusted to them, to protect public peace and monitor the manifestation of any actions or rumors directed against the government, legitimate authorities and public order, as well as undermining good morals and property rights in society.

§16. Police officers are obliged to go around or go around the area entrusted to them as often as possible, day and night, in all directions of large and country roads, visit villages, villages, towns, factories and factories, visit bazaars, fairs, rural markets, marinas, temple festivals, and in general In such places, in which, due to various circumstances, a large number of people accumulate, often inspect remote places to make sure that suspicious and dangerous persons are not hiding there.

§20. Police officers make sure that villages have means in place to stop fires, and in the event of a fire, they rush to the scene, assist in the ceasefire and take measures to protect the lives and property of residents, while at the same time inquiring about the causes of the fire. They also monitor the implementation of the fire precaution rules established by the zemstvos.

§22. In the event of floods, police officers take all measures to save the lives and property of residents. In order to prevent such accidents, they, if possible, invite residents to take the necessary precautions in advance."

February 1879
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Makov Lev Savvich.

February 27, 1879
Created in the Ministry of Internal Affairs Main Prison Directorate, which took over “prison affairs” from the Executive Police Department. At the same time, the Prison Affairs Council was created. The former Saratov governor is appointed head of the new department M.N. Galkin-Vrassky .

February-March 1880
In connection with the increase in the number of terrorist acts (including the explosion in the Winter Palace), a decree was signed “On the establishment in St. Petersburg of the Supreme Administrative Commission for the Protection of State Order and Public Peace” - a temporary emergency body to unite the efforts of all judicial, administrative, and police institutions in the fight against terrorism.

Count Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich, one of the heroes of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, is appointed as the head of the Commission.

The III Division of His Majesty's own Chancery and the Separate Corps of Gendarmes are subordinate to the Chief of the Supreme Administrative Commission "with the aim of concentrating in one hand the supreme management of all bodies called upon to preserve state tranquility, and to introduce complete unity into the activities of these bodies."

August 1880
Count was appointed Minister of the Interior Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich.

August 6, 1880
The management of all the police of the Empire is concentrated in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The decrees “On the closure of the Supreme Administrative Commission, the abolition of the III Division of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery” and “On the establishment of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs” were adopted.

The functions of the III Division and the command of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where the State Police Department is formed.

November 15, 1880
The departments of state and executive police are being merged into one State Police Department. The department consists of departments or offices, the composition and purpose of which varies depending on the situation in the country.

First director State Police Department becomes baron Ivan Osipovich Velio.

1881 – 1885

1881
The police forces of the capitals and provinces are significantly increasing. Not only the number of police ranks is increasing, but also “their official position has risen,” “their salaries and funds allocated for clerical and household needs have increased.”

By analogy with St. Petersburg, the Moscow police are being transformed. The division of Moscow into parts and neighborhoods has been replaced by sections. Accordingly, private bailiffs and neighborhood supervisors have been replaced by local police officers, their assistants and district supervisors. The medical and police department is transferred under the control of the Moscow Chief of Police.

April 1881
Appointed as Director of the State Police Department Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Pleve.

May 1881
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Count Ignatiev Nikolai Pavlovich.

August 14, 1881
Position accepted" On measures to protect state security and public peace", according to which the Minister of the Interior can declare a state of enhanced or emergency security in any part of the country, which significantly expands the rights of the local police.

The general police are given the “right of arrest on suspicion,” along with the gendarmes.

When declaring an area under a state of enhanced security, governors receive the right to issue mandatory decrees. They can also refer cases of state crimes to a military court and confirm their sentences; have the right to close any commercial and industrial enterprises and suspend any publications.

In conditions of emergency protection, the powers of governors become even wider. They can create supernumerary military-police teams, sequester real estate and seize movable property, detain any person for up to three months, dismiss officials of all departments and stop the activities of city and zemstvo institutions.

Established under the Minister Special meeting consisting of four senior officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice under the leadership of Comrade Minister. The Minister of Internal Affairs unilaterally approves the decision of the Conference on the administrative expulsion of persons suspected of involvement in state crimes.

March 1, 1882
The Minister of Internal Affairs approved the regulation " About secret police surveillance", where it is stated that "in contrast to public supervision, as a measure of restraint and punishment, secret supervision is a preventive measure, a way to prevent state crimes, through secret surveillance of persons of dubious trustworthiness."

May 1882
Count was appointed Minister of the Interior Tolstoy Dmitry Andreevich.

July 16, 1882
Highly approved instructions to the Commander of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes"To Comrade Minister of Internal Affairs, Head of the State Police." According to this instruction, not only gendarmerie ranks, but also all ranks of the general police were subordinate to the Comrade Minister. At the same time, the Chief of the gendarmes was the Minister of Internal Affairs.

1883
The State Police Department is renamed Police Department and is divided into several office processes with sharply defined functions.

• The first (administrative) office is in charge of issues of appointment, dismissal and rewarding of police officers.
• The second office work (legislative) “deals with the organization of police institutions in all areas of the Empire,” as well as “preventing and suppressing obvious temptation, debauchery in behavior, to stop drunkenness and begging.”
• The third office work collects secretly information about people who have expressed a desire to publish newspapers, magazines, open private schools, travel abroad, and also enter the public service. Conducts correspondence on denunciations and statements of private individuals, on crimes of a common criminal nature, and controls the search for criminals.
• The fourth office - organizes the work of the Special Meeting under the Minister of Internal Affairs and controls the conduct of inquiries into cases of state crimes.
• The fifth office oversees the execution of “decisions in cases of state crimes.” It has an information desk with lists and photographs of persons "who have come to the attention of the government."
• The sixth office (created in 1894) - controls the production and storage of explosives, compliance with the wine monopoly, legislation on Jews, and also deals with problems of relationships between business owners and workers.
• A special department (created in 1898) - manages foreign internal agents, summarizes the results of the inspection of letters, and is engaged in identifying and destroying anti-government publications published in Russia and abroad.
• February 18, 1883

To handle cases on charges of state crimes, the Ministry of Internal Affairs is establishing Judicial department.

December 3, 1883
Regulations have been approved About the structure of the Secret Police in the Empire", which provided for the possibility of creating search units headed by an officer of the Corps of Gendarmes, appointed at the discretion of the director of the Police Department. Sometimes this position could be filled by a civilian official of the Police Department.

The management of the activities of the security and investigative departments is entrusted to the secret police inspector, Lieutenant Colonel G.P. Sudeikina. The basis of the activities of the new units is intelligence work, the essence of which, according to Sudeikin’s plan: “1) to incite, with the help of special active agents, quarrels and strife between various revolutionary groups; 2) to spread false rumors that depress and terrorize the revolutionary environment; 3) to transmit through agents, and sometimes with the help of invitations to the police and short-term arrests, accusing the most dangerous revolutionaries of espionage; at the same time, to discredit revolutionary proclamations and various press organs, giving them the meaning of undercover, provocative work."

1884
Created in the Ministry of Internal Affairs General Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs.

January 5, 1884
Highly approved rules on the supervision of public libraries and reading rooms. The Minister of Internal Affairs is given the right to indicate to local authorities those printed works “the circulation of which in public libraries is considered harmful.”

1885
The staff of the river police in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rybinsk and other port cities is being significantly expanded. In order to put a limit to “foreign poaching” (whaling) in the northern waters, as well as to supervise goods imported “to the Murmansk coast”, by decision of the State Council, a steamship is transferred to the disposal of the Arkhangelsk governor.

1886 – 1892

January 1886
A law was passed defining procedure for compulsory work for prisoners and “the right of prisoners to monetary remuneration for their work.”

The resolution of the State Council provides creation of convoy guards as part of 567 convoy teams, freeing local troops from the duty of escorting prisoners.

Boarding the prisoners of the Butyrka prison in the carriages

The teams are in dual subordination. For combat and economic purposes they are subordinate to the Ministry of War, for official activities - to the Main Prison Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The convoy guard is responsible for escorting convicts on stage, escorting prisoners to external work and public places, assisting the prison administration in conducting surprise searches and eliminating prison riots, etc. The staffing of internal guard teams and service are carried out on a general basis, as in the army.

General N.N. made a great contribution to the creation, formation and definition of the functions of the internal guard. Gavrilov - Chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners and head of the transit and transfer part of the Main Headquarters of the Military Ministry.

1889
The rules were approved at the highest level, defining the responsibilities of public institutions “to satisfy police officials with housing allowances,” eliminating the financial dependence of the police on the city and zemstvo administration. Several categories of policemen were established with fixed salary amounts, “so that diligent service gave the policeman hope of being promoted to a higher rank with a more significant salary.” Increases in salary for length of service have been introduced, as well as one-time benefits and pensions, etc.

A special medal for lower ranks.

January 28, 1889
The draft regulation was adopted " About zemstvo district commanders, their congresses and provincial presences"According to this provision, each county was divided into sections with precinct commanders vested with judicial and administrative power.

April 1889
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Durnovo Ivan Nikolaevich.

1890
In the Charter" About those in custody"adjustments are being made regarding places of detention of the civil department. These include: premises for those subject to arrest, arrest rooms at the police, local prisons (metropolitan, provincial, regional, district), prisons for holding criminals sentenced to hard labor, correctional arrest departments, transit prisons.

March 31, 1890
A law was issued according to which, in a number of provinces, prison departments were established to manage prison units, conduct audits, and develop regulations. prison inspections- institutions that have no analogues in world practice. The functions of provincial prison inspectors, appointed by the Main Prison Directorate, include: monitoring and supervising the activities of local punitive institutions, directing the prison administration, preparing reports and submitting petitions to the Main Prison Directorate to meet the needs of local prisons.

May 31, 1890
By order of the St. Petersburg mayor, Lieutenant General Gressner, the first in Russia is created under the detective police anthropometric bureau.

June 12, 1890
Position accepted" On the organization of zemstvo institutions", where the number of vowels, both provincial and district, is significantly reduced, the election procedure is changed (two electoral assemblies have been introduced: one for hereditary nobles, the other for everyone else), chairmen and members of zemstvo councils have been granted the rights of civil servants, etc.

1892
Temporary staff of Nizhny Novgorod was approved fair police. Due to special fees from persons “using sea bathing”, it is organized police surveillance in "bathing areas" Baltic coast.

March 1, 1892
The periodical magazine " Firefighter". Having existed for three years, the magazine has left a strong reputation as a reputable publication on firefighting techniques and tactics, the activities of domestic and foreign fire brigades, fire statistics, bibliography, etc.

May 5, 1892
The Law “On entrusting the Minister of Internal Affairs, by agreement with the Minister of Finance, with general management of the activities of provincial and district drinking establishments, as well as establishing supervision over the issuance of verdicts to rural societies on consent to allow the sale of drinks in villages” was adopted.

May 7, 1892
The regulation “On the administrative management of port navigation and about police in coastal commercial ports".

June 11, 1892
A new law has been adopted" About city public administration", which coordinated city government with the regulations on the organization of zemstvo institutions of 1890.

June 14, 1892
At the First Congress of Russian Firefighters, the Russian Firefighting Society was created (since 1901 - Imperial Russian Fire Society). Its tasks include “research and development of measures to prevent and suppress fire disasters,” assistance to firefighters and people affected by fires, improvement of fire-fighting water supply, publication of fire-technical literature, holding conventions, exhibitions, and congresses. The scope of the company's activities includes improving the work of not only voluntary but professional fire protection. Count A.D. was elected as the first chairman of the society's council. Sheremetev is the publisher of the magazine "Firefighter".

1893 – 1905

1893
The Main Prison Directorate begins publishing a monthly magazine " Prison Messenger", which publishes official documents, information and methodological materials.

June 6, 1894
Established under the Economic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Insurance Committee and Insurance Department.

The Regulation “On the State Sale of Drinks” was approved, according to which the police are involved in supervising the sale of alcoholic beverages.

July 1894
On the initiative of the Main Council of the All-Russian Fire Society, the first issue of the magazine " Firefighting"It is significant that this magazine continues to be published today.

1895
The regulation “On the first general population census” was approved by the highest authorities. Under the chairmanship of the Minister of Internal Affairs, it was established Main Census Commission. Census day was set for January 28, 1897.

The Moscow branch of the Russian Imperial Technical Society near Mytishchi is creating experimental fire station, the main objectives of which are testing the fire resistance of buildings, fire-retardant coatings and “familiarizing the population with the results of fire tests.”

December 1895
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Goremykin Ivan Loginovich .

1896
To consider inventions, unify and standardize fire fighting equipment, a Technical Committee, which is headed by P. Suzor. With the approval of the Committee, the fire department received foam fire extinguishers, sprayers, foam generators and other equipment. To protect premises, sprinkler systems, fire alarms, etc. are recommended.

December 2, 1896
In connection with the need for state control over the movement of large peasant masses from Central Russia beyond the Urals, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was established Resettlement Administration.

December 13, 1895
Main Prison Directorate and, consequently, the entire prison system of Russia was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Justice.

1898
Created within the Police Department Special department, who headed the work with foreign and domestic agents, as well as newly created search departments. The functions of the Special Department include summarizing the reading of letters, systematizing and seizing anti-government books and brochures. The department collects all information received operationally.

The staff of the St. Petersburg police is supplemented by mounted police guards.

February 1900
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Sipyagin Dmitry Sergeevich.

June 12, 1900
The Ministry of Internal Affairs established Office for Military Conscription.

May 28, 1901
The Ministry of Internal Affairs established Veterinary Directorate and Veterinary Committee. The Head of the Veterinary Department is equal to the directors of departments.

April 1902
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Pleve Vyacheslav Konstantinovich.

August 12, 1902
The Minister of Internal Affairs approves the regulation " About the heads of search departments". The next day, a circular was issued by the Police Department, delimiting the competence of the gendarmerie and security departments. It is documented that the gendarmes are engaged in conducting inquiries into political crimes, and the security departments carry out operational investigative activities. Money issued by the Police Department for investigative purposes, instead of the provincial gendarmerie departments are sent to the heads of security departments.The head of the department could be a gendarmerie officer or an official of the Police Department.

“The responsibilities of the department include: a) preventing strikes of workers in factories and investigating the circumstances surrounding the strikes, b) taking measures to prevent and investigate the causes of any demonstrations, gatherings and meetings prohibited by law and police regulations, c) monitoring those who come to the capital, on the basis of special rules issued by the mayor, d) political observation of educational institutions of the capital, clubs, societies and similar institutions permitted by law, e) taking secret measures to prevent and investigate riots, gatherings and other demonstrations occurring in educational institutions.

The general direction of the investigative activities of the department for cases of a political nature, in all cases, belongs to the Police Department, due to its responsibility for leading political investigations throughout the Empire.

The head of the department immediately fulfills all the requirements of the prosecutor's supervision and the gendarmerie departments for the latest inquiries of a political nature. If in the interests of the search the requirement for arrest, search, seizure, etc. cannot be immediately executed, then the issue of suspension of execution is submitted to the resolution of the Police Department.

The head of the department begins arrests, searches, seizures and inspections: according to the proposals of the Police Department; by order of the mayor; according to the requirements of the Prosecutor's Supervision and the Gendarmerie Directorates; in urgent cases, at our own discretion, based on received instructions, information and messages from officials and persons.

All ranks of the Department are appointed, transferred and dismissed on a general basis by the Mayor. The choice of secret agents depends on the head of the department, who maintains special secret lists for them.

All parts of the City Administration and the Metropolitan Police are obliged to promptly comply with all lawful demands of the department to maintain public safety and order.

Branch officials and agents may, with the permission of the Mayor, be sent to other areas of the Empire to carry out searches of a political nature."

Receiving instructions from the Police Department, the heads of the secret police are in a number of cases placed above the gendarmes. For example, gendarmes can carry out searches or arrests only with the consent of the head of the security department or on his instructions. The heads of security departments have full access to the documents of the provincial gendarmerie departments, their agents, etc.

1903
Establishment police guard. Police guards were introduced in each volost at the rate of 1 guard per 2,500 population.

April 30, 1904
By order of the Military Ministry, the lower ranks of the convoy guard are allowed to be nominated for a silver medal “For Diligence” on the Stanislav Ribbon for particularly outstanding feats, as well as to be rewarded with money from the funds of the prison department.

August 1904
Prince was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Svyatopolk-Mirsky Petr Danilovich.

January 1905
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin Alexander Grigorievich.

1905 – 1917

January 9, 1905
Bloody Sunday. The shooting of a demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg, which led to mass protests and strikes throughout the country.

October 1905
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Durnovo Pavel Nikolaevich.

A new legislative body was established - The State Duma. The Ministry of Internal Affairs has created a special office for elections to the State Duma and State Council.

October 17, 1905
Manifesto published On improving public order", where it said:

“To grant the population the unshakable foundations of civil freedom on the basis of actual personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association.

Without stopping the scheduled elections to the State Duma, now attract to participation in the Duma... those classes of the population that are now completely deprived of voting rights.

Establish as an unshakable rule that no law can take effect without the approval of the State Duma, and that those elected by the people are provided with the opportunity to truly participate in monitoring the regularity of the actions of the authorities appointed by Us."

1906
Under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a Information Bureau with its own printing house, to inform the press with official messages from the Ministry and the government, and compile reviews of the Russian and foreign press. In 1915, the Information Bureau was renamed the Press Bureau.

On the initiative of P.A. Stolypin in the Ministry of Internal Affairs was created commission to prepare police reform and, accordingly, the Central Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Commission under the leadership A.A. Makarova worked to no avail until 1911 and was liquidated after the assassination of Stolypin.

April 1906
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Stolypin Petr Arkadevich.

Searching a passerby on the street

December 1906
A Decree was issued " On establishing criminal liability for praising criminal acts in speech or in the press".

December 14, 1906
The position "has been approved" About district security departments", which were created to unite and direct the activities of local security departments. In order to compile the most objective picture of anti-government activities in their areas, the secret police were prescribed the "universal establishment of internal agents."

March 6, 1907
Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs P. A. Stolypin, speaking in the Second State Duma, announced the need for police reform.

June 10, 1907
The Emperor's decree approved the project " Charter of the escort service".

February 9, 1907
New position approved" About security departments", which again emphasizes that operational-search activities for state crimes are carried out exclusively by security departments. At the same time, security departments are obliged to provide intelligence information to the gendarmes conducting inquiries.

The provision indicates the need to establish and maintain operational records “so that the head of the department at any moment can provide information about the criminal activity of a known individual.”

Created under the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Security department.

June 10, 1907
The project was approved by the highest Charter of the escort service, developed by the assistant to the Chief of the Main Staff, Lieutenant General Ivan Dmitrievich Sapozhnikov.

The formation of convoy guards is based on general army regulations, the requirements of the time, proposals from the Ministry of Justice and the Chief Inspector to strengthen convoy teams, the correctness of their use, and the organization of interaction with the army and gendarmerie.

December 1907
The first professional magazine for police officers began publication Police Bulletin".

July 6, 1908
The law was adopted About the organization of the detective unit"In cities and counties, detective departments were created at police departments, which, in addition to operational investigative actions, were supposed to conduct inquiries into criminal offenses.

1909
65 provinces have been declared in a state of emergency or enhanced protection. Martial law has been introduced in 25 Russian provinces.

1910
As part of the Special Department of the Police Department, a Agent part.

Shortly after the opening of the Third State Duma, a bill was adopted “On assistance from state funds to police officers and gendarmes affected by the revolution. During the period 1905-1907, over 4 thousand were killed and over 5 thousand law enforcement officers were injured.

Created within the State Duma fire commission out of 23 deputies.

The army is being reformed, reserve and serf troops are being abolished, which strengthens the field units, but weakens the convoy service reserve.

March 27, 1911
To commemorate the centennial anniversary of local troops and convoy guards, a sign was established " 100 years of convoy guards " , awarded to officers and lower ranks. The holiday is solemnly celebrated in all convoy teams, and an “Anniversary Memo” is published with an overview of the historical development of this type of troops.

September 1911
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Makarov Alexander Alexandrovich.

December 1912
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Maklakov Nikolai Alexandrovich.

1913
To prepare a new Fire regulations The Council of the Imperial Russian Fire Society approves the commission chaired by Senator M.A. Ostrogradsky. By 1914, the commission prepared two documents: “On the fire regulations” and “On changes to some articles of the code related to the fight against fires and arson.” However, further work of the commission was suspended due to the First World War.

August 1, 1914
Russia enters First World War in alliance with England and France (Entente).

June 1915
Prince was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Shcherbatov Nikolay Borisovich.

September 1915
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Khvostov Alexey Nikolaevich.

March 1916
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Sturmer Boris Vladimirovich.

July 1916
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Khvostov Alexander Alekseevich.

August 6, 1916
The law was adopted On fire protection of factories and factories, producing items for the active army." The Minister of Internal Affairs has been given the right to issue general rules on fire protection at defense enterprises. A commission has been created to oversee compliance with fire safety measures at these facilities.

September 1916
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Protopopov Alexander Dmitrievich.

October 23, 1916
The Council of Ministers adopted a resolution “On strengthening the police in 50 provinces of the Empire and improving the official and financial situation of police officials.”

February 23-28, 1917
Strikes and political demonstrations in St. Petersburg are developing into a general rebellion against autocracy. Regular army units (Pavlovsky, Volynsky, Lithuanian, Preobrazhensky and other regiments) go over to the side of the rebels. Shootouts with police break out everywhere.

At a meeting of the City Duma of Petrograd it was announced creation of the capital's police, the leader of which was elected the famous architect D.A. Kryzhanovsky.

Police departments are created in each district, headed by an appointed commissioner. Police officers do not have uniforms; the personnel of the departments is recruited from volunteers: workers, intellectuals, students and even boy scouts. Representatives of the criminal world infiltrate the police.

March 1917
A number of resolutions of the Provisional Government were issued, as a result of which The Ministry of Internal Affairs ceases to exist as a single centralized structure.

On the initiative of local councils in many cities, workers' militia, maintained at the expense of industrial enterprises, which was subsequently dissolved with the creation of the militia of the Provisional Government.

Provisional Government announces amnesty. About 90 thousand convicts are released, most of whom are criminals. Due to untrained personnel, the police's fight against crime is ineffective. The main efforts of the new law enforcement agencies are aimed at searching for and detaining representatives of the tsarist government, especially police officers and gendarmes, who were blamed for sabotage and participation in counter-revolutionary conspiracies.

March 1, 1917
By decision of the City Committee of Public Organizations, it was created Moscow police. Lawyer, member of the Menshevik Party, Chairman of the Council of Workers' Deputies of Moscow A.M. was elected as head. Nikitin.

March 2, 1917
The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II from the throne was signed. By decision of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which actually became the successor to the dissolved State Duma, a Provisional Government.

Prince Lvov Georgy Evgenievich was elected Chairman of the Provisional Government and Minister of Internal Affairs.

March 3, 1917
The Provisional Government officially announces that the most important task of the new government is to replace the police forces with a people's militia with elected leadership, subordinate to local governments.

March 6, 1917
The provisional government announces liquidation of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes.

March 11, 1917
The decree of the Provisional Government “On the abolition of the Police Department and the establishment of the Provisional Directorate for Public Police Affairs and Ensuring the Property Security of Citizens” was published, after which the Russian police legally ceased to exist. The former Minister and heads of the Police Department were arrested, all police officials were expelled. A special commission has been appointed to investigate the activities of the Police Department and eliminate cases of a political nature. The department that led the detective police is planned to be transferred to the Department of Justice. The special department in charge of the affairs of security departments is being liquidated. The Main Directorate for Press Affairs with its censorship functions is abolished.

The Provisional Directorate for Public Police Affairs consists of 48 employees, half of whom served in the Tsarist Ministry of Internal Affairs, and is headed by a representative of the Cadet Party G.D. Sidamon-Eristov. The department is preparing the legal framework for the new police, without delving into its activities on the ground.

March 12, 1917
The chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners and the head of the transit and transfer part of the General Staff, General N.I. Lukyanov, who led the internal guard for ten years, issues an order calling on his troops to “show loyalty and allegiance to the Provisional Government.”

April 1917
Significant The punishment system is undergoing changes. All types of shackles, corporal punishment, prison clothing, exile to settlements, etc. are abolished. The Main Prison Directorate is renamed the Main Directorate for Prison Affairs.

April 6, 1917
The circular of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was adopted " On the procedure for disbanding the gendarme corps and its abolition". His property is transferred to the military department, archives - to the General Staff, affairs of provincial departments - to commissions of representatives of the Ministry of Justice and commissioners of the Provisional Government

April 16, 1917.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs issued a circular " On the need to maintain and resume the activities of detective departments for criminal investigation cases".

April 17, 1917
The Resolution of the Provisional Government was issued " About the establishment of the police", where it is declared to be an executive body of state power at the local level, "under the direct jurisdiction of zemstvo and city public administrations."

The heads of the local police could be persons with at least a secondary education, appointed by the city or district zemstvo government. Police chiefs must report annually to the City Duma or District Assembly, as well as to the Commissioner of the Provisional Government in the area. The Minister of Internal Affairs provides general leadership, ensures the development of the regulatory framework and organizes local audits.

June 1917
According to the resolution “On gendarmes and police officers” of the first All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (June 9-24), the former policemen and gendarmes go to the front"with the nearest marching companies." They do not have the right to occupy command positions, and their documents indicate their place of previous service. Later it was even proposed to separate the police into separate army units and “mark them with special black stripes on their uniforms.”

June 15, 1917
By resolution of the Provisional Government, the Provisional Directorate for Public Police Affairs is renamed Main Directorate for Police Affairs(Glavpolitsia) and its staff is doubled.

July 1917
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Tsereteli Irakli Georgievich.

July 1917
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Avksentyev Nikolay Dmitrievich.

September 1917
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs Nikitin Alexey Maksimovich.

September 1, 1917
The provisional government proclaims Russia as a republic.

September 2-25, 1917
In this period no one has been appointed to the post of Minister of Internal Affairs and his functions are performed by the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs.

October 10, 1917
The Central Committee of the RSDLP (Social Democratic Party of the Bolsheviks), relying on a significant part of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, adopts decision on armed uprising.

October 11, 1917
The Minister of War of the Provisional Government issues an order instructing commanders of rear military units to send the best officers and soldiers to serve in the police.

The Provisional Government was unable to overcome the consequences of the “all-Russian campaign against the policemen.”