The fact is that the priest himself did not change anything. He only restored the pre-revolutionary publishing version.
After Pushkin’s death, immediately after the removal of the body, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky sealed Pushkin’s office with his seal, and then received permission to transfer the poet’s manuscripts to his apartment.
All subsequent months, Zhukovsky was engaged in the analysis of Pushkin's manuscripts, preparation for the publication of the posthumous collected works and all property affairs, becoming one of the three guardians of the poet's children (in Vyazemsky's words, the family's guardian angel).
And he wanted works that could not pass censorship in the author’s version to be published.
And then Zhukovsky begins to edit. That is, change.
Seventeen years before the death of the genius, Zhukovsky gave Pushkin his portrait of her with the inscription: “To the victorious student from the defeated teacher on that highly solemn day on which he finished his poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. 1820 March 26, Good Friday"
In 1837, the teacher sat down to edit the student’s essays, which could not pass the certification commission.
Zhukovsky, forced to present Pushkin to posterity as a “loyal subject and Christian.”
Thus, in the fairy tale “About the Priest and His Worker Balda,” the priest is replaced by a merchant.
But there were more important things. One of Zhukovsky’s most famous improvements to Pushkin’s text is the famous “ I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands».
Here is the original Pushkin text in the original spelling:
Exegi monumentum
I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands;
The people's path to it will not be overgrown;
He rose higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian pillar.
No! I won't die at all! Soul in the sacred lyre
My ashes will survive and flee decay -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one of them will be alive.
Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me:
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tunguz, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom,
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient:
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't challenge a fool.
This poem by A.S. A huge literature is devoted to Pushkin. (There is even a special two-hundred-page work: Alekseev M.P. “Pushkin’s poem “I erected a monument to myself...””. L., “Nauka”, 1967.). In its genre, this poem goes back to a long, centuries-old tradition. It is possible to analyze how the previous Russian and French translations and arrangements of Horace’s Ode (III.XXX) differ from Pushkin’s text, what Pushkin contributed to the interpretation of the topic, etc. But it’s not worth competing with Alekseev within a short post.
The final Pushkin text has already been self-censored. If you look at
drafts , then we see more clearly what Alexander Sergeevich actually wanted to say more precisely. We see the direction.The original version was: " That, following Radishchev, I glorified freedom»
But even looking at the final version, Zhukovsky understands that this poem will not pass censorship.
What is it worth at least this one mentioned in the poem “ Alexandria pillar" It is clear that this does not mean the architectural miracle “Pompey’s Pillar” in distant Egyptian Alexandria, but the column in honor of Alexander the First in the city of St. Petersburg (especially considering that it is located next to the expression “rebellious head”).
Pushkin contrasts his “miraculous” glory with a monument to material glory, created in honor of the one whom he called “the enemy of labor, accidentally warmed by glory.” A contrast that Pushkin himself could not even dream of seeing in print, like the burned chapter of his “novel in verse.”
The Alexander Column, shortly before Pushkin’s poems, was erected (1832) and opened (1834) near the place where the poet’s last apartment was later located.
The column was glorified as a symbol of indestructible autocratic power in a number of brochures and poems by “overcoat” poets. Pushkin, who avoided attending the opening ceremony of the column, fearlessly declared in his poems that his glory was higher than the Pillar of Alexandria.
What is Zhukovsky doing? It replaces " Alexandria" on " Napoleonova».
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Napoleon's Pillar.
Instead of the “Poet-Power” opposition, the “Russia-Napoleon” opposition appears. Nothing too. But about something else.
An even bigger problem with the line: “ That in my cruel age I glorified freedom“is a direct reminder of the rebellious ode “Liberty” of the young Pushkin, that glorified “freedom” that became the reason for his six-year exile, and later for the careful gendarmerie surveillance of him.
What is Zhukovsky doing?
Instead of:
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen
Zhukovsky puts:
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
And he called for mercy for the fallen
How wrote about these substitutions, the great textual critic Sergei Mikhailovich Bondi:
The replacement of one verse in the penultimate stanza with another, composed by Zhukovsky, completely changed the content of the entire stanza, giving a new meaning even to those poems by Pushkin that Zhukovsky left unchanged.
And for a long time I will be kind to those people...
Here Zhukovsky only rearranged the words of Pushkin’s text (“And for a long time I will be kind to the people”) in order to get rid of Pushkin’s rhyme “to the people” - “freedom.”
That I awakened good feelings with the lyre....
The word “kind” has many meanings in Russian. In this context (“good feelings”) there can only be a choice between two meanings: “kind” in the sense of “good” (cf. the expressions “good evening”, “good health”) or in the moral sense - “feelings of kindness towards people." Zhukovsky’s reworking of the next verse gives the expression “good feelings” exactly the second, moral meaning.
That the charm of living poetry was useful to me
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
The “living charm” of Pushkin’s poems not only pleases readers and gives them aesthetic pleasure, but (according to Zhukovsky) also brings them direct benefit. What benefit is clear from the entire context: Pushkin’s poems awaken feelings of kindness towards people and call for mercy toward the “fallen,” that is, those who have sinned against the moral law, not to condemn them, to help them.”
It is interesting that Zhukovsky managed to create a stanza that was completely anti-Pushkin in its content. He changed it. He put Salieri instead of Mozart.
After all, it was the envious poisoner Salieri, confident that talent is given for diligence and diligence that demands benefits from art, and reproaches Mozart: “What is the benefit if Mozart lives and still reaches new heights?” etc. But Mozart doesn’t care about the benefits. " There are few of us chosen, happy idle ones, disdainful of contemptible benefits, the only beautiful priests." And Pushkin has a completely Mozartian attitude towards benefit. " Everything would benefit you - you value the Belvedere as an idol».
And Zhukovsky puts “ That I was USEFUL by the charm of living poetry»
In 1870, a committee was created in Moscow to collect donations for the installation of a monument to the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin. As a result of the competition, the jury chose the project of the sculptor A.M. Opekushin. On June 18, 1880, the grand opening of the monument took place.
On the pedestal on the right side was carved:
And for a long time I will be kind to those people,
That I awakened good feelings with the lyre.
The monument stood in this form for 57 years. After the revolution, Tsvetaeva was in exile
The Bolsheviks will correct the lines on the monument.
Oddly enough, it was the most cruel year of 1937 that would become the year of the posthumous rehabilitation of the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands.”
The old text was cut down, the surface was sanded, and the stone around the new letters was cut to a depth of 3 millimeters, creating a light gray background for the text. In addition, instead of couplets, quatrains were cut out, and outdated grammar was replaced with modern one.
This happened on the centenary of the death of Pushkin, which was celebrated in the USSR on a Stalinist scale.
And on the 150th anniversary of his birth, the poem suffered another truncation.
The country celebrated one hundred and fifty years since the birth of Pushkin (in 1949) not as loudly as the bicentenary, but still quite pompously.There was, as usual, a ceremonial meeting at the Bolshoi Theater. Members of the Politburo and other, as it was customary to say then, “notable people of our Motherland” sat on the presidium.
A report on the life and work of the great poet was given by Konstantin Simonov.
Of course, both the entire course of this solemn meeting and Simonov’s report were broadcast on the radio throughout the country.
But the general public, especially somewhere in the outback, did not show much interest in this event.
In any case, in a small Kazakh town, in the central square of which a loudspeaker was installed, no one - including the local authorities - expected that Simonov’s report would suddenly arouse such burning interest among the population.
The loudspeaker wheezed something of its own, not too intelligible. The square, as usual, was empty. But by the beginning of the solemn meeting, broadcast from the Bolshoi Theater, or rather by the beginning of Simonov’s report, the entire square was suddenly filled with a crowd of horsemen who had galloped up from nowhere. The riders dismounted and stood silently at the loudspeaker.
Least of all did they resemble subtle connoisseurs of fine literature. These were very simple people, poorly dressed, with tired, haggard faces. But they listened attentively to the official words of Simonov’s report as if their whole lives depended on what the famous poet was about to say there, at the Bolshoi Theater.
But at some point, somewhere around the middle of the report, they suddenly lost all interest in it. They jumped on their horses and rode away - just as unexpectedly and as quickly as they had appeared.
These were Kalmyks exiled to Kazakhstan. And they rushed from the distant places of their settlement to this town, to this square, with one single purpose: to hear whether the Moscow speaker would say when he quoted the text of Pushkin’s “Monument” (and he would certainly quote it! How could he not this?), the words: “And a friend of the steppes, the Kalmyk.”
If he had uttered them, it would have meant that the gloomy fate of the exiled people was suddenly illuminated by a faint ray of hope.
But, contrary to their timid expectations, Simonov never uttered these words.
He, of course, quoted “Monument”. And I even read the corresponding stanza. But not all of it. Not completely:
Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus...
And that’s it. On “Tungus” the quote was cut off.
I also listened to this report then (on the radio, of course). And I also noticed how strangely and unexpectedly the speaker half-corrected Pushkin’s line. But I learned about what was behind this dangling quote much later. And this story about Kalmyks who rushed from distant places to listen to Simonov’s report was also told to me later, many years later. And then I was only surprised to note that when quoting Pushkin’s “Monument,” the speaker somehow lost his rhyme. And he was very surprised that Simonov (a poet after all!), for no reason at all, suddenly mutilated Pushkin’s beautiful line.
The missing rhyme was returned to Pushkin only eight years later. Only in 1957 (after Stalin’s death, after XX Congress), the exiled people returned to their native Kalmyk steppes, and the text of Pushkin’s “Monument” could finally be quoted in its original form.Even from the stage of the Bolshoi Theater."
Benedikt Sarnov
«
A.S. Pushkin lived little, but wrote a lot. However, compared to how much has been written about the poet after his death, what he himself wrote is a drop in the ocean. Who hasn’t written and what hasn’t been written about Pushkin?
After all, in addition to true admirers of the great singer’s creations, he also had ill-wishers. Most likely, these people were jealous of the poet, his fame, his genius - they can be called Salierists. Be that as it may, human memory has preserved the best and truest things that have been said and written about Pushkin, the man and the poet. Even during the life of Alexander Sergeevich Gogol wrote: “At the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns on me.” And this is really true: no matter what Pushkin wrote, no matter what he wrote about, “there is a Russian spirit, there is a smell of Russia.”
But “the poet, a slave of honor, died.” And the day after the poet’s death, his friend the writer Odoevsky wrote in his obituary: “The sun of our poetry has set! Pushkin died, died in the prime of his life, in the middle of his great career!.. We have no strength to talk about this anymore, and there is no need, every Russian heart will be torn to pieces. Pushkin! Our poet! Our joy, national glory!..” It’s already two hundred years since the poet’s birth and more than one hundred and sixty since his death. Who else but us, his descendants, can judge: Pushkin really belongs to national glory, his name is familiar to every schoolchild, his work captivates, enchants, makes you think...
And what wonderful words the poet and critic A. Grigoriev said about Pushkin: “Pushkin is our everything!” And one cannot but agree with this: on the contrary, everyone who is familiar with the poet’s work will not exaggerate if he calls the great genius the mind, honor, conscience and soul of the Russian people. The heartfelt words of Nikolai Rubtsov are filled with love and gratitude for Pushkin:
Like a mirror of the Russian elements,
Having defended my destiny,
He reflected the whole soul of Russia!
And he died reflecting it...
The name of Pushkin is also resurrected with the word “freedom”. Oh, how the poet loved her, how dear she was to him! That’s why he glorified it, and that’s why he sang songs about will and freedom. And he considered this mission - the glorification of freedom - one of the main missions assigned to him on earth:
And for a long time I will be - that is why I am kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom...
Pushkin is a deeply folk poet. “And my incorruptible voice was the echo of the Russian people,” he wrote. It is important to remember his words, once said in a conversation with Zhukovsky: “The only opinion that I value is the opinion of the Russian people.” And the people heard and appreciated their noble singer, even if not immediately, even after years, but forever. His work is a kind of tuning fork for writers of many literatures, his life is an example of human dignity and honor. And as long as these qualities are valued by people, “the people’s path to Pushkin will not become overgrown.”
The poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” has an unusual, even tragic history. His draft was discovered after the death of the writer and given to Zhukovsky for revision. He carefully made changes to the original, and the poem was placed in a posthumous edition. Reading the verse “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is quite sad - the poet, as if anticipating death approaching the threshold, is in a hurry to create a work that will become his creative testament. No matter what class this creation is studied in, it can make a deep impression.
The main theme of the poem is not self-praise, as the poet’s ill-wishers believed, but reflections on the role of poetry in public life. It doesn’t matter whether a person decides to download it or read it online, Pushkin’s message will be quite clear to him: the poetic word does not die, even if the creator dies. Remaining an imprint of his personality, it passes through centuries, carrying itself as a banner to different peoples. This is a lesson about love for freedom, homeland and people that needs to be taught at any age.
The text of Pushkin’s poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is filled with inspiration and admiration, there is a lot of tenderness in it and even the sadness that somehow slides between the lines is completely covered by the awareness of the fact that the poet’s soul is immortal. It is kept by the people themselves who care about literature.
Exegi monumentum.*
I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Pillar of Alexandria.**
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.
Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown;
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't challenge a fool.
____________________________
* “I erected a monument” (Latin). The epigraph is taken from the works
Horace, the famous Roman poet (65-8 BC).
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's poem "" is not an entirely original source. When Pushkin sat down to write it, he was familiar with the original - the poem “To Melpomene” by Horatio, free translations and adaptations of foreign and Russian poets. In Russia, Batyushkov, Derzhavin (whose verse is often with Pushkin’s), and Lomonosov wrote on this topic. Later - Lermontov, A. Fet, Kapnist.
And at the same time, an analysis of the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” shows that it is not a translation, like the works of Lomonosov, Fet, Kapnist. This is not even an imitation of an ancient Roman poet who lived in pre-Christian times. Although some motifs of Horatio are present in Pushkin’s work. The ancient Roman ode served as a form, a kind of wrapper for Pushkin’s original poem, into which the poet invested his content - feelings and worldview.
The poem was written in 1836, shortly before his death. It was a time of creative flourishing, grandiose literary plans and personal spiritual crisis.
In this poem, Pushkin, summing up his work, says:
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom,
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tunguz, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.
Between the lines one can read the poet’s faith that people will someday be free and educated, and that he, Pushkin, will begin to be translated into other languages. Well, his prophecy came true.
The appeal to the Muse to be obedient to the command of God is a call to the writers who will create after him.
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently,And don't challenge a fool.
The poem is close to the ode genre; it is written in iambic hexameter. This rhythm corresponds more than others to ancient poetry, and suits the ode. But unlike ancient literary works, Pushkin’s poem does not read ponderously. On the contrary, the rhythm of the verse is energetic, and the work itself sounds solemn. True, the last stanza is written in iambic tetrameter, which makes it energetic.
The work consists of 5 stanzas, cross rhyme, female rhyme alternates with male rhyme. It can be divided into 3 parts: in the first, the poet says that he erected a monument to himself. In the second part, he explains how he believes he will be “pleasant to the people.” And the third part is a call to the poets who will create after him.
The poem is related to the ode by Old Slavonicisms - head, pillar, drink, existing; and multi-union.
The poem uses means of artistic expression to help one feel the poet’s mood. These are epithets - miraculous, rebellious, great, cherished, proud, kind, wild, cruel.
The poem itself is metaphorical in essence. Everyone knows that Pushkin is not an architect or a sculptor, and did not build anything. He applied inversion. By monument is meant all of his literary work, which will preserve the memory of him among the people. He says that his soul lives in his works. "The soul in the treasured lyre." The lyre is an ancient Greek musical instrument symbolizing poetic creativity. The same idea is confirmed by Annenkov:
“The real, full life of him [Pushkin] lies in his very works, generated, so to speak, by the course of it. In them, the reader can study both the soul of the poet and the circumstances of his existence, moving from one artistic image to another. This is how Pushkin wrote his biography... The reader can have the pleasure of tracing this poetic story about himself, starting with the first imitations of our poet by the erotic writers of France, until after a series of powerful creatures he could exclaim in just pride:
I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands:
The people's path to it will not be overgrown.
I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.
Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't argue with a fool.
Analysis of the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” by Pushkin
A draft of the poem was discovered after Pushkin's death. It dates from 1836. It was first published in the posthumous edition of the poet's works (1841).
The poem marked the beginning of a debate that continues to this day. The first question concerns the source that inspired Pushkin. Many considered the work to be a simple imitation of numerous odes by Russian poets on the theme of the monument. A more common version is that Pushkin took the main ideas from Horace’s ode, from which the epigraph to the poem was taken.
A more serious stumbling block was the meaning and significance of the work. The lifetime praise of his merits and the author’s conviction in his future glory caused criticism and bewilderment. In the eyes of contemporaries, this, at a minimum, seemed to be excessive conceit and insolence. Even those who recognized the poet’s enormous services to Russian literature could not tolerate such impudence.
Pushkin compares his fame to a “monument not made by hands”, which exceeds the “Alexandria Pillar” (monument to Alexander I). Moreover, the poet claims that his soul will exist forever, and his creativity will spread throughout multinational Russia. This will happen because throughout his life the author brought people ideas of goodness and justice. He always defended freedom and “called for mercy for the fallen” (probably for the Decembrists). After such statements, Pushkin also reproaches those who do not understand the value of his work (“don’t argue with a fool”).
Justifying the poet, some researchers stated that the verse is a subtle satire of the author on himself. His statements were considered a joke about his difficult position in high society.
Almost two centuries later, the work can be appreciated. The years have shown the poet's brilliant foresight of his future. Pushkin's poems are known all over the world and have been translated into most languages. The poet is considered the greatest classic of Russian literature, one of the founders of the modern Russian language. The saying “I will never die” was completely confirmed. The name of Pushkin lives not only in his works, but also in countless streets, squares, avenues and much more. The poet became one of the symbols of Russia. The poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is a well-deserved recognition of the poet, who did not expect this from his contemporaries.
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