The influence of sports on the functioning of the nervous system. Effect on the nervous system

I.P. Pavlov wrote: "The activity of the nervous system is directed, on the one hand, to the unification, integration of the work of all parts of the body, on the other hand, to the connection of the body with the environment, to balancing the body system with external conditions" (I.P. Pavlov , 1922).

Structural - functional unit of the nervous system is a neuron (nerve cell). It consists of a body, a process - a dendrite, through which a nerve impulse comes to the body, and a process - an axon, through which the nerve impulse is sent to another nerve cell or working organ. According to the morphological and functional characteristics, three main types of neurons are distinguished:

1) Sensory neurons(extero-, intero- and proprioceptors).

2) Interneuron. This neuron transfers excitation from a sensitive (afferent) neuron to an efferent one.

3) Effector (motor) neuron. The axons of these cells continue in the form of nerve fibers to the working organs (to skeletal and smooth muscles, glands, etc.).

The unified nervous system is conditionally subdivided according to the topographic feature into central and peripheral, according to the anatomical and functional - into somatic and vegetative.

central nervous system

It includes the spinal cord and brain, which consist of gray and white matter. Gray matter is an accumulation of nerve cells along with the nearest branches of their processes. White matter is nerve fibers, processes of nerve cells. Nerve fibers form the pathways of the spinal cord and brain and connect various parts of the central nervous system, nerve centers with each other.

peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system is made up of roots, spinal and cranial nerves, their branches, plexuses and nodes that lie in various parts of the human body.

somatic nervous system

The somatic nervous system provides innervation mainly to the body - the soma, namely the skin, skeletal muscles. This department of the nervous system performs the function of connecting the body with the external environment with the help of skin sensitivity and sensory organs.

autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system innervates all the viscera, glands, involuntary muscles of organs, skin, blood vessels, heart, regulates metabolic processes in all organs and tissues. The autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. In each of these parts, as in the somatic nervous system, the central and peripheral sections are distinguished.

Massage manipulations, acting on receptors located in the skin, muscles, joints, ligaments, organs and other tissues, irritate them. This irritation is transformed into a nerve impulse, which is sent through nerve fibers, plexuses, a system of neurons to the working organ, causing functional changes in skeletal and smooth muscles, digestion, blood circulation, lymph flow, in immune, metabolic and other processes. At the same time, massage techniques, unskilled procedures, without taking into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body, its functional state can cause a deterioration in the general condition of a person, the appearance of local pain, discomfort and other undesirable side reactions.

Drawing a conclusion from the above, we can say with confidence that with the help of massage, you can purposefully change the functional state of the body. There are five main types of massage effects on the functional state of the body: tonic, soothing, trophic, energy-tropic, normalizing functions.

The tonic effect of massage is expressed in the enhancement of excitation processes in the central nervous system. It is explained, on the one hand, by an increase in the flow of nerve impulses from the proprioreceptors of the massaged muscles to the cerebral cortex, and on the other hand, by an increase in the functional activity of the reticular formation of the brain. The tonic effect of massage is used to eliminate negative phenomena in hypokinesia caused by a forced sedentary lifestyle or various pathologies (injuries, mental disorders, etc.). Among the massage techniques that have a good tonic effect, the following can be distinguished: vigorous deep kneading, squeezing, and all percussive techniques (chopping, tapping, patting). In order for the tonic effect to be maximum, the massage must be carried out at a fast pace for a short period of time.

The calming effect of massage is manifested in the inhibition of the activity of the central nervous system, caused by moderate, rhythmic and prolonged irritation of the extero- and proprioreceptors. The calming effect is most quickly achieved by such massage techniques as rhythmic stroking of the entire surface of the body, shaking, shaking, felting, vibration. They must be carried out at a slow pace for a fairly long period of time. It should be noted. Massage techniques such as “kneading” and “rubbing”, depending on the nature of their implementation (tempo, strength, duration), can have a tonic or calming effect on the nervous system.

The trophic effect of massage, associated with the acceleration of blood and lymph flow, is expressed in improving the delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to tissue cells. Especially great is the role of the trophic effects of massage in restoring muscle performance.

The energotropic effect of massage is aimed, first of all, at increasing the efficiency of the neuromuscular apparatus. Specifically, this is expressed as follows:

1. in the activation of muscle bioenergetics;
2. in improving the metabolism in the muscles;
3. in increasing the formation of acetylcholine, which leads to an acceleration of the transmission of nervous excitation to muscle fibers;
4. in increasing the formation of histamine, which dilates muscle vessels;
5. in an increase in the temperature of the massaged tissues, leading to an acceleration of enzymatic processes and an increase in the speed of muscle contraction.

Normalization of body functions under the influence of massage

The normalization of body functions under the influence of massage is manifested primarily in the regulation of the dynamics of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex. This action of massage is especially important with a sharp predominance of excitation or inhibition processes in the nervous system. In the process of massage, a focus of excitation is created in the zone of the motor analyzer, which, according to the law of negative induction, is able to suppress the focus of congestive, pathological excitation in the cerebral cortex. The normalizing role of massage is of great importance in the treatment of injuries, as it contributes to the speedy restoration of tissues and the elimination of atrophy. When normalizing the functions of various organs, as a rule, segmental massage of certain reflexogenic zones is used.

The B group of vitamins most influences the healthy functioning of the brain and nervous system. For example, a lack of vitamin B1 leads to irritability and depression, and a lack of vitamin B6 leads to nervousness and fatigue.

Minerals are directly related to the activity of neurons. Thus, a lack of magnesium leads to nervousness and anxiety.

Unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid found in nuts, are essential for the development of the nervous system and brain in children.

On the other hand, excessive consumption of sugar and additives such as dyes affects the nervous system and changes behavior.

Nervousness

Definition

The nervous system responds inappropriately to normal stimuli, being excited or irritated.

Causes

All drugs affect the nervous system and cause or exacerbate nervousness. However, in some cases, they can give a feeling of short-term relief, although the negative effect will soon manifest itself with renewed vigor. Alcohol, coffee and other stimulating drinks, tobacco are the most common causes of nervousness and imbalance of the nervous system.

Treatment

• Eat a good breakfast to avoid hypoglycemia (lack of blood sugar), which usually manifests itself in the middle of the morning and can provoke nervousness and irritability.
• Eat regularly to avoid a sudden drop in blood sugar levels.
• enough.
• Get regular exercise, especially walking or hiking.

Zoom in	Reduce or Eliminate
oats	Stimulant drinks
Sunflower seeds	white sugar
Avocado
Cashew
Apricot
Green pea
Pollen

Hyperactivity and aggressiveness

Definition

Childhood hyperactivity is a pressing problem in developed countries. Aggression and violence are equally observed among young people and adults.

Dietary and other reasons

The close relationship between diet and behavioral disorders is becoming more and more evident (Breakey, J. The role of diet and behavior in childhood. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 33: 190–194 (1997)). In addition to foods that should be reduced or eliminated, there are other causes of hyperactivity and aggression:

• Inadequate breakfast. Children who do not start their day with a full and healthy breakfast suffer from nervousness, fatigue, irritability and even aggressive behavior. The same can be said about adults.
• Lead pollution. Studies conducted at the University of Pittsburgh (USA) have shown that children who have been exposed to lead poisoning are more likely than others to demonstrate aggressiveness, antisocial behavior and commit offenses. animals and fish raised near industrial areas tend to have the highest levels of lead contamination.

»

Insomnia

Foods or Nutrients

Food choices affect a person's ability to sleep well. The timing of meals also plays an important role.

Large meals, even healthy foods, can disturb sleep. Ideal for both sleep and digestion, do not eat 2-3 hours before bedtime.

Drinking alcohol has detrimental effects on the nervous system. Often no one attaches great importance to these consequences. There are many articles in which scientific language with complex terms describes the effect of alcohol on the nervous system, which remains a mystery to the average person.

The work of the nervous system

Alcohol causes inhibition of the nervous system, due to which the natural function of inhibition is inhibited.

Imagine strings - these are our nerve fibers. The nervous system is receptors that must adequately respond to any changes in the outside world.

Imagine that some disturbance. The nervous system "catches" this disturbance with the help of nerve fibers, bending. We perceive it and accept indignation as an appropriate decision.

Our nervous system is a detector of external perturbations and changes in the world.

This can be compared with some human perception systems: the eye reacts to light, being the organ of perception of light, the ear fixes sound, the nervous system controls external disturbance with the help of nerve fibers.

The nerve fibers of a healthy person have sufficient elasticity. When a perturbation (some event) occurs, the nervous system reacts to it - the nerve fibers bend and the nervous system enters an excited state. Other perceptual systems of the body are also on alert. When the perturbation passes, the nervous system returns to its original state (that is, the nerve fibers return to their original state due to elasticity and are ready to accept a new stimulus).

The greater the elasticity of the nerve fibers, the more stress-resistant a person is considered.

The effect of alcohol on the nervous system

Alcohol depresses the nervous system. While drinking alcohol, you chemically affect the nervous system, causing the “nerve fibers to relax” for no reason, and they become less sensitive. It seems that alcohol brings some relaxation.

If you periodically drink alcohol, over time, the nervous system "learns" to relax on its own - to come from an excited state to its original state (inhibition effect). A person who constantly consumes alcohol loses the ability to relax. He teaches his body to relax only under the influence of alcohol.

Nerve fibers lose their elasticity

Let's look at how nerve fibers work.

Let's say that some external disturbance (change) occurs in a person's life. The nervous system reacts to this and the nerve fibers "flex".

The external change is gradually passing away. BUT! The nervous system remains in an excited state, as the nerve fibers have lost their elasticity.

If in a healthy person the nerve fibers have sufficient elasticity and quickly return to their original state (rest state), then in an addicted person, the nerve fibers remain in an excited state for a long time.

How it is expressed:

• A person experiences any stress for a long time.
• For a long time can not calm down after stress.
• Constant tension builds up.

Other reactions are formed, I talked about them in the article.

The nerve fibers of a healthy person, in addition to having sufficient elasticity, have an even structure.

Imagine the nervous system as an area covered with nerve fibers. They are at the same distance from each other, creating a flat surface. If an external perturbation "falls" on this surface, the nerve fibers clearly react and reflect the blow.

The effect of alcohol on the structure of nerve fibers

Alcohol makes the reaction of the nervous system to an external disturbance ambiguous.

Due to the deliberate inhibition of nerve fibers, alcohol makes them react to external disturbance more pronounced. The structure of the location of nerve fibers relative to each other changes. There is a shift of the fibers in different directions, due to which weak points are formed in the “response system”. When an external disturbance occurs, falling on this “weak spot”, the nervous system cannot properly reflect this disturbance and give the correct reaction, and as a result:

• We overreact to external circumstances.
• Our response becomes inadequate.
• We may react too little or too strongly.

One way or another, the nervous system cannot give the correct reaction.

The structure of the nervous system of a person who has been drinking alcohol for a long time is an uneven and inelastic structure. Further alcohol consumption only aggravates the situation, further shatters the already weak nervous system.

This is not only alcohol, but also other addictions! Read about it in my article "". In order not to inadvertently apply another dependent behavior.

Therefore, for a person who has been drinking alcohol for a long time, it is typical:

These and other signs carry an inadequate response to external disturbances.

The nervous system, when drinking alcohol and after a certain period of abstinence, will be in an excited state for a long time. This excited state can be regarded as:

• Anxiety.
• Anxiety.
• It seems like something is going wrong.

However, you need to realize that everything is really good in the outside world. And that due to the fact that the nerve fibers have lost their elasticity, they are still in a residual state of excitability. Eventually, they will come to a state of rest, but this will take time.

The nervous system of an addicted person reacts differently to external circumstances than the nervous system of a healthy person.

At first, there is nothing left but to accept this feature of the nervous system as a fact, and adapt to such an interaction. To minimize stressful situations in your life, to avoid excessive stress - this is what a person can do for his part.

This is the basis of the effect of alcohol on the nervous system.

To restore the functioning of the nervous system, complete abstinence from alcohol and from all substances that change consciousness and affect the "excitability" of the nervous system (including sedatives, various drugs, caffeine, nicotine, etc.) is required.

It may take 2 to 4 years for the nervous system to fully recover, depending on the intensity of alcohol consumption.

Watch my video in which I talk about how alcohol really affects the psyche

Leave your opinion in the comments, I will be grateful.

A large number of studies carried out in Russia, and monographic generalizations made, give reason to classify the nervous system as one of the most sensitive systems in the human body to the effects of EMF. At the level of a nerve cell, structural formations for the transmission of nerve impulses (synapse), at the level of isolated nerve structures, significant deviations occur when exposed to low-intensity EMF. Changes in higher nervous activity, memory in people who have contact with EMF. These individuals may be prone to developing stress responses. Certain structures of the brain have an increased sensitivity to EMF. Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier can lead to unexpected adverse effects. The nervous system of the embryo exhibits a particularly high sensitivity to EMF.

Impact on the immune system

At present, enough data has been accumulated indicating the negative effect of EMF on the immunological reactivity of the organism. The results of research by Russian scientists give reason to believe that under the influence of EMF, the processes of immunogenesis are disrupted, more often in the direction of their suppression. It has also been established that in animals irradiated with EMF, the nature of the infectious process changes - the course of the infectious process is aggravated. The emergence of autoimmunity is associated not so much with a change in the antigenic structure of tissues, but with the pathology of the immune system, as a result of which it reacts against normal tissue antigens. In accordance with this concept, the basis of all autoimmune conditions is primarily immunodeficiency in the thymus-dependent cell population of lymphocytes. The effect of high-intensity EMF on the body's immune system is manifested in a depressing effect on the T-system of cellular immunity. EmF can contribute to nonspecific suppression of immunogenesis, enhance the formation of antibodies to fetal tissues and stimulate an autoimmune reaction in the body of a pregnant female.

Influence on the endocrine system and neurohumoral response.

In the works of Russian scientists back in the 60s, in the interpretation of the mechanism of functional disorders under the influence of EMF, the leading place was given to changes in the pituitary-adrenal system. Studies have shown that under the action of EMF, as a rule, the pituitary-adrenal system was stimulated, which was accompanied by an increase in the content of adrenaline in the blood, activation of blood coagulation processes. It was recognized that one of the systems that early and naturally involves the body's response to various environmental factors is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system. The research results confirmed this position.

Influence on sexual function.

Sexual dysfunctions are usually associated with changes in its regulation by the nervous and neuroendocrine systems. Related to this are the results of work on the study of the state of gonadotropic activity of the pituitary gland under the influence of EMF. Repeated exposure to EMF causes a decrease in the activity of the pituitary gland

Any environmental factor that affects the female body during pregnancy and affects embryonic development is considered teratogenic. Many scientists attribute EMF to this group of factors.

Of paramount importance in studies of teratogenesis is the stage of pregnancy during which EMF is exposed. It is generally accepted that EMF can, for example, cause deformities by acting at various stages of pregnancy. Although there are periods of maximum sensitivity to EMF. The most vulnerable periods are usually the early stages of embryonic development, corresponding to the periods of implantation and early organogenesis.

An opinion was expressed about the possibility of a specific effect of EMF on the sexual function of women, on the embryo. A higher sensitivity to the effects of EMF was noted in the ovaries than in the testes. It has been established that the sensitivity of the embryo to EMF is much higher than the sensitivity of the maternal organism, and intrauterine damage to the fetus by EMF can occur at any stage of its development. The results of the epidemiological studies conducted will allow us to conclude that the presence of women's contact with electromagnetic radiation can lead to premature birth, affect the development of the fetus and, finally, increase the risk of congenital malformations.

Other medical and biological effects.

Since the beginning of the 1960s, extensive studies have been carried out in the USSR to study the health of people who have contact with EMF at work. The results of clinical studies have shown that prolonged contact with EMF in the microwave range can lead to the development of diseases, the clinical picture of which is determined primarily by changes in the functional state of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It was proposed to isolate an independent disease - radio wave disease. This disease, according to the authors, can have three syndromes as the severity of the disease increases:

asthenic syndrome;

astheno-vegetative syndrome;

hypothalamic syndrome.

The earliest clinical manifestations of the effects of EM radiation on humans are functional disorders of the nervous system, manifested primarily in the form of vegetative dysfunctions of neurasthenic and asthenic syndrome. Persons who have been in the zone of EM radiation for a long time complain of weakness, irritability, fatigue, memory loss, and sleep disturbance. Often these symptoms are accompanied by disorders of autonomic functions. Disorders of the cardiovascular system are usually manifested by neurocirculatory dystonia: lability of the pulse and blood pressure, a tendency to hypotension, pain in the heart area, etc. There are also phase changes in the composition of peripheral blood (lability of indicators) with the subsequent development of moderate leukopenia, neuropenia, erythrocytopenia . Changes in the bone marrow are in the nature of a reactive compensatory tension of regeneration. Usually these changes occur in people who, by the nature of their work, were constantly exposed to EM radiation with a sufficiently high intensity. Those working with MF and EMF, as well as the population living in the area of ​​EMF action, complain of irritability and impatience. After 1-3 years, some have a feeling of internal tension, fussiness. Attention and memory are impaired. There are complaints of low efficiency of sleep and fatigue. Taking into account the important role of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus in the implementation of human mental functions, it can be expected that prolonged repeated exposure to maximum permissible EM radiation (especially in the decimeter wavelength range) can lead to mental disorders.