2 captains are the most important points. Two captains: the main characters of the novel by Benjamin Kaverin

17.10.2021

Introduction

mythological novel image

"Two captains" - adventure novel Soviet the writer Veniamin Kaverin, which was written by him in the years 1938-1944. The novel has gone through more than a hundred reprints. Kaverin was awarded for him Stalin Prize second degree (1946). The book has been translated into many foreign languages. First published: the first volume in the magazine "Koster", №8-12, 1938. The first separate edition - V. Kaverin. Two captains. Drawings, binding, flyleaf and title of Yu. Syrnev. Frontispiece by V. Konashevich. M.-L. Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, publishing house of children's literature 1940 464 p.

The book tells about the amazing fate of a mute from a provincial town Enska, who honorably goes through the trials of war and homelessness in order to win the heart of his beloved girl. After the unfair arrest of his father and the death of his mother, Alexander Grigoriev was sent to an orphanage. Having escaped to Moscow, he finds himself first in a distribution center for street children, and then in a commune school. He is irresistibly attracted by the apartment of the school director Nikolai Antonovich, where the latter's cousin, Katya Tatarinova, lives.

Katya's father, Captain Ivan Tatarinov, who in 1912 led an expedition that discovered the Northern Land, disappeared without a trace several years ago. Sanya suspects that Nikolai Antonovich, in love with Katya's mother, Maria Vasilievna, contributed to this. Maria Vasilievna believes Sanya and commits suicide. Sanya is accused of slander and kicked out of the Tatarinovs' house. And then he takes an oath to find an expedition and prove his case. He becomes a pilot and collects information about the expedition bit by bit.

After the start Great Patriotic War Sanya serves in Air force... During one of the sorties, he discovers a ship with Captain Tatarinov's reports. The finds become the final touch and allow him to shed light on the circumstances of the death of the expedition and to justify himself in the eyes of Katya, who had previously become his wife.

The motto of the novel - the words "Fight and seek, find and not give up" - this is the final line from the textbook poem Lord Tennyson « Ulysses" (in original: To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield). This line is also engraved on the cross in memory of the deceased. expeditions R. Scott to the South Pole, on the Observation Hill.

The novel was screened twice (in 1955 and in 1976), and in 2001 the musical "Nord-Ost" was created based on the novel. The heroes of the film, namely the two captains, were given a memorial "yatnik in the writer's homeland, in Psokov, which is referred to in the novel as the city of Ensk. In 2001, a museum of the novel was created in the Psokov children's library."

In 2003, the main square of the city of Polyarny in the Murmansk region was named the Square of Two Captains. It was from this place that the expeditions of the navigators Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Brusilov set out on a voyage.

The relevance of the work. The theme “Mythological basis in V. Kaverin’s novel“ Two Captains ”” was chosen by me because of the high degree of its relevance and significance in modern conditions. This is due to the wide public response and active interest in this issue.

To begin with, it should be said that the topic of this work is of great educational and practical interest to me. The problematic of the issue is very relevant in modern reality. From year to year, scientists and experts are paying more and more attention to this topic. Here it is worth noting such names as Alekseev D.A., Begak B., Borisova V., who made a significant contribution to the study and development of conceptual issues of this topic.

The amazing story of Sani Grigoriev, one of the two captains in Kaverin's novel, begins with an equally amazing find: a bag full of letters. However, it turns out that these "worthless" foreign letters are still quite suitable for the role of a fascinating "epistolary novel", the content of which soon becomes a common achievement. The letter, which tells about the dramatic history of the Arctic expedition of Captain Tatarinov and addressed to his wife, acquires fateful significance for Sani Grigoriev: his entire further existence turns out to be subordinated to the search for the addressee, and subsequently - to the search for the missing expedition. Guided by this high aspiration, Sanya literally bursts into someone else's life. Having turned into a polar pilot and a member of the Tatarinov family, Grigoriev essentially replaces and displaces the deceased hero-captain. So, from the appropriation of someone else's letter to the appropriation of someone else's fate, the logic of his life unfolds.

The theoretical basis of the course work served as monographic sources, materials of scientific and industry periodicals directly related to the topic. The prototypes of the heroes of the work.

Object of study: plot and images of heroes.

Subject of study: mythological motives, plots, symbols in creativity in the novel "Two Captains".

Purpose of the study: complex consideration of the question of the influence of mythology on the novel by V. Kaverin.

To achieve this goal, the following were set tasks:

Reveal the attitude and frequency of Kaverin's appeal to mythology;

To study the main features of mythological heroes in the images of the novel "Two Captains";

Determine the forms of penetration of mythological motives and plots into the novel "Two Captains";

Consider the main stages of Kaverin's appeal to mythological subjects.

To solve the set tasks, methods are used such as: descriptive, historical-comparative.

1. The concept of mythological themes and motives

The myth stands at the origins of verbal art, mythological representations and plots occupy a significant place in the oral folklore tradition of various peoples. Mythological motives played a large role in the genesis of literary plots, mythological themes, images, characters are used and reinterpreted in literature almost throughout its history.

In the history of the epic, military strength and courage, the "fierce" heroic character completely overshadow witchcraft and magic. Historical tradition is gradually pushing back the myth, the mythical early time is transformed into the glorious era of the early powerful statehood. However, some features of the myth can be preserved in the most developed epics.

Due to the fact that in modern literary criticism there is no term "mythological elements", at the beginning of this work it is advisable to define this concept. For this, it is necessary to turn to works on mythology, which present opinions about the essence of the myth, its properties, functions. It would be much easier to define mythological elements as constituent parts of one or another myth (plots, heroes, images of animate and inanimate nature, etc.), but when giving such a definition, one should also take into account the subconscious appeal of the authors of works to archetypal constructions (as V. N. Toporov, “some features in the work of great writers could be understood as sometimes an unconscious appeal to elementary semantic oppositions, well known in mythology,” B. Groys says about “archaic, about which we can say that it is also at the beginning of time , as well as in the depths of the human psyche as its unconscious beginning. "

So, what is the myth, and after it - what can be called mythological elements?

The word "myth" (mkhYuipzh) - "word", "story", "speech" - comes from ancient Greek. Initially, it was understood as a set of absolute (sacred) value-worldview truths opposed to everyday empirical (profane) truths expressed by an ordinary "word" (eTrpzh), notes prof. A.V. Semushkin. Since the V century. BC, writes J.-P. Vernan, in philosophy and history, the "myth" opposed to the "logos", with which they initially coincided in meaning (only later logos began to mean the ability to think, reason), acquired a derogatory connotation, denoting a fruitless, unfounded statement, devoid of support on strict evidence or reliable evidence (however, even in this case, he, disqualified from the point of view of truth, did not apply to the sacred texts about gods and heroes).

The predominance of mythological consciousness refers mainly to the archaic (primitive) era and is associated primarily with its cultural life, in the system of semantic organization of which myth played a dominant role. The English ethnographer B. Malinovsky gave the myth primarily the practical functions of maintaining

However, the main thing in the myth is the content, and not at all the correspondence with the historical evidence. In myths, events are viewed in a time sequence, but often the specific time of the event does not matter and only the starting point for the beginning of the story is important.

In the XVII century. English philosopher Francis Bacon in his work "On the Wisdom of the Ancients" argued that myths in poetic form preserve the most ancient philosophy: moral maxims or scientific truths, the meaning of which is hidden under the cover of symbols and allegories. Free fantasy, expressed in myth, according to the German philosopher Herder, is not something absurd, but an expression of the childhood age of mankind, "the philosophical experience of the human soul, which dreams before waking up."

1.1 Signs and characteristics of the myth

Mythology as a science of myths has a rich and long history. The first attempts to rethink the mythological material were undertaken in antiquity. But until now there has not been a single generally accepted opinion about the myth. Of course, there are points of contact in the writings of researchers. Starting from these points, it seems to us possible to single out the main properties and features of the myth.

Representatives of various scientific schools focus on different aspects of the myth. So Raglan (the Cambridge Ritual School) defines myths as ritual texts, Cassirer (a representative of the symbolic theory) speaks of their symbolism, Losev (the theory of mythopoetism) - on the coincidence in the myth of a common idea and a sensual image, Afanasyev calls myth the most ancient poetry, Barthes - a communicative system ... The existing theories are summarized in Meletinsky's book The Poetics of Myth.

The article by A.V. The Guligs list the so-called "signs of a myth":

1. Merging of the real and the ideal (thought and action).

2. The unconscious level of thinking (mastering the meaning of the myth, we destroy the myth itself).

3. Syncretism of reflection (this includes: the indivisibility of the subject and the object, the absence of differences between the natural and the supernatural).

Freudenberg notes the essential characteristics of myth, giving it a definition in his book "Myth and Literature of Antiquity": "Figurative representation in the form of several metaphors, where there is no our logical, formal logical causality and where a thing, space, time are understood indivisibly and concretely, where a person and the world are subject-objectively united, - this special constructive system of figurative representations, when it is expressed in words, we call a myth. " Based on this definition, it becomes clear that the main characteristics of the myth follow from the peculiarities of mythological thinking. Following the works of A.F. Loseva V.A. Markov argues that in mythological thinking they do not differ: object and subject, thing and its properties, name and object, word and action, society and space, man and the universe, natural and supernatural, and the universal principle of mythological thinking is the principle of participation (“everything there is everything ”, the logic of shapeshifting). Meletinsky is sure that mythological thinking is expressed in an indistinct separation of subject and object, object and sign, thing and word, creature and its name, thing and its attributes, single and multiple, spatial and temporal relations, origin and essence.

In their works, various researchers note the following characteristics of the myth: sacralization of the mythical "time of the first creation", which is the reason for the established world order (Eliade); indivisibility of image and meaning (Potebnya); general animation and personalization (Losev); close connection with the ritual; cyclical time model; metaphorical nature; symbolic meaning (Meletinsky).

In the article "On the interpretation of myth in the literature of Russian symbolism" G. Shelogurova tries to draw preliminary conclusions about what is meant by myth in modern philological science:

1. The myth is unanimously recognized as a product of collective artistic creation.

2. The myth is determined by the nondiscrimination of the plane of expression and the plane of content.

3. The myth is seen as a universal model for constructing symbols.

4. Myths are the most important source of plots and images at all times of the development of art.

1.2 Functions of myth in works

Now it seems to us possible to define the functions of myth in symbolic works:

1. The myth is used by the Symbolists as a means to create symbols.

2. With the help of the myth, it becomes possible to express some additional ideas in the work.

3. A myth is a means of generalizing literary material.

4. In some cases, the Symbolists use myth as an artistic device.

5. The myth serves as an illustrative, meaningful example.

6. Based on the above, the myth cannot but fulfill a structuring function (Meletinsky: “Mythologism has become a tool for structuring a narrative (using mythological symbolism)”). 1

In the next chapter, we will consider how fair our conclusions are for the lyric works of Bryusov. To do this, we explore the cycles of different times of writing, entirely built on mythological and historical plots: "Lovers of the Ages" (1897-1901), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1904-1905), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1906-1908), "Powerful shadows "(1911-1912)," In the mask "(1913-1914).

2. The mythology of the images of the novel

The novel by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains" is one of the brightest works of Russian adventure literature of the 20th century. This story of love and loyalty, courage and determination has not left indifferent either an adult or a young reader for many years.

The book was called "a novel of education", "an adventure novel", "an idyllic-sentimental novel", but it was not accused of self-deception. And the writer himself said that "this is a novel about justice and that it is more interesting (and said so!) To be honest and brave than a coward and a liar." And he also said that it was "a novel about the inevitability of the truth."

On the motto of the heroes of the "Two Captains" "Fight and seek, find and not give up!" more than one generation of those has grown up who adequately responded to all sorts of challenges of the time.

Fight and seek, find and not give up. From English: That strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. The primary source is the poem "Ulysses" by the English poet Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), whose 70 years of literary activity are dedicated to the valiant and happy heroes. These lines were carved on the grave of the polar explorer Robert Scott (1868-1912). Eager to reach the South Pole first, he nevertheless came second, three days after the Norwegian pioneer Roald Amundsen visited it. Robert Scott and his companions died on the way back.

In Russian, these words became popular after the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin (1902-1989). The protagonist of the novel, Sanya Grigoriev, who dreams of polar expeditions, makes these words the motto of his whole life. Quoted as a phrase-symbol of loyalty to their goal and their principles. “Fight” (including with one's own weaknesses) is the first task of a person. To "seek" means to have a humane goal in front of you. "Find" is to make a dream come true. And if there are new difficulties, then "do not give up."

The novel is filled with symbols that are part of mythology. Every image, every action has a symbolic meaning.

This novel can be considered a hymn to friendship. Sanya Grigoriev carried this friendship throughout his life. An episode when Sanya and his friend Petka made a "bloody oath of friendship." The words the boys uttered were: "Fight and seek, find and not give up"; they turned into a symbol of their life as the heroes of the novel, determined their character.

Sanya could have died during the war, his profession itself was dangerous. But in spite of everything, he survived and fulfilled his promise to find the missing expedition. What helped him in life? A high sense of duty, perseverance, perseverance, dedication, honesty - all these character traits helped Sanya Grigoriev survive in order to find traces of the expedition and Katya's love. “You have such love that the most terrible grief will recede before it: it will meet, look into the eyes and retreat. No one else seems to know how to love like that, only you and Sanya. So strong, so stubborn, all my life. Where is there to die when you are so loved? - says Pyotr Skovorodnikov.

In our time, the time of the Internet, technology, speed, such love may seem like a myth to many. And how you want it to touch everyone, provoke them to accomplish feats and discoveries.

Once in Moscow, Sanya meets the Tatarinov family. Why is he drawn to this house, what attracts him? The Tatarinovs' apartment becomes for the boy something like Ali-Baba's cave with its treasures, mysteries and dangers. Nina Kapitonovna, who feeds Sanya with lunches, is a "treasure", Maria Vasilievna, "neither a widow, nor a husband's wife" who always wears black and often sinks into melancholy - a "mystery", Nikolai Antonovich - "danger." In this house he found many interesting books with which he "fell ill" and the fate of Katya's father, Captain Tatarinov, excited and interested him.

It is difficult to imagine how Sani Grigoriev's life would have turned out if an amazing person Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov had not met on his way. One frosty winter evening, someone knocked on the window of the house where two small children lived. When the children opened the door, an exhausted, frostbitten man burst into the room. This was Doctor Ivan Ivanovich, who had escaped from exile. He lived with the children for several days, showed the children tricks, taught them to bake potatoes on sticks, and most importantly, taught the dumb boy to talk. Who could have known then that these two people, a little dumb boy and an adult who was hiding from all people, would be bound by a strong faithful male friendship for life.

Several years will pass, and they will meet again, the doctor and the boy, in Moscow, in the hospital, and the doctor will fight for the boy's life for many months. The new meeting will take place in the Arctic, where Sanya will work. Together they, the polar pilot Grigoriev and Dr. Pavlov, will fly to save a man, fall into a terrible blizzard, and only thanks to the resourcefulness and skill of the young pilot will they be able to land a faulty plane and spend several days in the tundra among the Nenets. Here, in the harsh conditions of the North, the true qualities of both Sani Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov will manifest themselves.

The three meetings between Sanya and the doctor also have a symbolic meaning. First, three is a fabulous number. This is the first number in a number of traditions (including ancient Chinese), or the first of the odd numbers. Opens a number series and qualifies as a perfect number (an image of absolute perfection). The first number to which the word "everything" is assigned. One of the most positive numbers-emblems in symbolism, religious thought, mythology and folklore. Sacred, lucky number 3. It bears the meaning of high quality or high degree of expressiveness of the action. It shows mainly positive qualities: the sacredness of a perfect deed, courage and tremendous strength, both physical and spiritual, the importance of something. In addition, the number 3 symbolizes the completeness and completeness of a certain sequence that has a beginning, middle and end. The number 3 symbolizes the integrity, the triple nature of the world, its versatility, the triunity of the creative, destructive and preserving forces of nature - reconciling and balancing their beginning, happy harmony, creative perfection and good luck.

Secondly, these meetings changed the life of the protagonist.

As for the image of Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov, it is very reminiscent of the mythological biblical image of Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his mentor, his brother in Christ Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. Nikolai Antonovich also betrayed his cousin, sending his expedition to certain death. Portrait and actions of N.A. Tatarinova are also very close to the image of Judas.

None of the disciples noticed when this red-haired and ugly Jew first appeared near Christ, but for a long time he relentlessly walked along their path, intervened in conversations, provided small services, bowed, smiled and fawned. And then he became completely accustomed, deceiving the weary vision, then suddenly he caught his eyes and ears, irritating them, like something unprecedentedly ugly, deceitful and disgusting.

A bright detail in Kaverin's portrait is a kind of accent that helps to demonstrate the essence of the person being portrayed. For example, Nikolai Antonovich's thick fingers resembling "some hairy caterpillars, it seems, cabbage mongrels" (64) - a detail that adds negative connotations to the image of this person, as well as the constantly emphasized in the portrait "a golden tooth, which previously somehow illuminated everything face ”(64), and faded towards old age. The golden tooth will become a sign of the absolute falsity of the antagonist Sani Grigoriev. The permanently "striking" incurable acne on the face of Sani's stepfather is a sign of impurity of thoughts and dishonesty of behavior.

He was a good manager, and the pupils respected him. They came to him with different proposals, and he listened carefully to them. Sanya Grigoriev also liked it at first. But when he was at their home, he noticed that everyone did not treat him well, although he was very attentive to everyone. With all the guests who came to them, he was kind and cheerful. He did not like Sanya, and every time he visited them, he began to teach him. Despite his pleasant appearance, Nikolai Antonovich was a mean, low man. This is evidenced by his actions. Nikolai Antonovich - he made it so that most of the equipment on the schooner Tatarinov was unusable. Almost the entire expedition perished through the fault of this man! He persuaded Romashov to eavesdrop on everything that was said about him at school and to inform him. He arranged a whole conspiracy against Ivan Pavlovich Korablev, wanting to expel him from school, because the guys loved and respected him and because he asked for the hand of Marya Vasilyevna, whom he himself was deeply in love with and whom he wanted to marry. It was Nikolai Antonovich who was to blame for the death of his brother Tatarinov: it was he who was engaged in equipping the expedition and did everything possible so that it did not come back. He in every possible way prevented Grigoriev from conducting an investigation into the case of the missing expedition. Moreover, he took advantage of the letters that Sanya Grigoriev found, and defended himself, became a professor. In an effort to escape punishment and shame in the event of exposure, he exposed another person, von Vyshimirsky, under attack, when all the evidence proving his guilt was collected. These and other actions speak of him as a mean, mean, dishonorable, envious person. How much villainy he committed in his life, how many innocent people he killed, how many people he made unhappy. He is worthy only of contempt and condemnation.

What kind of person is Chamomile?

Sanya met Romashov at school 4 - a commune, where Ivan Pavlovich Korablev took him. Their beds were side by side. The boys became friends. Sanya did not like in Romashov that he was talking about money all the time, saving it, lending it at interest. Very soon Sanya became convinced of the meanness of this man. Sanya learned that, at the request of Nikolai Antonovich, Romashka overheard everything that was said about the head of the school, wrote it down in a separate book, and then reported it to Nikolai Antonovich for a fee. He also told him that Sanya had heard the conspiracy of the teachers' council against Korablev and wanted to tell his teacher about everything. On another occasion, he dirty gossip to Nikolai Antonovich about Katya and Sanya, for which Katya was sent on vacation to Ensk, and Sanya was no longer allowed into the Tatarinovs' house. The letter that Katya wrote to Sanya before her departure did not reach Sanya either, and this was also the work of Chamomile. Chamomile sank to the point that he rummaged in Sani's suitcase, wanting to find some dirt on him. The older Daisy got, the more his meanness became. He even went so far that he began to collect documents for Nikolai Antonovich, his beloved teacher and patron, proving his guilt in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, and was ready to sell them to Sanya in exchange for Katya, with whom he was in love. But what to sell important papers, he was ready to kill a childhood friend in cold blood for the sake of fulfilling his dirty goals. All of Chamomile's actions are low, mean, dishonorable.

* What brings Camomile and Nikolai Antonovich closer together, how are they similar?

These are low, mean, cowardly, envious people. To achieve their goals, they commit dishonest acts. They stop at nothing. They have neither honor nor conscience. Ivan Pavlovich Korablev calls Nikolai Antonovich a terrible person, and Romashov a person who has absolutely no morality. These two people stand against each other. Even love doesn't make them prettier. In love, both are selfish. In achieving their goals, they put their interests, their feelings above all else! Disregarding the feelings and interests of the person they love, acting low and mean. Even the war did not change Chamomile. Katya reflected: "He saw death, he became bored in this world of pretense and lies, which was his world before." But she was deeply mistaken. Romashov was ready to kill Sanya, because no one would have known about this and he would have remained unpunished. But Sanya was lucky, fate favored him again and again, giving chance after chance.

Comparing "The Two Captains" with the canonical examples of the adventure genre, we easily find that V. Kaverin masterfully uses a dynamically intense plot for a broad realistic narration, during which the two main characters of the novel - Sanya Grigoriev and Katya Tatarinova - with great sincerity and excitement tell "O time and about myself. " All sorts of adventures here are by no means an end in themselves, for they do not determine the essence of the story of the two captains - these are only the circumstances of the real biography, put by the author as the basis of the novel, eloquently testifying to the fact that the life of Soviet people is full of rich events, that our heroic time is full of exciting romance.

The Two Captains is essentially a novel about truth and happiness. In the fate of the main character of the novel, these concepts are inseparable. Of course, Sanya Grigoriev wins a lot in our eyes because he accomplished many feats during his life - he fought against the Nazis in Spain, flew over the Arctic, fought heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, for which he was awarded several military orders. But it is curious that for all his exceptional perseverance, rare diligence, composure and strong-willed dedication, Captain Grigoriev does not perform exceptional feats, his chest is not decorated with the Hero's Star, as many readers and sincere fans of Sanya would probably like. He accomplishes such feats as can be accomplished by every Soviet person who dearly loves his socialist homeland. Does Sanya Grigoriev lose from this in any way? Of course not!

In the hero of the novel we are conquered not only by his actions, but by his entire emotional makeup, his heroic character in its very inner essence. Have you noticed that O some of the exploits of his hero, accomplished by him at the front, the writer is simply silent. The point, of course, is not the number of feats. Before us is not so much a desperately brave man, a kind of captain "rip his head" - we are first of all a principled, convinced, ideological defender of the truth, before us is the image of a Soviet youth, "Shaken by the idea of justice" as the author himself points out. And this is the main thing in the appearance of Sani Grigoriev, which captivated us in him from the very first meeting - even when we knew nothing about his participation in the Great Patriotic War.

We already knew that Sanya Grigoriev would grow up to be a courageous and brave person when we heard the boy's oath "Fight and seek, find and not give up." We, of course, throughout the entire novel are concerned about the question of whether the main character will find the traces of Captain Tatarinov, whether justice will prevail, but we are really captured by himself process achieving the set goal. This process is difficult and complicated, but that is why it is interesting and instructive for us.

For us, Sanya Grigoriev would not be a true hero if we knew only about his exploits and knew little about the formation of his character. In the fate of the hero of the novel, his difficult childhood is also important for us, and his daring clashes during his school years with the scoundrel and self-lover Romashka, with the cleverly disguised careerist Nikolai Antonovich, and his pure love for Katya Tatarinova, and loyalty to no matter what. became a noble boyish oath. And how magnificently the dedication and perseverance in the character of the hero is revealed when we follow step by step how he achieves the intended goal - to become a polar pilot in order to be able to fly in the skies of the Arctic! We cannot ignore his passion for aviation and polar travel, which engulfed Sanya while still at school. Therefore, Sanya Grigoriev becomes a courageous and brave man, that he does not lose sight of the main goal of his life for a single day.

Happiness is won by work, truth is affirmed in the struggle - such a conclusion can be drawn from all the trials of life that fell to the lot of Sani Grigoriev. And, frankly, there were quite a few of them. As soon as the homelessness ended, clashes with strong and dodgy enemies began. Sometimes he suffered temporary setbacks, which he had to endure very painfully. But strong natures do not bend from this - they are tempered in severe trials.

2.1 The mythology of the novel's polar discoveries

Any writer has the right to fiction. But where does it go, the line, the invisible line between truth and myth? Sometimes they are so closely intertwined, as, for example, in the novel “Two Captains” by Veniamin Kaverin, a work of fiction that most reliably resembles the real events of 1912 in the development of the Arctic.

Three Russian polar expeditions entered the Northern Ocean in 1912, all three ended tragically: the expedition of V.A. Rusanov. died entirely, the expedition of Brusilov G.L. - almost entirely, and in the expedition of G. Sedov. I killed three, including the head of the expedition. In general, the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century were interesting for through voyages along the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin epic, the heroes of the Papanin people.

The young, but already well-known writer V. Kaverin became interested in all this, became interested in people, bright personalities, whose deeds and characters aroused only respect. He reads literature, memoirs, collections of documents; listens to the stories of N.V. Pinegin, friend and member of the expedition of the brave polar explorer Sedov; sees finds made in the mid-thirties on unnamed islands in the Kara Sea. Also during the Great Patriotic War, he himself, being a correspondent for Izvestia, visited the North.

And in 1944 the novel "Two Captains" was published. The author was literally inundated with questions about the prototypes of the main characters - Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev. He took advantage of the story of two brave conquerors of the Far North. From one he took on a courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - everything that distinguishes a person of great soul. It was Sedov. The other has the actual history of his journey. It was Brusilov. " These heroes became the prototypes of Captain Tatarinov.

Let's try to figure out what is true, what is a myth, how the writer Kaverin managed to combine the realities of the expeditions of Sedov and Brusilov in the history of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. And although the writer himself did not mention the name of Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov among the prototypes of the hero of Captain Tatarinov, some facts claim that the realities of Rusanov's expedition were also reflected in the novel "Two Captains".

Lieutenant Georgy Lvovich Brusilov, a hereditary sailor, in 1912 led an expedition on the sailing-steam schooner "Saint Anna". He intended to pass with one wintering from St. Petersburg around Scandinavia and further along the Northern Sea Route to Vladivostok. But "Saint Anna" did not come to Vladivostok either a year later or in subsequent years. On the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the ice covered the schooner, she began to drift northward, to high latitudes. The ship failed to escape from the ice captivity in the summer of 1913. During the longest drift in the history of Russian Arctic research (1,575 kilometers in a year and a half), Brusilov's expedition conducted meteorological observations, depth measurements, studied currents and ice regime in the northern part of the Kara Sea, which until that time was completely unknown to science. Almost two years of ice captivity have passed.

On April 23 (10), 1914, when the "Saint Anna" was at 830 north latitude and 60 0 east longitude, with Brusilov's consent, eleven crew members left the schooner, led by navigator Valerian Ivanovich Albanov. The group hoped to reach the nearest coast, to Franz Josef Land, in order to deliver the materials of the expedition, which allowed scientists to characterize the underwater topography of the northern part of the Kara Sea and identify a meridional depression at the bottom about 500 kilometers long (St. Anna Trough). Only a few people reached the Franz Josef archipelago, but only two of them, Albanov himself and the sailor A. Konrad, were lucky to escape. They were accidentally discovered at Cape Flora by members of another Russian expedition under the command of G. Sedov (Sedov himself had already died by this time).

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, the sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman to participate in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The geographical result of the campaign of the navigator Albanov's group, which cost the lives of nine sailors, was the assertion that King Oscar and Peterman, previously marked on the maps of the Land, do not actually exist.

We know in general terms the drama of "Saint Anne" and her crew thanks to Albanov's diary, which was published in 1917 under the title "South to Franz Josef Land". Why were only two saved? This is quite clear from the diary. The people in the group that left the schooner were very motley: strong and weak, reckless and weak in spirit, disciplined and dishonest. Those who had the most chance survived. Albanov from the ship "St. Anna" was transferred mail to the mainland. Albanov reached, but none of those to whom they were intended received the letters. Where did they go? This still remains a mystery.

And now let's turn to Kaverin's novel "Two Captains". Of the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, only the navigator of the long voyage I. Klimov returned. This is what he writes to Maria Vasilievna, the wife of Captain Tatarinov: “I hasten to inform you that Ivan Lvovich is alive and well. Four months ago, according to his instructions, I left the schooner and thirteen crew members with me. I will not talk about our difficult journey to Franz Josef Land on floating ice. I will only say that from our group I alone safely (except for the frostbitten legs) reached Cape Flora. The "Saint Foka" of Lieutenant Sedov's expedition picked me up and took me to Arkhangelsk. "Holy Mary" froze in the Kara Sea and since October 1913 has been constantly moving northward along with the polar ice. When we left, the schooner was at latitude 820 55 ". She stands calmly in the middle of the ice field, or rather, stood from the fall of 1913 until I left."

Sanya Grigoriev's senior friend, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, after almost twenty years, in 1932, explains to Sanya that the group photo of the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov “was presented by the navigator of the“ St. Mary ”Ivan Dmitrievich Klimov. In 1914 he was brought to Arkhangelsk with frostbitten legs, and he died in a city hospital from blood poisoning. " After Klimov's death, two notebooks and letters remained. The hospital sent these letters to the addresses, but the notebooks and photographs remained with Ivan Ivanovich. The persistent Sanya Grigoriev once said to Nikolai Antonich Tatarinov, a cousin of the missing captain Tatarinov, that he would find the expedition: “I don’t believe that it disappeared without a trace.”

And so in 1935, Sanya Grigoriev, day after day, parses Klimov's diaries, among which he finds an interesting map - a map of the drift of "St. Mary" "from October 1912 to April 1914, and the drift was shown in those places where the so-called Earth lay. Peterman. “But who knows that this fact was first established by Captain Tatarinov on the schooner“ Saint Mary ”?” - exclaims Sanya Grigoriev.

Captain Tatarinov had to go from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. From the captain's letter to his wife: “About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsky Shara. We walked freely on the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining. A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as some of my companions - childish or reckless. "

What is this thought? Sanya finds the answer to this in the notes of Captain Tatarinov: “The human mind was so preoccupied with this task that its solution, despite the harsh grave that travelers mostly found there, became a continuous national competition. Almost all civilized countries took part in this competition, and only there were no Russians, but meanwhile the ardent impulses of the Russian people for the opening of the North Pole manifested themselves back in the time of Lomonosov and have not faded away to this day. Amundsen wants to leave Norway the honor of discovering the North Pole at all costs, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat. " (From a letter to the head of the Main Hydrographic Directorate, April 17, 1911). So this is where Captain Tatarinov was aiming !. "He wanted, like Nansen, to go as far north as possible with drifting ice, and then get to the pole on dogs."

Tatarinov's expedition failed. Even Amundsen said: "The success of any expedition depends entirely on its equipment." Indeed, his brother Nikolai Antonich rendered a "disservice" in preparing and equipping Tatarinov's expedition. For reasons of failure, Tatarinov's expedition was similar to the expedition of G.Ya. Sedov, who in 1912 tried to penetrate the North Pole. After 352 days of ice captivity off the north-western coast of Novaya Zemlya in August 1913, Sedov took the ship “Holy Great Martyr Fock” out of the bay and sent it to Franz Josef Land. The Foka's second wintering place was Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. On February 2, 1914, despite complete exhaustion, Sedov, accompanied by two sailors - volunteers A. Pustoshny and G. Linnik, went to the Pole on three dog sleds. After a severe cold, he died on February 20 and was buried by his companions at Cape Auk (Rudolf Island). The expedition was poorly prepared. G. Sedov was not familiar with the history of the exploration of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, he did not know the latest maps of the ocean section along which he was going to reach the North Pole. He himself did not check the equipment thoroughly. His temperament, desire to conquer the North Pole faster at all costs prevailed over the clear organization of the expedition. So these are important reasons for the outcome of the expedition and the tragic death of G. Sedov.

Earlier, it was already mentioned about the meetings of Kaverin with Pinegin. Nikolai Vasilievich Pinegin is not only an artist and writer, but also a researcher of the Arctic. During Sedov's last expedition in 1912, Pinegin shot the first documentary about the Arctic, the footage of which, combined with the artist's personal memories, helped Kaverin to brighten up the picture of the events of that time.

Let's go back to Kaverin's novel. From a letter from Captain Tatarinov to his wife: “I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, being at latitude 790 35 ", east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery strip, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. I am convinced that this is land. So far I called it by your name." Sanya Grigoriev finds out that it is was Severnaya Zemlya, discovered in 1913 by Lieutenant B.A.Vilkitsky.

After defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia needed to have its own way of escorting ships to the Great Ocean, so as not to depend on Suez or other channels of warm countries. The authorities decided to create a Hydrographic Expedition and carefully survey the least difficult section from the Bering Strait to the mouth of the Lena, so that it would be possible to pass from east to west, from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk or St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition was A.I. Vilkitsky, and after his death, since 1913 - his son, Boris Andreevich Vilkitsky. It was he who, during the navigation of 1913, dispelled the legend about the existence of Sannikov Land, but discovered a new archipelago. On August 21 (September 3), 1913, a huge archipelago covered with eternal snow was seen north of Cape Chelyuskin. Consequently, from Cape Chelyuskin to the north is not an open ocean, but a strait, later called the B. Vilkitsky Strait. The archipelago was originally named the Land of Emperor Nicholas II. It has been called the Northern Land since 1926.

In March 1935, pilot Alexander Grigoriev, having made an emergency landing on the Taimyr Peninsula, accidentally discovered an old brass hook, which had turned green with time, with the inscription “Schooner“ Holy Mary ”. Nenets Ivan Vylko explains that a boat with a hook and a man was found by local residents on the coast of Taimyr, the coast closest to Severnaya Zemlya. By the way, there is reason to believe that it was no coincidence that the author of the novel gave the Nenets hero the surname Vylko. A close friend of the Arctic explorer Rusanov, a participant in his 1911 expedition was the Nenets artist Ilya Konstantinovich Vylko, who later became the chairman of the council of Novaya Zemlya ("President of Novaya Zemlya").

Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov was a polar geologist and navigator. His last expedition on the motor-sailing vessel "Hercules" sailed to the Arctic Ocean in 1912. The expedition reached the Spitsbergen archipelago and discovered four new coal deposits there. Rusanov then made an attempt to go through the Northeast Passage. Having reached Cape Desire on Novaya Zemlya, the expedition went missing.

It is not known exactly where the Hercules died. But it is known that the expedition not only sailed, but also some part of it went on foot, for "Hercules" almost certainly died, as evidenced by objects found in the mid-30s on the islands near the Taimyr coast. In 1934, on one of the islands, hydrographers discovered a wooden post on which is written "Hercules - 1913". Traces of the expedition were found in the Minin skerries off the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya). And in the seventies, the search for Rusanov's expedition was conducted by the expedition of the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. In the same area, two hooks were found, as if in confirmation of the intuitive guess of the writer Kaverin. According to experts, they belonged to the "Rusanovites".

Captain Alexander Grigoriev, following his motto "Fight and seek, find and not give up", in 1942 nevertheless found the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, or rather, what was left of it. He calculated the path that the captain Tatarinov had to take, if it is considered indisputable that he returned to the Severnaya Zemlya, which he called the "Land of Mary": from 790 35 latitude, between the 86th and 87th meridians, to the Russian Islands and to the Nordenskjold archipelago. Then, probably after many wanderings from Cape Sterlegov to the mouth of the Pyasina, where the old Nenets Vylko found a boat on sledges. Then to the Yenisei, because the Yenisei was for Tatarinov the only hope to meet people and help. He walked along the seaward side of the coastal islands, if possible - straight. Sanya found the last camp of Captain Tatarinov, found his farewell letters, photographic films, found his remains. Captain Grigoriev conveyed to the people the farewell words of Captain Tatarinov: “It’s bitter for me to think about all the deeds that I could have done if they didn’t just help me, but at least not hinder me. What to do? One consolation is that by my labors, vast new lands have been discovered and annexed to Russia. "

In the finale of the novel we read: “Ships entering the Yenisei Gulf from afar see the grave of Captain Tatarinov. They walk past her, flags at half-mast, and a mourning salute thunders from the cannons, and a long echo rolls on incessantly.

The tomb was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the unsetting polar sun.

At the height of human growth, the following words are carved:

“The body of Captain I.L. Tatarinov, who made one of the most courageous journeys and died on the way back from the Severnaya Zemlya discovered by him in June 1915. Fight and seek, find and not give up! "

Reading these lines of Kaverin's novel, one involuntarily recalls the obelisk erected in 1912 in the eternal snows of Antarctica in honor of Robert Scott and four of his comrades. There is a gravestone inscription on it. And the final words of the poem "Ulysses" by the classic of British poetry of the 19th century Alfred Tennyson: "To strive, to seek, to find and not yield" (which in English means: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"). Much later, with the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, these very words became the life motto of millions of readers, a loud appeal for Soviet polar explorers of different generations.

Probably, the literary critic N. Likhacheva was wrong, who attacked The Two Captains when the novel was not yet fully published. After all, the image of Captain Tatarinov is generalized, collective, fictional. The right to fiction gives the author an artistic style, not a scientific one. The best traits of the characters of the Arctic explorers, as well as mistakes, miscalculations, historical realities of the expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov - all this is associated with the hero of Kaverin.

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is an artistic invention of the writer. But this hero also has his own prototypes. One of them is professor-geneticist M.I. Lobashov.

In 1936, in a sanatorium near Leningrad, Kaverin met the silent, always internally focused young scientist Lobashov. “This was a man in whom fervor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance with an amazing determination of purpose. He knew how to succeed in any business. A clear mind and the ability to deep feeling were visible in every judgment. " In everything, the character traits of Sani Grigoriev are guessed. And many of the specific circumstances of Sanya's life were directly borrowed by the author from Lobashov's biography. These are, for example, the silence of Sanya, the death of his father, homelessness, the commune school of the 1920s, the types of teachers and students, falling in love with the daughter of a school teacher. Talking about the history of the creation of "Two Captains", Kaverin noticed that, unlike the parents, sister, and comrades of the hero, about whom the prototype of Sanya told, only individual touches were outlined in the teacher Korablev, so that the image of the teacher was completely created by the writer.

Lobashov, who became the prototype of Sani Grigoriev, told the writer about his life, immediately aroused an active interest in Kaverin, who decided not to let his imagination run wild, but to follow the story he had heard. But in order for the hero's life to be perceived naturally and vividly, he must be in conditions that are personally known to the writer. And unlike the prototype, who was born on the Volga, and graduated from school in Tashkent, Sanya was born in Ensk (Pskov), and graduated from school in Moscow, and she absorbed much of what happened at the school where Kaverin studied. And the state of Sanya the youth also turned out to be close to the writer. He was not a member of the orphanage, but in the Moscow period of his life he was left completely alone in a huge, hungry and deserted Moscow. And, of course, I had to spend a lot of energy and will so as not to get lost.

And the love for Katya, which Sanya carries through her whole life, is not invented and embellished by the author; Kaverin is here next to his hero: having married a twenty-year-old boy to Lidochka Tynyanova, he remained faithful to his love forever. And how much in common is the mood of Veniamin Alexandrovich and Sani Grigoriev when they write to their wives from the front, when they are looking for them, taken from besieged Leningrad. And Sanya fights in the North, too, because Kaverin was a military commander of TASS, and then Izvestia in the Northern Fleet and knew firsthand both Murmansk and Polyarnoye, and the specifics of the war in the Far North, and its people.

Another person who was well acquainted with aviation and who knew the North perfectly — the talented pilot S.L. Klebanov, a wonderful, honest man, whose consultations in the study by the author of flying business were invaluable. From the biography of Klebanov, the story of a flight to the remote camp of Vanokan entered the life of Sani Grigoriev, when a disaster broke out on the way.

In general, according to Kaverin, both prototypes of Sani Grigoriev resembled each other not only by their stubbornness of character and extraordinary determination. Klebanov even outwardly resembled Lobashov - short, dense, stocky.

The great skill of the artist lies in creating such a portrait in which everything that is his and everything that is not his becomes his own, deeply original, individual.

Kaverin has a wonderful property: he gives the heroes not only his own impressions, but also his habits, and relatives, and friends. And this cute touch brings the characters closer to the reader. In the novel, the writer endowed Valya Zhukov with the desire of his older brother Sasha to cultivate the power of his gaze by looking at the black circle drawn on the ceiling for a long time. Doctor Ivan Ivanovich, during a conversation, suddenly throws a chair to his interlocutor, which must certainly be caught - this was not invented by Veniamin Alexandrovich: K.I. loved to talk so much. Chukovsky.

The hero of the novel "Two Captains" Sanya Grigoriev lived his own unique life. Readers believed in him seriously. And for more than sixty years now, readers of several generations have understood and loved this image. Readers admire his personal qualities of character: by willpower, thirst for knowledge and search, loyalty to the given word, dedication, perseverance in achieving the goal, love for the homeland and love for his work - all those that helped Sana to reveal the mystery of Tatarinov's expedition.

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Introduction

mythological novel image

The theoretical basis of the course work served as monographic sources, materials of scientific and industry periodicals directly related to the topic. The prototypes of the heroes of the work.

Object of study: plot and images of heroes.

Subject of study: mythological motives, plots, symbols in creativity in the novel "Two Captains".

Purpose of the study: complex consideration of the question of the influence of mythology on the novel by V. Kaverin.

To achieve this goal, the following were set tasks:

Reveal the attitude and frequency of Kaverin's appeal to mythology;

To study the main features of mythological heroes in the images of the novel "Two Captains";

Determine the forms of penetration of mythological motives and plots into the novel "Two Captains";

Consider the main stages of Kaverin's appeal to mythological subjects.

To solve the set tasks, methods are used such as: descriptive, historical-comparative.

1. The concept of nro mythological themes and motives

So, what is the myth, and after it - what can be called mythological elements?

1.1 Signs and characteristicsmyth

The article by A.V. The Guligs list the so-called "signs of a myth":

1. Merging of the real and the ideal (thought and action).

2. The unconscious level of thinking (mastering the meaning of the myth, we destroy the myth itself).

3. Syncretism of reflection (this includes: the indivisibility of the subject and the object, the absence of differences between the natural and the supernatural).

In the article "On the interpretation of myth in the literature of Russian symbolism" G. Shelogurova tries to draw preliminary conclusions about what is meant by myth in modern philological science:

1. The myth is unanimously recognized as a product of collective artistic creation.

2. The myth is determined by the nondiscrimination of the plane of expression and the plane of content.

3. The myth is seen as a universal model for constructing symbols.

4. Myths are the most important source of plots and images at all times of the development of art.

1.2 Functions of myth inworks

Now it seems to us possible to define the functions of myth in symbolic works:

1. The myth is used by the Symbolists as a means to create symbols.

2. With the help of the myth, it becomes possible to express some additional ideas in the work.

3. A myth is a means of generalizing literary material.

4. In some cases, the Symbolists use myth as an artistic device.

5. The myth serves as an illustrative, meaningful example.

6. Based on the above, the myth cannot but fulfill a structuring function (Meletinsky: “Mythologism has become a tool for structuring a narrative (using mythological symbolism)”). 1

2. The mythology of the images of the novel

The novel is filled with symbols that are part of mythology. Every image, every action has a symbolic meaning.

In our time, the time of the Internet, technology, speed, such love may seem like a myth to many. And how you want it to touch everyone, provoke them to accomplish feats and discoveries.

Secondly, these meetings changed the life of the protagonist.

What kind of person is Chamomile?

* What brings Camomile and Nikolai Antonovich closer together, how are they similar?

2.1 The mythology of the novel's polar discoveries

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, the sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman to participate in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The tomb was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the unsetting polar sun.

At the height of human growth, the following words are carved:

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is an artistic invention of the writer. But this hero also has his own prototypes. One of them is professor-geneticist M.I. Lobashov.

The great skill of the artist lies in creating such a portrait in which everything that is his and everything that is not his becomes his own, deeply original, individual.

Adventure novel and documentary investigation

Cover of the book "Two Captains". Moscow, 1940 "Detizdat of the Central Committee of the Komsomol"

At first glance, the novel looks like just a socialist realist opus, albeit with a carefully worked out plot and the use of some modernist techniques that are not too familiar for socialist realist literature, for example, such as changing the narrator (two out of ten parts of the novel were written dignity on behalf of Katya). This is not true.--

By the time work began on The Two Captains, Kaverin was already a fairly experienced writer, and in the novel he managed to combine several genres: an adventure novel-journey, a novel of education, a Soviet historical novel about the recent past (the so-called romance with a key) and, finally, a military melodrama. Each of these genres has its own logic and mechanisms for retaining the reader's attention. Kaverin is an attentive reader of the formalists' works Formalists- scientists representing the so-called formal school in literary studies, which arose around the Society for the Study of Poetic Language (OPOYAZ) in 1916 and existed until the end of the 1920s. The formal school united theoreticians and literary historians, poetry scholars, and lin-guists. Its most famous representatives were Yuri Tynyanov, Boris Ey-khen --- baum and Viktor Shklovsky.- I thought a lot about whether genre innovation is possible in the history of literature. The novel "Two Captains" can be considered the result of these reflections.

Film studio "Mosfilm"

The plot of the investigative journey in the wake of the letters of Captain Tatarinov, about the fate of the expedition of which no one knows anything for many years, Kaverin borrowed from the famous novel "Children of Captain Grant" by Jules Verne. Like the French writer, the text of the captain's letters was not completely preserved and the place of the last anchorage of his expedition becomes a mystery, which the heroes have been guessing for a long time. Kaverin, however, reinforces this documentary line. Now we are talking not about one letter, in the footsteps of which searches are being conducted, but about a whole series of documents that gradually fall into the hands of Sana Grigoriev In early childhood, he repeatedly reads the letters of the captain and navigator of "St. Mary" washed ashore in 1913 and literally memorizes them, not knowing that the letters found on the shore in the bag of a drowned postman tell about the same expedition. Then Sanya gets to know the family of Captain Tatarinov, gets access to his books and breaks down notes in letters about the prospects of polar research in Russia and the world. While studying in Leningrad, Grigoriev carefully studied the press of 1912 in order to find out what they wrote at that time about the expedition of "St. Mary". The next stage is the discovery and bloody decryption of the diary of the very storming officer who owned one of the Enskie letters. Finally, in the very last chapters, the protagonist becomes the owner of the captain's suicide letters and the ship's logbook..

"Children of Captain Grant" is a novel about the search for the crew of a sea vessel, the story of a rescue expedition. In The Two Captains, Sanya and Tatarinov's daughter, Katya, are looking for evidence of Tatarinov's death in order to restore a good memory of this man, once not appreciated by his contemporaries, and then completely forgotten. Taking on the reconstruction of the history of Tatarinov's expedition, Grigoriev undertakes to publicly expose Nikolai Antonovich, the captain's cousin, and later Katya's stepfather. Sanya manages to prove its detrimental role in the equipment of the expedition. So Grigoriev becomes, as it were, a living substitute for the deceased Tatarinov (not without allusions to the history of Prince Hamlet). Another unexpected conclusion follows from the investigation of Alexander Grigoriev: letters and diaries need to be written and stored, since this is a way not only to collect and save information, but also to tell later ones that your contemporaries are not yet ready to listen to you. ... Characteristically, at the last stages of his search, Grigoriev himself begins to keep a diary - or, more precisely, to create and store a series of unsent letters to Katya Tatarinova.

Here lies the deep "subversive" meaning of "Two Captains". The novel argued the importance of old personal documents in an era when personal archives were either seized during searches or destroyed by the owners themselves, fearing that their diaries and letters would fall into the hands of the NKVD.

American Slavic scholar Katherine Clarke called her book about the socialist realist novel History as a Ritual. At a time when history appeared on the pages of countless novels as ritual and myth, Kaverin portrayed a romantic hero in his book, restoring history as an eternally elusive secret that needs to be deciphered, endowed with personal meaning. Probably, this double perspective was another reason why Kaverin's novel remained popular throughout the twentieth century.

Upbringing romance

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

The second genre model used in The Two Captains is an education novel, a genre that emerged in the second half of the 18th century and developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries. The focus of the upbringing novel is always the story of the growing up of the hero, the formation of his character and worldview. "The Two Captains" adhere to the kind of genre that tells about the biography of the orphan hero: the examples are clearly "The Story of Tom Jones, the Foundling" by Henry Field and, of course, the novels of Charles Dickens, above all "The Adventures Oli-ve-ra Twist ”and“ The Life of David Copperfield ”.

Apparently, the last novel was of decisive importance for "Two captains": for the first time seeing Sani's classmate, Mikhail Romashov, Katya Tatarinova, as if anticipating his sinister role in his and Sanya's fate, says that he is terrible and looks like Uriah Heep, the main villain from The Life of David Copperfield. Other plot parallels also lead to Dickens's novel: the oppressive stepfather; independent long trip to another city, towards a better life; exposure of the "paper" machinations of the villain.

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

However, in the story of Grigoriev's growing up, motives appear that are not characteristic of the literature of the 18th and 19th centuries. Sani's personal formation is a process of gradual accumulation and concentration of will. It all starts with overcoming dumbness Due to an illness suffered in early childhood, Sanya lost his ability to speak. Dumbness actually becomes the reason for the death of Sanya's father: the boy cannot tell who actually killed the watchman and why his father's knife ended up at the scene of the crime. Sanya finds speech thanks to the wonderful doctor, the fugitive convict Ivan Ivanovich: in just a few sessions, he shows his patient the first and most important exercises for training the pronunciation of vowels and short words. Then Ivan Ivanovich disappears, and Sanya makes the further path to gaining speech himself., and after this first impressive act of will, Grigoriev undertakes others. While still in school, he decides to become a pilot and begins to systematically temper and play sports, as well as read books that are directly or indirectly related to aviation and aircraft construction. At the same time, he trains the ability to self-control, as he is too impulsive and impressionable, and this greatly interferes in public speeches and when communicating with officials and bosses.

Aviation biography of Grigoriev demonstrates even greater determination and concentration of will. First, training at a flight school - in the early 1930s, with a shortage of equipment, instructors, flight hours and just money for life and food. Then there was a long and patient wait for the appointment to the North. Then work in civil aviation in the Arctic Circle. Finally, in the final parts of the novel, the young captain fights against external enemies (fascists), and the traitor Romashov, and with illness and death, and with longing for separation. In the end, he emerges victorious from all the tests: he returns to the profession, finds the place of the last stop of Captain Tatarinov, and then Katya, lost in the evacuation perturbations. Romashov was exposed and arrested, and his best friends - Dr. Ivan Ivanovich, teacher Korab-lion, friend Petka - are again nearby.

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

Behind this whole epic of the formation of human will, one can read the serious influence of the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, assimilated by Kaverin from the original and from indirect sources - the works of authors who had previously been influenced by Nietzsche, for example, Jack London and Maxim Gorky. The main motto of the novel, borrowed from the poem “Ulysses” by the English poet Alfred Tennyson, is also reinterpreted in the same willful Nietzschean key. If Tennyson has the lines "fight and seek, find and do not give up" The original is "to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield". describe an eternal wanderer, a romantic traveler, then in Kaverin they turn into the credo of an unyielding and constantly educating warrior.

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

The action of "Two Captains" begins on the eve of the 1917 revolution and ends on the same days and months when the last chapters of the novel are written (1944). Thus, we have before us not only the life story of Sani Grigor-ev, but also the history of the country going through the same stages of formation as the hero. Kaverin is trying to show how, after the downtroddenness and "dumbness", the chaos of the early 1920s and the heroic labor impulses of the early 1930s, by the end of the war, she began to confidently move towards a bright future, which Grigor-eva, Katya, should build, their close friends and other unnamed heroes with the same reserve of will and patience.

There was nothing surprising and especially innovative in Kaverin's experiment: the revolution and the Civil War quite early became the subject of historical descriptions in complex synthetic genres, combining, on the one hand, features of a historical chronicle, and on the other, a family saga or even quasi-folklore epic. The process of incorporating the events of the late 1910s - early 1920s into historical fictional narratives began in the second half of the 1920s. For example, "Russia Washed in Blood" by Artyom Vesely (1927-1928), "Walking Through the Torment" by Alexei Tolstoy (1921-1941) or "Quiet Don" by Sholokhov (1926-1932).... From the genre of the historical family saga of the late 1920s, Kaverin borrows, for example, the motive of the division of the family for ideological (or ethical) reasons.

But the most interesting historical layer in "Two Captains", perhaps, is connected not with the description of the revolutionary Ensk (under this name Kaverin depicted his native Pskov) or Moscow during the Civil War. More interesting here are later fragments describing Moscow and Leningrad in the late 1920s and 1930s. And these fragments reveal the features of another prose genre - the so-called novel with a key.

Romance with a key

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

This old genre, which arose in France in the 16th century to ridicule court clans and groupings, suddenly found itself in demand in Soviet literature of the 1920s and 1930s. The main principle roman à clef consists in the fact that real persons and events are encoded in it and displayed under different (but often recognizable) names, which makes it possible to make prose both chronicle and pamphlet at the same time, but at the same time draw the reader's attention to what transformations it is going through "Real life" in the writer's imagination. As a rule, very few people can figure out the prototypes of a novel with a key - those who know these real persons in person or in absentia.

"Goat Song" by Konstantin Vaginov (1928), "Crazy Ship" by Olga Forsh (1930), "Theatrical Novel" by Mikhail Bulgakov (1936), finally, Kaverin's early novel "The Brawler, or Evenings on Vasilyevsky Island" (1928) - all these works represented contemporary events and real persons acting in fictional literary worlds. It is no coincidence that most of these novels are dedicated to people of art and their collegial and friendly communication. In The Two Captains, the basic principles of the novel with the key are not consistently maintained - however, depicting the life of writers, artists or actors, Kaverin boldly uses techniques from the arsenal of the genre he is familiar with.

Remember the scene of the wedding of Petya and Sasha (Grigoriev's sister) in Leningrad, where the artist Filippov is mentioned, who "lined [the cow] into small squares and wrote each square separately"? In Filippov, we can easily recognize his "analytical method". Sasha takes orders in the Leningrad branch of Detgiz, which means that she is collaborating with the legendary Marshakov editorial board, which was tragically destroyed in 1937 Kaverin was clearly at risk: he began writing his novel in 1938, after the editorial office was disbanded and some of its employees were arrested.... The subtexts of theatrical scenes are also interesting - with visits to various (real and semi-fictional) performances.

One can speak of a novel with a key in relation to “Two Captains” rather conditionally: it is not a full-scale use of a genre model, but a translation is a lack of a few techniques; most of the heroes of The Two Captains are not encrypted historical figures. Nevertheless, it is very important to answer the question of why such heroes and fragments were needed in The Two Captains. The genre of a novel with a key presupposes the division of the reader's audience into those who are capable and those who are not able to find the right key, that is, those who are initiated and who perceive the narrative as such, without restoring the real background ... In the "artistic" episodes of "Two Captains" we can observe something similar.

Production novel

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

In "Two Captains" there is a hero whose surname is encrypted only by the initial, but any Soviet reader could easily guess it, and no key was required for this. The pilot Ch., Whose successes are watched with bated breath by Grigoriev, and then with some timidity turns to him for help, is, of course, Valery Chkalov. Other "aviation" initials were easily deciphered: L. - Sigismund Levanevsky, A. - Aleksander Anisimov, S. - Mavriky Slepnev. Launched in 1938, the novel was supposed to summarize the turbulent Soviet Arctic epic of the 1930s, where polar explorers (land and sea) and pilots were equally active.

Let us briefly reconstruct the chronology:

1932 - icebreaker "Alexander Sibiryakov", the first voyage along the Northern Sea Route from the White Sea to Beringovo in one navigation.

1933-1934 - the famous Chelyuskin epic, an attempt to sail from Murmansk to Vladivostok in one navigation, with the death of a ship, landing on an ice floe, and then rescuing the entire crew and passengers with the help of the best pilots of the country: many years later, the names of these pilots could be recited by heart any Soviet schoolchild.

1937 - Ivan Papanin's first drifting polar station and Valery Chkalov's first non-stop flight to the North American continent.

Polar explorers and pilots were the main heroes of our time in the 1930s, and the fact that Sanya Grigoriev not only chose the aviation profession, but wanted to link his fate with the Arctic, immediately gave his image a romantic halo and great attractiveness.

Meanwhile, if we separately consider the professional biography of Grigor-ev and his steady attempts to achieve the sending of an expedition to search for the crew of Captain Tatarinov, it becomes clear that "Two Captains" contain the features of another type of novel - a production novel, which received widespread -some spread in the literature of socialist realism in the late 1920s, with the beginning of industrialization. In one of the varieties of such a novel, the center was a young hero-enthusiast who loves his work and country more than himself, ready for self-sacrifice and obsessed with the idea of a “breakthrough”. In his desire to make a "breakthrough" (to introduce some kind of technical innovation or just work tirelessly), he will definitely be hindered by a pest hero The role of such a saboteur can be a bureaucrat leader (of course, a conservative by nature) or several such leaders.... The moment comes when the main character is defeated and his cause, it seems, is almost lost, but still the forces of reason and good win, the state, represented by its most reasonable representatives, intervenes in the conflict, encourages the innovator and punishes the conservative.

"Two Captains" are close to this model of a production novel, which is most memorable to Soviet readers from the famous book by Dudintsev "Not by Bread Alone" (1956). The antagonist and envious of Grigoriev Romashov sends letters to all authorities and spreads false rumors - the result of his activities is the sudden cancellation of the search operation in 1935 and the expulsion of Grigoriev from his beloved North.

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

Perhaps the most interesting line in the novel today is the transformation of the civilian pilot Grigoriev into a military pilot, and the transformation of peaceful research interests in the Arctic into military and strategic interests. For the first time, such a development of events is predicted by an unnamed sailor who visited Sanya in a Leningrad hotel in 1935. Then, after a long "exile" in the Volga land reclamation aviation, Grigoriev decides to change his fate on his own and volunteers for the Spanish war. From there he returns as a military pilot, and then his entire biography, like the history of the exploration of the North, is shown as a military one, closely related to the security and strategic interests of the country. It is no coincidence that Romashov turns out to be not just a pest and traitor, but also a war criminal: the events of the Patriotic War become the last and ultimate test for both heroes and antiheroes.

Military melodrama

A still from the serial film "Two Captains", directed by Yevgeny Karelov. 1976 year Film studio "Mosfilm"

The last genre that was embodied in "Two Captains" is the genre of military melodrama, which during the war years could be realized both on the stage and in the cinema. Perhaps the closest analogue of the novel is the play "Wait for Me" by Konstantin Simonov and the film of the same name (1943) based on it. The action of the last parts of the novel unfolds as if following the plot of this melodrama.

In the very first days of the war, the plane of an experienced pilot is shot down, he finds himself in the occupied territory, and then, under unexplained circumstances, disappears for a long time. His wife does not want to believe that he is dead. She changes the old civilian profession associated with intellectual activity to a simple rear one and refuses to evacuate. Bombing, digging trenches on the outskirts of the city - she goes through all these trials with dignity, never ceasing to hope that her husband is alive, and in the end she waits for him. This description is quite applicable to both the film "Wait for Me" and the novel "Two Captains" Of course, there are also differences: Katya Tatarinova in June 1941 did not live in Moscow, like the Simon Liza, but in Leningrad; she has to go through all the tests of the blockade, and after her evacuation to the mainland, Grigoriev cannot get on her trail..

The last parts of Kaverin's novel, written alternately on behalf of Katya and then on behalf of Sanya, successfully use all the techniques of military melodrama. And since this genre continued to be exploited in post-war literature, theater and cinema, “Two Captains” for a long time just fell into the horizon of readers and viewers' expectations Waiting horizon(German Erwartungs-horizont) is the term of the German historian and literary theorist Hans-Robert Jauss, a complex of aesthetic, socio-political, psychological and other ideas that determine the author's attitude to society, and also the attitude of the reader to the product.... Youthful love, which originated in the trials and conflicts of the 1920s and 1930s, passed the last and most serious test of the war.

, Extracurricular work

Purpose: to teach the analysis of an epic work through an episode from the text of the work, to master the necessary theoretical knowledge, taking into account the elements of artistic analysis.

Literary terms: novel, theme, idea, literary hero, morality, morality.

Epigraph: "Fight and seek, find and not give up."

Today in the lesson we will talk about everyone's favorite writer VA Kaverin and his amazing novel "Two Captains". This book is a novel worthy of entering the golden fund of our Russian literature. In the novel, the author raises and solves a number of important moral and ethical problems, which today remain as important as they were in the 40s of the 20th century when the book was written.

Who is he Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin? (Autobiographical note. Student message).

This book is a novel. Let's remember the peculiarities of the novel as an epic genre of literature. What are the main features of The Two Captains as a novel:

versatility,

branching of storylines,

temporary spaces,

large coverage of events,

multi-heroism.

The connection between times is traced through the letters in the novel, therefore there is an epistolary genre (lit. Genre of works written in the form of letters).

Did you like Kaverin's book? (Student feedback on the novel. Assessment of opinions).

So, you have already been able to decide for yourself what this book is about. What is the theme of the novel? A story about the life of Sani Grigoriev, who is the main character of the novel.

What are the main problems of the novel?

choice of life path,

what is true and false,

honor and dishonor,

courage, heroism and duty.

So a circle of moral and ethical problems has emerged.

Kaverin himself said about the idea: “Restoration of justice”.

So, let's look at the moral and ethical problems of the novel.

What is the true beauty of a person? When can a person be called a person with a capital letter, that is, a real person?

Let's name the main characters of the novel.

The fates of the heroes are intertwined. They live in pre-war times according to the laws of morality and ethics of their time.

You already understood that they are different people. Someone can be called a man of honor and conscience, someone a vile and insignificant person. They made their life choices.

The problem of honor and dishonor

Let's turn to the image of the main character of the novel - Sana Grigoriev.

How do you imagine it? How did he grow up? What influenced the formation of his character? How did he temper and mature?

A scene from school life (ch. 12 "Serious conversation").

Is Sanya Grigoriev to blame for the death of Marya Vasilievna? Did he have the courage to continue searching for the missing expedition? Did Sanya have mistakes?

He has no life experience, this leads him to mistakes. A person is formed by resistance to the environment, as happened with Sanya. He cannot act like everyone else. He chooses his decision. Remember the oath they made with Petka Skovorodnikov “Fight and seek ...”? Fight first of all with yourself, with your own weaknesses. Selfishness, negligence in relation to other people's feelings wins in himself Sanya Grigoriev.

He brought out high moral purity from childhood, and this helped him to remain a real person with a high dream. For him, “seeking” means having a clear goal in front of him and striving for it. He will become a pilot - that is his goal.

Which of the heroes uttered the phrase: “Everyone wants to grab a tidbit”? What can you say about Gayer Kulia? Which of the heroes of the novel can be called lovers of "tidbits"?

The problem of lies and truth

We remember that the idea of the novel is the restoration of justice. Fight against lies and hypocrisy.

Which of the heroes is the bearer of lies and hypocrisy? Who killed Captain Tatarinov? Whose meanness almost caused Sanya's death? How do you explain this coincidence?

Let us dwell on the attitude of the heroes to the woman. Why does the love of Nikolai Antonovich and Romashov not make them attractive?

How does the dispute end between people who follow the motto “fight and seek” and those for whom the main thing in life is “grab a tidbit”? Not only Sania has a strong will, but also Romashov. Why is it attractive in Sana'a, but repulsive with him?

The problem of courage, heroism and duty

She is revealed in the form of two captains.

Proving the truth, Sanya Grigoriev showed great courage and heroism, because he considered it his duty to find traces of the dead expedition. This path was difficult. The moral lessons that Sanya received at the same time made him a real person.

How are the fates of Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev connected?

The events in the book seem so believable that it seems that it was created on real life facts. What is the truth about it? And what about fiction?(Student post about the prototypes of the two captains in real life.)

Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov, after the death of the expedition, goes to the land he discovered. Why? He believed that this was his duty. For Sani Grigoriev, it became a duty to search for this missing expedition.

The novel ends with an epilogue - a description of an obelisk erected in memory of Tatarinov on an Arctic rock. It is at the same time a monument to Grigoriev's case, since it is engraved with the words of his boyish vow “Fight and seek, find and not give up”. And he fulfilled his duty with honor.

How he will follow this motto of his life, becoming an adult, we learn by reading the second book of the novel "Two Captains", in which all the same moral and ethical problems are solved.

A boy named Sanya Grigoriev lives in a small town called Ensk with his parents and sister. Once, not far from the river bank, a deceased postman and a bag filled with letters are found, which Daria, a neighbor of the Grigorievs, willingly reads aloud. At the same time, Sani's father is wrongly charged with murder, and the boy knows the truth, but he cannot reveal it to those around him due to his dumbness.

Somewhat later, a kind-hearted doctor who met on the way of Sani helps him to master the speech, but the elder Grigoriev dies in prison without waiting for justice. The mother immediately remarries, the stepfather turns out to be a shameless and heartless person, bullying the members of his new family.

Sanya's mother, unable to withstand the terrible existence with her second husband, also soon dies. The neighbors intend to send the boy and his sister Sasha to an orphanage, but Sanya and his closest friend Petka manage to escape to Moscow. The guys are there for some time without supervision, but then Sanya is detained, and thus he finds himself in a recently opened school, intended for children who have lost their parents.

The boy enthusiastically takes up his studies and finds a common language with his classmates. One day, by coincidence, he ends up in the apartment where Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov lives, who is the head of the school. Sanya's life includes his age-old Katya, an active, emotional and well-read girl, and her mother Marya Vasilievna, who is almost constantly in a sad and depressed state.

The boy begins to constantly visit the Tatarinovs, he has long known that Nikolai Antonovich's cousin was the husband of Marya Vasilievna and the father of young Catherine. Having sailed on an expedition to the distant northern lands, the captain Tatarinov disappeared forever, and the head of the school never tired of emphasizing how much he managed to do for his late brother, although there is no exact information about the fate of Katya's father even now, his wife and daughter do not know if he is alive or died long ago.

At the age of seventeen, Sanya again meets Katya, before that he did not appear at the Tatarinovs' for several years, Nikolai Antonovich, who was angry with the teenager, categorically forbade him to come to them. The girl tells a childhood friend the story of her father, it turns out that in 1912 he said goodbye to his family living in Ensk, and sailed to Vladivostok on the schooner "Holy Mary". In the future, relatives never met with him again, and all the requests of Marya Vasilyevna for help in the search for the captain addressed to the tsar remained unanswered.

One of Alexander's comrades, the cunning and quirky Romashov or Romashka, as he was called at school, who, moreover, is not indifferent to Katya, reports to her cousin uncle that the girl often communicates with Grigoriev. Catherine is immediately sent to Ensk to her aunt, Sanya leaves for the same city, after having severely beaten Camomile.

Arriving home, after a long break, Grigoriev again sees his matured sister Sasha, from whom he learns that his old friend Petka is also in Moscow and is going to study fine arts. The young man once again reads the old letters that made such a huge impression on him in his childhood, and suddenly realizes that they are talking about the expedition headed by the missing Tatarinov.

Carefully reading every line, Sanya understands that it was Katya's father who gave the Northern Land the name Maria in honor of his wife, and almost all the equipment for the expedition turned out to be completely unusable thanks to his cousin, who took responsibility for the household part. The guy immediately tells Catherine about everything, and the girl believes his words without hesitation.

Sanya tells the truth to Marya Vasilievna, insisting that she blame Nikolai Antonovich for the murder of his cousin and members of his crew. Only later does the young man realize that the truth literally killed Katya's mother, because by this time she had already become the wife of Nikolai Antonovich. A woman who did not have enough mental strength for such a monstrous discovery commits suicide.

After the funeral, Nikolai Antonovich skillfully convinces people, including his niece, that the letters of his deceased relative were about a completely different person. The guy sees that everyone around him considers him to be the culprit of the tragic death of Marya Vasilievna, and he is going to certainly find the expedition and prove that he did not lie at all and did not slander about the head of the school.

Grigoriev is studying at a flight school located in Leningrad, while his sister Sasha and her husband Petya are preparing to become artists. At the end of his studies, Sanya becomes a polar pilot, and when he meets his old friend Valya Zhukov, he learns that Romashka now regularly visits the Tatarinovs and, apparently, plans to marry Catherine.

Sanya does not stop thinking about this girl and decides to go to Moscow. But first he manages to find the remains of the schooner on which captain Tatarinov sailed, and the young pilot is going to make a report and reveal the whole truth about the disappeared expedition.

However, Nikolai Antonovich manages to get ahead of Sanya, he himself publishes an article in the press dedicated to the late Tatarinov and his discovery, and at the same time publishes slander against Grigoriev everywhere, as a result of which the planned report is canceled. Korablev, who teaches geography at the school where Sanya previously studied, comes to the aid of the young man, and it is thanks to him that the guy again reaches understanding with Katya and trust from her. The girl flatly refuses to marry Chamomile, as her relatives wish, and leaves home, because she acquired the profession of a geologist and becomes the leader of the expedition.

Chamomile does not give up, he informs Sanya that he has some materials that incriminate Nikolai Antonovich, but in return he must break off relations with Katya. But Grigoriev still manages to get permission to travel, dedicated to the disclosure of the secret of Catherine's father. Young people, experiencing reckless mutual love, feel happy, but at this time Grigoriev's sister Sasha gives birth to a son, but she herself soon dies due to complications.

It takes about five years. Alexander and Ekaterina, who became his wife, constantly move between the Far Eastern region, Moscow and the Crimea. Then they decide to settle in Leningrad, but soon Sanya is forced to go to fight in Spanish territory, and then fight the enemy in the air after Germany attacked the USSR.

When meeting with Romashka, he tells Katya how he allegedly tried to save the wounded Alexander, but failed. The young woman absolutely does not believe him, and in reality he really left the helpless Grigoriev to the mercy of fate, depriving him of his documents and the weapons he had with him. But Sanya still survives and after treatment in the hospital hurries to starving Leningrad, intending to find Katya.

Grigoriev's wife is no longer in this city, and all searches for Alexander are in vain. But during one of the combat missions, his crew discovers traces of Tatarinov's expedition in these places, the body of the captain himself, as well as all his letters to relatives and reports. Soon, Sanya discovers his wife at his old acquaintance, Dr. Pavlov, who once taught him to speak.

In 1944, the Grigorievs again come to Moscow, where they meet many dear friends, whom they already considered dead. Sanya reveals all the meanness and unscrupulousness of Daisy, who is on trial, and then makes a detailed report for scientists-geographers, where he exposes all the secrets concerning Tatarinov's travel.

After Grigoriev's words, no one has any doubts as to whose fault the entire crew of the "St. Mary" died. Nikolai Antonovich is forced to leave the hall in shame where the ceremonial meeting is taking place, and it is clear to everyone that his career is over forever and he will never be able to restore his good name.

Sanya and Katya go to Ensk, and the elderly judge Skovorodnikov, the father of Peter, Alexander's friend from childhood, in his speech draws an equal sign between the deceased Tatarinov and Grigoriev. He argues that it is precisely such captains that become the source of forward movement both for scientific thought and for all of humanity.

2 captains are the most important points. Two captains: the main characters of the novel by Benjamin Kaverin

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