The concept of a proposal. General characteristics of the proposal.

Offer- this is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has a certain semantic and intonation completeness. Being a unit of communication, a sentence is at the same time a unit of formation and expression of thought, in which the unity of language and thinking is manifested.

Offers are differentiated by the purpose of the statement, intonation, the nature of the grammatical basis, the presence or absence of minor members of the sentence,

completeness or incompleteness of the grammatical composition of the sentence,

the presence or absence of isolated members of the sentence,

number of grammatical bases.

By purpose of the statement differentiate between sentences narrative, interrogative And incentive.

Narrative are called sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied)˸ The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd.Interrogative are sentences that are intended to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. For example Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg?

Grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences˸

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated˸ Did you invite me with a song? happiness? (Avg.˸ Isn't it You called happiness with a song? - Are you song called happiness?); 2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence)˸ Not hail Is the hostile one burning? 3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example˸ Not better whether should you get behind them yourself? For what are we standing here?

Incentive are called sentences that express the will of the speaker.

They can express

1) order, request, plea˸ ʼʼSilence! Go, Peter! - the student commanded;

2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat, for example˸ Tyrants of the world! Tremble! 3) consent, permission˸ Do as you wish; You can go wherever your eyes take you;

4) call, invitation to joint action˸ My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses! 5) desire˸ Give him Dutch soot with rum.

Grammatical means of forming incentive sentences

1) incentive intonation; 2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that add an incentive to the sentence ( come on, come on, come on, yeah, let it go);

4) interjections.

By intonation distinguish between proposals exclamation marks And non-exclamatory .

exclamation marks are called emotionally charged sentences, which are conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Various types of sentences can have an emotional connotation: narrative, interrogative, and incentive. For example˸ declarative exclamatory ˸ He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle!; interrogative exclamation ˸ Who would dare ask Ishmael about that?!; exclamatory exclamatory ˸ Oh, spare him!.. wait! - he exclaimed.

The concept of a proposal. General characteristics of the proposal. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The concept of a proposal. General characteristics of a proposal." 2015, 2017-2018.

Offer - this is a grammatically and intonationally designed minimal unit of speech according to the laws of a given language, consisting of a word or group of words and being a means of forming an expression and communicating thoughts about reality and the speaker’s attitude towards it.

Signs:

1. Grammatical organization - a set of words is not a sentence.
2. Intonation completeness - a sentence is characterized by a decrease in intonation at the end.
3. Semantic completeness - because the main function is communicative - it expresses a complete thought.
4. Predicativity is the relationship between the content of a statement and reality. (centered on the verb). Expressed in terms of time, person and modality.

EXAMPLE: Sunbeams play on the wall – The tense category of the predicate verb play means that the attribute belongs to the subject in the present. The person category shows that the action refers to the 3rd person plural. Modality is the attitude of the speaker to the content - the speaker thinks of what is being expressed as a real fact or a desirable, possible one.

1. Connections between subject and predicate.

There are 3 types of connections:

1. Coordination - from Latin - arrangement - formal likening of the subject and predicate - means that the subject and predicate act as equal members of the sentence. EXAMPLE: I'm reading.
2. Juxtaposition - the connection between the subject and the predicate is determined by the arrangement of the components. The subject and predicate are determined by position EXAMPLE: the school is nearby, sunbathing is useful.
3. Gravity - this connection lies in the fact that the nominal part of a compound predicate is correlated with the subject through a connective. EXAMPLE: father came tired.

There are other types of syntactic connections in the sentence:

· determination - when a word usually found at the beginning of a sentence extends the entire sentence as a whole and is called a determinant. EXAMPLE: in the evenings we talked for a long time. The barn smelled of apples and there were fox skins hanging.

· a coordinating connection in a simple sentence is present with homogeneous members of the sentence.

· Semi-predicative connection - between a word and a separate phrase related to it or a separate definition. EXAMPLE: Trees covered with frost are beautiful.

· Connection: EXAMPLE: the story was long and boring.

Classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement:

1. Declarative sentences are sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality. Signs of a narrative sentence:

A) Narrative intonation - the tone rises during the first word containing an important message and decreases towards the end

B) usually this is a two-part sentence. FOR EXAMPLE: the moon makes its way through the wavy fogs.

1. Interrogatives are sentences that contain a question:

A) Interrogative intonation: this is an increase in tone on the word with which the question is associated. The means of forming a question are word order (the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning or end of the sentence); interrogative particles (really, really); interrogative pronouns (who, what, which, how many);

3. Incentive proposals - they express various shades of will. (order, request, wish, call). Grammatical means:

A) Incentive intonation is a high tone (order, demand), low tone (request)

B) the imperative form of the verb.

C) the use of particles - long live, let them talk;

Exclamatory assimilation of sentences by emotional coloring:

1. emotionally charged - any sentences can be exclamatory according to the purpose of the statement Declarative-exclamative (I know there will be a city) Interrogative-exclamatory (What could be better!?) Incentive-exclamative (Friends, let's see each other more often)

The structure can be simple, complex, single-component, etc.

Means of forming exclamatory sentences:

1. Exclamatory intonation - the tone of voice in exclamatory sentences is higher in strength and tension.
2. use of interjections and particulates (ah)
3. non-exclamatory - sentences, message, question, motivation are not accompanied by emotional overtones

Suggestions regarding reality:

1. these are affirmative sentences - this is a sentence in which a fact of reality is stated EXAMPLE: there is complete darkness on the hills of Georgia
2. Negatives - they deny the connection between the subject of speech and its attribute - are divided into 2 types: a) general negative - which contain a complete negation, and the particle does NOT stand before the predicate: EXAMPLE: Students did not go on an excursion b) partial negative sentence - partial negation and does NOT come before any other member of the sentence. EXAMPLE: The students did not go on an excursion.

Sometimes negative sentences express a statement:

1. With a double negative EXAMPLE: You can’t help but admire Siberia
2. In sentences with the words “who” “which” “how” FOR EXAMPLE: whatever difficulties await them ahead.

According to the number of predicative parts, all sentences are divided into simple ones, including 1 predicative part, or complex ones, consisting of 2, 3 or more predicative parts. EXAMPLE: I love thunderstorms in early May – simple

Classification of proposals by articulation:

1. Syntactically articulated sentences in which 1 2 or more members of the sentence can be distinguished EXAMPLE: Autumn. It got dark.
2. Indivisible sentences are those in which the members of the sentence cannot be distinguished - they consist of 1 word or a combination of particles. Typically used in dialogue. EXAMPLE: Yes. No. Where?

Classification of sentences by the presence of 1 or 2 main members:

1. Two-part sentences - have both a subject and a predicate; are allocated to the subject group - these are words related to the subject group and the predicate group - these are members related to the predicate.
2. One-part sentences are sentences consisting of 1 main member - subject or predicate. Type 1: definitely-personal - these are sentences in which the person can be defined and the predicate is expressed in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural. EXAMPLE: I know you’re joking, but I still believe it. Type 2: indefinite-personal sentences are sentences in which the actor is thought of as indefinite, and the predicate is expressed by a plural verb of the 3rd person of the present or future tense or the plural form of a short adjective and the plural of the past tense. EXAMPLE: they speak from Moscow.; an elephant was led along the street; At home they are affectionate with him. Type 3: generalized-personal - these are sentences in which actions relate to a generalized person and the predicate is expressed by an ordinary verb in the 2nd person singular, used in proverbs and sayings.

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A simple sentence is one that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. This is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence must have only one grammatical basis (predicative center).

• Father washes the car.
• Children play on the lawn.
• Twilight.
• Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in the Russian language, which is used to construct complex sentences.

• Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

There are main and minor members of a simple sentence. The main ones are the subject (answers the questions “who? what?”) and the predicate (answers the questions “what is he doing? what did he do? what will he do?”) - name the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). The subject and predicate are interconnected and constitute the predicative center.

The secondary ones - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and/or subject or other minor members and depend on them syntactically.

• An old tram was moving slowly along hot rails.

In this sentence the subject is “tram” and the predicate is “rode”. The definition of “old” depends on the subject “tram”. The predicate “drove,” which is connected with the subject “tram,” governs the object “on the rails” and has the dependent adverbial “slowly.” The complement, in turn, also has a secondary dependent member of the sentence - the definition of “hot”. The entire sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("drove slowly on hot rails"). The information below will help you parse sentences quickly and easily.

What are the types of simple sentences?

The following types of simple sentences exist:

• non-exclamatory and exclamatory (relative to intonation);
• narrative, interrogative, incentive (relative to the purpose of the statement);
• two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
• complete and incomplete (regarding the presence/absence of the necessary members of the sentence);
• common and non-widespread (relative to the presence/absence of minor members of the sentence);
• complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamation and non-exclamation

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence/absence of an exclamation mark.

• Spring came. Spring came!

Narrative, interrogative, incentive

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) or to encourage something (Buy a loaf of bread at dinner).

One-piece and two-piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those whose predicative (grammatical) basis consists only of a subject or only of a predicate.

• Thaw.
• Beautiful girl.
• It's getting light.

If of the main members in a sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called denominative, or nominative.

• The beauty is incredible!
• Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such one-part sentences:

• definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural present or future tense);
• indefinite personal (the predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural);
• generalized-personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person plural, but attention is concentrated on the action itself);
• impersonal (the character is not grammatically expressed).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called two-part.

• It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and minor members necessary for the construction and completeness of the expression of the meaning.

• I look at the moon.
• The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is missing, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

• She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word “hello” is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

A simple sentence can be widespread (there are minor members that serve to explain the main ones) and non-common (consists only of a predicative center, there are no minor members). Examples of common sentences:

• The July sun is shining brightly.
• Finally the weather cleared up.
• Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon sentences:

• The sun is shining.
• The weather has cleared up.
• Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

• the homogeneity of different parts of the sentence (He loved tremulous sunrises, colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
• separate definitions that stand after the word that is being explained (The road leading to the waterfall began to twist rapidly);
• applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the forester’s dwelling);
• separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
• isolated circumstances (Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
• appeals and introductory constructions (Oh youth, how quickly you pass! Spring, it seems, will be late);
• with clarifying sentences (The accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, you need to be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Parsing a sentence is easy. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

Topic 1. The concept of a proposal. Types of proposals Plan 1. The concept of a proposal. Signs of an offer. 2. Classification of proposals. 3. Structural types of sentences. 4. Structural-semantic types of simple sentences. 5. Scheme for parsing a simple sentence. Literature Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. Modern Russian language. Part III. – M.: Education, 1987. – p. 55 – 71.

Homework 1. Do the exercise. Rewrite each sentence separately. Underline the main parts of the sentence. Analyze the proposals according to the proposed scheme. 1. The grass is fading. The huts are dozing. The groves flashed in the distance. Cranes stretched along an invisible rope. (M. Isakovsky) 2. The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine. The heated stove crackles with a cheerful sound. It's nice to think by the bed. (A. Pushkin) 3. In the wilderness. In the darkness of imprisonment, my days dragged on quietly, without deity, without inspiration, without tears, without life, without love. (A. Pushkin) 4. And the battle broke out, the Battle of Poltava!. . Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts. Drumming, clicks, grinding. The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning, And death and hell on all sides. (A. Pushkin)

2. Prepare answers to control questions: Definition of a sentence. Signs of an offer. Communicative types of sentences. How are exclamatory sentences formed? What is a predicative stem? What is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one? Do 2 subjects always indicate a complex sentence? Do 2 predicates always indicate a complex sentence? What is the difference between a one-part sentence and an incomplete one? Is an unextended one-part sentence indivisible? Why do complex sentences contain additional predication? Why do two negatives make a statement?

1. The concept of supply. Signs of a sentence A sentence is the smallest unit of communication, grammatically and intonationally designed, with relative semantic completeness. For example: It's cold. The March sun is still not very warm. Dark branches of bare trees sway on the shore. (M. Gorky)

Signs of a sentence: 1) Relative semantic completeness, i.e. the sentence expresses a certain content that does not require addition with other words. For example: Man is created for happiness. (V. Korolenko) 2) Intonation design, which indicates the boundary of the sentence, ensures the unity of the sentence, and details semantic relationships. There are 7 ICs in the Russian language – 5 main ones and 2 additional ones. For example: The sun was setting behind the mound. The bitter wormwood smell intensified. (M. Sholokhov) Sorry, peaceful places! Sorry, haven of solitude! Will I see you? (A. Pushkin) River... Taiga... Trees behind the hill... Taiga again... Here is a strip of stubble. (V. Fedorov) 3) Structural integrity - unification by grammatical connections: The moon is shining over our roof, Evening is standing in the yard. (M. Isakovsky)

Features of a sentence: 4) Predicativeness is the attribution of some feature to the subject of speech. This property is contained in the relationship between the subject and the predicate: Brother is a teacher. Brother is tall. Brother is reading. If a sentence has only one main member, the second is semantically implied: Night. (= there is) Street. (=is located) Lantern. (= shines) You can’t take (and) (= you, everyone) a fish out of the pond without difficulty.

Signs of a sentence: 5) Modality is the speaker’s assessment of the content of the sentence in relation to reality: whether it is real, possible, desirable, necessary, etc. Modality is expressed by the mood of the verb, modal words, particles: The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather. (N. Gogol) I would like to forget myself and fall asleep. (M. Lermontov) Long live the sun! Let the darkness disappear! (A. Pushkin) Changing the modal characteristics of a sentence forms its paradigm: The student reads. The student was reading. The student will read. Let the student read! At least the student read.

2. Classification of sentences The basis of classifications: - according to the purpose of the statement (functional typology); - by emotional coloring; - by structure.

2. 1. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement (Communicative types of sentences) a) Declarative sentences - contain a message about some event, fact (affirmed or denied): My horse was ready. I went with a guide. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining. (A. Pushkin) b) Incentive sentences - contain an incentive for the interlocutor (or the 3rd person) to take action: Let the storm blow stronger! (M. Gorky) Fire! - they shout. - Fire! (I. Krylov) Workers of all countries, unite! (K. Marx) To keep your body and soul young, do not be afraid of either heat or cold. Temper yourself like steel! Let's sing, friends, because tomorrow we'll go hiking! c) Interrogative sentences - contain an incentive for the interlocutor to answer: What does it take for a tree to start singing? (V. Soloukhin). Among the interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished (they do not require an answer): Where, where did you go in the golden days of my spring? (A. Pushkin) What does the coming day have in store for us? (A. Pushkin) To love? But who? Time is not worth the trouble (M. Lermontov). In the range of communicative types of sentences, figurative meanings are possible. For example: Don't you have any matches? (interrogative → imperative); It comes through here (narrative. → motivating); Where you are not! (interrogative → declarative).

2. 2. Types of sentences based on emotional coloring. According to emotional coloring, sentences are divided into: - exclamatory - non-exclamatory. Any communicative type of sentence can, if necessary, acquire an exclamatory character. In this case, an exclamation point is placed on the letter. What a captivating thing a childhood lived in Ukraine can be! (K. Paustovsky) The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather! (N. Gogol) You won’t be able to catch up with the crazy troika! (N. Nekrasov)

3. Structural types of sentences Sentences Simple Indivisible Compound Articulate One-part Compound Two-part Common/uncommon Complete/incomplete Affirmative/negative Complicated/uncomplicated Compound Subordinate Unconjunct

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit that has one predicative base (core / center / combination): On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night. (A. Pushkin) A sentence may have several subjects and predicates, but the connections between them are important; for example: At the New Year's party, boys and girls danced in circles, sang, read poetry - this sentence is simple. A complex sentence is a semantic, structural and intonation unity of two or more predicative units (simple sentences): The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in the spring. (F. Tyutchev)

4. Structural-semantic types of simple sentences 4. 1. Articulated and indivisible sentences. In articulated sentences, the members of the sentence are highlighted: The summer has flown by. The grass has been mowed. The bread has been threshed. Quiet all around. (M. Isakovsky) If a sentence has one word and it can be qualified as the main member - subject or predicate, such a sentence is also considered segmented: Night. Quiet all around. It's getting light. Cold. In indivisible sentences, the members of the sentence cannot be distinguished; they do not have a relationship between S and Pr, but there is an object of thought. These include: a) words-sentences: Yes. No. b) interjection sentences: Wow! Oh! c) phraseological units: It doesn’t get easier hour by hour. Ours took it! The monkey's mouth is full of trouble.

4. 2. Two-part and one-part sentences. Articulate sentences in their structure, depending on the nature of the predicative basis, are divided into: a) two-part - they have the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate: The dawn has long been blushing in the sky. (N. Gogol) A wonderful time has passed, Young desires have faded, Hope in the heart has died. (A. Pushkin) b) one-component - they have one composition - subject or predicate: I’m bored without you. (A. Pushkin) They meet you by their clothes, they see you off by their intelligence. (Proverb) Autumn. Evening. The moon is shining. Interior of the yard. (L. Tolstoy) Donetsk road. A sad station, lonely and white in the steppe. (A. Chekhov)

4. 3. Common and non-common sentences. Depending on the presence of secondary members, sentences are: a) common - in addition to the main member, there are secondary ones: On a clear afternoon at the end of summer, an old man walked along a dear field. (M. Isakovsky) In the depths of Siberian ores Keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin) The white birch tree under my window is covered with snow, as if it were silver. (S. Yesenin) b) unextended - no secondary members: Morning. Silence. It's freezing. The village is waking up. The lights come on. (Spread the word!)

4. 4. Complete and incomplete sentences. Depending on the explicit representation of all members, the following are distinguished: a) complete sentences: The grain is ripening in the autumn fields. The meadow smells of fresh hay. Grandfather is a shepherd of leisurely cows grazing on the river bank. There are still dewdrops trembling on the leaves. Bird noise rushes from the bushes. And in a wreath of wild flowers, a girl walks along the path. (M. Isakovsky) b) in incomplete sentences, any members (main or secondary) are omitted; To understand the meaning, they are reconstructed from the context: - What is your name? - Vlas. - How old are you? - The sixth has passed. (N. Nekrasov) Molchalin sat on the horse: his leg (...) in the stirrup, and the horse (...) on its hind legs, he (...) on the ground - and straight to the crown (...). (A. Griboyedov)!!! One should not confuse incomplete sentences with one-part sentences that do not require reconstruction.

4. 5. Affirmative and negative sentences. According to the meaning of predicative relations, sentences are: a) affirmative: Frosty night; the whole sky is clear. (A. Pushkin) The sky was already breathing autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter. (A. Pushkin) b) negative: Negation is expressed using the particle not. If it comes before the predicate or the only main member, the sentence is generally negative. If the particle does not appear before another word, the sentence is partial: He did not go to Beijing (cf. He did not go to Beijing). Negative sentences are also expressed using the word no, cf. : I have money - I don’t have money. It (is) raining today. - There is no rain today. If a sentence has two negatives, it becomes affirmative: I can't help but agree.

4. 6. Complex sentence. A simple sentence may include elements that do not change either the structure of the sentence or its grammatical meaning, but introduce additional predication. For example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded into the square. (A. Pushkin) Sentence scheme: −−−−− =======. -. -. The grammatical meaning of the sentence allows the following transformation: Armenians were crowded in the square, Georgians were crowded in the square... The room is large, low, with three windows. (I. Turgenev) = The room is large. The room is low. A room with three windows.

4. 6. Complex sentence. Types of complications. A). Homogeneous members of the sentence: The soldier sighed, adjusted his belt, opened his traveling bag, set the bitter bottle on the gray gravestone. (M. Isakovsky) b). Isolated members of the sentence: The wind groans, long and dull. (S. Yesenin) Under blue skies, Magnificent carpets, Glistening in the sun, the snow lies. (A. Pushkin) The warm strong wind passing through the branches did not bring coolness. (L. Tolstoy) c). Appeals: Sliding through the morning snow, dear friend, let us indulge in the running of an impatient horse. (A. Pushkin) d). Introductory and plug-in constructions: In the evening, you remember, the blizzard was angry. (A. Pushkin) Indeed, for the second day a strong hot wind blew. (L. Tolstoy)

5. Scheme for parsing a simple sentence 1. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative / incentive / interrogative. 2. By emotional coloring: exclamatory / non-exclamatory. 3. By the presence of main members: two-part / one-part (+ type of one-part). 4. By the presence of minor members: widespread / not widespread. 5. By the presence of structurally necessary members: complete / incomplete. 6. By the nature of the attitude towards reality: affirmative/negative. 7. According to the presence of complicating components: complicated/uncomplicated. For example: A storm covers the sky with darkness, spinning snow whirlwinds (A. Pushkin). The sentence is simple: 1. Narrative. 2. Non-exclamative 3. Two-part 4. Common 5. Complete 6. Affirmative 7. Complicated.

Lecture 53 The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax. Types of offers.

This lecture discusses issues related to the concept of a sentence, as well as issues related to the types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring.

The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax. Types of offers.

This lecture discusses issues related to the concept of a sentence, as well as issues related to the types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring.

Lecture outline

53.1. The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax.

53.2. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement.

53.3. Types of sentences based on emotional coloring.

53.1. The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax

A sentence is a set of words or a word, grammatically designed in terms of time and reality/irreality, intonationally complete and expressing a message, question or incentive to action.

The main function of a sentence is communicative: a sentence is the smallest unit of communication.

Main features of the proposal

1) Predicativeness, i.e. the relation of the content of a sentence to objective reality (its reality or unreality, possibility or impossibility, necessity or probability, etc.). Grammatical means of expressing predicativeness are the categories of tense, person, mood and various types of intonation (intonation of a message, question, motivation, etc.).

2) Modality, i.e. expression of one’s attitude to the content of what is being said (its desirability or undesirability, obligation or convention, etc.) The means of expressing modality, as well as predicativity in general, are the category of mood (indicative, imperative, conditional) and special lexical and grammatical means (the so-called modal verbs and modal words and particles).

3) Intonation, those. intonation design and relative semantic completeness. The intonation of the message, question, motivation, etc. differs.

53.1. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

Depending on the purpose of the statement, all sentences are divided into three groups:

narrative, interrogative and incentive.

Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc.

Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and a calm fall tones at the end of a sentence.

For example:

People working in any field are noticeably divided into three categories - those who are already within their profession, those who are strictly within its scope, and, finally, those who are much broader than their profession.

These latter are usually restless and ebullient people.

They are real creators.

Alexander Petrovich Dovzhenko was much broader than his profession as a film director and screenwriter.

Directing was only one of the faces of this amazing artist, thinker and debater. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative sentences are sentences that express a desire to find out something or ascertain something.

For example:

Why did Ukrainian picturesqueness give way to practical dryness and some kind of dead stinginess of thought among the architect who built these villages?

Why was the living human soul not taken into account when building them? (K.G. Paustovsky)

And every evening at the appointed hour

(Or am I just dreaming?) (A. Blok)

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are distinguished:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is connected,

For example: Did the mountaineers lose much?(L.) (Cf.: Did the mountaineers lose much?); Did you invite happiness with a song? (L.) (Wed: Did you invite happiness with a song? - Did you invite happiness with a song?)

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence),

For example: … Tell me, has she/Haven’t taught you to pray for anyone yet?(L.); Isn't this a hostile city burning? (L.); But will he return soon with a rich tribute? (L.)

3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns,

For example: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(L.); Where did you grow up, where did you bloom? Who brought you to this region?(L.); Will friends and brothers recognize / the Sufferer, after many years?(L.); Why do you need the crowns of his attention / And the thorns of his empty slander?(L.)

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker.

They can express:

1) order, request, plea,

For example: Open the prison for me, / Give me the radiance of the day...(L.); You took me / To our garden, to the place where / Two white acacia bushes were blooming...(L.); Sleep, my beautiful baby, / Bayushki-bayu(L.); Give me your hand(L.)

2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat,

For example: And you, arrogant descendants / With the famous meanness of your illustrious fathers... / And you will not wash away the righteous blood of the poet with all your black blood!(L.)

3) consent, permission,

for example: Do as you want; You can go wherever your eyes take you.

4) a call, an invitation to joint action,

For example: Let us die near Moscow, / Like our brothers died!(L.); My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses! (P.)

5) desire,

for example: Give him Dutch soot with rum (M. G.).

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, plea and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

The grammatical means of forming incentive sentences are:

1) incentive intonation;

2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood;

3) special particles that introduce an incentive tone into the sentence (come on, come on, come on, yes, let it).

53.2. Types of sentences by emotional coloring

Narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences can be accompanied by increased emotionality and pronounced with a special intonation - raising the tone and emphasizing the word expressing the emotion. Such proposals are called exclamation marks.

The grammatical means of forming exclamatory sentences are as follows:

1) intonation, conveying various feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion),

For example: I love my fatherland, but with a strange love!(L.); You shouldn't love another, / No, you shouldn't!(L.); I look sadly at our generation!(L.)

2) interjections,

for example:...And, alas, my champagne triumphs over the power of her magnetic eyes! (L.), Wow! the food is good here! Ahti, good! (M.G.)

3) exclamatory particles of interjectional, pronominal and adverbial origin, imparting an emotional connotation to what is being expressed: well, oh, well, where, how, how, which, what for, etc., for example: What is the radiance of God's power to me!(L.); Well, it was a day!(L.); How full of their sounds / The madness of desire!(L.); What a neck! What eyes! (Kr.)

Date: 2010-05-22 10:01:52

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