During the reign of Peter the Great in Russia, the foundations of a new direction in literature began to be laid. Signs of classicism originated in Italy in the 16th century. A hundred years later, the direction reached its highest development in France during the reign of Louis 14, who claims
The origin of classicism and general characteristics of the era
The ideological basis for the formation of a literary movement is the establishment of a strong state power. The main goal of classicism was the glorification of the absolute monarchy. Translated from Latin, the term classicus means "exemplary". The signs of classicism in literature derive their origins from antiquity, and the work of N. Boileau "Poetic Art" (1674) becomes the theoretical basis. It introduces the concept of three unities and speaks of the strict correspondence of content and form.
Philosophical basis of classicism
The metaphysics of the rationalist Rene Descartes influenced the formation of this literary movement. The main conflict among the classics is the confrontation between reason and passions. Styles of the artistic system were created in accordance with the division of all genres into high, medium and low.
The main signs of classicism imply the use (of time, place and action) and normative poetics, because of which the natural development began to slow down. The class-feudal hierarchy is reflected in the aristocratic nature of classicism. The heroes are mainly representatives of the nobility, who are the bearers of virtue. High civic pathos and a sense of patriotism subsequently became the basis for the formation of other literary movements.
Signs of classicism in literature. Features of Russian classicism
In Russia, this literary movement began to form at the end of the 17th century. that the works of Russian classicists reveal a connection with N. Boileau, classicism in Russia is significantly different. It began its active development after the death of Peter the Great, when the clergy and nobles tried to return the state to pre-Petrine times. The following signs of classicism are inherent exclusively in the Russian direction:
- It is more humane, as it was formed under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment.
- It affirmed the natural equality of all people.
- The main conflict took place between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie.
- Russia had its own antiquity - Russian history.
Odic poetry of classicism, the work of Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilievich was not only a natural scientist, but also a writer. He strictly adhered to the signs of classicism, and his classical odes can be divided into several thematic groups:
- Victorious patriotic. "An ode to the capture of Khotin" (1739) was attached to the letter on the rules of Russian poetry. The work widely uses symbolism and introduces the collective image of the Russian soldier.
- Odes associated with the accession to the throne of the monarch, in which the signs of classicism are especially clearly traced. Lomonosov wrote works addressed to Empress Anna, Elizabeth, Catherine II. A laudable ode was presented to the writer as the most convenient formal conversation with the monarch.
- Spiritual. In the 18th century, they called the transposition of biblical texts with lyrical content. Here the author spoke not only about personal experiences, but also about universal human issues.
Odes of Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich adhered to writing works of an exceptionally high genre, which was characterized by a solemn language, the use and addresses - these are the main signs of classicism in ode. Lomonosov turns to heroic and patriotic themes, glorifies the beauties of the homeland and calls on the people to engage in science. He had a positive attitude towards the monarchy and in "Ode on the day of accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna" reflects this idea. As Mikhail Vasilievich, he directs efforts to educate the entire population of Russia, therefore he gives his followers a rich literary heritage.
How to distinguish a classic piece? Signs of classicism in the comedy "Minor"
Conditional division of characters into positive and negative | |
The use of speaking surnames | Skotinin, Vralman - negative characters; Milon, Pravdin - positive. |
The presence of a hero-resonator | |
Rule of Three Unities (Time, Place, Action) | Events take place in the house of Prostakova during the day. The main conflict is love. |
The heroes behave according to the specifics of the genre - low and mean | The speech of Prostakova and other negative characters is vile, simple, and their behavior confirms this. |
The work consists of actions (usually there are 5) and phenomena, and the subject of conversation in classical comedy is the state. The author also observes these signs of classicism in "Nedorosl" and "Brigadier".
The innovative character of Fonvizin's comedies
Denis Ivanovich began his literary activity with the translation of European texts, while he managed to play roles in the drama theater. In 1762, his comedy "The Brigadier" was presented, and then "Korion". The signs of classicism are best traced in "The Minor" - the most recognizable work of the author. The peculiarity of his work lies in the fact that he opposes government policy and denies the existing forms of landlord rule. He sees as ideal a monarchy, fenced off by law, which allows the development of the bourgeois class and allows the importance of a person outside of class affiliation. Similar views were reflected in his publicistic works.
"Brigadier": idea and summary
Fonvizin shows himself as a playwright when creating his comedies. The production of "The Brigadier" was a huge success with the audience due to the presentation of the collective image of the whole class. The basis is a plot-love conflict. It is not easy to identify the main character, since each does not exist by itself, but complements the collective image of the Russian nobility. The love story traditional for classic comedy is used by the playwright for satirical purposes. All heroes are united by stupidity and stinginess, they are strictly divided into positive and negative - the main features of classicism in comedy are clearly preserved. The playwright achieved the comic effect by the complete inconsistency of the characters' behavior with common sense and moral norms. "Brigadier" for Russian literature was a new genre phenomenon - it is a comedy of mores. Fonvizin explains the actions of the characters by the everyday environment. His satire is not specific, since it does not denote individual carriers of social vices.
The head of the brigade and his wife decide to marry their son Ivanushka to the clever and beautiful Sophia, the daughter of the adviser, who, observing the behavior of this family, does not want to enter into kinship with them. The groom himself also has no feelings for the bride, and when he finds out that she is in love with Dobrolyubov, he convinces the mother of this undertaking. An intrigue arises in the house: the foreman falls in love with the adviser, and the adviser falls in love with the foreman's wife, but in the end everything falls into place and only Sophia and Dobrolyubov remain happy.
"Minor": idea and summary
In the work, the main thing is the socio-political conflict. "Minor" is the most recognizable comedy of classicism, the signs of which are three unities, a strict division into positive and negative characters, and speaking surnames - Fonvizin successfully observes. For the author, there are two categories of nobles: malevolent and progressive. The theme of the poverty of serfdom in Russia is openly heard. The playwright's innovation is manifested in the creation of positive images, which, according to the plan, were supposed to have an educational effect, but he continues to retain the signs of classicism. In the comedy "The Minor", the character of Prostakova was a kind of discovery for Fonvizin. This heroine represents the image of a Russian landowner - narrow-minded, greedy, rude, but loving her son. Despite all the typicality, individual character traits are revealed in it. A number of researchers saw features of enlightenment realism in comedy, while others drew attention to the normative poetics of classicism.
The Prostakov family plans to marry their mediocre Mitrofanushka to the clever Sophia. Mother and father despise education and argue that knowledge of grammar and arithmetic is useless, nevertheless, they hire the son of teachers: Tsyfirkin, Vralman, Kuteikin. Mitrofan has a rival - Skotinin, the brother of Prostakova, who wants to marry out of the desire to become the owner of villages with pigs. However, a worthy husband Milo is found for the girl; Sophia's uncle, Starodum, approves of their union.
1. Conflict of the comedy "Minor".
2. Traditions of classicism and innovation of DI Fonvizin.
3. "Minor" is a realistic comedy.
Literature of the 18th century, during a general national upsurge, formed a civic consciousness in society. The classicists promoted the ideas of equality of people, humanism, the principle of common benefit, the responsibility of the authorities to the people. They considered it their duty to benefit the fatherland. The classicists strove for a truthful depiction of life, talked about urgent problems of society, they are characterized by civic pathos and patriotism. But the drama of that time was also enriched with works that went beyond the framework of classicism. Such is the comedy of DI Fonvizin "The Minor". The comedy was completed in 1781. Her pathos was determined by the political acuteness and commitment of Fonvizin to the ideals of human freedom.
The main theme of the comedy, its conflict is indicated by the author at the very beginning, it is the tyranny of the landowners and the lack of rights of the serf. The struggle of the progressive nobility against the serfs is a dramatic conflict of the "Minor". On the side of the progressive nobility are Pravdin and Starodum, the serf-owners - the Prostakovs and Skotinins. Fonvizin convinces us that serfdom is destructive, we must fight against it. It corrupts the serfs themselves, who lose their human qualities in dealing with serfs, who feel omnipotent. The author wanted to show in his work the deeds and morals of serf-owners, born of serfdom. It is feudal tyranny, and not the struggle for Sophia's hand, that is the main theme of "Under-Growing". The portrayal of applicants for her hand is another opportunity to carefully consider the representatives of the "noble class", depicted in a comic light. Any plot, according to Fonvizin, cannot be the basis of a dramatic work. It was based on the conflict of the era.
Literary critic G. P. Makogonenko believes that "Under-Growth" is a political comedy, since the innovative features in it determined precisely the political convictions of the author. There is a plot that conveys a real historical conflict; positive heroes with traits of noble enlighteners.
The play continues the traditions of classicism. According to GA Gukovsky, Fonvizin's artistic thinking has always "retained a clear imprint of this school." "Under-growth" is a phenomenon of late Russian classicism, which was influenced by the educational ideology. This production combines touching and comic, destroying the usual genre forms. The characters of the heroes are complex, contradictory, there is no division of them only into positive and negative, as required by the principles of classicism. But the goodies, following the canons of classicism, in "Nedoroslya" have one characteristic feature. The power of the traditions of classicism was preserved in the speaking surnames of the heroes, in maintaining the symmetry in the distribution of negative and positive characters. The speech of the heroes in the play conveys the characters of the characters, but the hero-reasoner, in classicistic works - the bearer of the author's opinion, is also present, this is the noble Starodum. The main idea of classicism is the idea of enlightenment. In The Minor, it gets a different interpretation: enlightenment is important, but virtue is more important than mind. The triunity of time, place and action is violated: instead of one problem, the author touches on a number of equally important ones.
Fonvizin realism - truthfulness, historical concreteness of images, especially clearly manifested itself in the creation of the characters of Eremeevna and Prostakova, showing the complexity of their nature. The images of Starodum and Pravdin are also living characters, readers even "recognized" their prototypes, the noble enlighteners. Realism helped Fonvizin move away from literary clichés, the author was the first to take a step towards creating a hero-progressive figure. Starodum, Pravdin and Milon are written out in general terms, without details of the biography, inner world. But the image of Starodum is more significant in this respect.
Fonvizin created a new type of realistic comedy: he put not a ready-made plot at its basis, but a real historical conflict that affects all heroes. Conflicts in the home, according to the author, are a reflection of conflicts in the country. The behavior of Prostakova, for example, proceeds from the decree on the freedom of the nobility. Her condemnation means that serfdom is condemned in her person. But high content does not mean for the author a rejection of the comic. But this is an accusatory comedy, and sometimes with bitter irony. The Russian public comedy begins with "Minor". Fonvizin gave the comedy a social depth and a sharp satirical focus. The author denounces vice - feudal practice, aristocratic "malice" and seeks to show its reasons: wrong upbringing, ignorance of people.
According to GA Gukovsky, "The Minor" is "half-comedy, half-drama." The genre originality of the work is that the basis of the play is a classic comedy, updated with serious and touching scenes: Pravdin's conversation with Starodum, Starodum's conversations with Sophia and Milon. The finale combines moralizing and touching. Prostakova was punished, but I feel sorry for her.
Fonvizin's traditions were continued by his followers - A. Griboyedov with his "Woe from Wit" and N. V. Gogol with "The Inspector General". Gogol called the comedies of Fonvizin and Griboyedov the most striking works: "They no longer contain light mockery of the funny sides of society, but the wounds and diseases of our society ... Both comedies took on two different eras. One struck illnesses from ignorance, the other from ill-understood enlightenment. ".
Vera Kartashova
8th grade
DI. Fonvizin and his time.
Lesson objectives:
DI. Fonvizin "The Minor".
Equipment:
During the classes.
1. Introduction (slides 1-4)
Satyrs brave lord
… Excellent satirist
video film).
2. Repetition of the past(slides 5)
checking work with cards)
3. Explanation of the new.
slide 7 presentation)
(slide 8)
5. Conversation.
student statements)
between Prostakova and Trishka)
- (Starodum)
6. Work in groups.
1st group (strong students
2nd group (average students
4th and 5th groups (
(slides 9-14)
(slide 15)
"Russian comedy began began
Features of classicism
|
Classic comedy canons | Fonvizin's innovation |
|
Features of classicism
- Referring to examples and forms of antiquity as an ideal
- The principle of rationalism, the cult of reason
- Strict adherence to the rules, the canon in the construction of a work of art
- Observing the unity of place, time and action in the drama
- The desire to capture the essential properties of life phenomena
- Addressing social issues
- Approval of the ideas of absolutism, patriotism, citizenship
- Straightness of presentation of human characters
- Idealization of heroes
Exercise
Preview:
State educational institution of the Omsk region
"Secondary school number 4 (part-time)"
Russian language and literature teacher
Vera Kartashova
Literature lesson outline
8th grade
DI. Fonvizin and his time.
Traditional elements of classicism and innovation in the comedy "The Minor".
Lesson objectives:
- To acquaint students with the personality of D.I. Fonvizin.
- Review the types of literature and features of the drama.
- Create conditions for the formation of an initial concept of various directions in the literature.
- Create conditions for identificationtraditional elements of classicism and innovation in comedy
DI. Fonvizin "The Minor".
5. To reveal the reader's perception of comedy by students.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, computer presentation for the lesson, task cards.
During the classes.
1. Introduction (slides 1-4)
Magic land! There in the old years
Satyrs brave lord
Fonvizin, friend of freedom, shone ...
A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin"
… Excellent satirist
Ignorance was executed in a folk comedy.
A.S. Pushkin. "Message to the censor"
What contributed to the fact that Pushkin so highly appreciated the work of Fonvizin, calling him an excellent satirist? Probably, first of all, the fact that Fonvizin was a master who, using traditions in his work, created an innovative work. What is the playwright's innovation and what traditions he adhered to in his work, we have to find out today.
Acquaintance with the biography of D.I. Fonvizin ( video film).
Fonvizin's literary activity begins in the 60s of the XYIII century. An inquisitive and witty person, he was created in order to become a satirist. And there were enough reasons for bitter laughter in the Russian reality of that time.
DI. Fonvizin is a representative of Russian classicism, one of the literary trends.
What is literary direction? Attention to the screen.
What information did you get from this table?
In connection with what are the literary directions distinguished? (when the creative attitudes, themes, genres and style in the writer's work coincide)
- List the named literary directions.
DI. Fonvizin is a representative of classicism. What is characteristic of this literary movement? We work with a spreadsheet.
Do you understand all the features of classicism? You have a printout of this table on your desks. This is card number 1. In the future, you can use it as a reference material. Mark on the card what you do not understand with a question mark.
Today Kopina Veronika and Breeva Sveta prepared an advanced individual task for the lesson. They will try to answer your questions. What features of classicism do you not understand?
2. Repetition of the past(slides 5)
- Let us recall the types of literature. What kind of literature does the work of Fonvizin you read belong to?
What are the features of a dramatic work? Each of you has card number 2, which indicates the features of the drama. But there are mistakes in the card. Correct them.
So what are the features of the drama? (checking work with cards)
3. Explanation of the new.
The classic comedy was built according to certain canons (slide 7 presentation)
Today we have to find out whether Fonvizin adheres to these rules in his comedy.
But first, let's explain the name of the comedy and get to know the characters.
Who in the 18th century was called a stupid?
What features of character names draw attention to themselves? Can surnames and names be called speaking? (Yes.) Mitrofan from the Greek. "Like a mother", Sophia - "wisdom", etc..)
4. Staging comedy episodes(slide 8)
Comedy heroes are our guests today.
5. Conversation.
There is almost no commentary on the cast of the comedy. Did your initial idea of the characters in the play match what you saw? What features of the heroes of the comedy tried to embody the actors of the drama club? (student statements)
A conflict flares up from the very first pages of the comedy. What is conflict in a work? (collision underlying the development of the action)
Among whom does the collision occur in the first appearance? (between Prostakova and Trishka)
What phrase does Prostakova think to drive Trishka into a dead end? And how does Trishka counter this line?("So, is it really necessary to be a tailor in order to be able to sew a caftan well. What a bestial reasoning. - Why, the tailor studied, madam, but I did not").
Does Prostakova understand the importance and necessity of education?
Why is she hiring teachers?(firstly, she declares: "We are not worse than others," and secondly, there is a decree of Peter 1 on the nobility, according to which each nobleman had to learn different sciences before entering public services, since educated people can bring more benefit to the state)
- What is the theme of Fonvizin's comedy?(the topic of education and upbringing)
- Who else from the heroes of the play opposes Prostakova?(Starodum) ... Write down your homework. Write out quotes about upbringing and enlightenment from the replicas of the heroes of the comedy. Now we will work in groups and individually.
6. Work in groups.I remind you of the rules for working in groups. The discussion is conducted in an undertone. We express all your opinions. The group leader sums up and answers, who has the right to entrust the answer to any of you.
1st group (strong students ) You will conduct a research and answer the question: “What, in your opinion, of the rules and techniques of classical comedy did D.I. Fonvizin, what have you violated? " You have card number 3 - a table of canons for constructing a classic comedy. + note the traditions followed by Fonvizin. In the second box, write the playwright's innovation.
2nd group (average students ) will select quotes from the comedy for these illustrations.
The 3rd group (members of the drama circle) will remember the text and try to restore aphorisms from the comedy, which, unfortunately, crumbled.
4th and 5th groups ( other students, mixed groups). You have the most serious and responsible task. You work individually with a control test based on the USE type. Mark the answer options in the boxes next to the question.
7. Summing up the results of the lesson (reports of groups on the work done, except for the 4th and 5th groups, which pass the completed tests to the teacher)(slides 9-14)
8. Final words of the teacher(slide 15)
Today we met D.I. Fonvizin, made the first attempt to penetrate the secrets of his immortal comedy "The Minor". We will continue the conversation about its heroes, about the problems raised by the author in the next lessons. For this work, highly appreciated by Russian critics, requires careful reading.
"Russian comedy began long before Fonvizin, but started only from Fonvizin. His "Minor" and "Brigadier" made a terrible noise when they appeared and will forever remain in the history of Russian literature, if not art, as one of the most remarkable phenomena. Indeed. These comedies are works of the strong mind. A gifted man. "
So highly appreciated the work of V.G. Fonvizin. Belinsky in the article "Woe from Wit". Let's try to comprehend the secret of the immortal work of D.I. Fonvizin.
Features of classicism
| Classicism as a literary movement Classicism emerged in the first half of the 18th century. During this period, the autocratic system was strengthening in Russia. The main support of the autocracy was the nobility. The literature of classicism served the needs of the absolute state. She preached the idea of citizenship associated with this form of social structure, the idea of an enlightened monarchy. Translated from Latin "classicism" - "exemplary", "first-class". In the 17-18 centuries, works of ancient Greco-Roman art were considered exemplary, worthy of imitation. The study of the works of ancient art allowed the theorists of classicism to deduce the canons by which writers had to follow in artistic creation. Classicist writers believed that human feelings are deceiving, that only with the help of reason can one cognize life and reflect it harmoniously in literature. The rules of classicism provided for the division of literature into strictly defined genres, high (ode, poem, tragedy) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Human characters were outlined one-sidedly, the acting were usually carriers of any one trait. The characters were clearly subdivided into carriers of good or evil. Dramatic works were subject to the rules of three unities. The events took place over the course of one day, in one place, the plot was not complicated by side episodes. |
Classic comedy canons | Fonvizin's innovation |
|
Features of classicism
- Referring to examples and forms of antiquity as an ideal
- The principle of rationalism, the cult of reason
- Strict adherence to the rules, the canon in the construction of a work of art
- Observing the unity of place, time and action in the drama
- The desire to capture the essential properties of life phenomena
- Addressing social issues
- Approval of the ideas of absolutism, patriotism, citizenship
- Straightness of presentation of human characters
- Idealization of heroes
Exercise : Find errors in the peculiarities of drama as a kind of literature.
- The basis of the drama is the narration of events
- A portrait of a hero is the main means of creating an image
- The drama contains an expanded narrative-descriptive image
- The role of landscape and artistic detail is important
- The author's position is expressed through lyrical digression
The ideology of enlightenment formed the basis of the main method of Russian literature of the 18th century (30-80s) - classicism. As an artistic method originated in European art in the 17th century. From the point of view of the classicists, the task of art is to approach the ideal. The shape was determined by the samples, the norm.
The aesthetics of classicism is called normative:
The rule of three unities (time, place, action); the norm requiring the purity of the genre / the rule of the purity of the genre (which determined the problematic, the type of hero, - the plot and style); linguistic norm (determined by Lomonosov's "Russian grammar" in 1755); typical conflicts: between duty and feeling, reason and emotions, public and personal - social issues; the requirement of straightforward portrayal of heroes.
The principles of classicism were brought to Russia by A.P. Sumarokov. In 1747, he published two treatises - Epistola on poetry and Epistola on the Russian language, where he expounds his views on poetry. In fact, these epistles were translated from French, a prephrasing for Russia of Nicolas Boileau's treatise Poetic Art. Sumarokov predetermines that the main theme of Russian classicism will be a social theme dedicated to the interaction of people with society.
Later, a circle of novice playwrights appeared, headed by I. Elagin and theatrical theoretician V. Lukin, who proposed a new literary idea - the so-called. the theory of declensions. Its meaning is that it is only necessary to understandably translate Western comedy into Russian, replacing all the names there. Many similar plays appeared, but in general the idea did not come true. The main significance of Elagin's circle was that it was there that D.I. Fonvizin, who wrote the comedy Nedorosl 'as an example of Russian classicism.
In this comedy, Fonvizin tries to implement the main idea of classicism - to re-educate the world with a reasonable word. Positive heroes talk a lot about morality, life at court, the duty of a nobleman. Negative characters become illustrations of inappropriate behavior. The social positions of the heroes are visible behind the clash of personal interests.
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin was born in 1745 in Moscow. He came from an old noble family, studied at the university gymnasium, then at the philosophy department of the university. Once among the "chosen students" in St. Petersburg to the university curator Count Shuvalov, Fonvizin met Lomonosov, with prominent figures of the Russian theater FG Volkov and I. A Dmitrievsky. Already in the early period of his literary career, doing translations, Fonvizin appears as a progressive-minded person who was influenced by enlightenment ideas. Along with translations, Fonvizin's original works appear, painted in sharply satirical tones.
A feature of Fonvizin's work is the organic combination in most of his works of satirical acuteness with a socio-political orientation. Fonvizin's strength lies in his literary and civic honesty and directness. He courageously and directly opposed social injustice, ignorance and prejudices of his class and his era, exposed landlord and autocratic bureaucratic arbitrariness.
The playwright managed to outline all the essential aspects of the life and customs of the feudal-serf society of the second half of the 18th century. He created expressive portraits of representatives of the feudal landowners, opposing them, on the one hand, to the progressive nobility, and on the other, to the representatives of the people.
Trying to give brightness and persuasiveness to the characters, Fonvizin endowed his characters, especially negative ones, with an individualized language.
Thus, the distinctive features of the comedy "The Minor" are the relevance of the topic, exposure of serfdom. The realism of the created picture of life and customs of the depicted era and a lively spoken language. In terms of the severity of the satirical teaching of the serf system, this comedy is rightfully considered the more outstanding dramatic work of Russian literature of the second half of the 18th century.
The era of enlightenment comes to an end with Fonvizin: disappointment in enlightenment ideas.
Russian classicism and the work of M.V. Lomonosov
The main slogan of classicism is imitation of nature, where everything is clear, precise, subject to the rules. Heroes are clearly divided into positive and negative. Each hero is a bearer of some trait (virtue or vice), which is reflected in the speaking surnames. The principle of three unities: time, place and action. (within 1 day in the same place, the number of characters is limited). A clear division of genres into high (tragedy, epic, ode) and low (comedy, satire, fable).
MV Lomonosov wrote 20 solemn odes. They laid the foundation for the poetry of government service. Lomonosov's ideal was the enlightened monarchy, and the ideal hero was Peter Ӏ.
"Ode to the Day of Ascension ..." is a typical work in the spirit of classicism. It was written on the occasion of the 5th anniversary of Elizabeth's accession, as well as on one more specific occasion: the RAS was granted a new charter. Lomonosov pinned great hopes on him in the spread of education in Russia.
The main theme for the ode was the theme of Russia, its prosperity. Peace is the main condition for the prosperity and education of the state. For Lomonosov, Peter 1 was a national hero, famous for his victories on land and sea, realizing the need for the development of science and education. In Elizaveta Lomonosov wants to see the successor to his father's affairs. The great riches of Russia can be discovered and mastered with the help of science, to the study of which the Russian youth should turn. This is the guarantee of the well-being of the Russian state.
The civic content of the ode is matched by a majestic, monumental and at the same time simple and harmonious composition.
Traditional gratitude to the monarch for the deeds for the good of Russia.
The high solemn style of the ode is created by using Old Slavicisms, words with incomplete accord (this, this, tokmo), truncated forms of adjectives, changing the order of words in a sentence.
In the text of the ode, we find metaphors, archaic words and expressions, personifications, hyperbole, rhetorical questions and exclamations typical of the style of a classical ode.
In Russia, classicism originated in the 18th century, after the transformations of Peter I. Lomonosov carried out a reform of Russian verse, developed the theory of "three calmness" ¹, which was, in fact, an adaptation of the French classical rules to the Russian language. Images in classicism are devoid of individual traits, since they are called upon, first of all, to capture stable generic signs that do not pass over time, acting as the embodiment of any social or spiritual forces.
Classicism in Russia developed under the great influence of the Enlightenment - the ideas of equality and justice have always been in the focus of attention of Russian classicist writers.
"The cycle of poems written by Lomonosov is interesting not only for the exemplary translations of Anakreon, but also for the fact that it reflects the poetic credo of Lomonosov himself. The highest value is declared by the Russian state, Russia. The poet sees the meaning of life in serving the public good. heroic deeds. All this characterizes Lomonosov as a poet-classicist. Moreover, "Conversation with Anacreon" helps to clarify the place of Lomonosov in Russian classicism and, above all, to establish the difference between his civic position and the position of Sumarokov. In Sumarokov's understanding, service to the state was associated with preaching asceticism, with the rejection of personal well-being, carried a pronounced sacrificial principle. These principles are especially clearly reflected in his tragedies. Lomonosov chose a different path. He is equally alien to both the stoicism of Seneca and the spectacular suicide of Cato. He believes in the blissful union of poetry, science and enlightened absolutism. "
Teacher of Russian language and literature Mukhitdinova Dilnoza Rustamovna.
Summary of a lesson on literature in grade 8 "DI Fonvizin. Comedy" Minor ".
Lesson objectives:
Educational - acquaintance with the genre of comedy; identification of the conflict on which the action in the play is based, its causes, connection with the era; consideration of comedy from the standpoint of the canons of classicism and deviations from them.
Developing - creating conditions for the formation of skills and abilities of an analytical nature; express your point of view in a monologue form, solve a problem situation
Educational - fostering the desire to be a truly moral, well-mannered, educated person who knows how to see and appreciate the personality in another person; the formation of the need to live according to the law.
Lesson type: Lesson in the formation of new knowledge.
Main method: analytical conversation with elements of problematic search
Forms : collective, individual.
Technologies : teacher-teacher cooperation.
Equipment: Portrait of D. I. Fonvizin, texts of the comedy "Minor", workbooks on literature,
Board decoration:
record of the topic of the lesson, epigraph:
Satire is "not an innocent scoffing of merry witches, but a thunderstorm of a spirit insulted by the shame of society."
V.G.Belinsky.portrait of the writer, problems, vocabulary to the topic, comedy conflicts.
During the classes
Organizing time.
Homework check.
Reading the poem by G. R. Derzhavin "Monument" by heart.
3. Brief information about D.I. Fonvizin.
Student presentation (pre-assigned assignment)
D.I.Fonvizin (1745-1792) was born into a wealthy noble family, received his education at Moscow University, studied at the university gymnasium, andv 1761-1762 - at the Faculty of Philosophy. At first he wrote satirical works, then he took up translations.
He became interested in theater early. I first saw a performance at the age of 14 and recalled it as a miracle: The actions performed in me by the theater are almost impossible to describe. "
The future playwright showed a vivid imagination early, a heartfeltresponsiveness, irony, humor: "My sharp words rushed around Moscow, as they were sarcastic for many, then the offended announced me as an evil and dangerous boy" ...
In 1762 Fonvizin moved to St. Petersburg and entered the College of Foreign Affairs as a translator. From 1763 to 1769 he served under the leadership of the cabinet minister I.P. Elagin, who was responsible for handling complaints, which allowed him to get to know the court of Catherine II closely.
The first original work is the satirical fable "The Fox-Treasurer", then the first comedy, which enjoyed a resounding success.
The comedy "The Minor" was completed in 1782. "... the theater was packed and the audience applauded the play by throwing wallets."
Student speech (pre-assigned assignment) -records in notebooks.
SATIRE-denouncing, scourging irony
Drama- a kind of literary works, built in the form of a dialogue without the author's speech and intended to be performed on the stage8 works of this kind, serious, but not heroic in content (as opposed to comedy and tragedy).
Remark- an explanation of the author in the text of the play (usually in brackets) related to the setting of the action, the actions of the characters, intonation, facial expressions, etc.
Undergrowth- young people, who did not receive sufficient education and could not be admitted (did not grow up) to the service.
After the appearance of the comedy, they began to call negligent adolescents, young men.
Teacher's word:
According to the plot and the title "The Minor" is a play about how badly and incorrectly they taught a young nobleman, having raised him to be "an ignorant". The problem of education is central to the works of the Enlightenment. But Fonvizin greatly expanded the very formulation of this problem: we are talking here about education in the broadest sense of the word. Mitrofan is the same ignoramus about whom the title of the play speaks. The history of his upbringing explains where the terrible world of the Skotin and Prostakovs comes from.
4. Work on the problematics of the play.
What satirical techniques does Fonvizin use when portraying landowners? (Entries in notebooks)
1. "Speaking" surnames and first names;
2. Deliberate exaggeration of negative traits. Dominant trait What is the name of this technique? /hyperbola/
3. Self-characteristics (self-exposing and accusatory);
4. "Zoologization";
5. Remarks
So which onethe main problem
delivered already in 1 act?
1. Criticism of the autocratic serf reality.
2. The tragedy of the fate of the common man.
Second problem.
The future of Russia is dying - the young generation, the ugly brought up mitrophans, who will become a brake on the spiritual and cultural development of Russia.
Third problem.
Fonvizin opposes the images of progressive people to the conservatism of the old generation.
All the characters in the comedy can be clearly divided into two camps: the heroes of the ideology are positive characters, depicted schematically, traditionally, in accordance with the rules of classicism, and negative or secondary everyday characters, in the image of whichFonvizin's innovation .
From the comedy it is known what the origin and conditions of the upbringing of everyday heroes are: he tells about his family Prostakov, we know why Skotinin remained uneducated, and the "upbringing" and training of Mitrofanushka is directly depicted in the play. The upbringing of ideological heroes remains unknown: we do not know in what environment Sophia was brought up, what made Milo an ideal officer, etc.
Everyday heroes in comedy are constantly in motion: fights between Mitrofan and Skotinin, Prostakova and Skotinin take place on the stage, Prostakova herself says: “I scold, then I fight” (II, 5), etc. Household heroes almost do not act, their actions are words.
1. Name the goodies. / Sophia, Milon, Pravdin, Starodum /. Pay attention to the "speaking" names and surnames.
2. What fresh stream do these heroes bring into the dark ignorant world of the Skotinins?
3. What kind of dreams, in contrast to the Skotinins, do progressive people have?
Milo - "Reason, courtesy, enlightenment".
Starodum - ‘Soul and heart’.
Pravdin is ‘’ Truth in everything ’’.
Creating his comedy, Fonvizin hoped that the time would come when the advanced youth would consider an inactive life a shame: “A nobleman would consider it a first dishonor not to do anything when he has so many things to do, there are people who need help, there is a Fatherland serve. "
And as a result of this, Russia will become educated, spiritually rich, for the value of a nation should be determined by the deeds of its people.
Here is another problem - the desire to see Russia educated, spiritually rich, not adoring other states.
5. Fastening of new material.
In what century was this comedy created? (In the 18th century )
To which literary movement does it directly relate? (classicism)
Name the features of classicism as a literary movement that are encountered in the play. (educational orientation of literature, the writer sought to influence the human mind in order to correct the vices of society, their clear division into positive and negative, the comedy is instructive in nature, preaches a civic duty, the "speaking surnames" of the heroes).
What kind of literature does this work belong to? What genre? In the hierarchy of genres, comedy belongs to the low ones, which were considered secondary. What was the purpose of the low genres? (ridicule, expose the vices of a person and society as a whole).
What rules were followed when writing a play in the strict framework of classicism? Does Fonvizin follow them in the comedy "The Minor"? (Consists of 5 acts, events take place during the day, in one place, without being distracted by side plot lines, the scene of action is the estate of the Prostakovs, the action begins in the morning and ends in the morning of the next day, the action is subordinated to one main idea - the need to educate a decent, honest, good-natured citizen).
So, we can conclude: Fonvizin follows the traditions of classicism, he wrote his immortal comedy in accordance with the basic rules of this literary trend
5. Conclusion from the lesson:
The speech characteristics that Fonvizin endows with his heroes is distinguished by extraordinary accuracy, precision, laconicism, aphorism, individuality, and richness of language. The speech of the heroes betrays their essence, their views, intentions, desires. All this speaks of the high skill of Fonvizin the playwright.
Following traditions does not cancel the desire for new things. The skill and talent of the writer consists in the fact that he brings something new to the established, traditional.
Mainly observing the division of heroes into positive and negative, Fonvizin still ambiguously portrays some of them. If Starodum, Pravdin, Sophia, Milon are undoubtedly positive, then Mitrofan's teachers can hardly be confidently attributed to positive or negative characters. And Eremeevna? A slave or a baby-sitter who loves an undergrowth?
Fonvizin's innovation manifested itself in the well-aimed language of comedy, in brilliant speech characteristics. The idea of organizing society according to the laws of good and justice was also progressive.
The lesson has come to an end, thank you.
Guys, read the comedy to the end. The next lesson will do some exploratory work in tables.
6.Homework: Reading the comedy to the end, characterizing the characters.
7. Summing up the results of the lesson, assessment
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