How to write an annotation for a work. How to write an annotation

Instructions

The first requirement for annotations that you must firmly remember is brevity. This means that no matter how voluminous your article is, the abstract should consist of two or three, sometimes four or five sentences, that is, approximately 500 characters with spaces (or an average of 50 words). There are times when annotations reach 10-15 sentences (but this is the maximum!). In any case, you will have to present the content of your work in this short text and further explain to whom and how this article can be useful. Therefore, before writing an abstract, carefully re-read the entire work and think about how you could present its main idea in two or three sentences.

To cope with this difficult task, describe what the article is about, why it was written, and what conclusions were drawn as a result. You don't need to quote entire paragraphs of the author's text, but you can include a couple of original sentences in the abstract, enclosing them in quotation marks as a quotation.

The main purpose of any annotation is to give the potential reader an idea of ​​the content of the work, its features and practical application. Therefore, the text of the abstract should be as clear, simple and understandable as possible, even for people who do not specialize in this topic.

When it comes to a scientific article, its practical usefulness is usually very important. That is, in the abstract you must indicate who may be interested and useful in this work and why specifically. For example, it can be used by students of certain faculties when preparing practical assignments or considered as a scientific hypothesis within the framework of any research.

Please note that annotations are always written in the third person in an impersonal manner. That is, even if you are writing an abstract for your own article, which sets out your views and conclusions, you still should not write in it phrases like “My work will talk about ...” or “Based on the data obtained, I concluded that ...” . Also, emotional and subjective assessments are highly undesirable in annotations. The text should be as objective as possible, meaningful and describing only the facts.

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Compiling an abstract for an article

Annotation structure:

1. The article is devoted to.... (subject of research or main research question).

2. A phrase on the essence of the subject of research.

3. Based on such and such approaches OR analyzing such and such data (or both), the author shows.....(specifically, what the author came up with as a result of reflection and

research).

4. The phrase is essentially findings, conclusions, discoveries.

EXAMPLES OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE ABSTRACTS

Example 1:

This article examines the problems of interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The characteristic features of the grammatical method of interpretation, the use of various methods of linguistic and legal analysis in the process of such interpretation (using the example of the texts of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation) are analyzed. The need for joint use of methods of legal and linguistic analysis in the process of interpretation is identified and justified. Based on the research, the author proposes to highlight the legal-technical method of interpretation, gives its definition, and formulates the main characteristics of linguistic and legal analysis that make up the legal-technical method.

Example 2:

The article is devoted to the philosophical understanding of network communications in modern society, which introduce new forms of dialogue and communication into society and all its spheres, including education. It is shown that network communications play a dual role in society: they can form a music video director’s consciousness, which does not require creativity, or they can develop creative, search, and navigator thinking. Education in the 21st century should develop according to a network model, which is characterized by synergetic, dialogical and communicative aspects. The main advantage of the new model is openness to dialogue and communication and the possibility of self-organization.

Example 3:

The article sets the task of considering the effect of preserving and transforming the artistic canon using the example of A. A. Arkhangelsky and P. G. Chesnokov. As a result of the analysis, the author proves for the first time in the literature that in Orthodox liturgical singing there are texts with a stable canonized type of structure. They have freedom of musical interpretation. While maintaining a single text and structure of the works, using various melodic-graphic formulas, a wide variety of musical works is achieved.

Example 4:

The article is devoted to the issues of organizational development of the society "Down with Illiteracy" (ODN) in the Pskov province in the 1920s. The author reveals the tasks, slogans, forms and activities of the society. Particular attention is paid to the legal basis and material basis for the functioning of the organization. Based on an analysis of the dynamics of the size of a voluntary society, the effectiveness of its practical activities, as well as the nature of interaction with other public organizations, the degree of participation of ODN in the socio-political life of the region is determined.

This article addresses the problem...

The idea is substantiated that...

Traceable...

The article touches on the topic...

A comparison is given...

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study...

The purpose of the article is to analyze the study...

The article is devoted to the phenomenon...

The article reveals the problems...

Particular attention is paid...

Characteristic features are highlighted and described...

The article clarifies the features...

Based on the study... it has been established...

The article is devoted to a close analysis...

Based on the analysis... as well as the involvement... it is established that...

The article is devoted to the current problem...

This problem has been little studied and requires further research.

The article summarizes new material on the topic under study, introduces it into scientific circulation...

The work is interdisciplinary in nature, written at the intersection...

This view will be of interest to specialists in the field...

The article talks about...

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis......

Considerable attention is paid...

In conclusion it is revealed...

The article reveals the content of the concept...

Practical experience is summarized...

The article examines the characteristic features...

The article discusses the key stages...

The article reveals the processes...

The article summarizes some of the results of the study...

This direction is also complemented by consideration...

The idea is substantiated that...

The article analyzes the concepts...

As key evidence... used...

The article provides an analysis of the views of researchers...

The question of...

This article attempts to reveal the main reasons...

The article outlines views on...

The article provides an analysis of scientific research...

There is no doubt that the abstract is one of the most popular materials attached to a scientific article. The abstract should convince readers and the editor that the proposed work is worth reading and is truly interesting.

In general terms, an abstract is a kind of mini-characteristic of an article, which not only reveals the essence of the research that was carried out, but also provides arguments in favor of its relevance and attaches specific data regarding its author.

DON'T FORGET ABOUT YOUR GOALS

The abstract should not only demonstrate the characteristics of the problem and topic raised in the work, but also describe the goals and results of the research. It can determine the novelty of the work and positive differences from thematically similar works.

WATCH YOUR SIZE

Remember that your abstract should not be too long. Usually its average size is five hundred characters.

VIEW EXAMPLES

To understand what an annotation is, it is best to see visual examples of it. And we will give you several options.

A) In the presented scientific article, based on research into the innovative competitiveness of the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, the results of modernization carried out to address the technical re-equipment of the main industrial sectors were determined. The results of the implementation of effective and rational resource conservation, environmental management and the latest technologies were also summed up. The article examines the result of the formation of an innovative type in the region's economy.

B) This article describes the problems of ensuring the security of the domestic economy and lists possible ways to solve this problem. Using the results of the study and reasoning, a set of measures and actions aimed at developing and ensuring the economic security of the country was outlined.

C) Recently, it has often been said that intellectual capital is the main economic resource. Indeed, human creative abilities and intelligence are an almost inexhaustible resource. It has been proven by science that modern Ukraine has every chance, with the help of creative resources, to reach the highest level of economic development.

D) In ​​this work, at the concept level, an optimal model of industrial modern design of innovative products is proposed. The article discusses in detail the procedure for checking and selecting a specific design solution. Project activities in the article are connected with the interests of both the market and production. The model can be used as a basis for the development of private methods that are needed to solve problems posed to industrial design.

Now you know everything about how to write an abstract correctly. Remember that the success of a scientific article is in your hands and depends entirely on your literary skills.

An abstract (from the Latin annotatio - remark) is a brief description of a document in terms of its purpose, content, type, form and other features.

Annotation is the process of transforming documentary information, the purpose of which is to obtain a generalized characteristic of the document, revealing its logical structure and the most significant aspects of the content.

· The abstract includes a description of the main topic, the problem of the object, the goals of the work and its results. The annotations indicate what is new in this document in comparison with others related in topic and purpose.

· The abstract also contains a message about changes in the title of the document or group of authors and the year of release of the previous edition (in case of reprint), the year from which the publication of the multi-volume edition began, an indication of the author’s affiliation with the country (for documents translated from foreign languages).

· The annotation for works of fiction must indicate information about the literary genre, the period to which the author’s work belongs, the main theme and problem of the work, the place and time of the events described.

· Abstracts for periodical and continuing publications include information about the tasks, goals, nature of the publication, merger, division, renewal or termination of publication and other changes in the publication.

Thus, the annotation includes information about the content of the document, its author, the merits of the document; characteristics of the type of document, main topic, problem, object, purpose of the work and its results. The abstract contains links to the source and date, title and first lines of the message, a list of concepts and names that reflect the semantic content of the message. Visually, the annotation is a concise and structured reflection of a text message. A user, looking at a few lines of abstract, can estimate the content of an article in hundreds of lines.

· reference – reveal the subject of documents and provide any information about it. They do not give it a critical assessment;

Based on the coverage of the content of the annotated document and the reader's purpose, annotations are distinguished:

· general – characterize the document as a whole, intended for a wide range of readers;

· specialized – reveal the document only in certain aspects intended for a specialist.

The annotation indicates only essential features of the content of the document, i.e. those that make it possible to identify its scientific and practical significance and novelty, to distinguish it from others that are similar in topic and purpose.

The abstract is explanatory or recommendatory in nature. When writing an annotation, you should not retell the contents of the document. It is recommended to minimize the use of complex phrases and the use of personal and demonstrative pronouns. The subject of the action is usually not named in the annotation because it is clear and known from the context; Passive constructions (verbal and participial) are used more actively.

The structure of the abstract reveals the most significant factors and systemic relationships of the problem being analyzed, and highlights key names and facts.

Positions that should be disclosed in the annotation:

1. bibliographic description;

3. form of the annotated document;

4. subject of presentation;

5. main characteristics;

6. distinctive features of the document in comparison with related ones in terms of subject matter and purpose;

7. circle of use of the document.

Bibliographic description. Consists of the title and information about the magazine or book, the surname and initials of the author.

Form of the annotated document. The specific form of the annotated document is indicated: monograph, textbook, study guide, etc.

Subject of presentation. The topic of the annotated document is indicated.

Main characteristics. The basic concepts, processes, place and time during which these processes occur, etc. are indicated.

Distinctive features of the document in comparison with related ones in terms of subject matter and purpose. Indicates what is new in the content of the document, features of the presentation of the material, for example, statement of the problem, a system for presenting the question, ways to solve a particular issue, new technologies, a new methodology, generalization of data from various sources, a new assessment of the facts, a new concept or hypothesis, specific recommendations of a practical nature and etc.

Circle of use of the document. It is indicated to whom the document is addressed, as well as an additional circle of readers, in addition to the main one.

· before writing an annotation, read the text and break it into semantic parts;

· highlight the main idea in each part and formulate it briefly;

· list the main thoughts, problems raised by the author, his conclusions, suggestions;

· determine the significance of the text;

· in the annotation, use verbs of a stating nature, for example, the author analyzes/proves/states/justifies, etc.;

· use passive constructions (the text talks about problems, reveals questions, etc.);

· also use evaluative standard phrases (pays special attention, important topical issue (problem), analyzes in particular detail, convincingly proves, etc.).

The results of the work are described extremely accurately and informatively. The main theoretical and experimental results, actual data, discovered relationships and patterns are presented. In this case, preference is given to new results and data of long-term significance, important discoveries, conclusions that refute existing theories, as well as data that, in the opinion of the author of the document, are of practical importance.

The text of the annotation should be concise, clear, convincing, and free of secondary information.

The annotation text begins with a phrase that states the main topic of the document. Information contained in the title should not be repeated. Historical information, if it does not constitute the main content of the document, a description of previously published works and well-known provisions, are not given in the annotation.

Use standardized terminology, avoid using less common terms, or clarify them the first time they are mentioned. It is necessary to maintain uniformity of terminology.

Abbreviations and symbols, except those commonly used in scientific and technical texts, are used in exceptional cases or their definitions are given upon first use.

The abstract of the course work is a kind of business card, the purpose of which is to create the most favorable first impression about the project, to attract the attention of readers and reviewers to it. Another of its tasks is to show that the author is capable of analyzing and systematizing information, and then conveying it concisely and intelligibly to others.

What is an annotation

According to the definition of the Big Explanatory Dictionary, an abstract is a brief description of the thematic content, purpose, form, addressee and other features of handwritten or printed work. Absolutely all methodological guidelines and practical recommendations that higher educational institutions prepare for students are based on this interpretation and emphasize that the abstract for the coursework should:

• reflect the novelty of the research, distinguishing it from a number of similar ones;
• present the key points of the work without duplicating its text;
• include only the facts presented in the material.

To convey the content, theses are used - succinctly formulated main provisions; simple copying of text parts is unacceptable.

The location is behind the title page, so it is usually not indicated in the contents, which is on the third page.

How to write an abstract for a term paper

One of the purposes of the author’s summary of completed research is to delicately promote the results of one’s work. Ideally, the effect of correct annotation is expressed in the desire to immediately become familiar with the described source. Like any advertising, there should not be a lot of written “presentation” of the coursework, so the optimal size is considered to be from 500 to 1,500 characters, depending on the topic.

This is interesting:

In the USA, an annual competition is held for the shortest, but most succinct and interesting scientific abstract. The maximum length limit is 260 words (about 1,800 characters with spaces). The results are published in the public domain and arouse great interest in the academic community.

When preparing to write, you should think about what you should tell your potential interlocutor when retelling the essence of the work. Formalized step-by-step instructions and tips with approximate cliché wording will help you not to miss important nuances.

The answers should be understandable to people far from the topic and to experts in order to clearly convey to everyone what the coursework is about and what value it represents. An absolute taboo is well-known facts like “The Earth revolves around the Sun”, the emphasis is on original developments.

Text requirements

Standardized design standards and linguistic criteria are established by GOST 7.9-95 in subparagraphs 2.5.4-2.5.10. The interstate standard prescribes when writing an annotation to use:

• simple grammatical structures typical of the style of technical and scientific documents;
• only commonly used symbols and abbreviations in the technical and academic fields, as a rare exception - copyright abbreviations and names with their obligatory explanation at the initial mention;
• unified terminology, refraining from less common definitions or explaining them during initial use (in annotations to coursework in social disciplines, it is permissible to use specific names found in the text);
• units of measurement of physical quantities in the SI system according to GOST 8.417, in parallel in parentheses it is allowed to give the values ​​of quantities in the measures involved in the work;
• geographical names according to the current edition of the “Atlas of the World” or in the form given in the study, if they are not in the reference collection of maps;
• proper names as presented in the main text; Transliteration (letter-by-letter reproduction of foreign words using graphic Cyrillic characters) or transcription (transmission of their sound) is possible, indicating in brackets the spelling in the original language when mentioned for the first time.

The approach to selecting the preferred language means for writing coursework annotations is based on generally accepted norms, which include the use of:

• unambiguous words;
• short adjectives denoting permanent properties;
• verbs in the 3rd person present tense with the meaning of constant action;
• stable speech patterns (the development is traced...; the principles... are considered, features are highlighted and characterized..., justification is carried out..., introduces developments..., much attention is paid to..., views are presented..., is of interest to..., etc.) .

How exactly an abstract for a course work is written is determined by each university, so it is better to take a sample from the department’s methodologists or download a template from the institution’s website. Traditionally, the structure is built according to a standard scheme:

1. Name.
2. Author (faculty, course, group).
3. Head (position, scientific degree).
4. Theses.
5. Many educational organizations introduce a clause about the description of the composition of the following type: “The work includes 24 pages, was completed with the involvement of 35 sources, contains 8 graphs, 7 tables, 19 photographic images and 21 applications.”

It is suitable for all areas and specialties.

Despite the fact that the abstract belongs to the optional sections of the course work, its quality largely determines the success of the upcoming defense and the level of the final grade.