lack of standards of behavior, when nothing is sacred or obligatory for a person (E. Yu. Solovyov). Similar situation was characteristic, for example, of France during the religious wars. Wild military bands mercilessly ravaged the country. Agriculture was abandoned in many places. Silk and cloth manufactories, art factories, glass and earthenware fell into decay. The best printing houses in France closed, the famous company of the Etiennes, who themselves were outstanding humanists, was forced to move to Geneva due to religious persecution. A similar situation was typical not only for the 70s of the 16th century, but also for the 90s. “Mass of land was abandoned; towns, villages and farms lay in ruins; the population fled in part; Robber gangs formed everywhere, in which soldiers who were left idle after the end of the war took part” (Vipper R.). It should be noted that, as a rule, mercenaries participated in religious wars, selling their sword to the highest bidder. Thus, the troops of Philip II, who mercilessly destroyed Protestants in Flanders, included a large number of German Landsknechts, Lutherans in their religion. An example of such anomie is presented in Dumas' The Three Musketeers. Porthos's servant Mousqueton talks about his father, who, when meeting on " high road“with a Protestant one turns out to be a Catholic, and with a Catholic one turns out to be a Protestant. In both cases, the traveler's wallet went into the pocket of Father Mousqueton. It is not for nothing that Montaigne, characterizing the situation of his time, wrote that the worst thing about these feuds is the inability to distinguish the enemy; everything is mixed, all norms are shifted and, depending on the utilitarian calculation, certain guidelines for behavior are adopted. There is a well-known story of the Bishop of Troyes, who managed to serve in the Huguenot cavalry, and during the siege of Orleans in 1563, he defected to the enemy’s side. The most interesting thing is that this act did not cause condemnation in the warring armies. A similar anomie arose already during the Renaissance. A.F. Losev wrote about this as a phenomenon of “the other side of titanism.” The testimony of F. Sacchetti, who tells in his short stories about the life of Italians of that time, is interesting. In Novella 52 he talks about the trick of Sandro Tornabelli. Sandro was an elderly man, very rich and famous in Florence. He was a prominent citizen in his time and held various public offices in Florence. One day Sandro found out that a certain young man wanted to put him in prison for an old obligation, according to which his father had long been paid, which the young man did not know, while Sandro kept a receipt for receiving the money. Sandro conspires with the bailiff and invites him to put himself in prison by dividing the bribe from the young man. After the usual judicial procedure, Sandro waits for the bailiff to receive the promised bribe and present a receipt. At the same time, he seeks additional money from the young man for the damage he suffered while in prison. Such open unscrupulousness of a rich and respected citizen suggests that generally accepted norms of behavior and relationships between people have become disintegrated and cultural chaos is emerging in society, where considerations of short-term gain are superior cultural values and normal. The emergence of anomie in conditions of a sociocultural crisis leads to the “barbarization” of society.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Social anomie
Anomie - negative attitude individuals to the norms and values of the existing system and it manifests itself in:
A state of society in which its members have lost the significance of social norms and values, which leads to an increase in deviant behavior, including suicide.
People lack standards of comparison and social assessment of their behavior, which leads them to an “lumpenized” state and loss of group solidarity.
Inconsistency, a gap between social goals and the approved means of achieving them, which, given the unattainability of all these goals by legal means, pushes people to illegal ways of achieving them.
He saw the cause of anomie in the insufficient development of rules governing relations between different social functions, inconsistent with each other. This phenomenon is most pronounced during transitional and crisis periods in the development of society, when old norms and values cease to apply, and new ones have not yet been established.
Anomie is a total change in individual or group values and norms, all of which leads to the “vacuumization” of social space. Anomie in this sense is close to the concept of “alienation”. Significant, abrupt changes in the social, political and economic spheres destroy order in society and social connections, a person finds himself deprived of guidelines, value systems, lost in space. The individual begins to experience a crisis of expectations, loses hope for the future, and feels a lack of aspirations. The restriction of moral boundaries is lost. As a result, a person finds himself in a vacuum. A person cannot find long-term stable attitudes and guidelines for himself; he falls into a state of apathy, lethargy, and fatigue from life. This feeling intensifies, it is irreversible and irresistible. Passivity, lack of initiative, isolation increases, the personality goes through a process of self-destruction. One of the reasons for anomie is the discrepancy between the normative and institutional aspects of the legal order, the system of social norms and the system of social institutions. The emphasis on institutions is often accompanied by a decrease in the imperative significance of laws, norms, and rules and, therefore, leads to anomie. An individual’s belonging to an institution that has specific interests, and the need to be guided in his activities by the norms and prescriptions of generally accepted institutions, often puts him in a situation of not just forced choice, but forced anomie.
33. Interpretive paradigm: phenomenology (A. Schutz).
Phenomenology is a sociological paradigm based on the philosophy of E. Husserl (1859-1938), according to which individuals perceive the world around them through the prism of subjective meanings acquired in the process of socialization. It follows that society is part of human creation. The founder of this social direction was the Austro-American philosopher and sociologist Alfred Schutz (1899-1959), who developed a unique kind of “understanding sociology”. His main works: - “Phenomenology of social sciences.” peace" (1932), -- "Coming Home". Considering that positivism distorted the nature of social phenomena, identifying them with natural phenomena, Schutz developed the concept of the intersubjective world. The essence of these ideas is that positions, views on social. the realities of one individual and another are incompatible, because each person finds himself in his own special world of everyday life. Schutz believed that adequate communication arises due to the emergence of a common intersubjective world for interacting people, i.e. usual social world, which is ultimately determined by interactions between people belonging to one very narrow social group. group, which the sociologist calls the "home" group. Home concept. Of particular interest to Schutz is the problem of an individual’s readaptation to their “home” group after they left it for one reason or another and lived for some time in other social groups. groups, inevitably assimilating new knowledge and new measuring lines of values typical for these groups. Here the position of the returnee is different from that of the stranger, since the latter is prepared for the fact that this world is organized differently than the one from which he came. The person returning expects to encounter something that is familiar to him, but the situation completely changes for the individual returning home (example with the soldier). Schütz comes to the conclusion that “at first, not only will the homeland show the returnee an unfamiliar face, but he will also seem strange to those who are waiting for him.”
Peter Berger (1929) - American sociologist, Austrian by birth - also a representative of the phenomenological school of sociology. His main works: - "The Noise of Ceremonial Ensembles"; -- "Invitation to Sociology"; - "Social Construction of Reality" - "Sacred Veil", etc. In 1966, Berger, in collaboration with T. Luckman, wrote his most famous work, “The Social Construction of Reality,” which outlined the theory of phenomenological sociology of knowledge, focused on the reality of the “life world”, on “everyday knowledge” that precedes scientific and any other . The meaning of the theory is that society is created through the activities of individuals who possess knowledge in the form of subjective meanings or collective ideas. Therefore, social reality is constructed by the specific subjective meanings of people in the process of their activities. The intersubjective world created in the process of socialization continues to exist, but it must be maintained. This function is performed by legitimation, i.e. ways to explain and justify social reality. The main agents of maintenance are significant others. According to Berger, subjective reality always depends on a specific social. basis and the social resources required to maintain it. processes. The most important means of maintaining this is communication and the use of one language. Through communication, individuals store realities in memory. But subjective reality can be transformed (for example, upon cessation of communication or contact with an alternative reality).
The term “anomie” has become widespread in scientific circles, in particular in psychology, sociology and related disciplines, as well as in medicine. Literally, it can be described as total lawlessness, people’s ignorance of certain norms and orders, which leads to destructive moods in society and negative ideas in the human mind.
Anomia in a narrow medical framework is understood as a pathological “loss” of names of objects and names from memory (an - negative particle, onyma - name). But what detailed characteristics, distinctive features has the concept of anomie from the point of view of various sciences?
The concept of anomie became widespread in ancient times, but was firmly entrenched in scientific field at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. This term has been used throughout time by philosophers and sociologists, historians and theologians, economists and psychologists, and physicians. Based on this, it can be seen that the term anomie is really widespread, especially within the social framework. However, psychologists show particular interest in it. What is anomie from a psychological point of view?
Rationale for the term
In the psychological direction, anomie is closely associated with the name of the American social psychologist Leo Sroul, who was the first to insist on introducing the term into this scientific field. The idea of the concept is within psychology and is based on social concept anomie, however, is considered from the position of a person’s personal consciousness, and not in the format of public sentiments and group manifestations.
What is anomie in the psychological understanding of the term? It is based on a negative idea that arises in the human mind about the lack of social cohesion with other people. The desire for contact with society seems to be either minimal, critically weakened, or completely absent in the individual.
But man is a social “creature” that needs interpersonal connections. When this is absent and there is no internal desire for it, doom, hopelessness, melancholy, apathy, alienation come to the fore, and serious condition insurmountable loneliness. Prerequisites for, in particular, alcoholism, criminal activity, and suicide appear in the background. The idea of self-destruction in the context of psychological anomie dominates and can lead to negative consequences for a person.
Based on the research conducted by Latvian psychologists, anomie can be further characterized within the framework of individual experiences of ongoing changes in society. Each person, being in a situation of not always favorable changes in the state, experiences in his own way “ critical situation" However, according to scientists from Latvia, three main points of psychological reactions can be distinguished:
- lack of norms, when the idea of the impossibility of trusting society is fixed in the individual’s mind and the tendency to violate order increases, since new rules do not provide the opportunity for adaptation;
- meaninglessness, previously formed goals and ideas cease to be relevant, they are not replaced by new ones due to lack of adaptation to changed conditions; this gives rise to a state of apathy, boredom, a feeling of meaninglessness and uselessness not only in actions, but also in life in general;
- social isolation, recluse, increasing loneliness, awareness of isolation from people and the inability to establish interpersonal connections, a feeling of emptiness or uselessness.
From a psychological point of view, it follows that anomie can affect any person, regardless of his gender, age and profession. This condition can be especially difficult for people who are “inflexible”, who do not know how and do not strive to learn to adapt to rapidly changing conditions.
This moment leads not only to the above-mentioned manifestations and negative ideas, but can also have a strong stressful effect, affect the level of anxiety, and provoke the development of neurotic conditions and depression.
Explanation of the concept within the framework of psychiatry and neuropsychology
The term anomie in medical disciplines is viewed from a slightly different point of view than in psychology. Anomia as a definition has become especially widespread in the format of neuropsychology, neurophysiology and psychiatry, including forensic psychiatry.
What does the concept of anomie mean in such a context? Anomia is a pathological condition in which the patient, for various reasons, is unable to remember and give specific names, names of individual objects and phenomena. At the same time, the person’s speech remains intact and quite adequate. He can form words correctly into sentences and can think clearly to a certain extent. Both psychiatry and neuropsychology consider anomia in the context of nominal aphasia, and can also appear in the format of individual amnestic syndromes. In other words, in medical circles the phenomenon of anomie is understood as a state of pathological forgetfulness. But how does the perception of the term differ depending on the specific discipline?
Phenomenon within psychiatry
Anomia in a psychiatric context is considered when we're talking about about dementia (senile dementia), epilepsy, psychosis, including against the background of alcoholic binge. Anomia is understood not only as pathological forgetfulness, but also in the form of speech impairment. In this case, the phenomenon acts as an additional symptom, along with which other manifestations may appear, and the patient’s general condition itself gradually worsens.
Additionally, the symptoms demonstrated by anomia include:
If such a term is considered narrowly within the framework of forensic psychiatry, then it is usually used along with such concepts as alienation, identity and identification.
Benjamin Rush believed the phenomenon should be understood as “a birth defect where there are no moral values in the mind of the individual.” On the other hand, the concept denotes the lack of coordination of internal feelings and experiences, which are perceived by the patient as alien, groundless or abnormal.
Concept of the term in neuropsychology and neurophysiology
The main essence of the condition in which anomia is noted, in the situation of neuropsychology or neurophysiology, does not differ from the idea inherent in psychiatry. IN this option the occurrence of the phenomenon due to lesions is considered individual parts brain (parieto-occipital, parieto-temporal parts of the cortex). They can occur due to hypoxia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, intoxication, and so on. But mental disorders are also a reason for the development of the condition.
To accurately establish a diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct certain studies, in particular MRI, pathopsychological and neuropsychological studies. Correction is carried out by taking nootropic drugs, treating the underlying disease, and also requires psychological work.
Analysis of concepts in sociology and related disciplines
When considering anomie in the format of a sociological concept, emphasis must be placed on two main interpretation options.
Emile Durkheim's idea
The first description of anomie as a sociological term was presented by Emile Durkheim in 1897 in his scientific work"Suicide". He positioned anomie as a phenomenon that leaves its mark on society as a whole and on each individual individually. Inside this concept the sociologist considered such moments as apathy, suicidal behavior, destructive moods based on different forms aggression.
Due to what, according to Durkheim, does the development of anomie (“lawlessness”) occur within society? Within the framework of the theory of anomie lies the collision of organic (natural) and mechanical (industrialized) solidarity, as if simultaneously existing within society.
In the process of forming a new society, a conflict arises between the usual orders and new rules. Based on the collision, a split arises within one, previously entire society. U separate groups people develop a negative (depressive) view of life, and preconditions arise for breaking the law. Based on similar reasoning, Durkheim derived the rationale a large number suicides (anomic suicide due to a person’s conviction that society is collapsing).
The second social theory and the idea of the phenomenon in related sciences
The term anomie is also closely related to another name in scientific circles. Robert Merton was actively involved in the development of the theory of anomie, taking as a basis the impossibility of achieving the desired goal through legal means due to existing social restrictions or crisis (reforms, war, and so on). The scientist identified the following options for adaptability to current circumstances:
- innovation (antisocial behavior);
- rebellion (attempts to transform the existing system);
- retreatism (choice of actions depending on the context);
- ritualism (actions approved by law, which a priori will not lead to the desired result).
The idea of anomie in society was also considered by: Lloyd Oulin, Jacob Gvost, Lembreid, Guyot and other scientists. At the same time, the term within the framework of sciences related to sociology can appear as the concept of “social chaos”; In theology, anomie means godlessness. In political science and history, the concept is often noted in situations of collapse of states and military operations.
Although such a term is widely used in various disciplines, it is necessary to clearly understand its meaning depending on the overall context.
To explain deviant behavior (suicidal tendencies, apathy, disappointment, illegal behavior).
According to Durkheim, anomie is a state of society in which decomposition, disintegration and collapse of the system of values and norms that guarantee social order occur. Prerequisite the emergence of anomie in society - a discrepancy between the needs and interests of some of its members, on the one hand, and the possibilities of satisfying them, on the other. It manifests itself in the form of the following violations:
- vagueness, instability and inconsistency of value-normative prescriptions and orientations, in particular, the discrepancy between the norms defining the goals of activity and the norms regulating the means of achieving them;
- low degree of influence of social norms on individuals and their weak effectiveness as a means of normative regulation of behavior;
- partial or complete absence of normative regulation in crisis, transitional situations, when the old value system is destroyed, and the new one has not taken shape or has not established itself as generally accepted.
Further development of the concept of anomie is associated with the name of Robert Merton.
The concept of anomie expresses a historically determined process of destruction of the basic elements of culture, primarily in terms of ethical standards. With a sufficiently sharp change in social ideals and morality, certain social groups cease to feel their involvement in a given society, their alienation occurs, new social norms and values (including socially declared patterns of behavior) are rejected by members of these groups, and instead of conventional means of achieving individual or social their own goals are put forward (in particular, illegal ones). The phenomena of anomie, affecting all segments of the population during social upheavals, have a particularly strong effect on young people.
According to the definition of Russian researchers, anomie is “the absence of a clear system of social norms, the destruction of the unity of culture, as a result of which people’s life experience ceases to correspond to ideal social norms.”
Notes
Literature
- Vazha Gorozia, Shorena Turkiashvili The concept of anomie and attempts to modify it
- Kovaleva A.I. Anomie // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. - 2005. - No. 4. - P. 155-156.
- Merton R.K. Social structure and anomie // Sociology of crime (Modern bourgeois theories). - M.: Progress, 1966. - P. 299-313.
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2010.:Synonyms
See what “Anomie” is in other dictionaries: anomie - (gr. a negative particle, nomos law) a concept introduced by E. Durkheim to explain deviant behavior (suicide, apathy and disappointment) and expressing a historically determined process of destruction of the basic elements of culture...
Great psychological encyclopedia - (French anomie, absence of law, organization, from Greek - negative particle and law), the concept of bourgeois. sociology. Expresses the attitude of individuals to norms and moral values social system in which they operate, and means: 1)… …
Philosophical Encyclopedia Anomie - (French anomie – zan, ұyimdasudyn zhoktygy) – қоғамнѣ құндиліктар зүесінді үбегилі и ғадиторы ілірірінін ңғым. Anomia asіrese otpelі қоғамгарди зій здізді. Buryngy adetke ainalgan bagdarlar zhana talaptarga sәikes kundylyktarmen zhyldam… …
Philosophy terminerdin sozdigi - (from the French anomie, absence of law, organization), concept denoting morally psychological condition individual and public consciousness , which is characterized by the decomposition of the value system caused by the crisis of society...
Modern encyclopedia - (Greek). Iniquity. Dictionary, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. anomia and many others. no, w. (... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
See what “Anomie” is in other dictionaries:- and, f. anomie f. absence of law c. Philosopher The moral and psychological state of individual and social consciousness, characterized by the decomposition of the system of moral, social, etc. values. Krysin 1998. The concept introduced by E... Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language
Philosophical Encyclopedia- (from the French anomie, absence of law, organization), a concept denoting the moral and psychological state of individual and social consciousness, which is characterized by the decomposition of the value system caused by the crisis of society... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Mental disorders of the individual, expressed in low social self-esteem and non-compliance with legal norms. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001... Dictionary of business terms
- (from the French anomie the absence of a law of organization), sociological and social psychological concept, denoting the moral and psychological state of individual and social consciousness, which is characterized by the decomposition of the system... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Greek a negative particle, nomos law) a concept introduced by E. Durkheim to explain deviant behavior (suicide, apathy and disappointment) and expressing its own ... Psychological Dictionary
Causes and main types of deviant behavior
Deviant behavior and forms of its manifestation
Essential elements social control
The essence of social control
Topic 10. Social control and deviant behavior
1. Revealing the essence of social control, it is important to understand that the presence in society of certain cultural institutions and requirements, social expectations in itself does not guarantee their fulfillment by everyone social actors. Most people and groups, without external pressure, conscientiously and constantly observe public order, norms and rules of work and community life. Moreover, this happens, first of all, thanks to their successful socialization and the social regulation carried out through it, and also because people realize that society and the state are monitoring their behavior and, in the event of a serious deviation from normative requirements, are ready to give it an appropriate assessment and apply adequate sanctions.
No society can function and develop successfully without a system of social control.
Social control is a system of ways of influencing society on an individual or group in order to regulate their behavior and maintain social order.
Social control must be external and internal.
External control- ϶ᴛᴏ a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance generally accepted norms behavior and laws. It is divided into formal and informal.
Formal control is based on approval or perception from official authorities and administration, while informal control is limited to a small group of people. It is ineffective in a large group of people.
Internal control is usually called self-control. In this case, the individual independently regulates his behavior and coordinates it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are internalized so firmly that when people violate them, they experience a feeling of embarrassment or guilt.
About 70% of social control is achieved through self-control. The more self-control is developed among the members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control and vice versa, the weaker the self-control, the stricter the external control should be. At the same time, strict external control often inhibits the development of self-awareness and muffles internal volitional efforts. However, a dictatorship arises. Please note that the probability of establishing democracy in society is high only with developed self-control, and with undeveloped self-control, the probability of establishing dictatorship is high.
When considering the concept of social control, it is extremely important to pay attention to a number of fundamental points.
Social control – component a more general and diverse system of social regulation of people’s behavior and public life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation here is orderly, normative and quite categorical in nature and is ensured by social sanctions or the threat of their application.
The problem of social control is a certain cross-section of the main sociological question about the relationship and interaction of the individual, social group(community) and society as a whole. Analyze various ways of implementing social control both through the socialization of the individual with the primary social group, its culture (group control) and through the interaction of the group with society as a whole (social control through coercion).
Social control presupposes constant and active social interaction, in which not only the individual experiences the impact of social control, but also social control undergoes a reverse influence on the part of the individual, which can even lead to a change in his character.
The direction, content and nature of social control are determined by the nature, nature and type of a given social system. Determine how social control differs in totalitarian society and in democratic, as well as in simple, primitive societies in comparison with social control in complex modern industrial societies. Use in the latter case criterion for the formalization of control.
2. Social control includes two basic elements – social norms and social sanctions.
Social norms are rules of conduct, expectations and standards that regulate people’s behavior and social life in accordance with the values of a particular culture, aimed at strengthening the stability and integrity of society.
The repetition, stability and regularity of certain social interactions create in society a need to consolidate such general rules, norms that would uniformly determine the actions of people and the relationships between them in relevant situations. Thanks to this, subjects of social interaction have the opportunity to anticipate the behavior of other participants public relations and, in accordance with this, build your own behavior, and society - control and evaluate everyone’s behavior.
According to the scope of application, social norms differ into the following types:
1) Norms that arise and exist only in small groups (youth, friendly companies, family, work teams, sports teams). Οʜᴎ are called ʼʼgroup habitsʼʼ.
2) Norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. Οʜᴎ are called ʼʼgeneral rulesʼʼ.
“General rules” include customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, and manners of behavior. Each social group has its own manners, customs and etiquette (secular etiquette, behavior patterns of young people, etc.).
Compliance with norms is regulated by society with varying degrees of strictness. If we arrange all the measures in ascending order, based on the punishment, then taboos and legal laws are punished most severely, then morals, traditions and customs follow, and then habits (individual and group).
At the same time, there are group habits that are highly valued and the violation of which is followed by strict sanctions. These are the so-called informal group norms. People are born in small rather than large social groups, and the mechanism that controls compliance with such norms is usually called group pressure.
Please note that social norms are classified on various grounds, but their division into legal and moral is especially important for the value-normative regulation of social life. Legal norms manifest themselves in the form of a law, other state or administrative normative act͵ contain clear dispositions that define the conditions for the application of this legal norm, and sanctions carried out by the relevant authorities. Their implementation is ensured by the power of state coercion or the threat of its use. Compliance moral standards provided by force public opinion, moral duty of the individual.
Compliance with norms is ensured in society usually through the use of social rewards and social punishments, ᴛ.ᴇ. positive and negative sanctions, acting as the most specific, direct and immediate element in the structure of social regulation.
Social sanctions – This is an operational means of social control aimed at ensuring the proper implementation of social norms.
Social norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If any norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.
When analyzing the nature of social sanctions, it should be borne in mind that they can be legal, moral, religious, political, economic, spiritual-ideological, etc.; in content - positive (positive, encouraging) and negative (negative, condemning, punishing); according to the form of consolidation - formal, ᴛ.ᴇ. enshrined, for example, in a law or other legal act, and informal; in scale - international and domestic. The application of legal sanctions is ensured by state coercion; moral - by the force of moral encouragement or condemnation from society or a social group; religious - the authority of religious dogmas and church activities. Different kinds social sanctions and the norms themselves are interconnected, interact and complement each other. So, in case legal law or another legal act, the legal sanctions contained in it are based on the moral principles and requirements of society, then their effectiveness is greatly increased.
In conclusion, to summarize, determine what the role and significance of social control is. Please note that it:
1) makes a significant contribution to ensuring reproduction social relations And social structure;
2) plays an important role in the stabilization and integration of the social system in strengthening social order;
3) aimed at making a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations that do not raise objections from a social group or the entire society;
4) is designed to ensure that a person’s behavior corresponds to the values and norms of a given society or social group.
3. Even in a highly organized and civilized society, it is not possible to achieve a position where absolutely all of its members strictly and strictly follow the norms and rules established in it. As a result, more or less serious violations of these norms and rules occur. Such social deviations are called deviant behavior.
Deviation (deviant behavior) (from the Latin deviatio - deviation) - ϶ᴛᴏ social actions (behavior) of people or their groups deviating from generally accepted norms, causing an appropriate response from society or a social group.
IN in a broad sense the concept of “deviant behavior” covers any deviations in behavior from social norms - both positive (heroism, self-sacrifice, etc.) and negative (crimes, violations of moral norms, traditions, alcoholism, drug addiction, bureaucracy, etc.). Moreover, most often this concept is used in a narrower sense, as a negative deviation from established legal, moral and other norms. This is due to the fact that it is negative deviation that threatens to undermine social stability, and in this regard, sociologists and psychologists pay special attention to it.
Exist various shapes manifestations of deviation:
Hidden, latent(for example, bureaucracy, careerism, etc.) and open, obvious(for example, hooliganism, crime, etc.).
Individual, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture, and group, considered as the conformist behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.
Primary, when deviations are insignificant and tolerable, and secondary, ᴛ.ᴇ. deviation from existing norms in a group, which is socially defined as deviant.
Based on goals and focus deviant behavior, distinguish its destructive, asocial and illegal types. The destructive type includes deviations that cause harm to the individual (alcoholism, suicide, masochism, etc.); the asocial type includes the command that causes harm to primary groups and communities (violation labor discipline, petty hooliganism, etc.). The illegal type of deviant behavior is associated with serious violations of not only moral, but also legal norms and leads to serious negative consequences for society (robbery, murder, terrorism, etc.).
However, we can conclude that the boundaries of deviations are mobile, and they themselves are capable, one way or another, of modernizing and adapting to changes in social conditions and even reproduce in new generations. The assessment of deviant behavior occurs from the standpoint of the culture accepted in a given society.
4. When considering the main types of deviant behavior, it is extremely important to emphasize that the causes of deviant behavior are determined ambiguously. Regarding the definition and study of the underlying causes of deviations, there are three types of theories:
1) Theory of physical types (C. Lombroso, E. Kretschmer, V. Sheldon), according to which people with a certain physical constitution tend to commit social deviations that are condemned by society. At the same time, practice has proven the inconsistency of theories of physical types;
2) Psychoanalytic theory (S. Freud), on the basis of which deviation is caused intrapersonal conflicts, disturbances in the structure of the human self. But diagnosing such disorders is extremely difficult and, moreover, not every person experiencing internal conflict becomes a deviant;
3) Sociological theories (E. Durheim, R. Merton, etc.), who analyze the social and cultural factors that cause deviation. Thus, E. Durkheim associated deviant behavior with the weakness and inconsistency of social norms and values, and R. Merton with the gap between sociocultural goals and socially approved institutionalized means of achieving them.
It is important to note that most researchers proceed from the fact that the appearance and existence of deviant behavior is usually caused not by any one reason, but by a diverse set of conditions and factors of both an objective and subjective nature.
The main types of deviant behavior are crime, alcoholism, drug addiction and suicide. Analyze social factors that contribute to the emergence and development of such deviations, and determine the danger of their manifestation for the individual, group and society as a whole.
5. The development and spread of deviations, social upheavals lead society to an abnormal state - social anomie, and this in turn becomes the ground for new deviations. T. Parsons defined anomie as a “condition in which a significant number of individuals are in a situation characterized by a serious lack of integration with stable institutions that is essential to their own personal stability and successful functioning social systems. The usual reaction to this condition is unreliability of behavior.
Social anomie(from the French anomie - lawlessness, disorganization) - a crisis state of social life in which the majority or a significant part of its subjects violate established social norms or are indifferent to them, and normative social regulation turns out to be sharply weakened due to its inconsistency, contradiction and uncertainty .
This concept was introduced into sociology by the famous French sociologist E. Durkheim, who considered social anomie as a manifestation of the absence of “organic solidarity” in society. Anomie, according to E. Durkheim, is a state in which a person does not have a strong sense of belonging, reliability and stability in choosing a line of normative behavior. The development of the concept of anomie was continued by the American sociologist R. Merton. He viewed anomie as a state of consciousness associated with the inability to achieve individual goals through legitimate institutionalized ways and means, which leads to an increase in deviant behavior. R. Merton used this concept to characterize the corresponding state not only of society, but also of the individual, when he is disorganized, experiencing feelings of anxiety and alienation from society. R. Merton developed a typology of personal behavior in their relation to goals and means and identified the following main types of behavior:
1. Conformism(when a person accepts both normative goals and normative means);
2. Innovation(when there is a positive attitude towards goals and denial of restrictions in the choice of means);
3. Ritualism(in which goals are denied and the main emphasis is placed on means);
4. Retreatism(when any goals and means are denied);
5. Mutiny(the rejection of normative goals and means is accompanied by their simultaneous replacement with new goals and means).
It is important to know that today the concept of social anomie is most often used to characterize the state of society in transitional, crisis situations, when the alienation of the individual from society, disappointment in life, crime and other negative phenomena sharply increases. Modern Russian society has the following features of social anomie:
1. many old values, norms and ideals have collapsed, and new ones have not yet been defined and established,
2. ideas about what is permissible and what is not permissible are seriously shaken,
3. there is a sharp surge in social tension and social conflicts,
4. the growth of shadow and criminal business, crime, drug addiction, corruption, prostitution and many other types of deviant behavior.
Social anomie - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social anomie" 2017, 2018.
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