"Cold Autumn", analysis of Bunin's story, composition. Analysis of the story AND

Having survived two world wars, revolution and emigration, the Nobel laureate, Russian writer Ivan Bunin at the age of seventy-four creates a cycle of stories called "Dark Alleys". All his works are devoted to one eternal theme - love.

The collection consists of 38 stories, among the rest stands out a story called "Cold Autumn". Love is presented here as an invisible ideal, a feeling that the heroine carries through her whole life. The story is read in one breath, leaving behind a feeling of lost love and faith in the immortality of the soul.

Bunin himself distinguished this story from the rest. The story begins as if from the middle. A noble family, consisting of a father, mother and daughter, celebrate the name day of the head of the family on Peter's day. Among the guests is the future fiancé of the protagonist. The girl's father proudly announces the engagement of his daughter, but a few days later everything changes: the newspaper publishes a sensational news - Crown Prince Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo, the situation in the world is tense, war is coming.

It's late, the parents tactfully leave the young ones alone and go to bed. Lovers do not know how to calm their excitement. For some reason, the girl wants to play solitaire (usually in anxious moments she wants to do something ordinary), but the young man does not sit still. Reciting Fet's poems, they go out into the courtyard. The culmination of this part of the story is a kiss and the groom's words that if he is killed, let her live, enjoy life, and then come to him ...

Dramatic events in the story "Cold Autumn"

If you don't have enough time to read, check out the summary of Bunin's "Cold Autumn". The description is short, so it will be easy to read it to the end.

A month later he was killed, this "strange word" constantly sounds in her ears. The author is abruptly transported into the future and describes the state of the heroine thirty years later. This is already a middle-aged woman who was destined to go through, like many who did not accept the revolution, all the circles of hell. Like everyone else, she was slowly selling to the soldiers in hats and unbuttoned greatcoats (this important detail is emphasized by the author) something of the property, and suddenly she met a retired military man, a man of rare spiritual beauty. He was much older than her, so he soon offered a hand and a heart.

Like many, they emigrated, dressed in peasant clothes, to Yekaterinodar and lived there for two years. After the retreat of the whites, they decided to sail to Turkey, the husband's nephew with his young wife and seven-month-old daughter fled with them. On the way, the husband died of typhus, the nephew and his wife joined Wrangel's army, leaving their daughter and disappearing without a trace.

The hardships of emigration

Further, the narration (a brief summary of Bunin's "Cold Autumn" is presented in the article) becomes tragic. The heroine had to work hard, wandering all over Europe, to earn a living for herself and the girl. In gratitude, she received nothing. The adopted daughter turned out to be a "real Frenchwoman": she got a job in a Parisian chocolate shop, turned into a sleek young woman and completely forgot about the existence of her guardian, who had to beggar in Nice. The heroine does not condemn anyone, this is noticeable in her words: at the end of the story, she says that she lived, was happy, there is only a meeting with her beloved.

Analysis of Bunin's "Cold Autumn"

For the most part, the writer presents his works according to the usual scheme, from the third person, starting with the protagonist's memories of anxious moments in life, outbursts of feelings and inevitable parting.

In the story "Cold Autumn" Bunin changes the chronology of events.

The story is told from the perspective of the heroine, this gives the story an emotional coloring. The reader does not know when she met her fiancé, but it is already clear that there are feelings between them, so at the birthday party her father announces the engagement. Arriving to say goodbye to the bride's house, the hero feels that this is the last meeting. Bunin describes in short but capacious images the heroes' last moments together. The restraint of the characters contrasts with the excitement they experienced. The words "indifferently responded", "feigned sigh", "absent-mindedly looked" and so on characterize the aristocrats of that time in general, among whom it was not customary to talk excessively about feelings.

The hero understands that this is his last meeting with his beloved, so he tries to capture in his memory everything connected with his beloved, including nature. He is “sad and good”, “creepy and touching”, he is afraid of the unknown, but bravely goes to lay down his life for “his friends”.

Hymn to love

Bunin touched upon the theme of "Cold Autumn" already at a mature age, having gone through all the hardships of life and gaining international recognition.

The cycle "Dark Alleys" is a hymn to not only platonic but also physical love. The collection's works are more poetry than prose. There are no battle scenes full of impressions in the story; Bunin considers the war, which destroys the fate of people, creating unbearable conditions for them, and those who unleash it to be responsible for the future as the problem of "Cold Autumn" - a dramatic story of love. The Russian émigré writer Ivan Bunin writes about this.

The rest of the heroes of the story "Cold Autumn"

The love drama develops against the backdrop of the First World War. Time in the story seems to slow down when it comes to the main characters. Most of the description is devoted to young people, rather, one evening in their life. The remaining thirty years fit in one paragraph. The secondary characters of the story "Cold Autumn" by Ivan Alekseevich Bunin are described by two or three features. The father, the mother of the girl, the owner of the apartment who sheltered and abused her, the husband of the main character and even the nephew with the young wife are shown in a tragic light. Another characteristic feature of the piece is that no one has names.

And this is symbolic. Bunin's heroes are collective images of that time. They are not specific people, but those who suffered during the First World War, and later the civil one.

Two main parts of the story

Analyzing Bunin's Cold Autumn, you understand that the story is divided into two parts: local and historical. The local area involves heroes, their problems, close environment, and the historical part includes such names and terms as Ferdinand, World War I, European cities and countries, for example, Paris, Nice, Turkey, France, Yekaterinodar, Crimea, Novocherkassk and so on. ... This technique immerses the reader in a specific era. On the example of one family, one can deeply get used to the state of the people of that time. Obviously, the writer condemns war and the destructive force that it carries. It is no coincidence that the best books and films about the war are written and shot without war scenes. Thus, the film "Belorussky Railway Station" is a film about the fate of people who survived after the Great Patriotic War. The film is considered a masterpiece of Russian cinema, although it completely lacks battle scenes.

Final part

Once the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy told Ivan Alekseevich Bunin that there is no happiness in life, there are only moments, the lightning of this feeling, which should be protected, appreciated and lived by them. The hero of the story "Cold Autumn", leaving for the front, asked his beloved to live, to be happy in the world even if he was killed. But was there any happiness in her life that she saw and experienced? The heroine herself answers this question: there was only one cold autumn day when she was truly happy. The rest seems like unnecessary sleep to her. But that evening was, the memories of him warmed her soul and gave strength to live without despair.

Whatever happened in a person's life, these events were, gave experience and wisdom. Everyone deserves what they dream of. A woman with a difficult fate was happy, because her life was illuminated by the lightning of memories.

The stories of Ivan Bunin have always been distinguished by their penetration and peculiar subtlety of the narrative. This work is the story of a woman who describes her life. In particular, she describes one evening of her youth when she felt almost happy and lived every moment vividly.

The plot of the story is simple - the main character tells about the beginning of the First World War and about the significant evening that will forever remain in her memory. Then she talks about what happened next, about deprivation, about death, about migration. But, summing up a certain result of her life, she always returns to the cold autumn of the 14th year. Then her whole family was alive, and feelings with the now deceased groom only flared up. The composition of the story is based on the fact that the story has returned to the past.

In the story, all the characters are not spelled out in great detail. It is known that a girl in love with a future soldier has a father and mother, and many relatives. Also later, after the death of the latter, a grumpy Moscow merchant appears, a new husband, a girl who forgets the kindness of a woman. All these chaotic events, faces have been and have passed. But it seems that only that cold autumn evening, the beloved groom and parents remain in the soul of the heroine.

The attitude of the writer to this woman is fatherly warm. He understands her thoughts, her pain. He knows that the war and revolution broke the personal happiness of many, and he writes this very story about one of the victims.
Bunin uses pictorial and expressive means. Among them are epithets - "early", "cold" - reflecting autumn, personification - "the windows of the house are shining", metaphors - "twigs showered with stars." All means create a special, soft atmosphere in the work. The love of a girl and her groom, the silence of a beautiful evening, the twinkling of the stars, eternity ...

This is a story - a memory. A memory through a dream of her whole life, as the heroine herself put it in the text. Nostalgia dear to her heart lives in her memory and heart forever. Ivan Bunin has such a subtle understanding of the mental organization of people. In particular, this work of his is profound from a psychological point of view. Small in size, the story absorbs the tragedy of one gentle soul. Her simple happiness was stolen by the opposition of powers and the arms race. But there are so many of those who only want to live in tranquility and appreciate every moment of life, as the heroine appreciated that cool autumn evening.

Analysis of the work Cold Autumn by Bunin

The work called "Cold Autumn" was written by Bunin in 1944 in May. It is also included in the author's cycle "Dark Alleys". The plot of the work is quite voluminous and significant.

Genre of the work: story. Even if this is just a story, it contains so much information, as well as emotions, that it could be considered a whole novel. In the story itself, the events stretch out over thirty years. If we briefly describe the events that take place in the plot itself, then it becomes clear that the two main characters fall in love, after which, naturally, they want to get married and live together, raise children and create a strong family. But one event intervenes, which spoils the beautiful picture of a friendly family and the love of the heroes. After all, the fact is that war has been declared. Which means that the main character, the guy, will have to go to war. And before that, when no one suspects anything yet, an important event occurs for the young - an engagement, which coincides with her father's birthday. At the very moment when the engagement is announced, they declare war. This means that the event is joyful - it will have to be postponed.

Bunin shows how bitter the girl is, and the guy too. But both hold on, not showing their disappointment and fear of the upcoming events. In addition, the author does not name his heroes in the story itself. And this is quite common for a given author, because he considers it not the very name of the main or secondary heroes that is important, but the very essence and thought embedded in this work. Also, there are no portrait characteristics at all, which also characterizes Bunin as a writer. He simply describes the events, and the reader himself can already see from the actions of the heroes what they are as a person. This is always interesting, since reading between the lines develops a person, giving him the opportunity to learn to understand people.

Bunin was able to describe his characters as very realistic people; he did not add any too colorful details to their descriptions or to the plot itself. Everything looks very natural and realistic, which is perceived well. But in his work there are many beautiful, almost insignificant in appearance, details, which nevertheless make the story very interesting and colorful in terms of emotions. For example: "eyes shining with tears", "glasses", "cigarette" and others. It is to these details that, as it sometimes seems, is given even too much attention than the characters themselves in their description, which is very mean.

If you still try to describe the main characters, then you can still find, after reading only the whole story, that the guy is smart, delicate and very brave. His girlfriend is also smart and beautiful. In addition, both are very proud, and do not show their feelings too much, especially in public.

Several interesting compositions

• The composition of the Great Patriotic War in the literature of the 20th century

  When pronouncing only the words "The Great Patriotic War" I immediately imagine a battle and battles for my homeland, many years have passed, but that pain is still in the soul and hearts of people who lost their relatives in those days

• Analysis of the work of Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare grade 8

  “Romeo and Juliet is rightfully a masterpiece of world literature. The play, written back in 1595, does not lose its relevance among our contemporaries. Even those who have never held a volume of Shakespeare's plays in their hands know the essence of the work.

There are many different trees growing in the park. In autumn, all leaves turn red, yellow and brown. Some are still green. All trees are bright and colorful. It's so beautiful! Part of the leaves falls to the ground.

• Essay Summer Day

  In summer, morning comes especially quickly, the joyful, round, well-fed sun is in a hurry to roll out over the horizon as soon as possible in order to have time to properly warm the air ringing from the warmth by lunchtime. Wake up in an early summer morning

• Composition My favorite tree (Birch, oak, apple)

  Birch is a symbol of our country. The beauty of its white trunk with black stripes, rustling heart-shaped leaves, "earrings" swaying in the wind have fascinated Russian people for a long time

The general meaning of all the works of I.A. Bunin about love can be conveyed by a rhetorical question: "Is love infrequent?" So, in his cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" (1943), there is probably not a single work dedicated to happy love. Either way, this feeling is short-lived and ends dramatically, if not tragically. But Bunin claims that, in spite of everything, love is beautiful. She, albeit for a short moment, illuminates a person's life and gives him meaning for further existence.

So, in the story "Cold Autumn" the storyteller, having lived a long and very difficult life, sums it up: life? And I answer myself: only that cold autumn evening. " Only that cold autumn evening, when she said goodbye to her fiancé, who was leaving for the war. So light and, at the same time, sad and heavy in her soul.

Only at the end of the evening did the heroes start talking about the worst thing: what if the beloved does not return from the war? What if they kill him? The heroine does not want and cannot even think about it: “I thought:“ What if they really kill? and will I really forget it at some time - after all, in the end everything is forgotten? " And hastily answered, frightened by her thought: “Don't say that! I will not survive your death! "

The heroine's fiance was indeed killed. And the girl survived his death - this is a feature of human nature. The storyteller even got married and gave birth to a child. After the 1917 revolution, she had to wander around Russia, endure many humiliations, dirty work, illness, the death of her husband, the alienation of her daughter. And so, at the end of the years, thinking about her life, the heroine comes to the conclusion that there was only one love in her life. Moreover, in her life there was only one autumn night, which illuminated the entire life of a woman. This is her life meaning, her support and support.

The storyteller in her bitter life, cut off from her homeland, is warmed by only one memory, one thought: "You live, rejoice in the world, then come to me ..." I lived, I was glad, now I will come soon. "

So, the main part of the story, which has a circular composition, is a description of a cold autumn evening, the last in the life of the characters together. From the words of the girl's father, we learn that the Austrian crown prince was killed in Sarajevo. This meant that a war would inevitably begin. The heroine's beloved, who was her own, dear person in her family, had to go to the front.

On the same sad evening, he was declared the heroine's fiancé. Ironically, their first evening as bride and groom was also their last. That is why the whole evening, in the perception of the narrator and her lover, was permeated with light sadness, nagging melancholy, fading beauty. As well as the cold autumn evening that surrounded the heroes in the garden.

Everyday details are of great importance in the story, which turn into psychological ones in the work. So, the heroine accurately lists all the dates that "surrounded" the described events. She remembers everything in great detail, although thirty years have passed and behind her is a very difficult life. This suggests that this evening was very significant for the woman.

The last homemade dinner is described psychologically subtly. All its participants sat in suspense, thinking that this might be their last evening together. But everyone threw in insignificant words, masking their tension and what they really wanted to say.

But finally the young people were left alone. The beloved invites the storyteller to take a walk in the autumn garden. He quotes lines from a poem by Fet. They, to some extent, predict both his fate and the fate of their couple:

Look - among the blackening pines

As if a fire is rising ...

And then the hero adds: “It's still sad. Sad and good. I love you very, very much ... ”What simple and, at the same time, piercing words! Young people love each other, but they cannot be together. This, according to Bunin's theory, is simply impossible. After all, love is always just a flash, only a short moment, burning for a lifetime ...

The next morning the hero left, as it turned out, forever. A “fatal bag” with an icon was put on his neck, but he did not save the heroine's beloved from death. The narrator returned to the house, not noticing the sunny morning and not feeling joy from it. Bunin subtly conveys her state on the verge of hysteria, a huge emotional experience: "... not knowing what to do with myself now and whether to cry or sing at the top of my voice ..."

Many years have passed since then. But the elderly heroine in Nice all comes back and comes back in memory for this evening and with hope awaits imminent death. What else is left for her? Poor old age, deprived of the support of the only loved one - a daughter.

The image of the heroine's daughter in the story is very important. Bunin shows that a person cut off from his roots, far from his homeland, loses the main thing - his soul: “she became completely French, very pretty and completely indifferent to me, served in a chocolate shop near Madlane, wrapped boxes in satin paper and tied them with gold laces ... "

The storyteller's daughter is a doll that has lost its essence behind material tinsel.

"Cold Autumn" ... The title of the story is symbolic. This is a specific designation of the time frame of what is happening in the story. It is also a symbol of the first and last evening in the lives of the heroes. It is also a symbol of the heroine's entire life. This is also the designation of the life of all emigrants who lost their homeland after 1917 ... It is also a symbol of the state that comes after the loss of a flash of love ...

Cold autumn ... It is inevitable, but it also enriches a person, because he has the most valuable thing - memories.

During the Great Patriotic War, being in exile at that time and living at the Villa Jeannette in Grasse, I.A. Bunin created the best of all that he wrote - the cycle of stories "Dark Alleys". In it, the writer made an unprecedented attempt: he wrote thirty-eight times "about the same thing" - about love. However, the result of this amazing constancy is striking: each time Bunin tells about love in a new way, and the acuteness of the communicated "details of feelings" is not dulled, but even intensified.

One of the best stories in the cycle is Cold Autumn. The writer wrote about him: “I am very moved by the Cold Autumn”. It was created on May 3, 1944. This story stands out from the others. Usually Bunin leads the story from the third person, into which the hero's confession is wedged, his memory of some bright moment in his life, of his love. And in describing the feeling, Bunin follows a certain pattern: a meeting - a sudden rapprochement - a dazzling flash of feelings - an inevitable separation. And more often than not, the writer talks about a somewhat forbidden love. Here, Bunin refuses both impersonal narration and the usual scheme. The story is told on behalf of the heroine, which gives the work a subjective color and makes it at the same time unbiased, accurate in expressing the feelings experienced by the heroes. But there is still an all-seeing author: he manifests himself in the organization of the material, in the characteristics of the heroes, and involuntarily we learn from him in advance about what will happen, we feel it.

The violation of the scheme is that the heroine's story begins, as it were, from the middle. We do not know anything about how and when love was born. The heroine begins her story with the last meeting in the life of two loving people. Before us is a denouement, a technique not typical for "Dark Alleys": the lovers and their parents have already agreed on a wedding, and the "inevitable separation" is due to the war in which the hero is killed. This suggests that Bunin in this story writes not only about love.

The plot of the work is quite simple. All events are presented sequentially, one after the other. The story opens with an extremely short exposition: here we learn about the time when the main events took place, a little about the heroes of the story. The plot is the murder of Ferdinand and the moment when the heroine's father brings newspapers to the house and informs about the beginning of the war. Very smoothly, Bunin brings us to the denouement, which is contained in one sentence:

They killed him (what a strange word!) A month later, in Galicia.

The subsequent narration is already an epilogue (a story about the later life of the narrator): time passes, the heroine's parents pass away, she lives in Moscow, gets married, moves to Yekaterinodar. After the death of her husband, he wanders around Europe with the daughter of his nephew, who, together with his wife, drove off to Wrangel and disappeared without a trace. And now, when her story is being told, she lives alone in Nice, remembering that cold autumn evening.

The time frame in the work as a whole is preserved. Only in one place the chronology is violated. In general, the internal time of the story can be divided into three groups: "past the first" (cold autumn), "past the second" (thirty years of later life) and the present (living in Nice, the time of storytelling). "The First Past" ends with a message about the death of the hero. Here time seems to end and we are transported to the present:

And now, as many as thirty years have passed since then.

At this point, the story is divided into two parts, sharply opposed to each other: a cold autumn evening and "life without him", which seemed so impossible. Then the chronology of time is restored. And the words of the hero "You live, rejoice in the world, then come to me ..." at the end of the story seem to bring us back to that cold autumn, which is mentioned at the beginning.

Another feature of the time in "Cold Autumn" is that not all the events that make up the plot of the work are covered in the same detail. More than half of the story is occupied by the twists and turns of one evening, while the events of thirty years of life are listed in one paragraph. When the heroine talks about an autumn evening, time seems to slow down. The reader, together with the heroes, plunges into a state of half-sleep, every breath, every rustle is heard. Time seems to be suffocating.

The space of the story combines two planes: local (heroes and their inner circle) and historical and geographical background (Ferdinand, Wrangel, Sarajevo, World War I, cities and countries of Europe, Yekaterinodar, Novocherkassk, etc.). Thanks to this, the space of the story expands to the world limits. At the same time, the historical and geographical background is not only a background, it is not just a decoration. All the named historical, cultural and geographical realities are directly related to the heroes of the story and to what is happening in their lives. The love drama takes place against the backdrop of the First World War, or rather its beginning. Moreover, it is the cause of the ongoing tragedy:

On Peter's day, a lot of people came to us - it was my father's birthday, and at dinner he was declared my fiancé. But on July 19, Germany declared war on Russia ...

Bunin's condemnation of the war is obvious. The writer, as it were, tells us that this world tragedy is at the same time a common tragedy of love, because it destroys it, hundreds of people suffer from the fact that a war has begun and precisely for the reason that loved ones are separated by it, often forever. This is also confirmed by the fact that Bunin in every possible way draws our attention to the typicality of this situation. Often this is stated directly:

I was also involved in trade, I sold, how many sell then ...

Later, how many wherever I wandered with her! ..

There are few characters, as in any story: the hero, the heroine, her father and mother, her husband and his nephew with his wife and daughter. None of them have names! This confirms the idea expressed above: they are not specific people, they are one of those who suffered first from the First World War, and then from the civil one.

To convey the inner state of the heroes, "secret psychologism" is used. Very often Bunin uses words with the meaning of indifference, calmness: "insignificant" "exaggeratedly calm" words, "feigned simplicity", "absentmindedly looked", "sighed lightly", "responded indifferently" and others. This is a manifestation of subtle Bunin psychologism. The heroes try to hide their excitement, which is growing by the minute. We are witnessing a great tragedy. Silence all around, but it is dead. Everyone understands and feels that this is their last meeting, this evening - and this will never happen again, nothing will happen next. From this and "touching and creepy", "sad and good." The hero is almost sure that he will never return to this house, which is why he is so sensitive to everything that happens around him: he notices that “the windows of the house are shining very especially, like the autumn,” the shine of her eyes, “completely winter air”. He walks from corner to corner, she decided to play solitaire. The conversation doesn't go well. Emotional tragedy reaches its climax.

The landscape is also dramatic. Approaching the balcony door, the heroine sees how “ice stars” sparkle “brightly and sharply” in the garden, in the black sky; going out into the garden - "in the brightening sky, black branches, showered with minerally shining stars." In the morning, during his departure, everything around is joyful, sunny, sparkling with frost on the grass. And the house remains empty - forever. And one can feel the "amazing incompatibility" between them (the heroes of the story) and the nature around them. It is no coincidence that the pines from Fet's poem, which the hero recalls, become “blackening” (in Fet's - “dormant”). Bunin condemns the war. Any. It disrupts the natural order of things, destroys the ties between man and nature, makes the heart blacken and kills love.

But this is not the most important thing in the story "Cold Autumn".

Once Leo Tolstoy said to Bunin: "There is no happiness in life, there is only its lightning - appreciate them, live them." The hero, leaving for the front, asked the heroine to live and be happy in the world (if he is killed). Was there any joy in her life? She herself answers this question: there was “only that cold autumn evening”, and that’s all, “the rest is an unnecessary dream.” And nevertheless, this evening "was all the same." And the past years of her life, in spite of everything, seem to her "that magical, incomprehensible, incomprehensible mind or heart, which is called the past." That painfully alarming "cold autumn" was the very lightning of happiness that Tolstoy advised to appreciate.

Whatever happens in a person's life - it "still was"; it is this - the magical past, it is about it that the memory keeps memories.

Review of Bunin's story "Cold Autumn" from the cycle "Dark Alleys". This cycle was written by Ivan Bunin in exile when he was seventy years old. Despite the fact that Bunin spent a long time in exile, the writer did not lose the sharpness of the Russian language. This is evident in this cycle of stories. All stories are dedicated to love, only in each of them the author showed different facets of love. In this cycle, love is present as a carnal attraction and as a sublime feeling. Compositionally, the story "Cold Autumn" is divided into two parts. Before and after the death of the main character's beloved. The line dividing the story and the life of the heroine into two parts is drawn very clearly and clearly. The heroine tells about her past in such a way that it seems to the reader that all events are taking place at the present moment. This illusion arises due to the fact that the author describes everything in such small details that a whole picture appears in front of the reader's eyes, having form, color and sound. The story "Cold Autumn", in my opinion, can be called historical, although the story in this story has been changed. In the first part of the story, events develop rapidly, reaching the culmination of the story. On June 15, the crown prince was killed, on Petrov's day at dinner he was declared the protagonist's fiancé, and on July 19, Germany declared war ... In my opinion, the author put an ellipsis in this place for a reason. He is declared a groom and immediately an idyll of a happy family life is drawn in the reader's head, but in the next phrase, war is declared. And all dreams and hopes collapse in an instant. Further, the author focuses on the farewell party. He was called to the front. In September he comes to say goodbye before leaving. This evening, the bride's father pronounces the phrase: - Surprisingly early and cold autumn! This phrase is pronounced as a statement of fact. At the end of the story, the heroine will say that that cold autumn, that autumn evening is all that she had in her life. This evening is described in great detail, each action of the heroes is described.

The story "cold autumn" was written by I.A. Bunin in 1944. This is a difficult time for the whole world. The second world war is going on. She greatly influenced the life of Bunin. He, already in exile from the USSR in France, was forced to leave Paris, since German troops entered it.

The action of the story begins at the beginning of the First World War, in which Russia was dragged into European intrigues. The betrothed family is crumbling because of the war. He goes to war. And from their love they have only one autumn evening. This is the evening of goodbye. He dies in the war. After the death of her parents, she sells the remnants of property in the market, where she meets an elderly retired military man, whom she marries and with whom she travels to the Kuban. They lived in the Kuban and Don for two years and, during a hurricane, fled to Turkey. Her husband dies on the ship from typhus. She had only three close people: her husband's nephew, his wife and their seven-month-old daughter. The nephew and his wife disappeared without a trace, having left for the Crimea. And she was left with the girl in her arms. She repeats the route of emigration of Bunin (Constantinople-Sofia-Belgrade-Paris). The girl grows up and remains in Paris. The main character moves to Nice, located not far from the place of residence of Bunin during the fascist occupation of France. She realizes that her life has passed "like an unnecessary dream." All life except the autumn evening of farewell to your beloved. This evening is all that was in her life. And she feels that she will soon die and thus reunite with him.

Such power can be possessed by love that the death of a loved one leads to the devastation of the life of the lover. And this is tantamount to death while alive.

In this story, one hears a protest against the war, as a weapon of mass murder of people and as the most terrible phenomenon of life. In "Cold Autumn" Bunin draws an analogy of the main character with himself. He himself lived in a foreign land for over thirty years. And in the conditions of the fascist occupation, Bunin wrote "Dark Alleys" - a story of love.

Question number 26

The theme of nature in the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Feta

A. A. Fet- a representative of "pure art" or "art for art". In Russian poetry, it is difficult to find a poet more "major" than he is. The poet relied on the philosophy of Schopenhauer, a philosopher who denied the role of reason, art is unconscious creativity, a gift from God, the artist's goal is beauty. The beautiful is nature and love, philosophical reflections on them. Nature and love are the main themes of Fet's lyrics.

The poem "I came to you with greetings ..." became a kind of poetic manifesto of Fet. Three poetic subjects - nature, love and song - are closely related to each other, penetrate each other, forming the Feta universe of beauty. Using the technique of personification, Fet animates nature, she lives with him: "the forest has woken up", "the sun has risen." And the lyrical hero is full of thirst for love and creativity.

Fet's impressions of the world around him are conveyed in vivid images "A fire blazes like a bright sun in the forest ...":

A fire blazes with a bright sun in the forest,

And, shrinking, the juniper bursts;

Like drunken giants, a crowd of chorus,

Flushed, the fir-tree staggers.

One gets the impression that a hurricane is raging in the forest, swaying the mighty trees, but then you become more and more convinced that the night depicted in the poem is quiet and windless. It turns out that this is just the glare from the fire, giving the impression that the trees are wobbling. But it was this first impression, and not the giant spruces themselves, that the poet sought to capture.

Fet deliberately depicts not the object itself, but the impression that this object makes. He is not interested in details and details, is not attracted by fixed, complete forms, he seeks to convey the variability of nature, the movement of the human soul:

Every bush buzzed with bees,

Happiness was heavy over the heart,

I trembled so that from timid lips

Your confession did not go away ...

This creative task is helped to him by a kind of pictorial means: not a clear line, but blurred outlines, not a color contrast, but shades, halftones, imperceptibly passing into one another. The poet reproduces in the word not an object, but an impression. We first encounter such a phenomenon in Russian literature in Fet.

The poet does not so much liken nature to man as he fills it with human emotions. Fet's poems are saturated with aromas, the smell of herbs, "fragrant nights", "fragrant dawns":

Your luxurious wreath is fresh and fragrant

Incense of all flowers in it is audible ...

But sometimes the poet still manages to stop the moment, and then a picture of the frozen world is created in the poem:

The mirror moon floats across the azure desert,

Steppe grasses are strewn with evening moisture,

Abrupt speech, the heart is again superstitious,

Long shadows in the distance drowned in the hollow.

Here, each line captures a short, complete impression, and there is no logical connection between these impressions.

In the poem "Whisper, timid breathing ..." the rapid change of static pictures gives the verse an amazing dynamism, airiness, gives the poet the opportunity to depict the subtlest transitions from one state to another. Without a single verb, only in short nominative sentences, like an artist with bold strokes, Fet conveys a tense lyrical experience.

The poem has a specific plot: it describes a meeting of lovers in the garden. In just 12 lines, the author managed to express a whole bunch of feelings, subtly convey all the shades of emotions. The poet does not depict in detail the development of relationships, but recreates only the most important moments of this great feeling.

In this poem, momentary sensations are perfectly conveyed, and, alternating them, Fet conveys the state of the heroes, and the course of the night, and the consonance of nature to the human soul, and the happiness of love. The lyrical hero seeks to "stop the moment", to capture the most precious and sweetest moments of communication with his beloved, with beauty, with nature, with God himself: the whisper and breath of the beloved, the sounds of a stream flowing by, the first timid rays of the approaching dawn, his delight and rapture.

Thus, the main themes of Fet's lyrics - nature and love, seem to be fused together. It is in them, as in a single melody, that all the beauty of the world, all the joy and charm of being are united.

TYUTCHIV Being a contemporary of Pushkin, F. I. Tyutchev, nevertheless, was ideologically connected with another generation - the generation of "wisdom", which sought not so much to actively intervene in life as to comprehend it. This penchant for knowledge of the world around and self-knowledge led Tyutchev to a completely original philosophical and poetic concept.

Lyrics Tyutchev thematically can be presented as philosophical, civic, landscape and love. However, these themes are very closely intertwined in every poem, where a passionate feeling gives rise to a deep philosophical thought about the existence of nature and the universe, about the connection of human existence with universal life, about love, life and death, about human destiny and the historical destinies of Russia.

Tyutchev's perception of the world is characterized by the perception of the world as a dual substance. Ideal and demonic - these are two principles that are in constant struggle. The existence of life is impossible if one of the principles is absent, for there must be balance in everything. So, for example, in the poem "Day and Night" these two states of nature are opposed to each other:

Day - this shining veil -

Day - liveliness of the earthly,

Healing of a sick soul,

Friend of man and gods.

Tyutchev's day is filled with life, joy and boundless happiness. But he is only an illusion, a ghostly veil thrown over the abyss. The night is of a completely different character:

And the abyss is bared to us,

With your fears and haze

And there are no barriers between her and us:

That is why the night is terrible for us.

The image of the abyss is inextricably linked with the image of the night; this abyss is that primordial chaos from which everything came and into which everything will go. He attracts and frightens at the same time. Night leaves a person alone not only with cosmic darkness, but also alone with himself. The night world seems to Tyutchev to be true, for the true world, in his opinion, is incomprehensible, and it is the night that allows a person to touch the secrets of the universe and his own soul. The day is dear to the human heart because it is simple and understandable. Night gives rise to a feeling of loneliness, lost in space, helplessness in front of unknown forces. This, according to Tyutchev, is precisely the true position of man in this world. Maybe that's why he calls the night "holy."

The quatrain "The Last Cataclysm" prophesies the last hour of nature in grandiose images that herald the end of the old world order:

When the last hour of nature strikes

The composition of the parts will collapse earthly:

Water will cover everything visible again,

And God's face will be depicted in them.

Tyutchev's poetry shows that the new society never emerged from the state of "chaos." Modern man has not fulfilled his mission to the world, he has not allowed the world to ascend with him to beauty, to reason. Therefore, the poet has many poems in which a person is, as it were, called back into the element as having failed to fulfill his own role.

Poems "Silentium!" (Silence) - a complaint about the isolation, hopelessness in which our soul dwells:

Shut up, hide and thai

And their feelings and dreams ...

The true life of a person is the life of his soul:

Only be able to live in yourself -

There is a whole world in your soul

Mysteriously magical thoughts ...

It is not by chance that images of a starry night, pure underground keys are associated with inner life, and images of daytime rays and external noise are associated with outer life. The world of human feelings and thoughts is a true world, but unknowable. As soon as a thought is clothed in a verbal form, it is instantly distorted: "A spoken thought is a lie."

Tyutchev tries to view things in contradiction. In the poem "Gemini" he writes:

There are twins - for the terrestrial

Two deities - then Death and Sleep ...

Tyutchev's twins are not doubles, they do not echo each other, one is a feminine kind, the other is masculine, each has its own meaning; they coincide with each other, but they are also at enmity. For Tyutchev, it was natural to find everywhere polar forces, unified and, nevertheless, dual, consistent with each other and facing each other.

"Nature", "elements", "chaos" on the one hand, space on the other. These are perhaps the most important of those polarities that Tyutchev reflected in his poetry. By separating them, he penetrates deeper into the unity of nature in order to bring the divided together again.