Poppy mock rule and examples. Unstressed vowels in the roots of words Mak root in Russian

Spelling of roots is included in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language for grade 11 (task 8).

Algorithm for checking the spelling of roots

Check if the root is alternating. If it is, check according to the rule.

If the root is not alternating, try to find a test word. If a test word is found, the letter is tested.

If the test word was not found, the letter is untestable.

Spelling of alternating roots

The spelling of alternating roots can depend on many factors: stress, the presence of a suffix, the meaning of the word, etc.

Alternating vowels O and A in the root

Alternating vowels E and I in the root

The alternation of vowels E and I in roots depends on the presence of the suffix -A- after the root: if there is a suffix, then I is written, otherwise E is written.

If after the root there is a suffix -A-, then the root contains I

Not to be confused with the word put up, the vowel of which is verifiable (peace).

Spelling of checked vowels/consonants in the root

If a vowel or consonant is a verifiable letter in the root, then there is a word with the same root in which the vowel is under stress and the consonant is before the vowel.

Cx. matic – check word circuit => schematic

B. fight – test word vivacity => cheer up

Account happy – test word happiness => happy

Hru. cue – test word fragile => fragile

Proru. ь – test word cut through => ice hole

Danger. ny – test word dangerous => dangerous

Spelling of unchecked vowels/consonants in the root

Unverifiable vowels and root consonants should be checked in a dictionary and memorized the correct spelling.

An unstressed vowel in the root, verified by the stress of the word. Unstressed vowels

How to write correctly: cold or cold, ship or ship, will grow or will grow? These questions arise for most people who have long graduated from a general education institution, and for those who are still in the process of studying. As a rule, such confusion is due to the fact that the vowel letter at the root of the named words is not stressed.

Unstressed vowels are a surefire way to write letters incorrectly. But if you study all the necessary rules, you can easily create a literate text.

What is the difficulty?

There are quite a few expressions in the Russian language, the writing of which raises various questions regarding their “correctness”. Thus, all words that have an unstressed vowel at their root can be divided into 3 groups:

• unstressed vowel in the root, verified by word stress;
• words that have alternating vowels in their roots;
• words that have an unverified unstressed vowel at the root.

To write a letter correctly, you should know exactly how to write an unstressed vowel at the root. There is not one rule for such words, but several (separate for each case). Let's look at them in more detail.

Unstressed vowel in the root, verified by word stress

How to correctly write a word that has an unstressed vowel at its root? Let's answer this question right now. It is necessary to select a test word with the same root, where the emphasis will fall on the same letter. After such a check, in the unstressed syllable of the root, you can safely put the same vowel that is in the stressed syllable.


Example words

To make it more clear how unstressed vowels are checked in practice, here are a few examples:

• How to spell the word "uh" correctly. "to die." First you need to choose test words. They can be “move” or “leave”. As you may have noticed, in these words the emphasis falls on “o”. That is why there should be no doubt about how an unstressed syllable is written (“UhOdit”).
• How to write the word “argum” correctly. ntate"? It is also necessary to choose a test word for it. For example, "argument". The emphasis in it falls on “e”. Therefore, it would be correct to “argument.”

Features of the rule

An unstressed vowel in the root, verified by the stress of the word, is the simplest rule in spelling. However, difficulties may arise during such verification. After all, it is very important to choose the right test words, otherwise you can easily make a mistake.

So, let's look at the words “dedicated.” tion" and "enlightenment. ". The test word for “dedication” is “holiness,” so it should be spelled with an “I.” The test word for “prosv. tion" is "light". In this regard, it must be written with the letter “e”.


Having considered these examples, we can safely conclude that the test words used should be of the same root (that is, as close as possible in meaning).

What difficulties may arise?

Despite the fact that the rule “Unstressed vowel in the root, checked by word stress” is quite simple, difficulties can still arise when using it. What are they connected to? The fact is that when writing some words, it becomes difficult to find suitable test words for them.

Let's look at a few of them:

• conquer - submissive;
• exemplary - exemplary;
• comprehend - comprehend;
• apology - innocent;
• shepherd - shepherd or shepherd;
• inexhaustible - to run out;
• absorb - pharynx;
• pile up - bulky;
• expose - naked;
• line - line.

Note

The vowels “a” and “o” in the roots of perfective verbs should in no case be checked with imperfective verbs.

• Swallow - pharynx. The word “swallow” cannot be used.
• To be late is too late. The word “late” cannot be used.
• Flood - it will flood. The word “flood” cannot be used.
• Double - two. You cannot use the word “bifurcate”.

Using this rule in practice and paying attention to its features, you will be able to correctly compose any text or letter.

Words that have alternating vowels in their roots

The Russian language has a huge number of roots in which the vowels alternate. Thus, in some words these roots are written with one vowel, and in others - with another. It should be especially noted that such expressions can quite easily be mistaken for those that need to be checked using a stressed syllable. In this regard, the list of such roots must be remembered. In this case, the choice of one vowel or another may depend on the presence of a suffix in words -A-, from the meaning of the root, as well as from the stress or letter following it. Let us give an example of several such roots:

Words with an unverified unstressed vowel at the root

In some cases, the spelling of unstressed vowels is fundamentally not amenable to any of the rules presented. In such situations, teachers and professors simply require you to remember them. However, there are so many of them that learning these words is problematic. In this regard, it is recommended to write them down on a separate piece of paper and use it when you have difficulties writing a letter correctly.


Let's present an incomplete list of words whose spelling you need to know by heart:

• avant-garde, adventure, agronomist, almanac, orange, appeal;
• balloon, crimson, conversational, den, unprecedented;
• vaccine, magnificent, option, vacancy, great, lobby, vinaigrette, virtuoso, veteran, admiration, stained glass;
• genius, herbarium, high school student, hypothesis, hypnosis, hot, horizon;
• diagnosis, director, dear, document, travel;
• railway, wish;
• interest, tomorrow;
• dependent, ignore, informational, interest, incident, information;
• calendar, careerist, sway, comment, sociable, companion;
• cherish, azure, linguistic, lilac;
• tangerine, metaphor, mechanics, miniature, milk;
• obsession, reluctantly, adverb;
• preoccupied, bewitch, original, stunned;
• panorama, landscape, foam rubber, president, privilege, thunder;
• real, mode, review, solve;
• sympathy, dog, fight, stereotype, scholarship;
• hasty, solemn, traditional;
• compact, honor, destroy;
• philharmonic society, philosophy, phraseology;
• character, characteristic;
• ceremony;
• Human;
• masterpiece;
• exposure, element, experiment, label.

Knowledge is such a precious thing that there is no shame in acquiring it from any source. Abu al-Faraj

Thursday, September 6, 2012

Table "Alternating vowels in the root of a word"

11 comments:

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Thank you so much! Helped a lot)))

I searched, but didn’t find a connection with the admin or moderator of the page, so I’ll write in the reviews. The table is good, however, it can be improved. Write in front of the table how to identify words with alternating vowels in their roots. I searched for a rule for a long time and had difficulty finding something that clearly explained it. In the roots -gor- -gar-, the word exception is not written - vygarki, the stress falls on the 1st syllable, but is written in the second -gar-.

Depending on the accent, we missed -clone-clan-, but thank you for helping.

svetlana2312.blogspot.com

Unstressed vowel sounds in roots. Vowel sounds are stressed and unstressed

In the Russian language, all sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. There are only six vowels - “a”, “o”, “u”, “i”, “e”, “s”. They are pronounced only with the participation of the voice, without the participation of noise. Can form syllables. There are shock and unstressed ones. Vowel sounds - stressed and unstressed — have their own characteristics and specific roles in the speech process. In addition, many norms for designating vowels in writing with letters depend on the presence or absence of stress.

The vowels “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “e” are not separate sounds. They represent the designation of two sounds. For example: ya - ya, yu - yu, etc. They are also endowed with additional functions - they indicate the softness of the consonant sound in writing.


Stressed vowel sounds

A stressed vowel sound is a vowel sound that is pronounced when pronounced by the voice. That is, the one on which the emphasis falls. This sound is always pronounced more clearly. Compared to the unstressed one, it is in a stronger position and plays a meaningful role. As a rule, writing letters that convey stressed vowels does not cause difficulties.

For example, in the words small (stress on the first syllable), peaceful (stress on the first syllable), distant (stress on the second syllable), the spelling of stressed syllables will not cause doubts in anyone. The principle “as it is heard is how it is written” applies here, and sounds are heard clearly.

Stressed vowel sounds are designed to perform the function of meaning differentiation. For comparison: mole, mal, soap, mule - words that we distinguish by ear due to the fact that different vowels are written in them.


Unstressed vowel sounds - what are they?

Unstressed vowels are vowels that are not emphasized by the voice. They are pronounced with much less force and not nearly as energetic as drums. They are in a weak position, and writing the letters that convey them is often difficult. The principle “as we hear, so we write” will not work in this case, since what is heard may not be what actually is.

An unstressed vowel sound is often in an altered state (state of reduction). And the degree of transformation may depend on the distance of the stressed vowel. The further you go, the stronger the reduction. For example, in the word “kolobok” the stress is on the last sound “o” - in the third syllable. The closest “o” (in the second syllable) is heard even more or less clearly, and the distant one (from the first syllable) is practically lost during pronunciation. Its duration in this case is minimal.

Relatively stable in this regard are the unstressed vowel sounds “i”, “s”, “u”. The degree of their transformation is almost not affected by the distance from the shock (mumiyo, Pinocchio, world). The only exception can be “and” at the beginning of a word after a hard consonant, which ends the previous word of the phrase. In such cases, “and” turns into “s”. This situation is clearly visible, for example, in the phrase “smoke over the hut.”

Unstressed vowel sounds in roots. Spelling

As noted above, conveying unstressed vowel sounds in writing often poses difficulties. It can be especially problematic to understand which letter should indicate the unstressed vowel sound at the root of a particular word.

The spelling of such roots is allocated to a special section of grammar and is studied in detail in philology. The choice of the correct letter depends on various factors: the characteristics of its proximity to other letters, the presence or absence of a stressed syllable nearby, test words, their origin, etc.

Unchecked vowels in roots

The most difficult case from a spelling point of view is unstressed vowel sounds in untestable words. When it is impossible to choose an option with an impact root.

The correct options in such situations can only be remembered or always carry a dictionary with you in which you can look up the spelling.

Words that fall under this section include, for example: meridian, vinaigrette, concrete, corvalol, cheesecake and others. Many of them are of foreign origin.

Checked vowels in word roots

The letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds in roots can, in most cases, be determined by choosing a word with the same root, where the stress falls on the root.

For example, by changing the word “grass” to “grass”, it is easy to understand which letter should be written in the unstressed root. More options: mountain - mountain, water - water, rain - rain, and so on and so forth. There are a great many examples in the Russian language.

• Note: In the case when the root of the word contains a letter denoting the stressed syllable “yo” (“е”), in the unstressed version it will change to “e”. For example: dead - dead, maples - maple, unbuttoned - unbuttoned.

Spelling roots in words of different origins

Unstressed vowel sounds in the main morphemes of words can have different letter expressions depending on the origin of the particular word.

So, for example, native Russian words are often distinguished by the full-vowel spelling of the combinations -oro-, -olo-: young, fence, shell. And their Old Church Slavonic variants have a shortened version of the letter combination and the transformation of “o” into “a”: baby, fence, cloud.

Alternation of unstressed “a” and “o” in roots

Letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds can alternate in the roots of related words. One of the alternation options is “a” and “o”. Different roots have their own spelling rules:

• For example, regardless of which letter is written under stress, in the unstressed position we almost always have the roots of “mountains”, “clone”, “creation”, “zar” and “melt”: lit up, bow down, create, illuminated, melt. But there are exceptions: burnt marks, burnt marks, utensils, zarevat, swimmer, swimmer, quicksand, etc.
• The morphemes “rast”, “rasch” and “ros” depend on the consonant closing the root. The letter "a" is preceded by "st" or "u", while the "s" is usually preceded by "o". The following do not fit into this rule: Rostislav, Rostov, usurer, sprout, outgrowth and variants derived from them (Rostov, usury, etc.), as well as the word industry.
• In the morphemes “skoch” and “skak” there is usually an “o” before the letter “ch”, and an “a” before the “k”. For example: jumper, jump rope, upstart, jump up. The only exceptions are the words gallop, gallop, gallop and jump.
• Unstressed vowel sounds in words with the roots “lag” and “lozh” are represented in writing by letters, according to the following rule: “a” is used before “g”, and “o” is used before “zh”. For example: add, believe, decompose, addition, position, put aside. The exception is the canopy.
• The presence or absence of the suffix “a” is determined by such roots as “kas” and “kos”. If the suffix is ​​present immediately after the root, then it will be “kas”, and if not, then it will be “kos”. For example: touching, touching, touching, touching.
• The spelling of roots with unstressed vowels sometimes depends on their meaning. So, in the case of “mok” (“moch”) and “poppy”, the first option “works” if we are talking about soaking in liquid (blotting cloth, wet), and the second - in the case when we mean immersion in liquid (dipping , dip).
• The morphemes “equal” and “equal” also “equal” to the meaning of the word. If sameness is meant, then it is written “a” (equal, equation), and if straightness and smoothness are written, then “o” (to align, level). Exceptions: peer, plain, level, equally.



How “i” and “e” alternate

The letters of the unstressed vowel sounds “i” and “e” can also alternate in the roots of words.

Morphemes “bir” and “ber”, “zhig” and “zheg”, “steel” and “steel”, “blist” and “brist”, “world” and “mer”, “tir” and “ter”, “ dir" and "der", "pir" and "per", "chit" and "chet" are directly dependent on the presence of the suffix "a". If it is adjacent to the root, it is written “and”, and if it is absent - “e”. Examples: begging - will take; cauterization – burned out; spreads - lay; brilliant - brilliant; freeze - freeze; rub off - rub off; tear off - tear off; unlock - unlock; read – deduction. Exceptions: couple, combination, combine.

cylinder, scurvy, figure
in words starting with -tion:
climax

O - E after sibilants and C in suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives

Consoles on. z - . With

In the prefixes -raz- (-ras-) - -roz- (-ros-) under the accent it is written O, without the accent - A:
distribute - distributed
The prefix C- is written both before voiceless and voiced consonants:
erase - do

Pre- and pre-

Vowels Y and I after prefixes

after prefixes ending in a consonant

play-
play
win back
search-
find
find
after the prefixes inter-, super-
inter-institutional
ultra-sophisticated
after foreign language prefixes and particles counter-, dis-, trans-, pan-
counterplay
disinformation
Pan-Islamism

Cases and case endings of nouns

Features of the declension of nouns in -iya, -iy, -ie

Indeclinable nouns ending in -mya

If when declension of a noun

When the vowel is dropped, the suffix -ek- is written:
hut - hut
boy - boy
the vowel is preserved, then it is written -ik-:
buddy - buddy
nut - nut
Suffixes -ets-, -its-

Suffixes -ichk-, -echk-

Suffixes -chik-, -schik-

NOT with nouns

ignoramus
tall tales
When forming a word with the opposite meaning:

foe (enemy)
misfortune (grief)
enemy (enemy)
Not the truth, but a lie.
Not a friend, but an enemy.
Not happiness, but sorrow.

NOT with adjectives

Not used without NOT:

stormy
hated
small (small)
not bad (good)
In the presence of the words very, very, extremely, extremely, completely, completely, almost, partly, completely, extremely:
extremely careless
very bad
If there is or is implied opposition:
Not big, but small.
Not bad, but good.
Is the river shallow? The river is not shallow.
If opposition is implied and negation is intensified, negate. pronouns and adverbs:
not true at all
not at all happy

Suffixes -onk-, -enk-

If the adjective has a short form:

narrow - narrow
impudent - impudent
If the adjective is formed from a noun with the base k, ch, c (k and ch turn into c):
German - German
fisherman - fisherman
weaver - weaver
In all other cases:
sailor - sailor
french - french
bogatyr - heroic

-Н-, -НН- in adjective suffixes

In short adjectives -N-, -NN- are written in accordance with the full form

The grass is green (green).
The road is long (long).
Connecting vowels O, E in compound words

Spelling compound nouns

Continuous writing

Compound words with elements:
1. from complex nouns:
   pedestrian
   locomotive
2. from combinations of words:
   railway (railway)
   Old Russian (ancient Russian)
3. in combination with an adverb:
   highly educated
   fleeting
4. quality with extras shade:
   sweet and sour
   bitter-salty
5. shades of color:
   blue-black
   milky white
   pale pink
6. homogeneous adj. (= and, but, not only):
   English-Russian
   electronic computing
7. the first part ends in -iko:
   physical and mathematical

By meaning and grammatical features

quantitative
How many?
five
ten
ordinal
Which?
fifth
tenth
By composition
simple
three
nine
second
complex
fifty
seventy
two hundredth
composite
twenty five
thirty-seventh
fifty first
Declension of cardinal numbers

Declension of compound cardinal numerals

For compound numerals denoting whole numbers, all the words from which they are composed are declined.

Declension of fractional numbers

3 - numerator: cardinal number
—
5 - denominator: ordinal number

When declension of fractional numerals, both parts change: the numerator is declined as a whole number, and the denominator as a plural adjective.

Declension of collective numerals both-both

Declension of numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred

b at the end and in the middle of numerals

Remember:

• No b is written in the middle
  fifteen
  sixteen
  seventeen
  eighteen
  nineteen

Pronouns

• Personal
  I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
• Refundable
• Interrogative
  Who? What? Which? whose? which? How many?
• Relative
  who, what, which, whose, which, how many, which.
• Negative
  no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one, several.
• Possessives
  mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs.
• Index fingers
  that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete).
• Certain
  all, everyone, each, himself, any, other.
• Undefined
  someone, something, some, some, some.

Spelling of indefinite pronouns

NOT-, NI- in negative pronouns

NOT - under stress
someone
nothing
nowhere
no one
no need
NI - no accent
nobody
Nothing
nowhere
no one
no way
together in the absence of a pretext
no one
no one
nothing
nothing
separately if there is a preposition
no one with
no one has
about nothing
never
Conjugation of verbs

The conjugation of verbs is determined by the indefinite form.

Present tense verb conjugation

Features of the conjugation of some verbs:

1. From the verb to win 1st person singular. no numbers are formed.
2. 1st and 2nd person units. and many more hours present vr. is not used from the verb to be.
3. Variably conjugated verbs want, run, dream:
   wants, wants - according to I reference ..;
   want, want, want - according to Ref. II;
   you run, run, run, run - according to Ref. II;
   run - along I reference;
   glimmers - according to I reference;
   brezhut - II reference.

Use of b in verb forms

The letter b is written:

in an indefinite form:
wash - wash
take care - take care
at the end of the 2nd person unit. h.:
make you happy - make you happy
in the imperative mood after consonants:
weigh - weigh
in a reflexive particle (suffix) located after a vowel:
study
come back
disappeared
Vowels in unstressed suffixes of verbs -ova- (-eva-), -ыва- (-iva-)

Participle as a special form of verb

Which? which? which? which?

• denotes an attribute of an object
• changes by gender, number, case, consistent with the defined noun
• transitivity and intransitivity of action
• perfect and imperfect form
• present and past tense

Active and passive participles

active participles denote the attribute of the object that itself produces the action:
The sun heating the earth.
Passive participles denote the attribute of an object that experiences the action of another object:
Earth heated by the sun.
Active present participles

Active past participles

Passive present participles

Passive past participles

Book, written by a famous writer , out of print.
Written by a famous writer the book is out of print.

Without NOT not used:

hated
indignant
With full participles without dependent words and opposition:
unread book
With the words absolutely, very, extremely, extremely, completely (= very):
a completely ill-conceived decision
With short participles:
work not finished
With full participles in the presence of dependent words or opposition:
a book I haven't read
not read, but only viewed book
With intensifying negation places., adv.:
an unjustified act

-Н-, -НН- in suffixes of participles and verbal adjectives

If there are no prefixes (except non-), the suffix -ova- (-eva-) will explain. words::

painted floor
wounded fighter
slow
desired,
sacred,
unheard of,
unexpected, etc.
In short periods. participles:
soldier wounded
dictation written
If there are prefixes (except non-):
made up
injured
broken
smart
planted
named
If there are explanatory words:
floor painted by them
soldier wounded by a bullet
In words starting with -ovanny (-evanny):
marinated
arrested
Exceptions:
chewed,
forged
Formed from verbs perfect. type:
bought
decided

Vowels before -N-, -NN- in participles and verbal adjectives

The participle as a special form of the verb

1. Perfect and imperfect appearance.
2. Transitivity and intransitivity of action.
3. Controls dependent words.
4. Does not change (does not decline, does not conjugate).
5. It is not coordinated, it is not controlled.
6. It can be a circumstance in a sentence.

Singing the song to the end , the wounded began to sing it first.
Pigeon, seeing the children , flew up.
He wrote something tilting his head .

Imperfect participles

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Spelling vowels at the end of adverbs

b at the end of adverbs
After the hissing adverbs at the end it is written ь:
away, gallop, unbearably, backhand.
Exceptions: already married, unbearable.

-N-, -NN- in adverbs starting with -O (-E)

NOT and NOR in adverbs

Spelling adverbs with a hyphen

• Adverbs with the prefix po-on -om, -emu, -ski, -ki, -i
  differently
  In my
  in English
  wolfish

Exceptions:

because, therefore, why, therefore.
• Adverbs with the prefix vo- (v-), formed from ordinal numbers
  Firstly
  Secondly
  Thirdly
• Adverbs with suffixes -to, -either, -something, prefix some-
  something
  anywhere
  somehow
  someone
• Adverbs formed by repetition of words (same root or synonymous)
  barely
  exactly the same
  a little
  after all
  I'll say hello

Continuous writing of adverbs

• Prefix + adverb
  easily
  forever
  day after tomorrow
  from outside
• Prefixes na-, v- + collective numeral
  in two
  doubled
  three of us

two, three

• Prefix + pronoun, full. attached (not starting with a vowel)
  draw
  however
  often
• Prefix + short adjective
  dry
  white
• Prefix + noun, where a definition cannot be inserted between the prefix and the noun
  ford
  on the sly

Separate writing of adverbs

• The noun has retained some case forms
  squatting (squatting)
  abroad (abroad)
inside out (from the inside out)
alone (alone)
hastily (not in a hurry)
• Between nouns and a preposition can be used to insert a definition
  in moderation (to the fullest)
  at a gallop (at full gallop)
  until death (until death)
• Preposition B + noun, adjective, beginning with a vowel
  hugging
  point blank
  on fire
• Prepositions B, NA + noun in a sentence. case.
  but a few days ago
  to celebrate
  in the dark
• The noun is used figuratively
  to smithereens

Functional parts of speech

• Pretext
  • Non-derivative prepositions
    without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through:
    because of, from under, .
  • Derivative prepositions
    • adverbial prepositions
      near, inside, around, near, .
    • denominal prepositions
      as a result of, during, by, in continuation of, .
    • verbal prepositions
      thanks, including, excluding, after, starting (with), .
    • Particle
    • They don't change.
    • They do not have independent lexical meaning.
    • They are not members of the proposal.

    Spelling prepositions

    Unions

    Essays
    Connecting
    and, yes (= and), not only. but also, also, also, and. and, neither. no way. so and
    Nasty
    a, yes (= but), but, but, however, nevertheless, nevertheless
    Separating
    or or. or, either, or. either, then. this or that. either way or not. not that
    Subordinates
    Explanatory
    what, to, how, .
    Temporary
    when, only, barely, .
    Target
    in order to, in order to, in order to, .
    Conditional
    if, if, if, .
    Concessive
    although, at least, let it be, .
    Comparative
    as if, as if, as if
    Causal
    since, so, .
    Consequences
    So

    Particle discharges

    Modal particles
    interrogative:
    whether, really, really;
    exclamation marks:
    how, what;
    restrictive:
    only;
    index:
    here, there;
    amplification:
    nor, after all, after all, even;
    clarification
    exactly, exactly.
    Shaping particles
    would (to form the conditional mood):
    let, let, yes, come on, -ka (to form the imperative mood):
    it happened, it happened (to form special forms of the past tense).
    Negative particles
    Not
    neither
    Spelling particles
    With a hyphen:
    -That,
    -or,
    something,
    -ka,
    -tka,
    -With,
    -de,
    some- (some-),
    -taki (after adverbs, verbs and with the words still, so-and-so)
    Apart:
    same (f)
    would (b)
    whether(l)
    as if
    they say
    as if
    something like that
    after something follows a preposition (with someone)
    after all
    they say
    Remember:
    in exactly the same way, the same thing, the same, the same hour, all the same, immediately, all the same, besides, so-and-so.
    Collocation

    Connection of words in a phrase

    Types of offers

    According to the purpose of the statement
    narrative
    interrogative
    incentive
    By the presence of minor members of the sentence
    common
    undistributed
    By structure
    simple
    complex
    two-part
    one-piece
    By intonation
    exclamation marks
    non-exclamatory
    By the nature of the attitude towards reality
    affirmative
    negative
    Types of predicate
    Simple verb
    Verb in any mood:
    Stars in the blue sky shine T.
    Phraseological combination:
    lost his temper
    kicks ass
    became indignant
    Compound verb
    auxiliary verb + infinitive verb
    Vladimir started strongly worry .
    Compound nominal
    linking verb + nominal part
    Weather was good .
    The village where Evgeniy was bored, it was a lovely place .
    Dash between subject and predicate
    A dash is placed
    noun - noun
    A book is a source of knowledge.
    number - number
    Five eight is forty.
    undefined f. verb - undefined f. verb, noun - undefined f. verb, undefined f. verb - noun
    To live is to serve the homeland.
    An excellent position is to be human.
    before words this, this, this means, this means
    The main thing is the desire to learn.
    There is no dash
    personal pronoun noun
    He's a skeptic.
    predicate has the negation NOT
    Poverty is not a vice.
    like, exactly, as if predicate
    This garden is like a forest.
    subject introductory word predicate
    Kostya is now a student.

    Secondary members of the sentence

    Supplement - answers questions of indirect cases, denotes the subject.
    The children talked (about what?) about animals.
    Definition - answers the questions what? whose?, denotes a feature of an object.
    We saw a rare (what?) bird.
    Circumstance - answers the questions where? Where? How? . denotes a sign of an action or other sign.
    The guests arrived (when?) the day before.
    Types of circumstances

    Types of one-part sentences

    The main member is the predicate
    Definitely personal: predicate is a verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person singular. or more numbers.
    I am waiting I've heard from you.
    Indefinite-personal: the predicate is a verb in the 3rd form. plural present and bud. vr. and in plural form. past vr.
    They're knocking in the door.
    Impersonal: with a predicate there is no subject.
    It's getting dark .
    Main member - subject
    Denominative: There is only a subject.
    Quiet evening .
    Winter .
    Features of homogeneous members of a sentence

    Pine trees, birch trees, and larches surrounded the clearing.

    They answer one common question:
    What?
    Identical members of a sentence (members of the same name):
    subject

    Refer to the same member of the sentence:

    surrounded
    They are equal to each other and are connected by a coordinating connection:
    pine(s)
    birch(s)
    larches
    Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members

    Two or more homogeneous. member without conjunctions:

    (), (), ()
    The sounds grew, grew stronger, expanded.
    Homogeneous members with repeated conjunctions and-and, neither-nor, yes-yes, or-or, either-or, so-and-so,. not that, not that:
    and (), and ()
    Both the shore and the sea were silent.
    Either north or east.
    Between homogeneity member with conjunctions a, but, yes (=but):
    (), But ()
    He grumbled but agreed.
    Homogeneous members with one conjunction and, or, or, yes (=and):
    () And ()
    Red and blue flowers.
    Within the same group members connected in pairs:
    ,
    We collected herbs and berries, mushrooms and nuts.
    In complete terms:
    both this and that
    neither this nor that
    neither light nor dawn
    and this way and that
    and here and there
    neither fish nor fowl
    neither alive nor dead

    Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

    Colon
    After the generalizing word, before homogeneous members (sometimes words are placed here somehow, namely, for example):
    .
    Snow covered everything: trees, houses, and haystacks.
    .
    .
    .
    I need some tools, for example: hammer, file, hacksaw.
    Before transferring uniord. members in business and scientific speech:
    The Plenum decided:
    1).
    2).
    Dash
    After homogeneity members before summarizing the word:
    .
    The table, armchair, chairs - everything was in disarray.
    .
    .
    .
    A hammer, a file, a hacksaw - in short, I need some tools.
    After homogeneity, members, if there is a generalizing word in front of them, and the sentence is not completed:
    .
    There was snow everywhere: on trees, haystacks, houses.

    Basic groups of introductory words

    Different feelings of the speaker regarding the message
    fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to horror, unfortunately, .
    Assessing the degree of reality of the message (confidence, possibility, .)
    of course, undoubtedly, probably, maybe, it seems.
    Message source
    they say, report, according to, in my opinion, according to.
    Connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation
    so, therefore, firstly, finally, by the way, .
    Formatting expressed thoughts
    in a word, in general, in other words, so to speak, .
    Appeal to attract attention to the message
    do you see, understand, please, let's say, let's say, .
    Remember:
    Introductory words are not parts of the sentence; they are separated in writing by commas.

    Main types of complex sentences

    • Allied
      • Compound
      • Complex subordinates
        • With subordinate clauses
        • With adverbial clauses
        • With subordinate clauses
          • time, place, mode of action, measure and degree, reasons, goals, comparative, conditions, concessions, consequences, accessions
          • Non-Union

          Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

          • A comma is placed
            • Between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:
              and, yes (=and), neither. neither;
              a, but, yes (=but), however, . ;
              or, either, whether. whether, . ;
              yes, yes and, too, also;
              that is, namely.
              Lightning flashed and a clap of thunder was heard.
            • If parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member:
              Now the May rain will splash and a thunderstorm will begin.
            • If there is a general subordinate clause:
              As soon as it was dawn, we were woken up and we set off.

            Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

            • The subordinate clause is separated or separated by commas:
              We set off as the sun rose.
            • Between homogeneous subordinate clauses, if they are not connected by coordinating conjunctions:
              We thought that he would be late, that we would not be able to say goodbye to him.
            • When using compound conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after:
              We sat on the corner of the bastion, so we could see everything in both directions.
            • There is no comma
              • negation + conjunction:
                He began to find out not what happened, but who did it.
            • Subordinate clause = one conjunctive word:
              He promised to return, but did not say when.
            • Before the subordinating conjunction the words in particular, that is, namely, especially:
              He became better, especially when he learned about what had happened.
            • Before stable speeds, as you like, at any cost, as much as you like, as if nothing had happened.

            Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

            • Consistent submission
              Ch. prev — Prid. I st - adj. II Art.
              He reached the last flight of stairs and saw someone sitting on the steps below the landing onto which his door opened.
            • Parallel subordination

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Spelling of roots –mak-, -mok-. -mok- – “to be soaked in liquid” Example: to get wet, gets wet, blotter -mak- – “to be immersed in liquid and taken out” Example: to dip a brush.

Picture 13 from the presentation “Spelling roots” for Russian language lessons on the topic “Spelling roots”

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Spelling of roots

“Spelling in the roots of words” - Based on the meaning and rhyme, restore the missing words. I. Give a description of the proposals under No. 1, under No. 2. What task should be completed? Determine which part of the word the spelling is in. Rules for spelling vowels and consonants in the root. A. Spellings at the root (generalization). Formulate the topic of the lesson.

“Words with the same root” - Very strong. A miner is a worker in the mining industry. Mountain miner mountain mountainous hill. Wasp. Aspen aspen. Similar words. Boletus. Lesson objective: For every owl's advice, the smart little heads clap their eyes in response. Learn to find words with the same root, highlight the root. Algorithm. The burner is burning.

“Roots of Lag-Lodge” - Grow - grow a plant - thickets grow - grown. RAST - GROW - ROSS PLANT - GROWED - GROWED Exceptions: sprout, branch, Rostov. Let's summarize: VETERAN, showcase, TERRITORY, MILLION, HELLO, VINEGRETE, PROFESSION, daisy, shepherd. We observe: what does writing depend on? Tell us about the spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word.

“Unstressed vowels of the root” - I. Enchanted letters. Creative name. Tower “Insert unstressed vowels.” Drawing “Tree of cognate words.” Me: Composing a fairy tale “Stressing a vowel can make a letter clear.” Russian language Literary reading The world around us Participants 3rd grade students. A. Fundamental question. Independent work of groups to complete tasks.

“Root Spellings” - Alternating vowels. Remember the rule “I – ​​S after C”. Doubtful and some unpronounceable How are consonants checked? O-E-Yo after sibilants in all parts of speech. What 4 groups are alternating vowels in the root divided into? Lesson objectives. Root or not? Yes. No. Answer the questions

Municipal educational institution

"Primorsk Secondary School"

Agapovsky district, Chelyabinsk region

Lesson summary on the topic:

“Alternation of vowels in the roots equal-/rovn- and mak-/mok-”

6th grade

prepared

teacher of Russian language and literature

Alekseeva Elena Alexandrovna

Magnitogorsk

2012

Lesson topic: Alternation of vowels in the roots equal-/rovn- and mak-/mok-

Lesson type: combined

Methods: verbal, visual

Equipment: textbook: textbook: Russian language: Textbook. for 5th grade. general education / M.T. Baranova, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and others - M.: Education, 2011. - 239 p.

Photograph of the animal, teaching material, diagram.

Lesson objectives:educational– teach schoolchildren to correctly write equal- / equal- roots; poppy/mok-.

developing– develop logical thinking, written and oral speech;

nurturing– develop teamwork skills and cultivate a love for animals.

Board design:

Get even

dip

level

compare

level out

get wet

gets wet

During the classes

1.Organizing moment (1 min)

Task: organize children's attention and work spirit.

2. Checking homework (5 min)

Task: check the degree of assimilation of the material covered; updating basic knowledge.

At home, students completed exercise 337 according to the task: copy the text, insert the missing letters, highlight the roots in the words. Before checking homework, students answer the following questions:

1. Did everyone complete their homework?

2. Are there any questions about homework?

Weak students check their homework using flashcards. Medium - according to the stencil. The strong compile a summary table for homework.

3. Spelling warm-up (5 min)

Tasks: 1. Reproduce the knowledge acquired in previous lessons.

2. Create the mood to repeat the material.

Students write down a sentence from dictation, explain the placement of punctuation marks, and highlight the roots in all words.

Three students work with individual cards (Appendix 1). One student is at the blackboard.

The companies, without mutual agreement, pulled themselves up in wet overcoats and lined up in ranks. .

Students working individually hand in their work. The teacher gives a grade to a student working at the blackboard.

Question to students: Why in words leveled and wet is the letter o written at the root?

The teacher dictates the second sentence.

Vasya dipped a sheet of paper and made the edges equal .

Questions for students:

Why in words dipped and equal letter is written A fundamentally?

Why do you think in words leveled off And equal, wet And dipped, despite similar roots, different letters are written?

Look up the meaning of the words in the explanatory dictionary, what is the difference between them?

Conclusion: in the roots equal- / rovn- and mak- / mok- vowels are written depending on the meaning of the word.

4.Learning new material (5 min)

The teacher and students draw up a diagram “Spelling of vowels in the roots equal- / equal- and mak- / mok-.”

equal- / equal-

value = equal, identical value = smooth, even

exceptions: level, equally, exceptions: plain, alignment coeval

poppy/mok-

meaning = immerse in liquid meaning = let liquid through

Output according to the scheme: at the root equal-/equal- written A, if the word has the meaning equal, identical, O– when meaning smooth, even. In the roots poppy is written A, if the word means immerse in liquid, O

5. Fixing the material (15 min)

Task: practicing the acquired knowledge in practice.

1. Words are written on the board, students explain the spelling of the roots equal / level-, mak- / mok-.

Conclusion on the assignment: in words level, level at the root it is written O, because the words mean smooth, even, in other words the root is equal - written A, since the words have the meaning equal, identical. In the word get wet it is written at the root O, since the verb means to immerse in liquid, and in other words the root is written O, since they have the meaning of allowing liquid to pass through.

2. The teacher distributes cards. Students must find the words they are studying in the words listed.

Unevenness, plain, burnt, blotter, coeval, lightning, touch, dip, get wet.

Conclusion on the assignment: words unevenness, flaw, coeval, blotter, dip, get wet are the object under study, since they have the root equal-/equal- or mak-/mok-.

3. Copy the words from the board, highlight the root in them and explain its spelling.

Conclusion according to the task: in words with roots equal- / equal- is written at the root A, if it has a meaning – equal, identical, O- if smooth, even. In words with roots mak- / mok- is written at the root A, if the words mean immersion in water, O– when set, allow liquid to pass through.

4. Distributive dictation . The teacher dictates the words, the students distribute them into 4 columns: words with the roots equal-, rovn-, mak-, mok-, graphically explaining the spelling.

Get wet, plain, coeval, uneven, dip, equation, level, get wet, soak, dip.

Conclusion on the assignment: in the words get wet, get wet, soak is written in the root O, since the verbs have the meaning - to pass liquid; dip in words, dip in the root A, since the verbs denote immersion in liquid; the word equation is written at the root A, since a word with the meaning equal, identical, in the words plain is written A, since this is an exception; there is unevenness in words, to equate at the root O, since the meaning is even, smooth, the word coeval is an exception.

5. Students come up with pairs of word combinations in which the same words with the roots equal-/rovn-, mak-/mok- are spelled differently.

Sample: trim the haircut - trim the street; dip in sour cream - soak.

Conclusion on the assignment: among words with the roots equal- / rovn-, mak- / mok- there are homonymous forms, the spelling of which differs depending on the context.

6. Work in groups. A strong group comes up with words that are similar to the alternating roots equal- / even-, mak- / mok-, and explain their differences. The middle group makes up a short story that uses words with the roots equal-/rovn-, mak-/mok. The weak group, using suffixes and prefixes, makes up with the roots equal-/rovn-, mak-/mok.

Conclusion on the assignment: one should distinguish between words that are similar to the phenomenon being studied. The spelling of the roots equal-/rovn-, mak-/mok is not affected by the presence of prefixes and suffixes.

6. Working with a photograph of an animal (10 min)

Task: development of oral speech, the ability to use the phenomenon being studied in the text.

The teacher hangs up a photo of the animal and asks the students questions:

What style of text can you write looking at a photograph?

What could be the themes of the story?

How do you feel about animals? Do we need to protect them and take care of them?

Exercise:at Students write a short essay on photography, using words with the roots equal- / rovn- and mak- / mok-, explaining their spelling and highlighting the root in them.

Conclusion from the photo: the text written from a photograph can be of different styles (artistic, scientific), the themes of the narrative are also varied - animals, the life of animals in winter, saving wolves. Animals are one of the most vulnerable creatures that need care and protection, as they are constantly hunted.

Conclusion according to the task: words with roots equal- / rovn- and mak- / mok- add imagery to the text, convey additional characteristics of phenomena and objects, and clarify details.

7. Summing up (2 min)

Task: check the degree of assimilation of new material, determine whether the goals of the lessons have been achieved.

Questions for students:

1.What new did you learn today?

2. What is the main thing when writing the roots equal-/level-, mak-/mok-?

Conclusion: words with roots equal-/roven- and mak-/mok- are written depending on their meaning. It is important to remember about exceptions, as well as words that may be similar to these roots. Some words have homonymous forms that differ in spelling depending on the context.

The teacher gives grades to students for their work in class.

8. Homework instruction (2 min)

Task: Explain the purpose of homework and how to complete it.

At home, students compose a spelling dictation according to the rule they have learned. They identify roots in words, explaining their spelling.

Application

Card 1

(For) r... for hundreds of kilo(ll) meters the green plain stretched (ss)t....

Card 2

Copy the sentence, insert missing letters, write test words, if possible. Place punctuation marks. Do the parsing.

Only the Pirate stood indifferently in the side... (as if) nothing (had) happened.

Card 3

Copy the sentence, insert missing letters, write test words, if possible. Place punctuation marks. Do the parsing.

On the marshes and salt marshes nothing (n...) was already growing.

List of sources used

Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Russian language: punctuation and spelling. – M.: Iris, 2003. – 384 p.

Internet resources

http://subscribe.ru/group/pozitiv/310448/

1. Roots with letters a and o.

zar - zar. In place of the unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin (bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and zori (plural of the word dawn), zorka, zorenka, zoryushka, zorya (military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play zorya).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written about, for example: bow, bow, bow, bow, deviate, bow, bow, bow; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, bow, bend, inclined, inflexible and bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words with the meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling (from sprinkle), sprinkling, sprinkled, sprinkling; the letter a - in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: speckled, speckled (from krápat meaning ‘to cover with speckles, apply speckles’), interspersed. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie. In place of the unstressed vowel before g it is written a, before z - o, for example: to set out, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, but: lay down, lay out, put aside, put, sentence come to life , attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, side. The emphasis is always about: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in modern language, o is written without stress before g.

Note. In the word quicksand (soil) the letter s is written, as in other words derived from the verb swim - swim: float, swim up, blur, etc.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective smooth ‘smooth, straight, without unevenness’, for example: level (bed, road surface), level, level, level, level (make even, smooth, straight).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written: a) before s (without a subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, shoot, algae, undergrowth; exception - industry and its derivatives (industry, inter-industry, diversified); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, teenage (along with the variant teenage); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in k, then in place of the unstressed vowel the letter a is written, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, jump rope, gallop, on a gallop, gallop, although under the stress - o, for example: gallop, gallop, rebound, jump, jump (about -ivat verbs like jump, see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb skakat and verbs derived from it (for example: I jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump), as well as in the elephant jump (the forms of the same verbs are used to check - e.g., jump, jump, and derivatives of jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs ending in -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - with forms of the same verbs, except jump out: jump up, jump off, etc.) P.).

Wed: I'll skip (a hundred miles), proskachi (forms of the verb to skip, will skip) and proskoch', skip (forms of the verb to skip, will slip); I’ll jump up, jump up (forms of the verb podskakat, podskakʹet approach jumping’) and jump up, jump up (forms of the verb jump up, jump up ‘with a quick movement to approach someone or rise sharply’).

creation - creature. In the words create, creation, creator, created, get up, etc., the letter o is written without emphasis; under the emphasis - not only about (creative, creativity), but also a (creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine (k, t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shine, shine, shine, brilliant, shine; e - in other cases, for example: sparkle, sparkles, shiny, sparkling, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle. Under stress - e and e: shine, shine, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

lip - lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter i is written in an unstressed position (cf. under the stress: sticky, stick), and in the words sculpt, stick, stick, etc. - the letter e (cf. under the stress: sculpts , stick, modeling).

sid - se(d). In place of an unstressed vowel, the following are written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sat) and its derivatives (sit, sit, sit, sit, sit, etc.); the letter e - before the hard d: saddle, saddle (in the latter in the plural - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sedal, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before the soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle (saddle, sedelnik, cheresedelnik, sedeltse). Under the stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also a (in the letter I): sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part - take (e.g., occupy, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to the perfect verbs of - take (occupy, accept, raise, understand, appease and etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter i; the same in the verb to take out (cf. sov. view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress and in forms such as take away, lift, remove (these are forms of verbs in -nyat), rarely - in derivative words: snapshot, in an embrace.

Note 3. The letter and in place of an unstressed vowel is also written in the root of the verbs to conjure and curse. In the corresponding verbs of the perfect form and other words with the same root, the letter l is written (both in an unstressed position and under stress): curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, etc.

APPENDIX 5. “MAK-MOK” AND “EVEN-ROVN”

Alternation of vowels in roots "MAK-MOK" AND "RAVN-ROVN"

« Write and get wet written blotter, blotter a piece of paper» .

to submerge something in liquid

To get wet, to soak all contents in milk, soaking, soaking under rain in ink, soak, soaked reputation

2) phraseology "raze to the ground" (destroy to the ground)

1) equal, identical (by quality value);

3) drill

4) equal + preposition C

3) calm, always the same;

4) straight, without thickenings or bends

asphalt surface, incomparable, incomparable with no one, straighten the edges, catch up in service, trim sheets, catch up with a passerby, equate, equate quantities, alignment to the middle bed with something with the ground, level with the ground equation, balanced Human track.

Vowel alternation in the root "mak/mok"

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Roots with alternating o - a

Roots with unchecked vowels

The spelling of vowels in many words cannot be checked by stress: With O tank, in O ldyr, in A trash and etc.; You should look up such words in a dictionary and remember their spelling.

braid - cas, lodge - lag

In the roots kos- - kas-, lie- - lag- letter is written A, if the root is followed by a suffix -A-, For example: To A s-a-tsya (but to O s-noose), to A s-a-telny (but O s-new); izl A g-a-t (but izl O f-it), sl A g-a-t (but sl O live).

clone - clan, tvor - creature, gor - gar

In the roots clone- - clan-, creation- - creature-, gor- - gar- no accent letter is written O, For example: on cl O n yat, with cl O n meaning, according to cl O n to be; TV O R yeah, TV O R meaning, connection TV O R to go; behind G O R ely, for G O R ah, G O R there is, G O R eing.

Fundamentally zar- - zar- (h A R I - h O R And - h O R yka) no accent is written A, For example: h A R I, h A R Nitsa, h A R hey, oh h A R yeah, oh h A R eing.

pilaf - pilaf

Root swim- - swim- spelled with a letter O only in a nutshell: pl O V ec, pl O V sneeze, in other cases is written A: With pl A V lie, pl A V nickname, by pl A V OK, pl A V ounce(bug) , pl A V teaching(Remember the word pl s wun- layers of subsoil saturated with water.)

Fundamentally grow- - grew- (R A st And - R O With lo) no accent before st And sch is written A (You R A st it, car R A st, on R A st education, growing up A puppy, wed A whelping);
before With without follow-up T is written O (You R O With, You R O With shy, water R O With eh, not enough R O With l).

equal - equal

Root equal- mainly written in words that are related in meaning to “ equals th» ( "same" ): R A vn dimensional, R A vn significant, with R A vn that's it, that's it R A vn O, and also in the words: R A opinion, p A pay attention, r A listening, now A got the hang of it, p A vnina;
root exactly mainly written in words related in meaning to “ exactly th» (« smooth», « straight "), For example: R O vn yat(tracks), under R O vn yat(flower beds), etc., ur O ven, r O yay.

poppy - mok - moch

Root poppy- written in words meaning "to lower or lower something into liquid in order to nourish this liquid": m A To at(bread into milk) about m A To no(pen into inkwell);
root mok- written in words meaning “to let liquid through, to become wet”: boots about m O To yut, You m O To no(in the rain), paper about m O To yes, about m O To studio paper, about m O To Ashka.

Before h (urine-) - a letter is always written O, For example: m O h it, on m O h and about m O h oh, you m O h new(cf. under emphasis: m O h it, with m O h new; about verbs in -ivat type With m A h come on, you m A h to live see Roots with verified vowels).

skak - skoch

Fundamentally jump- - jump- no accent before h usually written O, before To- letter A, For example: V sk O h go (but sk A To at), on sk O h go (but on sk A To y), for sk O h yeah, you sk O h ka.

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Words for the rule mak mok

Level, align, align, leveled asphalt, leveler, leveling, leveling surface, incomparable, incomparable with no one, straighten the edges, catch up in service, trim sheets, catch up with a passerby, equate, equate quantities, alignment to the middle, plain, plain, isosceles, equinox, equal, equality, equal, level, level bed, peer, equal, comparison, comparable with something, comparative-historical, compare with the ground, level with the ground (destroy, wipe off the face of the earth), equation, balanced Human, equate, incomparable, plain, equinox, level track.

1) equal, identical (by quality value);

2) smooth, without acceleration or deceleration;

Alternation of vowels in roots "MAK-MOK" AND "RAVN-ROVN"

2) having the same meaning, occupying the same position as someone else;

2) phraseology "raze to the ground" (destroy to the ground)

« Write and get wet written blotter, blotter a piece of paper» .

2) Lose salinity, acidity, pungency, etc. from being in water.

To get wet, to soak all contents, get wet in the rain, soaked in milk, soaking, soaking under rain, dipping, dip, wet, wet, woodlice, sputum, soaked, waterproof, dipped in ink, soak, soaked reputation, soak, soak, wet, soak, blotter, blotter, soaking, soaked, wet.

Words for the rule mak mok

1) Let liquid pass through, become wet, damp;

1) flat, smooth, without depressions or hills

Verification work _____________________________________________________

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). Without stress it is written a: solder, solder, solder, soldering iron, etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, sealed, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. Without stress it is written a: floating, fin, float, float (grass; beetle; water possum), float (beetle), float (bird), float, float, afloat, float; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

cas - braid This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: Wed. touch, touch, touch, tangent, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable (the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

However, in words equal, coeval, related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following are written: the letter a - in the verb equate (in a line, during formation) and the words derived from it equal, equate, level (in line); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, burnt out, combustible; but: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without emphasis): residues, izgar, burnt, cinder (along with the cinder variant).

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives (hang, hang, etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, hang, etc. (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in the words hang out, signboard, suspended, suspended, in weight (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang).

poppy - mok - moch. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning ‘dip, immerse in liquid’: dunk, dunk, dip; the letter o - in words with the meaning 'to become wet': to get wet, to get wet, to get wet, to get wet (in the rain), in words derived from wet (for example, wet, sputum, sputum, wood lice) (under the stress - in the words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet, etc.), and in words with the meaning 'to dry with something. absorbing moisture’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, wet, wet, soaked (cf. under stress: wet, soaked; for verbs in -ivat like wet, soak, see § 34, note 2).

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal 'same', for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equalize, equalize, compare (s), comparison, equalize (in something), equalize (count), equalize, level (for example, lines - 'make equal in length'), equalize, equalize, equalize, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

different - different In numerous complex words with the first part, heterogeneous (various, multilateral, disparate, etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under stress - a (different, difference, differ) and o (discord, disparate , scattered).

§ 35. There are roots in which the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

Note 1. For the writing of vowel letters i and e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Under the stress before s (followed by t and without it) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

• -ber-/-bir-: I’ll take it – I’ll take it; I'll sort through - I'll sort through; I will choose - I will choose;
• -even-/-cheat-: deduction – subtract; honor - to honor (there are exceptions here: combine, combination, couple);
• -der-/-dir-: pull out – tear out; tear off - tear off;
• -stele-/-steel-: spreads – covers; lay - spread;
• -mer-/-world-: die out – die out; die - die;
• -burned-/-zhig-: burn – burn; light up - light up;
• -ter-/-tir-: rub – rub; to rub – to rub;
• -shine-/-shine-: sparkle – shine; spinner - brilliant;
• -per-/-pir-: unlock – unlock; locked - locked.

There are four alternating roots, the correct spelling of which depends on the stress.

The letters “a” and “o”, included in the following roots with alternation, will depend on the subsequent consonant:

2. Alternation -rast-/-rasch-/-ros-: “a” is used before the combination with “t” or “sch”; “o” is written before “s”: grow – grow – grew up; age – fusion – overgrowth. There are quite a few exceptions here: moneylender, Rostok, industry, Rostov, Rostislav.

3. Alternation -skak-/-skoch-: “a” is used before “k”, before “h” it is necessary to write “o”: jump - upstart; to skip - to skip. There are exceptions to the rule: jump, jump.

The rule is quite simple: in roots with alternating “e - and” you should write “and” if there is a suffix “a” after the root. It is much more difficult to remember these roots, and there are many of them:

Roots with alternation: spelling, examples

Particularly difficult are roots with alternating vowels, where it is necessary to correctly interpret the meaning of the word.

Second alternation: -equal-/-equal. It is necessary to pay attention to the result of the action. In words that talk about leveling, making the same, you should write -equal-: quadratic equation; compare by height, keep balance. If we mean the process of forming a flat surface, the letter “o” is written at the root: level the hole; level the asphalt; level the beds. There are exceptions to this rule: plain, level, level and all its derivatives, equally.

First, let's look at the unstressed positions when you should write the letter “o”. First of all, these are the roots -gor-/-gar-: tan - tanned; fumes - burn; to flare up - in full swing. It should be noted that under the accent you should write the letter that is clearly heard. There are exceptions to the rule, these are words soot, scorch, fumes. The etymology of these roots is interesting. Historically words grief And burn- single-rooted. Grief was something that burns and torments from the inside. Here's an adjective hot begins its existence with “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

Also, the vowel “a” in the roots -kas-/-kos- depends on the subsequent suffix -a-: touch - touch; tangent - touch.

“O” is written in an unstressed position in the roots -clone-/-clan-: worship - bow down; leaned over, evasion. The accent should use the letter that is clearly audible: slope, slope.

For example, -mak-/-mok-: here you should pay attention to the process. If, according to the context, it is observed that something was completely immersed in liquid, dipped, then in this case the root -mac- is used: dip cookies in compote; dip a pen into an inkwell; dip bread in jam. It’s another matter if the word means that the object passed liquid through itself: blotter liner; the child got his feet wet; wet hair s; blot what was written.

Lesson summary: “Alternating vowels in roots equals

Students working individually hand in their work. The teacher gives a grade to a student working at the blackboard.

Agapovsky district, Chelyabinsk region

Look up the meaning of the words in the explanatory dictionary, what is the difference between them?

5. Students come up with pairs of word combinations in which the same words with the roots equal-/rovn-, mak-/mok- are spelled differently.

8. Homework instruction (2 min)

Conclusion from the photo: the text written from a photograph can be of different styles (artistic, scientific), the themes of the narrative are also varied - animals, the life of animals in winter, saving wolves. Animals are one of the most vulnerable creatures that need care and protection, as they are constantly hunted.

At home, students compose a spelling dictation according to the rule they have learned. They identify roots in words, explaining their spelling.

Conclusion on the assignment: words unevenness, flaw, coeval, blotter, dip, get wet are the object under study, since they have the root equal-/equal- or mak-/mok-.

At home, students completed exercise 337 according to the task: copy the text, insert the missing letters, highlight the roots in the words. Before checking homework, students answer the following questions:

Weak students check their homework using flashcards. Medium - according to the stencil. The strong compile a summary table for homework.

Task: check the degree of assimilation of the material covered; updating basic knowledge.

Conclusion on the assignment: among words with the roots equal- / rovn-, mak- / mok- there are homonymous forms, the spelling of which differs depending on the context.

If the root has letters T or SCH, then we write the letter A, but if these letters ABOUT.

If the meaning of the word "identical, similar" then we write A, but if the word means "flat, smooth, straight" then we write ABOUT.

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The same thing with lightning - but what about lightning? The emphasis is on A, but we don’t write O

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If the meaning of the word "immerse in liquid" then we write A, but if the word means "to pass liquid" then we write ABOUT.

If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter AND, but if the suffix A no, then the letter is written at the root E.

If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter A, but if the suffix A no, then the letter is written at the root ABOUT.

Thank you for writing all the rules, it helped me a lot. I used to have 3 on this topic, but now I have 5.

If on the roots - gAr - And – clan - the emphasis falls, then we write the letter in them A, but if these roots are unstressed, then we write in them ABOUT.

Roots with alternation

If to the root - zar - The accent does NOT fall, then we write the letter in it A, but if this root is stressed, then we write in it ABOUT.

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Spelling roots with alternating vowels

In order to remember the rules for choosing letters in roots with alternating vowels, you need to divide these roots into two groups: the first group combines roots with alternating vowels I and E, the second group consists of roots with alternating vowels A and O.

I. In the roots BIR/BER, DIR/DER, MIR/MER, PIR/PER, TIR/TER, BLEST/BLIST, ZHEG/ZHIG and others, the letter I is written only if the suffix -A- follows the root. For example: SHINE - SHINE, DIE - DIE, WIPE - WIPE. The exceptions to the rule are the words COMBINE AND COMBINATION.

II. The spelling of roots with alternating vowels A and O may depend on the place of stress in the word, on the meaning of the word and on those letters that follow the alternating vowel.

1. The spelling of the roots GOR/GAR, CLONE/CLAN, CREATIVE/TVAR, PLOV/PLAV, ZOR/ZAR depends on the place of stress in the word. Under the stress in these roots, what is heard is written, it is impossible to make a mistake there, but vowels written in an unstressed position should be learned by heart: GOR, CLONE, CREATURE, PLAV, ZAR. Exceptions: FOGES, COMBUS, SMOKE, SWIMMER, SWIMMER.

2. The choice of letter in the roots MAK/MOK and EQUAL/ROVN depends on the meaning of the word. The word with the meaning “immerse in liquid” is written with the letter A (DIP THE BRUSH INTO THE PAINT), but if its meaning is “gradually soak”, then it should be written O (SHOES WET WET). A word meaning “smooth, horizontal, straight” should be written with the letter O (LEEVELEN THE GROUND IN A FLOWER BED), and a word meaning “identical” should be written with the letter A (EQUALITY IN HEIGHT, BALANCED PERSON). Exceptions: PLAIN, PEER, EQUAL, LEVEL.

3. The spelling of the roots LAG/LOG, RAST/RASH/ROS, KAS/KOSN, SKAK/SKOCH depends on the letters following the alternating vowels. Consider the examples: OFFER - OFFER, PLANT - GROW - GROWN, TOUCH - TOUCH, JUMP - JUMP. Exceptions: INDUSTRY, ROSTOK, USURER, ROSTOV, ROSTISLAV and JUMP, JUMP.

1. A small noble house in the Moscow style, in which Avdotya Nikitishna Kukshina lived, was located in one of the newly developed streets of the city. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)

2. Wait, I was frank with you, somehow involuntarily I howled to you all at once - I lived, but if anything gets to him, I’ll just say that you lied. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

3. Ernest slammed the empty mug onto the counter, grabbed a bottle from the refrigerator, uncorked it and placed it over the mug. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)

4. All my attention was drawn to the mileposts, which I noticed from afar, and to the clouds, previously scattered across the sky, which, having taken on ominous, black shadows, now gathered into one large, gloomy cloud. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

5. In broad daylight... they killed none other than the commander-in-chief of the German army in Ukraine, Field Marshal Eichhorn, an incomparable and proud general... (Mikhail Bulgakov. The White Guard.)

6. Let conscience... torment the old traders on their deathbed! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

7. I bow respectfully and, leaning on my saber, say: “I am happy, great sovereign, that I could shed blood for my fatherland, and would like to die for it; but if you are so merciful that you allow me to ask you, I ask for one thing - let me destroy my enemy, the foreigner St. Jerome.” (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

8. I involuntarily want to quickly run through the desert of adolescence and reach that happy time when again a truly tender, noble feeling of friendship with a bright light illuminated the end of this age and marked the beginning of a new, full of charm and poetry, time of youth. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

9. The teacher unfolded the notebook and, carefully shaking the pen, wrote Volodya five in the column of successes and behavior in beautiful handwriting. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

10. Grabbing her left hand with her right hand, on which there was a ring, she looked around in amazement, looking at the sea and the green dawns; but no one moved, no one hid in the bushes, and in the blue, far-lit sea there was no sign, and a blush covered Assol, and the voices of the heart said a prophetic “yes.” (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)

11. On one side of the road there is a vast winter field, cut here and there by shallow ravines, shining with wet earth and greenery and spreading out like a shady carpet to the very horizon; on the other hand, an aspen grove, overgrown with walnut and bird cherry undergrowth, stands as if in an abundance of happiness, does not move and slowly drops light drops of rain from its washed branches onto last year’s dry leaves. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

12. Dead, Longren bent down and saw an eight-month-old creature intently looking at his long beard, then he sat down, looked down and began to twirl his mustache. (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)

13. From all these conversations, some kind of sediment was accumulating in my soul, it’s not clear what. And it did not dissolve over time, but, on the contrary, kept accumulating and accumulating. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)

14. Levin began to attack, ran from above as much as he could and went down, holding his balance with his hands in an unusual movement. (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina.)

15. I spent the night in the closet, and no one came to me; only the next day, that is, Sunday, they moved me to a small room next to the classroom, and locked me up again. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

16. She had a smile that lit up everything around. (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina.)

17. Everyone who was skating seemed to be completely enthusiastic about overtaking her, catching up with her, even talking to her and having fun completely independently of her, taking advantage of the excellent ice and good weather. (Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.)

18. And here the green grass grows for your sheep, and here the flowers grow red, from which you can weave a wreath for your hat.” (N.M. Karamzin. Poor Liza.)

19. Having found the keys in the indicated place, I was about to unlock the box, when I was stopped by the desire to find out what item was unlocked by the tiny key hanging on the same bunch. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

20. In the opposite corner of the city there was a lamp burning in front of a large dark image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons.)

21. ...That valet who forgot to give Napoleon waterproof boots on the 24th was the savior of Russia. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

22. At dawn, two new batteries, set up in the night, on the river occupied by the Prince of Eckmuhl, will open fire on two opposing enemy batteries. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

23. The crowd broke out again, and the sexton led Petya, pale and not breathing, to the Tsar’s cannon. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

24. Pierre noticed how after each cannonball that hit, after each loss, the general revival grew more and more intense. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

25. Maria, who almost slid down the wing, screamed in fear, but the plane quickly pulled out. (V. Pelevin. Chapaev and emptiness.)

26. And if someone sniffs tobacco, with what courtesy he treats it to him and with what cordiality he offers it to the right and left! (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

27. Then the close circle of merchant women parted; but when the young man jumped out of it, the old woman screamed after him... (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: A Tale from Modern Times.)

28. Near our house there was a ditch... and we... used to try to jump over it. (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

29. Your sister made the same decision: she intends to go to a monastery, grace came to us at the same time. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

30. And for quite a long time all these people silently looked at the distant flames of a new fire. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

31. Lisa returned to her hut in a completely different state than in which she left it. (N.M. Karamzin. Poor Liza.)

32. And is it possible to expect perfection at such a tender age? (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

33. From the dawn a ship rose; he floated up and stopped in the very middle of the sky. (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)

34. They shot at him for two hours, but they couldn’t hit him. For two hours he pretended to be dead. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)

35. He did not even allow the possibility of a comparison between his wife and Fenechka, but he regretted that she decided to look for him. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)

36. The brilliance of their deeds, which illuminates us too, imposes on us the obligation to give them the same honor... (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan or the Stone Guest.)

37. I was already studying for nothing when he finished his work - it was a letter to Irina. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)

38. For a long time I looked at Masha, who, lying on the chest, was wiping away tears with her scarf, and, trying in every possible way to change my view of Vasily, I wanted to find the point of view from which he could seem so attractive to her. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

39. ...I understand perfectly well that this world that we see could not have grown like a mushroom overnight. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

40. So, as said, the student Anselm fell ... into a dreamy apathy, which made him insensitive to all external influences of ordinary life. (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: a fairy tale from modern times.)

41. Spiegelberg, who had been sitting in the corner throughout the conversation, ... quickly jumps up and nods ... (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

42. The large abandoned wooden city had to burn. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

43. Her trust in old Lisa is growing stronger every day... (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: a fairy tale from modern times.)

44. Sitting down at the table, I pulled a stack of papers towards me, dipped the pen into the inkwell and wrote in large letters at the top of the sheet: “Caution, the doors are closing! Next station "Dynamo"! (V. Pelevin. Omon Ra.)

45. Here you should have looked at him, how he, with two pistols in his hands, ran up to the carriage! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

46. ​​... In this regard, I have the ambition of a conqueror who always flies from victory to victory and is unable to set the limit to his lusts. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

47. What else will happen when the magnificent plants reach full maturity! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

48. Black kid gloves touched the wiped Cheviot, and the eyes of the one being pushed were completely glassy. (Mikhail Bulgakov. The White Guard.)

49. Now run there and say that I will take his head off so that everything will be done in a week. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

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There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters a and o.

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, scorch, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without accent): residue, dross, scorch, cinder(along with the cinder option).

zar-zor. In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and dawn(plural of the word dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play dawn).

kas - kos. This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: cf. touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel, o is written, for example: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, incline, bow down, inclined, adamant And bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words meaning “to cover with drops, splashes”: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; the letter a - in words with the meaning “to cover with small specks, dots”: marked, marked(from drip meaning “to cover with specks, to apply specks”), inclusion. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie . In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written before g, and before z - o, for example: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, lay down, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, put aside. The emphasis is always on: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in the modern language, o is written without stress before g.

pop - mok - moch . In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning “dip, immerse in liquid”: dip, dip, dip; letter o - in words meaning “get wet”: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet(in the rain), in words derived from wet (e.g., wet, phlegm, phlegm, wood lice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning “to dry with something that absorbs moisture”: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked; about verbs in -ivat type wet, soak see § 34, note 2).

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). A is written without accent: solder, solder, unsolder, soldering iron etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, soldered, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. A is written without accent: floating, fin, floater, floater(grass; beetle; water opossum), plover (beetle), phalarope (bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

Note. In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s, as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal “identical”, for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equate, equalize, compare, comparison, equalize(in something), equalize (score), straighten, level out(for example, lines - “make equal in length”), equalize, equation, leveling, equal, equal, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective “smooth, straight, without unevenness”, for example: level (bed, road surface), level out, level out, level out, level out(make it even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equally, same age related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following is written: the letter a - in the verb to equal (in a line, during construction) and words derived from it equalize, equalize, level out(in service); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

different - different In numerous compound words with the first part diverse (various, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under the accent - a ( different, difference, vary) and about ( discord, discord, scattered).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel is written: a) before s (without subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, overgrowth, algae, undergrowth; the exception is the industry and its derivatives ( sectoral, intersectoral, multi-sectoral); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, sprout, teenage(along with the teenage option); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

Under stress before s (with and without subsequent t) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

skak - skok - skok - skoch. If the root ends in k, then the letter a is written in place of the unstressed vowel, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, galloping, although the emphasis is o, for example: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump(for verbs in -ivat like jump, see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb to jump and verbs derived from it (for example: I'm galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping), as well as in the elephant there is a jump (the forms of the same verbs are tested - for example, gallop, let's gallop, and derivatives jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs with -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - forms of the same verbs, except to jump out: jump up, jump off and so on.).

Wed: I'll skip (one hundred versts), skip it(verb forms gallop, gallop) And I'll pass, I'll pass(verb forms slip through, slip through); I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump up, jump up approach at a gallop") and I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump, jump"to quickly move closer to someone or to rise sharply").

creation - creature. In words create, creation, creator, created, create etc. the letter o is written without accent; under stress - not only about ( creative, creativity), but also a ( creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine(k,t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shines, brilliant, brilliance, resplendent, sparkle; e - in other cases, for example: shine, shine, brilliant, shining, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, shine. Under stress - e and e: shine, glitter, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, suspended, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).

lip-lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter and is written in an unstressed position (cf. under stress: sticky, stick), and in words sculpt, stick, stick etc. - letter e (cf. under stress: sculpts, sticks, sculpting).

sid - se(d). In place of the unstressed vowel the following is written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, sitter, get-togethers and so on.); the letter e - before the hard d: rider, saddle (in the latter in the plural forms - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle ( saddle, saddle, saddle, saddle). Under stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, diligent; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit and prefixes - also a (in writing i): I'll sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 1. About writing vowels And And e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part -take(eg. borrow, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to perfective verbs in -yay (take, accept, raise, understand, appease etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel a letter And; the same in the verb take out(cf. owl view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress And in forms like take away, lift, remove(these are forms of verbs in -no), rarely - in derivative words: photo, in an embrace.

Note 3. Letter And in place of an unstressed vowel it is also written at the root of verbs conjure And curse. In the corresponding perfective verbs and other words with the same root, the letter is written (both in unstressed position and under stress) l: curse, curse, curse, damn, curse, curse and so on.