Find homogeneous words in a sentence. Homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence

11.12.2023

In some sentences there are words that perform the same syntactic function, refer to the same word, but are not homogeneous members. Such words are called heterogeneous members of a sentence.

The main differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence with examples are given in the table.

Signs	Homogeneous members of the sentence	Heterogeneous members of a sentence
By value	Characterize the word being defined on one side	Characterize the word being defined from different angles
By syntactic connection	Can be connected by connecting, adversative, dividing and other conjunctions, non-union connection	Usually, a conjunction or comma is not placed between heterogeneous members of a sentence
By syntactic function	Can be expressed by any member of the sentence	Most often expressed by heterogeneous definitions
Example sentences	She speaks well in English, A French. During the competition, the guys and decided puzzles, and ran relay race, and came up with questions for opponents.	Wide wood the table was in the corner of the room. I bought sweet green apples for pie.

In the position after the word being defined, heterogeneous parts of the sentence are written separated by commas.

Example: Trees, high, noisy, bowed their branches to the water. ( Compare: High noisy the trees bowed their branches to the water).

Several agreed upon definitions that are not interconnected by unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions; a comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main) word, while between themselves they are in an enumerative relationship (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and a conjunction and can be placed between them).

Example: Blue and green balls. - Blue balls. Green balls. Blue and green balls.

Heterogeneous definitions are not pronounced with enumerative intonation; it is usually impossible to put the conjunction and between them. Heterogeneous definitions are differently connected with the defined (main) word. One of the definitions (the closest) is directly related to the word being defined, while the second is already connected to a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:

Long freight train. With the main word train The definition closest to it is directly related - commodity. Definition long associated with the whole phrase - freight train. (The freight train is long).

To distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.

How to distinguish homogeneous definitions from heterogeneous ones in a sentence?

Homogeneous definitions create a holistic impression of an object and name its specific quality (shape, size, color). Homogeneous definitions can be expressed by adjectives of the same category in meaning, less often - by an adjective and participial phrase (red and yellow walls; fox and hare holes; damp, reluctantly drying soil).

Heterogeneous definitions name different properties of the defined object. Heterogeneous definitions can be expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, numeral and adjective, pronoun and adjective, etc. (a strong walnut; my favorite movie; the first mercury thermometer).

Examples of sentences with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions: Misha had in his collection copper, silver And bronze coins ( homogeneous). - Misha collected ancient bronze coins ( heterogeneous). Katya put her things in big And small boxes ( homogeneous). - Katya put her things in big cardboard boxes ( heterogeneous).

Both homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence can be used in one sentence.

Example: The artist painted with blue and red oil paints ( blue, red– homogeneous members of the sentence; blue oil, red oil- heterogeneous members of the sentence).

In Russian, there are often sentences with words that answer the same question and belong to the same part of speech.

The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence

Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have equivalent meaning and are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating connection. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence:

The old green poplars rustled, groaned, and moved alarmingly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are predicates.

The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are circumstances.

Let's analyze what the main features of homogeneous members are. Firstly, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly associated. There are exceptions in which homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.

For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.

Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting conjunctions

Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the conjunctions “and this, and that”, “and neither, and nor”, “also, too”, “not only..., but also”.

Before conjunctions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a dividing and single connecting union of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example:

1.1. Crucians and carps splashed in the pond.

1.2. In the pine forest you can see a woodpecker or a squirrel.

2. If conjunctions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: Uncle Vanya’s collection included many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeating unions, and thus form a stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of multi-colored flags: red, green, and yellow.

Notes It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double conjunctions and homogeneous members of the sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double conjunctions:

I like to walk quietly in the forest, with stops.

Vivid examples of combinations with double conjunctions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of a sentence, are laughter and sin, neither fish nor fowl, etc.

Heterogeneity relations are often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, the qualitative characteristics of one object. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.

In some sentences we come across words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word “waited” is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the upcoming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of a sentence.

1. Homogeneous members- These are sentence members that usually answer the same question and are associated with the same word in the sentence.

Homogeneous members- these are identical members of a sentence, united with each other by a coordinating connection.

Homogeneous members can be both main and secondary members of a sentence.

For example: Forest humus and moss absorb this rain slowly and thoroughly(Paustovsky). This sentence has two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous subjects humus And moss correspond to one predicate - absorb; homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly depend on the predicate ( absorb(How?) slowly, thoroughly).

2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.

Wed: humus And moss- nouns in the nominative case.

But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:

A young man came in twenty-five years old, resplendent in health, . In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed by a noun phrase in the genitive case ( twenty-five years old ), the second - participial phrase ( resplendent in health ), the third - a combination of three nouns in the instrumental case with the preposition c with the dependent participle ( with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes ).

Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can also connect opposite parts of a sentence, for example: It is unknown who and how spread the news of the death of old Sokjoy throughout the taiga(Fedoseev). Conjunctive words in a subordinate clause are different members of the sentence (subject Who and the circumstance of the course of action How, but they are connected by the coordinating conjunction and ).

Note!

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize the multitude of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

We seemed to be floating in the air and spinning, spinning, spinning; White fragrant daisies run back and forth under his feet(Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not, like this: believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, the first of which is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look and so on.;

4) stable combinations with double conjunctions, between which there is no comma (!):

neither back nor forward, neither for anything nor about anything, neither fish nor fowl, nor sleep nor spirit, and laughter and sin, and this way and that and etc.

3. Homogeneous members are connected by intonation (non-union connection) and coordinating conjunctions or only by intonation. If homogeneous members are separated by a comma, then commas are placed only between them. There are no commas before the first homogeneous term and after the last homogeneous term (!).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members

A) Non-union connection- comma between homogeneous members is put.

For example: He cried and stomped kicks(M. Gorky); Here and there along the road you come across a gloomy broom or young birch (L. Tolstoy).

Note. Conjunctions and, yes, yes and can have a connecting meaning (meaning “and moreover”). These unions introduce not homogeneous, but connecting members of the sentence. In this case, a comma is placed before the conjunction. Wed: People laughed at him, and rightly so.(Panova). - People laughed at him, and rightly so; What can you tell a sculptor to do, and a bad one at that?(Turgenev). - What can you tell a sculptor to do, and a bad one at that?

C) Repeating connecting conjunctions(and...and; neither...nor) and repeated disjunctive conjunctions (or or; or either; then... then; not that... not that is put.

and O, and O; neither O nor O; then O, then O

For example: Neither the earth, nor the trees, nor the sky could be seen; But Vasily Lvovich either did not hear her words, or did not attach real meaning to them(Kuprin).

Note!

1) If conjunctions are repeated, then punctuation marks are placed in the same way as in a non-union connection, that is, between homogeneous members (a comma is not placed before the first homogeneous member and after the last homogeneous member!).

Wed: Neither the earth, nor the trees, nor the sky was visible anymore. - The earth, trees, and sky were no longer visible.

2) A comma is placed between all homogeneous members also in the case when only part of them is connected by repeating unions, and the rest are connected by a non-union part.

Wed: He is blind, stubborn, impatient, and frivolous, and arrogant(Pushkin). - He is blind, stubborn, impatient, frivolous, arrogant.

3) If a conjunction connects homogeneous members in pairs, then a comma is placed only in front of paired groups.

I'm happy and strong, free and young(Bryusov).

Paired conjunctions can be connected by a repeating conjunction and.

Mines exploded both near and far, to the right and to the left.

4) With two homogeneous members with a repeating conjunction, a comma may not be placed if the homogeneous members form a close semantic unity (such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words):

and brothers and sisters, and parents and children, and body and soul, and poetry and prose, and days and nights, and knives and forks and etc.

Most often, such unities form antonymic pairs:

and glory and shame, and love and hate, and joy and sorrow and etc.

5) A comma is not placed inside complete phraseological phrases with two repeated conjunctions and or neither:

and day and night, and laughter and sorrow, and old and young, and this way and that, and here and there, neither more nor less, neither back nor forward, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither day nor night, neither end nor edge, neither fluff nor feather, neither fish nor meat, neither one nor the other, neither add nor subtract and etc.

6) If the conjunction is repeated in a sentence not with homogeneous members, then a comma is not placed between them.

At home and at work he searched and found no peace(the first conjunction connects the circumstances of the place: at home and at work; the second conjunction connects homogeneous predicates: searched and didn't find).

D) Opposing alliances(a, but, but, yes = but, however = but) - a comma between homogeneous terms is put.

O, and O; Oh, but Oh; Oh, however Oh; Oh, but O

For example: It looks good, but it’s green(Krylov); Now the sea did not shine entirely, but only in several places (Kataev); Our shelter is small, but calm(Lermontov).

Note!

1) After the last homogeneous member connected by an adversative conjunction, a comma is not placed.

It’s not the race, but the mind that I will put as a governor(Pushkin).

2) The conjunction however should be distinguished from the introductory word however: the conjunction however can be replaced by the synonymous conjunction but. If however is a conjunction, then the comma is placed only before it.

Wed: The task was not difficult, but time-consuming. - The task was not difficult, but labor-intensive.

If however is an introductory word, then commas are placed on both sides.

He, however, remained calm.

D) Double and paired unions (if not... then; if not..., then; although..., but also; both... and; not only but; not so much..., but; as much... as; not that..., but; not that... but) - comma between homogeneous terms is put.

For example: The glow spread not only over the city center, but also far around(Fadeev); I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile you with your friend(Gogol); For Alevtina Vasilievna, although familiar, the power of Erofey Kuzmich was heavy(Bubenkov).

Note!

1) Homogeneous members with double and paired conjunctions are separated by only one comma, which is placed before the second part of the conjunction. A comma is not placed either before the first homogeneous term or after the last homogeneous term. To avoid mistakes in placing punctuation marks, omit the double conjunction: a comma is placed between homogeneous members, as in a non-union connection.

Wed: The glow spread not only above the city center, but also far around. - The glow spread above the city center, far around ; I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile you with your friend. - I have instructions from the judge and from all our friends to reconcile you with your friend; For Alevtina Vasilyevna, although familiar, the power of Erofey Kuzmich was heavy. - For Alevtina Vasilyevna, the power of Erofey Kuzmich was familiar and heavy.

2) Parts of some double and paired conjunctions have homonyms - subordinating conjunctions used in subordinate clauses: if, although, how, what, in order. Subordinate clauses (with these and other conjunctions), if they are inside the main clause, are separated by commas on both sides.

Wed: Then, to calm down a little, I took up the book; Then I though my thoughts We were in the laboratory and picked up a book.

Therefore, when placing punctuation marks, be sure to pay attention to what these forms are (a subordinating conjunction or part of a double and paired conjunction) and what they connect (homogeneous members or the main clause with a subordinate clause).

Note. Conjunctions and also, or even may have a connecting meaning (meaning “and moreover”). Please note that there is no comma after the second homogeneous member of a sentence with such a conjunction. For example: Happens difficult, if not impossible immediately understand such a situation.

4. Homogeneous members can be combined with a generalizing word. General word is the same member of the sentence as other homogeneous members, answers the same question, but has a general meaning:

a generalizing word denotes a whole, and homogeneous members denote parts of this whole:

Behind the village from the hill one could see city: block squares, brick buildings, overflowing gardens, church spiers(Sholokhov);

a generalizing word denotes a generic (general concept), and homogeneous members - specific (more specific concepts):

Screamed piercingly bird: roosters, geese, turkeys(Fadeev).

Generalizing words are expressed by different parts of speech, but most often by pronouns and pronominal adverbs and nouns:

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members with generalizing words

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members with generalizing words depend on the position of the generalizing word in relation to homogeneous members and on the position of homogeneous members together with the generalizing word in the sentence as a whole.

A) If the generalizing word is before homogeneous members, then before the first homogeneous term is placed colon. : above your head, under your feet and next to you - iron lives, rumbles, celebrating its victories (M. Gorky).

For example: But neither fences nor houses - nothing hasn't changed as much as people(Chekhov).

Note!

If after homogeneous members there is an introductory word before the generalizing word ( in a word, in a word, in short etc.), then a dash is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after the introductory word.

He sings about the scythe, about the arable land, about the harvest, about the sweat of labor - in a word, about everything that we, decent people, are used to looking down on(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Plan for parsing homogeneous members

Indicate which members of the sentence are homogeneous members and what grammatical forms they are expressed.
Indicate how homogeneous members are connected to each other (non-union connection, allied connection - type of union or unions).
If there is a generalizing word, indicate its position in relation to homogeneous members (before or after homogeneous members).
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members.

Sample parsing

Everywhere: above your head, under your feet and next to you - iron lives, rumbles, celebrating its victories(M. Gorky).

This sentence is complicated by homogeneous circumstances of place, expressed by nouns in the indirect case with a preposition ( above your head, under your feet) and adverb ( near). The first two circumstances are connected by a non-union connection, therefore they are separated by a comma ( above your head, under your feet). The second and third circumstances are connected by a single connecting conjunction and, therefore they are not separated by a comma ( under your feet and nearby). Homogeneous members have a generalizing word ( everywhere), expressed by a pronominal adverb. The generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, so a colon is placed after it. Since the sentence does not end with homogeneous members, a dash is placed after them.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection.It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
Each definition refers to one word being defined: " The cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.»	The closest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: “ On this frosty January morning I didn’t want to go outside for a long time.»
All adjectives are usually qualitative: “ A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha’s shoulder.»	Combination with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, third intercity bus
You can insert a connecting conjunction AND: “ For the craft you needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper»	Cannot be used with I: “ In one hand Tatyana was old, in the other she was holding a string bag with vegetables»
Expressed by one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent definitions after a noun	Refer to different parts of speech: “ We finally waited for the first light frost(numeral+adjective) and hit the road»

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes and a bewitching smile, cheerfully entered the room.».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

Primary school students, after a brief explanation from the teacher, can easily determine which sentences contain homogeneous structures. In the Russian language there are homogeneous members that perform the function of listing the types, properties or qualities of an object or action. However, if only this were the whole wisdom, then there would be nothing to teach beyond the 4th grade.

Similar constructions in the Russian language have many morphological manifestations and syntactic functions, which need to be familiarized with gradually. You should start with the elementary rule of what it is.

The concept of homogeneity

Homogeneous members are word forms that answer the same questions and have a direct connection with the word they refer to.

The clearing was surrounded on all sides by centuries-old oaks, pines, and spruces. To the words “oaks”, “pines”, “firs” you need to ask a question from the phrase “was surrounded”. They are closely related. Since this is a predicate, for convenience and better understanding, you can pronounce the entire grammatical basis in your mind. The clearing was surrounded by (what?) oaks, (what?) pine trees, (what?) spruce trees.

Sculptural images of rhinoceroses, giraffes, lions, crocodiles, antelopes and other animals that inhabited Africa were built into the walls of this gray castle-like house.

In prose literary texts there are often sentences with 2-3 rows of homogeneous members that depend on one or different words.

Mentally, we had already died many times from fever or from wounds behind the log walls of the fort, listening to the buzz of a single bullet, inhaling the smell of wet poisonous grass, looking with sore eyes into the black velvet sky where the Southern Cross was burning. (K. Paustovsky).

Which parts of the sentence can be called homogeneous:

main (subjects, predicates);
secondary (definitions, additions, circumstances).

The main thing is that they remain equal and perform the same function, relate to the same member and respond to the same question:

subject: “From the open window of spring, larks, nightingales, blackbirds, and cuckoos scattered in all directions. Older children, teenagers, schoolchildren and even kids gathered in the schoolyard.”
predicates: “The trees groaned, bent, cracked and broke from the strong, powerful wind.”
definition: “A bright, colorful picture opened before my eyes, consisting of red, yellow, blue, emerald patches.”
additions: “It was a terrible place, a shelter for thieves and beggars.”
circumstances: 1. The mother looked at her daughter joyfully, kindly, with tenderness. 2. Claudia admired Ivan’s courage, courage and endurance. 3. He walked, despite the fatigue and nervous shock he had experienced.

The last group is more expanded due to the many types of circumstances and ways of expressing them. There may also be isolated homogeneous circumstances, expressed in such cases, they consist of several words.

“Having finished reading the last words and putting the letter aside, Afanasy began to think about a plan of action.”

Useful video: what are homogeneous members of a sentence?

Offers

The above-mentioned complicating words and phrases occur very often in sentences of varying complexity, dependence, subordination, etc. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are very common; with their help, they expand, clarify, and detail the space of descriptions. Everything spoke of the approach of autumn: cool sunrises, cold winds, withering grass. Under the bushes, near old stumps, near fallen trees, the brown caps of honey mushrooms glistened joyfully everywhere.

Complex sentences with homogeneous members can have two, three or several homogeneous rows:

grammatical basics. 1. Sveta and Alena weeded the beds and watered the cabbage to free mom from the evening chores and give her the opportunity to relax in the company of her friends. 2. The river seethed, foamed, drove unusually high waves, and people standing on the shore rejoiced and admired its greatness.
minor members. They are embedded in syntactic constructions regardless of the location of the stem and are separated from each other by words.

“Boris brought flowers and immediately put them in a vase, and Natasha set the table, laid out cutlery and napkins.”

It is important to know! Do not overload or complicate sentences. A complex sentence with 3-4 rows of homogeneous members is difficult to understand when reading.

Homogeneous members of a sentence: rules

Selection

How to emphasize when analyzing sentences that relate to one thing - the main thing. According to the established order, subjects are underlined by one line, predicates - by two parallel lines. Definitions are highlighted with wavy continuous lines, additions are highlighted with a dotted line, and circumstances are emphasized with a dotted line.

In this case, each word is highlighted separately.
Many schoolchildren know how to identify such members of a sentence without asking questions. Younger children can easily navigate sentences listing objects and phenomena. A clue is the presence of a large number of words belonging to one part of speech, connected by a non-union connection or coordinating conjunctions.

They characterize the main defined word on the one hand (by color, smell, location...).
What are homogeneous secondary members of a sentence, look in the table.

Syntactic members	Questions answered	Underline	Examples
Main
Subject	Who? What?	Straight line	Maples, birches and even oaks were chipped by strong winds.
Predicate	What is he doing? (predicate), What will he do? Who is it?	Two straight parallel lines	The people were at first numb at the news of the victory, and then began to rejoice, sing, and dance.
Minor
	Which? Whose? (varies by gender and number)	Wave	The factory offers wooden, metal, glass, and stone countertop options.
Add-ons	Answer all questions about indirect cases.	Dotted line	Lena managed to look at the paintings, photographs and crafts in the closet in the apartment. Mothers anxiously asked about their sons, daughters, and simply about their acquaintances who were caught in the epicenter of the explosion.
Circumstances	Where? Where? For what? When? How? Why?	Dotted line	And in winter, and in summer, and in the puddles by the stream, my childhood will run. The car turned left, then right.

It also shows what questions the homogeneous members of the sentence answer.

Examples of sentences with homogeneous members:

Kira spoke German, English and Chinese well, but with a slight accent.
When night descended on the earth, covering everything with wide black wings, the lights came on in the house and long, interesting conversations were held.
Victor was reminded of the distant past by a children's swing, a sandbox, and a playground with a horizontal bar.
The corida began in the morning and lasted until late at night, when torches, lamps, lanterns and small lamps were already lit.

Schemes for connecting homogeneous members

Functions in speech

Why are homogeneous members needed in a sentence? These syntactic components have enormous potential. They are designed to perform stylistic functions. In literature they are used as a means of depicting complete pictures from details. In contact with