An essay on the theme of the greatest victory, a victory over oneself. There is nothing more courageous than victory over oneself War and peace victory over oneself arguments

08.11.2021

(49 words) In the work of A.S. Pushkin Eugene Onegin paid great attention to reading books, also making notes in them. We can say that partly thanks to informative literature, he formed his personality and brought up certain qualities in himself: "He scolded Homer, Theocritus, but he read Adam Smith and was a deep economist ...". This is self-education.
(51 words) In Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor" Mrs. Prostakova spends a lot of money on her son's education, but Mitrofanushka remains a poorly educated and ignorant young man. The reason is that the hero himself did not educate himself, unlike the virtuous Sophia, who exercised her mind and maintained spiritual purity. Her example serves as an answer to the question posed.
(51 words) In Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" the professor understood the meaning of self-education when he decided to stop the main experiment in his life - to turn Sharikov back into a dog. He realized that a creature becomes a human only when it educates itself and strives for the best. His creation only echoed the will of others and did not think about personal growth.
(44 words) In Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov brought up a real hero in himself. Both at the front and in captivity, he did not become bitter and did not betray his fatherland, but retained the best human traits in himself thanks to discipline, strength of spirit and adherence to principles. All these traits are the result of self-education.
(45 words) In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the hero did not have time to go through the school of life, but was already under the threat of death. He raised himself under bullets and in trenches. In an ordinary boy, valor, courage, patriotism and dedication were formed. Such heroic work on oneself can be safely called "self-education."
(47 words) In Ilyina's book "The Fourth Height" the heroine conquered heights all her life thanks to the fact that she was able to cultivate courage, determination and willpower. As a nurse at the front, she took the last height: she sacrificed herself, but saved dozens of soldiers. This feat became possible because Gulya was preparing herself for this.
(61 words) In Bykov's story "Sotnikov" the main character in the war learned to overcome difficulties and faithfully serve the fatherland. He brought up an iron will in his thin and weak body, therefore, being sick, he volunteered to go for provisions for the detachment. Because of such regular training, his character really withstood the test of strength: Sotnikov, unlike Rybak, did not betray his homeland, but went to a martyr's sake for her.
(58 words) In the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" Lopakhin's father was a serf with Ranevskaya's father. According to the hero's recollections, he drank a lot and did not teach his son anything. But, even without support, Lopakhin managed to break out into people and become a symbol of a new generation thanks to self-education. He saved up money, studied the merchant business, denied himself in many ways, while the landowners went bankrupt, living on everything ready.
(54 words) In the play "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov, Chatsky brought up his character distinctively and far from Famus society. He studied diligently, sparing no effort to get an overseas education. As a result, his advanced ideas were ahead of the times, they were not accepted, but he was firm in his convictions and defended them to the end. His power of thought and will is the result of self-education.
(51 words) Bazarov from the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" says: "Each person must educate himself." Bazarov became a nihilist, but we have no right to condemn him, because self-education through a choice of worldview is everyone's personal business.

Examples from life, cinema, media

(51 words) Self-education is the ability not to give up. The main character of the film "Obsession" by Damien Chazelle had a dream - to become a great musician. On his way he came across a cruel maestro, whose goal was to reveal the talent of students through psychological stress, to give them a chance to achieve real greatness. Despite all the difficulties, the hero does not give up, showing an impromptu solo and winning public recognition.
(59 words) Self-education is confidence in purpose, dedication and the effort put into making a dream come true. The famous figure skater Alina Zagitova had to leave for Moscow without her parents when she was just a child in order to build a sports career. She admits that living alone is very difficult, but she sets herself up only for victories, believing that this will benefit not only her, but also her family.
(57 words) The ability to say "no" to laziness is one of the main conditions for self-education. Waking up at six in the morning to go for a run, which is clearly beneficial to your health, is very difficult. Every day I wake up, presenting the final result, and I understand that it can be achieved only through work. It makes me jump out of bed, grab my sneakers and run to the park.
(54 words) The hero from the parable about the hunter and the Buddha understood that it was wrong to kill innocent animals. In order to improve, he went to the Buddha, who forced the hunter to make him three vows. He agreed. As much as he wanted to break the vow made to Buddha, the man managed to withstand. Self-education is the ability to get rid of one's vice.
(49 words) The hero of the film of the same name by John Avildsen "Rocky", having a chance to become the world boxing champion, was not afraid of responsibility, but began intensive training. For the sake of the goal, every day he set himself up for victory and made incredible efforts. Despite the fact that he lost the final battle, this did not prevent him from continuing to do what he loved.
(47 words) In all the films of the TV companies "Marvel" and "Disy" about superheroes, the story of their formation is told. For example, Batman conquered childhood fear (his parents died at the hands of a criminal) and began to fight crime. All his exploits are the consequences of daily self-education. He trained and studied every day to fight crime on his own.
(45 words) Famous public figure Nick Wulich was born without vital limbs. In his youth, he even wanted to commit suicide, because he did not see a future for himself. However, having rethought his fate, Nick nurtured fortitude and indomitable optimism. Now he is a successful person and a happy family man.
(46 words) Canadian snowboarder Mark McMorris has been seriously injured several times in his life. However, he returned to the slopes over and over again, saying that snowboarding is something he must keep doing, his habit and his future. Thus, self-education is the key that helps to overcome life's difficulties.
(66 words) I believe that self-education is the main triumph of life. Victory over yourself. It is not for nothing that the 33rd President of the United States, Harry Truman, said that all other victories would come with the victory over oneself. There is a colossal amount of work behind every success. For example, the inventor and billionaire Elon Musk was abused at school as a child, but he survived and developed willpower, thanks to which he became one of the most progressive people in the world.
(41 words) In H. Jackman's film "The Greatest Showman", the main character was poor, but persistent and smart. Thanks to self-education from a beggar boy, he became a rich and famous man who achieved everything himself. This story is based on true events and serves as a good example for motivation.

From the 2014-2015 academic year, the final graduation essay is included in the program of state final certification of schoolchildren. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is non-subject in nature, relying on the knowledge of the graduate in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the ability of the examinee to reason on a given topic and argue his point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of the graduate's speech culture. Five topics from a closed list are proposed for the examination work.

Introduction
Main part - thesis and arguments
Conclusion - conclusion

The final essay 2016-2017 assumes a volume of 350 words or more.

The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.

Final essay topics

The questions proposed for consideration are usually addressed to the inner world of a person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and concepts of universal human morality. So, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:

"Victory and Defeat"

Here are the concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016-2017, the graduate must identify the relationship between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying knowledge of literary works.

One of these themes is "Victory and Defeat".

As a rule, works from the school curriculum in literature are a large gallery of different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic "Victory and Defeat".

Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"
Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
The story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
The story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
The story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter"
Roman I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov"

Arguments to the topic "Victory and defeat" 2016-2017

"War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy

The theme of victory and defeat itself is present in the war in its most obvious manifestation. War of 1812 - this is one of the largest and most significant events for Russia, during which the people's spirit and patriotism of the population, as well as the skill of the Russian high command, were demonstrated. After the council in Fili, the Russian commander MI Kutuzov decided to leave Moscow. Thus, it was planned to save the troops and thus Russia. This decision does not demonstrate defeat in hostilities, but on the contrary: it proves the invincibility of the Russian people. Indeed, after the military, all its inhabitants, representatives of high society and the nobility began to leave the city. The people showed their disobedience to the French, leaving the city to the enemy, just not to be under the rule of Bonaparte. Napoleon, who entered the city, did not meet resistance, but saw only flaming Moscow, which people had left, and realized not his seemingly victory, but defeat. Defeat from the Russian spirit.

"Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev

In the work of I.S. Turgenev, the generational conflict is manifested, in particular, in the confrontation between the young nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov and the nobleman P.P. Kirsanov. Bazarov is a self-confident young man, boldly judges everything, considering himself a man who has made himself his own work and mind. His opponent, Kirsanov, led a riotous lifestyle, experienced a lot, felt, loved a secular beauty and thus gained an experience that influenced him. He became more judicious and mature. In the dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov, the outward victory of the young man is manifested - he is harsh, but at the same time observes decency, and the nobleman does not restrain himself, breaking into insults. However, during a duel between the two heroes, the seemingly won victory of the nihilist Bazarov turns into a defeat in the main confrontation.

He meets the love of his life and cannot resist his feelings, as well as admit it, because he denied the existence of love. Yes, here Bazarov was defeated. Dying, he realizes that he lived his life, denying everything and everyone, while losing the most important thing.

"Taras Bulba" N.V. Gogol

In the story of N.V. Gogol, one can find an example of how victory and defeat can be intertwined. The youngest son Andriy, for the sake of love, betrayed his homeland and the Cossack honor, going over to the enemy side. His personal victory lies in the fact that he defended his love, boldly deciding on this kind of act. However, his betrayal in relation to his father and homeland is unforgivable - and this is his defeat. The story demonstrates one of the most difficult battles - the spiritual struggle of a person with himself. After all, here one cannot speak of victory and defeat, since it is impossible to win without losing on the other side.

Example composition

In a person's life, he is accompanied by a large number of situations in which he has to confront something or someone. Often, these are some circumstances, specific conditions and a struggle, where there are winners and losers. And sometimes these are more difficult situations, where victory and defeat can be viewed from different points of view.

Let us turn to the treasury of arguments from Russian classical literature - the great work of Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace". A significant part of the novel is made up of hostilities during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the entire Russian people rose to defend the country from the French invaders. The theme of victory and defeat itself is present in the war in its most obvious manifestation. After the council in Fili, the Russian commander MI Kutuzov decided to leave Moscow. Thus, it was planned to save the troops and thus Russia. This decision does not demonstrate defeat in hostilities, but on the contrary: it proves the invincibility of the Russian people. Indeed, after the military, all its inhabitants, representatives of high society and the nobility began to leave the city. The people showed their disobedience to the French, leaving the city to the enemy, just not to be under the rule of Bonaparte. Napoleon, who entered the city, did not meet resistance, but saw only flaming Moscow, which people had left, and realized not his seemingly victory, but defeat. Defeat from the Russian spirit.

In the story of N.V. Gogol, one can find an example of how victory and defeat can be intertwined. The youngest son Andriy, for the sake of love, betrayed his homeland and the honor of the Cossack army, going over to the enemy side. His personal victory lies in the fact that he defended his feelings, boldly deciding on this kind of act. However, his betrayal in relation to his father and homeland is unforgivable - and this is his defeat. The story demonstrates one of the most difficult battles - the spiritual struggle of a person with himself. After all, here one cannot speak of victory and defeat, since it is impossible to win without losing on the other side.

Thus, it is worth saying that victory does not always represent superiority and confidence - what we are used to imagining. And, in addition, often victory and defeat go side by side, complementing each other and shaping the characteristics of a person's personality.

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Be proud only of the victories you won over yourself.
Tungsten.

Victory. Every person has a desire to experience this feeling. Victory gives strength, makes a person more active, vital. It is sometimes not easy to win, especially over yourself, it is important to want to win. And this is possible for a person who has willpower, strives to achieve a goal. No wonder they say: a strong-willed person wants, and a weak-willed person wants to want. Therefore, I believe that in order to gain the "greatest", in the words of Cicero, victory over oneself, one must do everything for this: show diligence, patience, and will.

As the first argument, I propose the story "The Fourth Height" by E.Ya. Ilyina. The book tells about the fate of a real girl, Guli Koroleva, who died in the battle at Stalingrad in 1942. She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (posthumously). In the hero city of Volgograd, on the Mamayev Kurgan, on the wall of the memorial complex, her name is carved - Marionella Koroleva. The author personally knew the girl, so the story turned out to be so lively.

Why the height, and even the fourth? It turns out that the heights are Guli's victories in her short but bright life. And there were four of them. When Gulya was 13 years old, she acted in films, she had, according to the script, not only to ride a horse, but to overcome barriers. This is a city girl. But the first height was taken! The second height was related to her studies: due to the filming of the film, Gulya began to lag behind in some subjects at school. She sets herself a goal: to correct grades, to pass exams. And success was not long in coming. The author emphasizes the girl's persistence in any business. Gulya was engaged in diving: first from three meters, then from five, then from eight. The third height is taken! Gulya took her fourth height at the front, unfortunately, this was her last height in her life. It was no coincidence that I turned to this story, since her heroine really knew how to overcome difficulties in her life, was lively, courageous, energetic.

In my opinion, the answer to the question of victory over oneself can be found in the novel by AISolzhenitsyn "Cancer Ward". This work was written based on the memories of the treatment of the writer himself in the oncology department in a hospital in Tashkent. The author managed to convey in the novel the psychological situation of the era as a whole and the state of cancer patients. It is important that in the face of death, all heroes are extremely sincere in expressing their thoughts and feelings. The author emphasizes the struggle for the survival of patients in ward 13. Naturally, I was interested in the fate of Oleg Kostoglotov (the writer himself was his prototype). He is a former front-line sergeant, currently a prisoner of the Stalinist camp. I drew attention to the author's detail: “big hands did not fit into the side pockets of the hospital jacket”, these “big hands” and “big paws” are underlined several times. Worker man, over
who are threatened with death, but he does not give up. He has a desire to do something else. By chance, a volume of Leo Tolstoy appeared in the ward, he is reading it. For Oleg, the hospital ward becomes a "school" of life. The hero did not die, he recovered, and in twelve days. The victory was won by faith in life, love of life, and a strong spirit.

Thus, I confirmed the idea that "victory over oneself" is "the greatest victory."

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

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"A word about Igor's regiment." A.S. Pushkin's "The Poltava Battle"; "Eugene Onegin". I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Leo Tolstoy "Sevastopol Stories"; "War and Peace"; Anna Karenina. A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". A. Kuprin "The Duel"; "Garnet bracelet"; "Olesya". M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"; "Fatal Eggs"; "White Guard"; "The Master and Margarita". E. Zamyatin "We"; "Cave". V. Kurochkin "In war as in war". B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"; "Don't shoot white swans." Yu Bondarev "Hot Snow"; "The battalions are asking for fire." V. Tokareva “I am. You're. He is. " M. Ageev "Romance with cocaine". N. Dumbadze "Me, grandmother, Iliko and Illarion" V. Dudintsev "White clothes". List of recommended literature in this area

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Official comment: The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results. In literary works, the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of victory and defeat in different historical conditions and life situations are often shown.

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Methodical recommendations: The opposition of the concepts of victory and defeat is already inherent in their interpretation. In Ozhegov we read: "Victory is success in battle, war, complete defeat of the enemy." That is, the victory of one presupposes the complete defeat of the other. However, both history and literature provide us with examples of how victory turns out to be defeat and defeat turns out to be a victory. It is about the relativity of these concepts that graduates are invited to speculate, relying on their reading experience. Of course, it is impossible to confine oneself to the concept of victory as defeating the enemy in battle. Therefore, it is advisable to consider this thematic area in different aspects.

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Aphorisms and sayings of famous people: - - The greatest victory is a victory over oneself. Cicero The possibility that we might be defeated in battle should not prevent us from fighting for a cause that we believe is just. A. Lincoln Man was not created to suffer defeat ... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. E. Hemingway Be proud only of the victories that you won over yourself. Tungsten

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Socio-historical aspect. Here we will talk about the external conflict of social groups, states, about military operations and political struggle. Peru A. de Saint-Exupery owns a paradoxical, at first glance, statement: "Victory weakens the people - defeat awakens new forces in it ...". We find confirmation of the fidelity of this idea in Russian literature.

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"The Lay of Igor's Campaign" is a well-known monument of the literature of Ancient Rus. The plot is based on the unsuccessful campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsy, organized by the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185. The main idea is the idea of the unity of the Russian land. The princely feuds, weakening the Russian land and leading to ruin by its enemies, make the author bitterly grieve and lament; victory over enemies fills his soul with ardent delight. However, this work of Old Russian literature tells about defeat, not victory, because it is defeat that contributes to rethinking previous behavior, gaining a new outlook on the world and on oneself. That is, defeat stimulates Russian soldiers to victories and exploits.

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The author of the Lay addresses all Russian princes in turn, as if calling them to account and demandingly reminding them of their duty to their homeland. He calls them to defend the Russian land, to "block the gates of the field" with his sharp arrows. And therefore, although the author writes about defeat, there is not even a shadow of despondency in the Lay. "The Word" is as laconic and laconic as Igor's appeals to his squad. This is the call before the fight. The whole poem is, as it were, turned to the future, permeated with concern for this future. A poem about victory would be a poem of triumph and joy. Victory is the end of the battle, while defeat for the author of the Lay is only the beginning of the battle. The battle with the steppe enemy was not over yet. The defeat should unite the Russians. The author of the Lay is not calling for a feast of celebration, but for a feast-battle. Writes about this in the article "Word about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich" D.S. Likhachev.

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The "Word" ends with joy - Igor's return to the Russian land and the singing of glory to him at the entrance to Kiev. So, despite the fact that the Lay is dedicated to Igor's defeat, it is full of confidence in the power of the Russians, full of faith in the glorious future of the Russian land, in victory over the enemy. The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars.

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In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Drawing the events of 1805-1807, Tolstoy shows that this war was imposed on the peoples. Russian soldiers, being far from their homeland, do not understand the purpose of this war, do not want to waste their lives senselessly. Kutuzov understands better than many that this campaign is unnecessary for Russia. He sees the indifference of the allies, the desire of Austria to fight with someone else's hands. Kutuzov in every possible way protects his troops, delays their advance to the borders of France. This is not due to distrust of the military skill and heroism of the Russians, but to the desire to save them from senseless slaughter. When the battle turned out to be inevitable, the Russian soldiers showed their constant readiness to help the allies, to take the brunt of the blow.

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For example, a four-thousand-strong detachment under the command of Bagration near the village of Shengraben held back the onslaught of the enemy, "eight times" outnumbering him. This made it possible for the main forces to advance. Miracles of heroism were shown by the unit of officer Timokhin. It not only did not retreat, but struck back, which saved the flanking units of the army. The real hero of the Shengraben battle was the courageous, decisive, but modest captain Tushin before his superiors. So, largely thanks to the Russian troops, the Battle of Schengraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria.

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Blinded by victories, preoccupied with self-admiration, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. So it turned out that one of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian troops under the skies of Austerlitz was the victory at Schengraben, which did not allow an objective assessment of the alignment of forces. All the senselessness of the campaign is shown by the writer when preparing the top generals for the battle of Austerlitz. So, the council of war before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities, all the disputes were conducted not with the aim of achieving a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes, “... it was obvious that the purpose ... of the objections consisted mainly in the desire to make General Weyrother feel , so self-confident as to schoolchildren-pupils, who read his disposition, that he dealt not with fools alone, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. "

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And yet, we see the main reason for the victories and defeats of the Russian troops in the confrontation with Napoleon when comparing Austerlitz and Borodin. Speaking with Pierre about the upcoming battle of Borodino, Andrei Bolkonsky recalls the reason for the defeat at Austerlitz: “The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it. Why did we lose the battle at Austerlitz? .. We told ourselves very early that we had lost the battle - and lost. And we said this because we had no reason to fight: we wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. "If you lose - well, run!" We ran. If we hadn't said this until evening, God knows what would have happened. We won't say that tomorrow. ”

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L. Tolstoy shows a significant difference between the two campaigns: 1805-1807 and 1812. The fate of Russia was decided on the Borodino field. Here the desire to save themselves, the Russian people did not have indifference to what was happening. Here, as Lermontov says, “we promised to die, and we kept the oath of loyalty in the Battle of Borodino”. Another opportunity to speculate about how victory in one battle can turn into defeat in war is provided by the outcome of the Battle of Borodino, in which the Russian troops gain a moral victory over the French. The moral defeat of Napoleon's troops near Moscow - the beginning of the defeat of his army.

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The Civil War turned out to be such a significant event in the history of Russia that it could not but find its reflection in fiction. The basis for the reasoning of graduates can be "Don Stories", "Quiet Don" by M.А. Sholokhov. When one country goes to war with another, terrible events occur: hatred and the desire to protect themselves forces people to kill their own kind, women and old people are left alone, children grow up orphans, cultural and material values are destroyed, cities are destroyed. But the warring parties have a goal - to defeat the enemy at any cost. And any war has a result - victory or defeat. Victory is sweet and immediately justifies all losses, defeat is tragic and sad, but it is the starting point for some other life. But "in a civil war, every victory is a defeat" (Lucian).

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The life story of the central hero of M. Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Don" by Grigory Melekhov, reflecting the dramatic fate of the Don Cossacks, confirms this idea. War maims from the inside and destroys all the most precious that people have. It makes the heroes take a fresh look at the problems of duty and justice, seek the truth and not find it in any of the warring camps. Once with the Reds, Gregory sees everything the same as that of the Whites, cruelty, intransigence, thirst for the blood of enemies. Melekhov rushes between the two warring parties. Everywhere he encounters violence and cruelty, which he cannot accept, therefore he cannot take one side. The result is logical: "Like the steppe scorched by the fires, Gregory's life became black ...".

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Moral, philosophical and psychological aspects Victory is not only success in battle. To win, according to the dictionary of synonyms, is to overcome, master, overcome. And often not so much the enemy as himself. Let's consider a number of works from this point of view.

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A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The play's conflict is a unity of two principles: social and personal. Being an honest, noble, progressive-minded, freedom-loving person, the main character Chatsky opposes the Famus society. He condemns the inhumanity of serfdom, recalling "Nestor of the noble scoundrels", who exchanged his faithful servants for three greyhounds; he is sickened by the lack of freedom of thought in the noble society: “And who in Moscow hasn’t been gagged with lunches, dinners and dances?” He does not recognize honor and sycophancy: "Who needs it: for those arrogance, they lie in the dust, and for those who are higher, flattery, like lace, weaved."

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Chatsky is full of sincere patriotism: “Shall we rise again from the foreign rule of fashions? So that our smart, vigorous people, although by language, do not consider us as Germans. " He seeks to serve "the cause" and not persons, he "would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve." Society is offended and, defensively, declares Chatsky insane. His drama is aggravated by a feeling of ardent but unrequited love for Sophia Famusov's daughter. Chatsky makes no attempt to understand Sophia, it is difficult for him to understand why Sophia does not love him, because his love for her accelerates "every heartbeat", although "the whole world seemed to him dust and vanity." Chatsky can be justified by his blindness with passion: his "mind and heart are out of tune."

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The psychological conflict turns into a public conflict. Society unanimously comes to the conclusion: "crazy in everything ...". The madman is not afraid of society. Chatsky decides to “look around the world, where the offended feeling has a corner”. I.A. Goncharov assessed the finale of the play as follows: "Chatsky is crushed by the amount of the old power, inflicting a mortal blow on it with the quality of the new power." Chatsky does not renounce his ideals, he only frees himself from illusions. Chatsky's stay in Famusov's house shook the inviolability of the foundations of Famusov's society. Sophia says: "I myself am ashamed of the walls!" Therefore, Chatsky's defeat is only a temporary defeat and only his personal drama. On a social scale, the victory of the Chatskys is inevitable. " The “past century” will be replaced by the “present century”, and the views of the comedy hero Griboyedov will triumph.

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A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Graduates can reflect on the question of whether Katherine's death is a victory or a defeat. It is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. Too many reasons led to a terrible ending. The playwright sees the tragedy of Katerina's position in the fact that she comes into conflict not only with Kalinov's family morals, but also with herself. The straightforwardness of Ostrovsky's heroine is one of the sources of her tragedy. Katerina is pure in soul - lies and debauchery are alien and disgusting to her. She understands that, having fallen in love with Boris, she has violated the moral law. “Ah, Varya,” she complains, “sin is on my mind! How much I, poor, cried, what I really did not do on myself! I cannot get away from this sin. Don't go anywhere. It's not good, it's a terrible sin, Varenka, that I love someone else? "

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Throughout the play, there is a painful struggle in the mind of Katerina between the understanding of her wrongness, her sinfulness and a vague, but more and more powerful feeling of her right to human life. But the play ends with Katerina's moral victory over the dark forces that torment her. She redeems her guilt immeasurably, and leaves bondage and humiliation in the only way that has opened to her. Her decision to die so as not to remain a slave expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, "the need for the emerging movement of Russian life." And this decision comes to Katerina along with internal self-justification. She dies because she considers death the only worthy outcome, the only way to preserve the higher that lived in her.

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The thought that the death of Katerina is in fact a moral victory, the triumph of the real Russian soul over the forces of the "dark kingdom" of the Wild and Kabanovs, is also strengthened by the reaction to her death of the other characters in the play. For example, Tikhon, Katerina's husband, for the first time in his life expressed his own opinion, for the first time decided to protest against the suffocating foundations of his family, having entered (albeit just for a moment) in the struggle with the "dark kingdom." “You ruined her, you, you…”, he exclaims, addressing his mother, before whom he trembled all his life.

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I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The writer shows in his novel the struggle between the worldviews of two political directions. The plot of the novel is based on the opposition of the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Yevgeny Bazarov, who are the outstanding representatives of two generations who do not find mutual understanding. Disagreements on various issues have always existed between young people and elders. So here too, a representative of the younger generation, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, cannot, and does not want to understand the "fathers", their credo, principles. He is convinced that their views on the world, on life, on relations between people are hopelessly outdated. "Yes, I will pamper them ... After all, this is all pride, lion habits, fadness ...". In his opinion, the main purpose of life is to work, to produce something material.

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That is why Bazarov is disrespectful to art, to sciences that have no practical basis. He believes that it is much more useful to deny what, from his point of view, deserves denial, than to indifferently observe from the outside, not daring to do anything. "At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny," says Bazarov. And Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is sure that there are things that cannot be doubted ("Aristocracy ... liberalism, progress, principles ... art ..."). He appreciates habits and traditions more and does not want to notice the changes taking place in society.

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Bazarov is a tragic figure. It cannot be said that he defeats Kirsanov in an argument. Even when Pavel Petrovich is ready to admit his defeat, Bazarov suddenly loses faith in his teaching and doubts his personal need for society. "Does Russia need me? No, apparently, it is not needed," he muses. Of course, most of all a person manifests itself not in conversations, but in deeds and in his life. Therefore, Turgenev, as it were, leads his heroes through various trials. And the strongest of them is the test of love. After all, it is in love that the soul of a person is revealed fully and sincerely. And here Bazarov's hot and passionate nature swept away all his theories. He fell in love with a woman he held in high esteem.

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"In conversations with Anna Sergeevna, he expressed his indifferent contempt for everything romantic even more than before, and when left alone, he indignantly recognized the romantic in himself." The hero is going through a strong mental breakdown. "... Something ... possessed him, which he did not allow in any way, about which he always mocked, which outraged all his pride." Anna Sergeevna Odintsova rejected him. But Bazarov found the strength to accept defeat with honor, without losing his dignity.

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So did the nihilist Bazarov win or lose? It seems that in the test of love, Bazarov is defeated. First, his feelings and himself are rejected. Secondly, he falls into the power of the sides of life that he himself denies, loses the ground under his feet, begins to doubt his views on life. His position in life turns out to be a pose in which, however, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose the meaning of life, and soon loses life itself. But this is a sub-victory: love made Bazarov look at himself and the world differently, he begins to understand that in nothing life does not want to fit into a nihilistic scheme. And Anna Sergeevna formally remains the winner. She managed to cope with her feelings, which strengthened her self-confidence. In the future, she will find a good place for her sister, and she herself will marry successfully. But will she be happy?

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F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Crime and Punishment is an ideological novel in which inhuman theory collides with human feelings. Dostoevsky, a great connoisseur of human psychology, a sensitive and attentive artist, tried to understand modern reality, to determine the degree of influence on a person of the ideas of the revolutionary reorganization of life and individualistic theories popular at that time. Entering into polemics with democrats and socialists, the writer strove to show in his novel how the delusion of immature minds leads to murder, shedding of blood, maiming and breaking young lives.

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Raskolnikov's ideas were generated by abnormal, humiliating living conditions. In addition, the post-reform breakup destroyed the age-old foundations of society, depriving the human individuality of the connection with the long-standing cultural traditions of society, historical memory. Raskolnikov sees a violation of universal human moral standards at every step. It is impossible to feed a family with honest labor, so the minor official Marmeladov finally gets drunk, and his daughter Sonechka is forced to sell herself, because otherwise her family will die of hunger.

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If unbearable living conditions push a person to violate moral principles, then these principles are nonsense, that is, they can be ignored. Raskolnikov comes to approximately this conclusion when a theory is born in his inflamed brain, according to which he divides all of humanity into two unequal parts. On the one hand, these are strong personalities, "super-men" such as Mohammed and Napoleon, and on the other, a gray, faceless and obedient crowd, which the hero awards with the contemptuous name - "trembling creature" and "anthill".

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The correctness of any theory must be confirmed by practice. And Rodion Raskolnikov conceives and carries out murder, lifting himself from a moral prohibition. His life after the murder turns into a real hell. A painful suspicion develops in Rodion, which gradually turns into a feeling of loneliness, alienation from everyone. The writer finds a surprisingly accurate expression characterizing the inner state of Raskolnikov: he "seemed to cut himself off from everyone and everything with scissors." The hero is disappointed in himself, believing that he has not passed the test for the role of the ruler, which means, alas, belongs to "trembling creatures."

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Surprisingly, Raskolnikov himself would not want to be the winner now. After all, to win means to perish morally, to remain with your spiritual chaos forever, to pervert in people, in yourself and in life. Raskolnikov's defeat was his victory - a victory over himself, over his theory, over the Devil, who took possession of his soul, but failed to permanently oust God in it.

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M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". This novel is too complex and multifaceted, the writer touched on many topics and problems in it. One of them is the problem of the struggle between good and evil. In The Master and Margarita, the two main forces of good and evil, which, according to Bulgakov, should be in balance on Earth, are embodied in the images of Yeshua Ha-Notsri from Yershalaim and Woland - Satan in human form. Apparently, Bulgakov, in order to show that good and evil exist outside of time and for millennia people live according to their laws, placed Yeshua at the beginning of modern times, in the fictional masterpiece of the Master, and Woland as the ruler of cruel justice - in Moscow in the 30s. XX century.

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The latter came to Earth to restore harmony where it was violated in favor of evil, which included lies, stupidity, hypocrisy and, finally, betrayal that flooded Moscow. Good and evil in this world are surprisingly closely intertwined, especially in human souls. When Woland, in a scene in a variety show, tests the audience for cruelty and deprives the head of the entertainer, and compassionate women demand to put her in her place, the great magician says: "Well ... they are people like people ... Well, frivolous ... well, what the same ... and mercy sometimes knocks at their hearts ... ordinary people ... - and loudly orders: “Put your head on.” And right there we observe how people are fighting over the gold pieces that have fallen on their heads.

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The novel "The Master and Margarita" is about the responsibility of a person for good and evil that occurs on earth, for his own choice of life paths leading to truth and freedom or to slavery, betrayal and inhumanity. It is about the all-conquering love and creativity that lift the soul to the heights of true humanity. The author wanted to proclaim: the victory of evil over good cannot become the end result of social and moral confrontation. This, according to Bulgakov, does not accept human nature itself, should not allow the entire course of civilization.

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Of course, the range of works in which the thematic direction "Victory and Defeat" is revealed is much wider. The main thing is to see the principle, to understand that victory and defeat are relative concepts. R. Bach wrote about this in his book "The Bridge Through Eternity": “The important thing is not whether we lose in the game, but it is important how we lose and how we will change thanks to this, what we will endure for ourselves, how we can apply it in other games ... In a strange way, defeat turns out to be a victory. "

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An example of an essay on a thematic direction Victory and defeat: Genuine defeat does not come from the enemy, but from oneself (Romain Rolland) Defeat and the inevitably following pangs of conscience, reproaching self-doubts, hostility, reaching disgust for oneself - these feelings are familiar any thinking person in one way or another. The person who made a mistake was defeated in the eyes of those around him, but their reproaches, the triumph of enemies, the condemnation of the crowd, are nothing compared to their inner experiences. It is the reproaches of one's own conscience that become a real defeat. The inner life of a person, his thoughts, feelings, experiences, vision of the world inevitably affect his actions. Sometimes ideas that arise in a person's thoughts grow into large-scale projects that require implementation.

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So, a little push, motivation is needed, and then, like a snowball, the idea acquires details, contours, a plan is nurtured, and finally comes true. The fact that a person was wrong comes after. Often, having accepted an inner defeat, a person does not understand how such a thing could have come to mind; thoughts, reflection - this is the source of both great discoveries and terrifying mistakes. So, for example, in the novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", the real drama of the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov is depicted. The thought that wandered into his head about how to save the world grows and becomes a fix idea, but the hero himself does not fully believe in the possibility of its implementation. Let us recall the dream he had on the eve of the murder. When he wakes up, he exclaims with horror and despair: "Can I really take an ax and hit on the head like that ?!"

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However, the idea, like a spider web, envelops the hero's entire being, random coincidences seem to him to be conventional signs, inadvertently overheard conversations in a tavern, a shout outside the window, involuntarily received information at the bazaar, that at such and such an hour the old woman will be at home alone, invitingly flashing an ax in the ajar door of the janitorial - all this seems to be pushing Rodion, like someone's hand. A noble crime turns into a bloody double murder, and this blood falls on the hero's conscience with a heavy burden, he immediately realizes that he was deeply mistaken, that his idea had failed, that he had committed a terrible, irreparable act, and new thoughts, torments surround him. “Did I kill the old woman? I killed myself! ”- these piercing words come from the very depths of the hero's soul.

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The play by Alexander Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm" also shows the emotional throwing of the main character Katerina Kabanova. Being freedom-loving, a girl cannot come to terms with life with an unloved husband and domineering mother-in-law. She makes the mistake of cheating on her husband, and it is this sin that does not allow her to live on, the pangs of conscience weigh heavily on her, and in despair she commits suicide. Thus, our reasoning allows us to formulate the following conclusion: the true defeat of a person occurs precisely in him, he himself is the strictest judge of his own actions.

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Composition: What does Katerina's suicide mean - her victory or defeat ("Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky) To answer the question: "What does Katerina's suicide mean - her victory or defeat?" the complexity and contradictory nature of the heroine and the extraordinary originality of her character. Katerina is a poetic nature, full of deep lyricism. She grew up and was brought up in a bourgeois family, in a religious atmosphere, but she absorbed all the best that the patriarchal way of life could give. She has a sense of her own dignity, a sense of beauty, she is characterized by the experience of beauty, brought up in her childhood.

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N.A. Dobrolyubov saw the greatness of Katerina's image precisely in the integrity of her character, in the ability to be herself everywhere and always, in nothing and never to change herself. Arriving at her husband's house, Katerina faced a completely different way of life, in the sense that it was a life in which violence, tyranny, and humiliation of human dignity reign. Katerina's life changed abruptly, and the events took on a tragic character, but this could not have happened if it were not for the despotic character of her mother-in-law, Marfa Kabanova, who considers fear to be the basis of "pedagogy". Her philosophy in life is to frighten and keep in obedience with fear. She is jealous of her son for the Young Wife and believes that he is not strict enough with Katerina. She is afraid that her youngest daughter Varvara might "become infected" with such a bad example, and that her future husband would not later reproach her mother-in-law for not being strict enough in raising her daughter.

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Outwardly humble Katerina becomes for Martha Kabanova the personification of the hidden danger that she intuitively feels. So Kabanikh seeks to subdue, to break the fragile character of Katerina, to force her to live according to her own laws, so he sharpens her "like rusting iron." But Katerina, endowed with spiritual softness, trepidation, is able in some cases to show both firmness and strong-willed determination - she does not want to put up with such a situation. “Eh, Varya, you don’t know my character!” She says. “Of course, God forbid this to happen! And if I really get sick of me here, you won’t hold me back with any force. I’ll throw myself out the window, throw myself into the Volga. I don’t want to come here. live, I will not, even though you cut me! "

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She feels the need to love freely and therefore enters into a struggle not only with the world of the "dark kingdom", but also with her own convictions, with her own nature, incapable of lying and deceiving. A heightened sense of justice makes her doubt the correctness of her actions, and she perceives the awakened feeling of love for Boris as a terrible sin, because, having fallen in love, she violated those moral principles that she considered holy. But she also cannot give up her love, because it is love that gives her the much-needed feeling of freedom. Katerina is forced to hide her dates, but living by deception is unbearable for her. Therefore, she wants to free herself from them by her public repentance, but only further complicates her already painful existence. Katerina's repentance shows the full depth of her suffering, moral greatness, and determination.

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But how can she live on, if even after she repented of her sin before everyone, it did not become easier. It is impossible to return to her husband and mother-in-law: everything is alien there. Tikhon will not dare to openly condemn the tyranny of his mother, Boris is a weak-willed man, he will not come to the rescue, and it is immoral to continue living in the Kabanovs' house. Previously, they could not reproach her at least, she could feel her righteousness before these people, but now she is to blame for them. She can only submit. But it is no coincidence that the image of a bird deprived of the opportunity to live in freedom is present in the work. It is better for Katerina not to live at all than to put up with the "miserable vegetation" that is in store for her "in exchange for her living soul."

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NA Dobrolyubov wrote that Katerina's character "is filled with faith in new ideals and is selfless in the sense that death is better for him than life with principles that are repugnant to him." To live in a world of "hidden, quietly sighing sorrow ... prison, deathly silence ...", where "there is no space and freedom for living thought, for a sincere word, for a noble deed; a heavy petty ban is imposed on loud, open, broad activity "there is no way for her. If she cannot enjoy her feeling, her will legally, "in broad daylight, in front of all the people, if something that is so dear to her is torn from her, then she does not want anything in life, she does not want life either ..." ... Katerina did not want to put up with the reality that was killing human dignity, could not live without moral purity, love and harmony, and therefore got rid of suffering in the only possible way in those circumstances.

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"... Just as a human being, we are glad to see Katerina's deliverance - even through death, if it is impossible otherwise ... A healthy, fresh life blows upon us, a healthy person who finds the determination to end this rotten life at any cost ! .. "- says N.А. Dobrolyubov. And therefore the tragic ending of the drama - Katerina's suicide - is not a defeat, but the assertion of the strength of a free man - this is a protest against Kabanov's notions of morality, "proclaimed under domestic torture, and over the abyss into which the poor woman rushed," this is "a terrible challenge to petty force. ". And in this sense, Katerina's suicide is her victory.

Each of us has wondered more than once, what is the difference between victory and defeat? The answer is simple: winning makes you feel stronger, more confident in your intentions and goals. When we win, we feel satisfaction: what we were striving for finally gives a result, which means that the striving is not in vain. And defeat is the opposite: it makes us feel insecure, after numerous losses and miscalculations, we are afraid of another failure. But, on the other hand, they give invaluable experience, give an understanding of where the reason for the defeat lies. Therefore, after countless failures, seemingly hopeless losers become winners. This means that these extremes are interdependent: without defeat, it is impossible to learn to win. Is it so?

For example, let us take the work of FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", where the author raises the main ones that have puzzled a person for more than a hundred years. The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, kills an old woman-pawnbroker, wanting to use her money for the benefit of all the poor. The killer wants to decide for himself who he is: "trembling creature" or "having the right." The hero wanted to keep his crime a secret, but in the end he told Sonya Marmeladova about it, and later to the investigator. While in hard labor, Rodion admitted his guilt and repented. He realized that by killing the old woman, he had become a "trembling creature" and an outcast of society. And when he went through this defeat, he realized all the mistakes, for the better. And we can assume that this is his personal victory.

Turgenev's work "Fathers and Sons" can also be cited as an example. The hero of this work, Yevgeny Bazarov, was and believed only in science. In many disputes, he defeated opponents with the power of his mind or the energy of his protest, in many cases he turned out to be the winner, helping people get rid of the disease. With the same zeal, he fought against love for a woman - a feeling that he considered unacceptable. When he met Anna Sergeevna and fell in love with her, he turned bitter against himself, so as not to lose. However, after some time, he suffered a fiasco and confessed his feelings. Having revised his life principles, he became better and began to look at the world differently. And this is also his personal victory, albeit belated.

Thus, I come to the conclusion that real (and not accidental) victory is impossible without the defeat that preceded it. Only after going through defeat, having considered your mistakes, you can learn to go all the way to the intended goal and get the upper hand. The main thing is not to despair and understand the reasons for failure, and then use this knowledge in life.

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