Cause-and-effect relationships 1914 to 1918. Unified State Examination

05.10.2023

1914-1918 - the period of Russia's participation in the First World War.

On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo. This led to an attack by Austria-Hungary on Serbia. Russia supported Serbia in this war, Austria-Hungary was supported by Germany. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. Russia began military operations without completing mobilization. The 1st and 2nd Russian armies under the command of generals P.K. Rennenkampf and A.V. Samsonova entered the territory of East Prussia. The Southwestern Front, under the command of General N.I. Ivanov, carried out a successful offensive in Galicia, defeating the Austrians, which saved Serbia from defeat. In Prussia, the Russian armies were defeated, but this offensive forced the Germans to transfer part of their forces there from the western front, which saved France from defeat and thwarted the German plan for a “lightning war.”

In 1915, Germany launched an offensive on the eastern front, aiming to defeat Russia. In April-June 1915, Russian troops were driven out of Galicia, and in June-August 1915 - from Poland, but Russia was not defeated. On August 10, 1915, Nicholas II assumed the duties of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army. At the same time, in August 1915, special conferences on state defense were created in Russia.

In May-July 1916, the Southwestern Front launched an offensive against Austrian troops (“Brusilovsky breakthrough”). The Austrian army was defeated. In November 1916, the Russian command planned an operation to capture the Black Sea straits, which, by agreement with England and France, were supposed to go to Russia after the war. However, due to Romania's unsuccessful entry into the war, the operation was postponed.

In February 1917, a revolution occurred in Russia. Nicholas II abdicated the throne. The Provisional Government that came to power announced the continuation of the war until victory. On June 18-30, 1917, an attempt was made to attack on the Southwestern Front, which failed due to a breakdown in discipline in the Russian troops. After the failure of the June offensive, no major operations were carried out on the Russian-German front in 1917.

In October 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government. On October 26, 1917, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Decree on Peace, in which it invited all warring states to begin peace negotiations. On March 3, 1918, a peace treaty was signed in Brest between Russia and Germany with its allies. Russia lost the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Finland, Kara and Batumi regions, and was obliged to pay Germany 6 billion marks in indemnity.

Historians, in particular A. A. Danilov, evaluate the period 1914-1918. generally negative. Russia found itself drawn into a world war for which it was not prepared. The defeats of the Russian army and the loss of authority in the ruling circles led to a new round of confrontation between government and society, which resulted in the revolution of 1917. As a result, Russia was not among the victorious countries in the war of 1914-1918.

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Caricature of European powers on the eve of World War I

1914 – 1918 – the period of participation of the Russian Empire in the First World War.

Beginning of the First World War

The reason for the outbreak of World War I was the assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist. After the terrorist attack, the Emperor of Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the Serbian government, and after Serbia refused to accept its conditions, declared war on it. Russia supported Serbia and announced mobilization. Austria-Hungary, in turn, enlisted the support of Germany, and on August 1, 1914, the German Empire declared war on Russia.

Fighting on the Eastern Front

Russian army in the First World War

Fighting in 1914

In 1914, the main hostilities took place on the Western Front. Germany concentrated its main forces against France, and Russia did not have time to complete mobilization and was faced with a shortage of ammunition.
In the summer of 1914, the 1st and 2nd Russian armies, commanded by Generals Rennenkampf and Samsonov, launched an offensive against East Prussia. The Southwestern Front under the command of General Ivanov completed a successful offensive, capturing Galicia and defeating the troops of Austria-Hungary, thereby saving Serbia from defeat from the superior forces of the Austrians.

Fighting in 1915

In 1915, Germany transferred its main forces to the eastern front, trying to take Russia out of the war. In April-June 1915, Russian troops were driven out of Galicia, and in June-August 1915 - from Poland, but Russia was not defeated. On August 10, 1915, Nicholas II removed Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich, popular among the troops, from command and assumed the duties of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, which subsequently negatively affected the authority of the emperor.

Fighting in 1916

In May-July 1916, the Brusilov breakthrough took place - a successful offensive of the Russian army in Galicia against the Austrians. That same year, Romania entered the war with the Central Bloc, but was almost immediately defeated by Austrian troops, which only worsened the situation on the Eastern Front.

Events of 1917

In 1917, a revolution broke out in Russia. The emperor announced his abdication from the throne. The provisional government that replaced the emperor told the allies to continue the war with the Central Powers until victory. In June 1917, Russia launched an offensive against Austria-Hungary, but due to the collapse of the army and revolutionary propaganda it ended in failure. After the defeat of the Russian troops and the complete disintegration of the army, large-scale operations at the front were no longer carried out.

Results of the First World War in Russian history

The defeats of the Russian army and the unsuccessful decisions of the imperial government led to public discontent, which resulted in the revolution of 1917. As a result, Russia emerged from the period 1914–1918 defeated in the war, with a destroyed statehood and a beginning revolution.

Assessments of the period 1914 - 1918 by historians

Russian historians, for example, A. A. Danilov, assess the period 1914-1918 - the period of the First World War - mostly negatively. Russia was drawn into a world war for which it was poorly prepared and for which it had no definite goals.

World War I.

2. The beginning of the war

3. Goals of the warring powers

5. Results and consequences of the war , Russian military leaders:

6. Results

7. Conclusion

1. Duration - 1554 days.

2. Number of participating countries - 38.

4. The number of neutral states is 17.

5. The number of states on whose territory military operations took place - 14.

6. The population of the countries participating in the war is 50 million people.

7. The number of mobilized people is 74 million people.

8. The number of dead is 10 million people.

Background to the conflict:

History of the First World War for the world history of the 20th century. is the most important part. At the same time, the participation of the Russian Empire in the First World War is little known in the West and almost forgotten in Russia. Modern schoolchildren know more about the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon than about the First World War. Even the popular name for the war—“German”—disappeared from use: the war began to be called “imperialist.” In Soviet historiography, the history of the First World War was exclusively considered from class positions - as a prelude to the revolution, and secret documents were “forged” that compromised tsarism, exposing its role in the outbreak and preparation for the First World War. Some of the works of its witnesses and participants have been published. But the First World War needs further development and study by historical memory.

Long before the war, contradictions were growing in Europe between the great powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, and Russia.

2). Beginning of the war:

Russia's entry into the war

Russia's involvement in the First World War was a consequence of the imperial ambitions of tsarism, as well as the ruling bureaucracy, in particular in the Balkans, which did not allow even a partial renunciation of its great-power role. The national-patriotic spirit of the Russian public belonged to the imperial policy of the state. This so-called attitude, which pushed the government towards war, played a huge role in the days of the summer crisis of 1914.

After the start of military operations by Austria-Hungary against Serbia, Russian Tsar Nicholas II signed a decree on mobilization on July 16 (29), 1914. But, the next day, he canceled the decision (after receiving a telegram from the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, the tsar took the contents of the telegram as a request not to bring the matter to war). But the arguments of S. D. Sazonov, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, convinced the Tsar that “it is better, without fear of causing a war with our preparations for it, to carefully take care, rather than being caught off guard by it out of fear of war.”

Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia, demanding that the mobilization be suspended. The German ambassador, having received a refusal, in St. Petersburg F. Pourtales (who himself was an opponent of the war with Russia) on July 19 (August 1), 1914, handed Sazonov a German note declaring war.

View document contents
"Essay. World War I"

World War I.

1. Main characteristics of war

2. The beginning of the war

3. Goals of the warring powers

4. Major combat actions and events

5. Results and consequences of the war, Russian military leaders:

7. Conclusion

1). Main characteristics of the First World War:

1. Duration – 1554 days.

2. Number of participating countries – 38.

3. Composition of coalitions: England, France, Russia, USA and 30 other countries (Portugal, Siam, Liberia, 14 Latin American states);

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria (Quadruple Alliance).

4. The number of neutral states is 17.

5. The number of states on whose territory military operations took place – 14.

6. The population of the countries participating in the war is 50 million people.

7. The number of mobilized people is 74 million people.

8. The number of dead is 10 million people.

Cause:

Balkans –

Hotbed of international tension

"Bosnian crisis" caused by annexation

Austria-Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina

with German support

Balkan wars.

The threat of a pan-European

conflict

The struggle of European countries for the Turkish inheritance and influence on politics in the Balkans

Background to the conflict:

History of the First World War for the world history of the 20th century. is the most important part. At the same time, the participation of the Russian Empire in the First World War is little known in the West and almost forgotten in Russia. Modern schoolchildren know more about the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon than about the First World War. Even the popular name for the war - “German” - disappeared from use: the war began to be called “imperialist”. In Soviet historiography, the history of the First World War was exclusively considered from class positions - as a prelude to the revolution, and secret documents were “forged” that compromised tsarism, exposing its role in the outbreak and preparation for the First World War. Some of the works of its witnesses and participants have been published. But the First World War needs further development and study by historical memory.

Long before the war, contradictions were growing in Europe between the great powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, and Russia.

The German Empire, formed after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, sought political and economic dominance on the European continent. Having joined the struggle for colonies only after 1871, Germany wanted the redistribution of the colonial possessions of England, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Portugal in its favor.

Russia, France and Great Britain sought to counteract the hegemonic aspirations of Germany. Why was the Entente formed?

2). Beginning of the war:

Russia's entry into the war

Russia's involvement in the First World War was a consequence of the imperial ambitions of tsarism, as well as the ruling bureaucracy, in particular in the Balkans, which did not allow even a partial renunciation of its great power role. The national-patriotic spirit of the Russian public belonged to the imperial policy of the state. This so-called mood, which pushed the government towards war, played a huge role in the days of the summer crisis of 1914.

After the start of hostilities by Austria-Hungary against Serbia, Russian Tsar Nicholas II signed a decree on mobilization on July 16 (29), 1914. But, the next day, he canceled the decision (after receiving a telegram from the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, the tsar perceived the contents of the telegram as a request not to bring the matter to war). But the arguments of S. D. Sazonov, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, convinced the tsar that “it is better, without fear of causing a war with our preparations for it, to take careful care than out of fear of war to be caught by surprise.”

Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia, demanding that mobilization be suspended. The German ambassador, having received a refusal, in St. Petersburg F. Pourtales (who himself was an opponent of the war with Russia) on July 19 (August 1), 1914, handed Sazonov a German note declaring war.

3). Goals of the warring powers:

Germany- sought to establish world domination

Austria-Hungary- sought to establish control over the Balkans = control over the movement of ships in the Adriatic Sea = enslave the Slavic countries.

England- sought to seize Turkish possessions, as well as Mesopotamia and Palestine with their oil possessions

France- sought to weaken Germany, return Alsace and Lorraine (lands); seize the coal basin, claims to be the hegemon in Europe.

Russia- sought to undermine Germany’s position and ensure free passage through the Baspor and Dardanelles straits in the Mediterranean Sea. Strengthen influence in the Balkans (by weakening German influence on Turkey).

Türkiye-sought to leave the Balkans under its influence, to seize Crimea and Iran (raw material base).

Italy- sought to establish dominance in the Mediterranean and southern Europe.

Progress of the First World War:

1914 Campaign

1915 Campaign

1916 campaign

1917 campaign

1918 Campaign

Russia's exit from the war

4). Main combat actions and events:

1914 –1915

	Western Front	Eastern front
	German invasion of Belgium and France under the Schlieffen Plan.	The offensive of Russian troops in East Prussia and Galicia
September	Battle of the Marne. Retreat of German troops to the Aisne River.	Retreat of Russian troops from East Prussia.
End of 1914	The transition from maneuver to positional warfare.
April-May 1915	The first use of chemical warfare agents (chlorine) by the German command in the area of Ypres.	Breakthrough by German troops of the front in Galicia. Retreat of Russian troops.
September		Front stabilization. Trench warfare.

1916 –1917

March 1916	Battle of Verdun. Jutland naval battle
June August.		Brusilovsky breakthrough of the German-Austrian front.
July August	Anglo-French Somme offensive, first use of tanks
Late 1916	Germany's transition to strategic defense. Hindenburg plan.
April 1917	Unsuccessful French offensive near Arras.	Miliukov's note on Russia's participation in the war to a victorious end.
July-Autumn	British troops are trying to break through the German front in the Ypres region.	Capture of Riga by German troops, occupation of part of the Baltic states.

		Armistice between Soviet Russia and Germany.
1918, winter.		Occupation of Bessarabia by Romania
March-July	The offensive of German troops in the Paris direction, the use of troops transferred from the Eastern Front (Arras, Marne).	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Russia
September-November	General offensive of the Entente troops. Defeat of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance. Truce of Compiègne.

5). Results and consequences of the war, Russian military leaders:

Results and consequences of the war:

Truce of Compiègne

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty of Versailles

Truce of Compiegne:

Terms of the Compiegne Truce:

Immediate withdrawal of German troops from the western occupied territories and the left bank of the Rhine

2. Immediate repatriation without reciprocity of all prisoners of war

3. Concession by the German army of the following military material: 5 thousand cannons, 25 thousand machine guns, 3 thousand mortars and 1,700 airplanes

4. Return of all German troops to Germany

Peace of Brest-Litovsk:

1. Russia's refusal to give up the territories of Estonia and Latvia

2. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Finland, Ukraine

3. Return to Turkey of the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, Batum

4. Demobilization of the Russian army and navy

5. Contribution of 6 billion. stamps

Treaty of Versailles:

Agreement conditions:

Germany lost 1/8 of its territory and all its colonies.

Germany had to pay reparations totaling 132 billion gold marks (52% to France, 22% to Great Britain, 10% to Italy, 8% to Belgium);

The imposition of military restrictions on Germany - it was forbidden to have a submarine fleet, large surface ships, tank formations, military and naval aviation, the maximum army size was determined at 100 thousand people. General conscription was abolished.

Demilitarization of the Rhineland. Occupation of the Rhineland by Allied forces for a period of 15 years

Germany was recognized as the culprit for starting the world war.

Russian military leaders:

Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Nicholas II, M.V. Alekseev, RENNENKAMPF Pavel-Georg Karlovich von, Lavr Georgievich Kornilov, Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin, A.A. Brusilov, Samsonov Alexander Vasilievich.

6). Results:

The results of the First World War were the February and October revolutions in Russia and the November Revolution in Germany, the liquidation of four empires: the German, Russian, Ottoman empires and Austria-Hungary, and the latter two were divided. Germany, having ceased to be a monarchy, is reduced territorially and weakened economically. The Civil War begins in Russia. The USA is becoming a superpower. The payment of reparations by the Weimar Republic and revanchist sentiments in Germany actually led to World War II. The First World War spurred the development of new weapons and means of combat. For the first time, tanks, chemical weapons, gas masks, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns were used. Airplanes, machine guns, mortars, submarines, and torpedo boats became widespread. The firepower of the troops increased sharply.

7). Conclusion:

Analyzing all the material, I came to the conclusion that the war that began in the era

tsarism, From my point of view, the war could have been avoided if not for the so-called tsarism. Waging a political struggle. The First World War showed that armed

the struggle requires massive, multimillion-strong armies equipped with a variety of military equipment. If at the beginning of the First World War the number of armies

both sides did not exceed approximately 70 million people, which was almost 12%

the entire population of the largest states participating in the war. In Germany and

France had 20% of the population. Over a million people took part in individual operations. By the end of the war, the armies of its participants (at the front and in the rear) numbered approximately: 18.5 million.

rifles, 183 thousand guns and mortars, 480 thousand machine guns, over 8 thousand.

tanks, 84 thousand aircraft, 340 thousand cars. Military equipment has found its way

application in the mechanization of engineering work, the use of various new

means of communication.

The result of the wars of the tsarist era indicates that, along with growth, the

their scope and their destructive nature.

In terms of damage done to humanity, the First World War surpassed

all previous wars. Only one casualty during the war amounted to

39.5 million, of which 9.5 million were killed and wounded. There were approximately 29 million

wounded and maimed. First in number of irretrievable losses

the world war has doubled all wars, together in 125 years, starting from the wars

bourgeois France.

Also, one of the important social changes was the change in the status of women. The “women’s issue” was acute in the beginning XX V.

A participant in the First World War, N. Babintseva, expressed her opinion regarding the problem of “woman and war”: “War is an anti-human activity in general, and especially for a woman. We are people without youth, we are forever wounded by the war.”

In wartime conditions, when men were mobilized into the army, the maintenance of families fell entirely on women's shoulders. This led to a radical change in the status of women in society, forced her to take on new family and social responsibilities, but also to occupy new niches in society that were closed to women in the pre-war years. If the history of previous wars was divided between the male experience on the battlefield and the experience of the woman who waited for her husband on the home front, then the First World War changed this relationship. During the war years, women not only served at the front as nurses and nurses, but also worked in defense factories and did “non-female” hard work in agriculture, industry, the service sector, and transport.

The difficulties of wartime placed a heavy burden on women, but at the same time, new responsibilities also brought changes in women’s worldview, gave it self-esteem and opened the door to a world that traditionally belonged to men. Finally, this was one of the difficult steps towards establishing equality between men and women and the formation of harmonious relations in society. During the war, the lives of children also changed. When parents and older brothers joined the army, childhood ended for many teenagers: they began to be forced to participate in the production process, in peasant farms, or get hired work, also in factories and factories, replacing conscripted men.

Many children who lost their parents at the front, during mass displacements and due to many other circumstances during wartime had to experience the bitter and terrible fate of orphanhood. This usually concerned poor peasant and working families.

In the rear regions of Russia during the war, another category of people appeared for peacetime - refugees. These were residents of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, the Baltic countries, usually women, children, and elderly people. Local authorities placed them in small towns and villages, where it was easier at that time to solve the problem of employment and food. The number of prisoners of war who found themselves on Russian territory during the war also reached hundreds of thousands of people. They worked in mines, heavy industrial enterprises, on landowners' estates and on the farms of wealthy peasants. Communicating with the local population, refugees and prisoners of war became an additional source of information about unfamiliar foreign countries, their people and customs. This had a great influence on changing the worldview of residents of the rear regions and expanded their understanding of the world.

The war of the tsarist era revealed the increasing role of economic and moral

factors. This was a direct consequence of the creation, as well as the growth of mass armies,

the masses of various equipment and the protracted nature of wars increased, in which all the economic, as well as political foundations of the state were tested. The experience of these wars, in particular the First World War, was confirmed by V.I. Lenin, back in 1904, that modern wars are waged by peoples.

The people are the decisive force in war. The participation of the people in the war is manifested not only through its recruitment of modern mass armies, but

and the fact that the base of modern warfare is also the rear. During the war, the rear feeds the front with reserves, weapons and food, sentiments,

ideas, thereby exerting a decisive influence on the morale of the army, on its

combat effectiveness.

The war showed that the strength of the rear is included in the concept and morale

people, is one of the decisive, operating factors,

determining not only the course but also the outcome of modern war.

References:

1). A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt / History of Russia XX – early XXI century 9th grade / 3rd edition / Moscow “Enlightenment” 2006.

2). Scientific and methodological journal / teaching history and social studies at school 4/2014.

3). Comprehensive teacher support / history everything for the teacher! Scientific and methodological journal No. 9 (33) September 2014

Internet resources:

http://ppt4web.ru/istorija-mirovaja-vojjna2.html.

http://ppt4web.ru/istorija/pervaja-vojjna0.html.

http://ppt4web.ru/istorija/pervaja-mirovaja-vojjna4.html.

http://works.tarefer.ru/33/100499/index.html.

1914-1918 — the period of Russia's participation in the First World War.

On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo. This led to an attack by Austria-Hungary on Serbia. Russia supported Serbia in this war, Austria-Hungary was supported by Germany. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. Russia began military operations without completing mobilization. The 1st and 2nd Russian armies under the command of generals P.K. Rennenkampf and A.V. Samsonov entered the territory of East Prussia. The Southwestern Front, under the command of General N.I. Ivanov, carried out a successful offensive in Galicia, defeating the Austrians, which saved Serbia from defeat. In Prussia, the Russian armies were defeated, but this offensive forced the Germans to transfer part of their forces there from the western front, which saved France from defeat and thwarted the German plan for a “lightning war.”

This time period refers to a period when Russia was experiencing great upheavals. And among such events, the following most important can be identified: firstly, Russia’s participation in the First World War; secondly, the February Revolution of 1917 and the liquidation of the monarchy, the October Revolution of 1917. and the coming to power of the Bolsheviks.

The First World War was the result of worsening contradictions between the world's major powers. The rapid growth of Germany's economic power prompted it to strive to redistribute the world and expand its colonial possessions. Russia, after Germany declared war on it, could not stand aside, because... its interests with Germany came into conflict due to the Balkan issue, where Russia was afraid of losing its position. Despite the superiority of the Entente, the conditions of the war had a heavy impact on Russia; by the end of 1914, reserves of weapons and ammunition were at a standstill. were completely exhausted, the country experienced a decline in many industries, and devastation began. General A.A. played an important role in this process. Brusilov, who in 1916 organized the success of a powerful breakthrough of the Austro-Hungarian positions, which overall ensured the success of the 1916 campaign. for the Russian army. In general, the war became protracted and painful for all its participants; it ended in defeat for Russia, Germany and its allies.

Military defeats, the unresolved agrarian, labor, and national issues, dissatisfaction with the policies of tsarism led to the beginning of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in February 1917. Under these conditions, Tsar Nicholas 2 was pushed to abdicate the throne, because the growth of dissatisfaction with the tsar began with the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, as well as the assumption of the role of commander in chief in the First World War and its protracted nature, “Rasputinism” - all this led to the fall of the monarchy. A dual power was formed: the power of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies and the Provisional Government. The most important figure of this period and in particular of this process was V.I. Lenin - one of the main organizers and leaders of the October Revolution of 1917, as a result of which the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, managed to overthrow the Provisional Government and completely seize power. The gradual domination of power by the Bolsheviks will further lead to a split of society into two parts, i.e. to the Civil War.

The main significance of the period 1914-1918 is that the form of government actually changed in Russia. The thousand-year-old monarchy gave way to a young republic. Events that occurred in 1917 radically changed the course of Russian history and had a significant impact on the political situation throughout the world in the first half of the 20th century.