Mikhail evgrafovich saltykov shchedrin is short. Mikhail saltykov-shchedrin

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 15 (27), 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, into an old noble family. The future writer received his primary education at home - a serf painter, a sister, a priest, and a governess were studying with him. In 1836, Saltykov-Shchedrin studied at the Moscow Noble Institute, from 1838 at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Military service. Link to Vyatka

In 1845, Mikhail Evgrafovich graduated from the Lyceum and entered the military office. At this time, the writer is fond of the French socialists and Georges Sand, creates a number of notes, stories ("Contradiction", "Confused Business").

In 1848, in a short biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin, a long period of exile begins - for free-thinking he was sent to Vyatka. The writer lived there for eight years, at first he served as a clerical officer, and then was appointed an adviser in the provincial government. Mikhail Evgrafovich often went on business trips, during which he collected information about provincial life for his works.

State activity. Mature creativity

Returning from exile in 1855, Saltykov-Shchedrin entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1856-1857 his "Provincial Essays" were published. In 1858, Mikhail Evgrafovich was appointed vice-governor of Ryazan, and then of Tver. In parallel, the writer published in the magazines "Russian Bulletin", "Contemporary", "Library for Reading".

In 1862, Saltykov-Shchedrin, whose biography was previously associated more with a career than with creativity, left the civil service. Staying in St. Petersburg, the writer gets a job as an editor in the journal "Sovremennik". Soon his collections "Innocent Stories" and "Satires in Prose" were published.

In 1864, Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to service, taking the position of manager of the treasury chamber in Penza, and then in Tula and Ryazan.

The last years of the writer's life

Since 1868, Mikhail Evgrafovich has retired and is actively engaged in literary activity. In the same year, the writer became one of the editors of Otechestvennye zapiski, and after the death of Nikolai Nekrasov, he became the editor-in-chief of the magazine. In 1869 - 1870, Saltykov-Shchedrin created one of his most famous works - "The History of a City" (summary), in which he raises the topic of relations between the people and the authorities. Soon the collections "Signs of the Times", "Letters from the Province", and the novel "The Lord Golovlevs" were published.

In 1884, Otechestvennye zapiski was closed, and the writer began to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy.

In recent years, the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin reaches its culmination in the grotesque. The writer publishes the collections "Fairy Tales" (1882 - 1886), "Little Things in Life" (1886 - 1887), "Peshekhonskaya Starina" (1887 - 1889).

Mikhail Evgrafovich died on May 10 (April 28) 1889 in St. Petersburg, was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• While studying at the Lyceum, Saltykov-Shchedrin published his first poems, but he quickly became disillusioned with poetry and left this occupation forever.
• Mikhail Evgrafovich made popular the literary genre of a socio-satirical fairy tale aimed at exposing human vices.
• The link to Vyatka became a turning point in the personal life of Saltykov-Shchedrin - there he met his future wife E. A. Boltina, with whom he lived for 33 years.
• While in exile in Vyatka, the writer translated the works of Tocqueville, Vivienne, Sheruel, made notes about Beccari's book.
• In accordance with the request in the will, Saltykov-Shchedrin was buried next to the grave

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin is a Russian writer, journalist, publicist and public figure. Born in 1826 on January 27 in the Tver province, a descendant of an old noble family. He excelled in his studies at the noble institute, thanks to which in 1838 he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. At the age of 22, he was exiled to Vyatka, where he worked for the next 8 years in low positions in the government of the province.

Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Mikhail Saltykov joined the Ministry of the Interior and continued to write. After retirement, he moved to St. Petersburg and began editorial work for the Sovremennik magazine. Later he returned to public service, and also entered the editorial office of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. The ban on this publication in 1884 severely shook the writer's health, which was reflected in various works. He died on April 28, 1889 and was buried at the Volkovskoe cemetery, according to his own last will, next to I.S. Turgenev.

Creative stages of life

Mikhail Saltykov graduated from the Lyceum in the second category. He was also credited with writing disapproving poetry among the standard lyceum "sins" such as smoking, rudeness and careless appearance. However, the poems of the future writer turned out to be weak, and he himself understood this, so he quickly abandoned poetic activity.

From the debut work of Saltykov-Shchedrin "Contradictions" it is noticeable that the young prose writer was greatly influenced by the novels of Georges Sand and French socialism. “Contradictions” and “Confused Case” aroused indignation among the authorities, and Mikhail Evgrafovich was exiled to Vyatka. During this period of his life, he practically did not study literature. It turned out to return to it in 1855, when, after the death of Nicholas I, the young official was allowed to leave the place of exile. The Provincial Essays, published in the Russian Bulletin, made Shchedrin a well-known and respected author in a wide circle of readers.

As the vice-governor of Tver and Ryazan, the writer did not stop writing for many magazines, although readers found most of his works in Sovremennik. From the works of 1858-1862, the collections "Satires in Prose" and "Innocent Stories" were formed, each published three times. During his service as the governor of the treasury chambers of Penza, Tula and Ryazan (1864-1867), Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov was published only once with the article "A testament to my children."

In 1868, the publicist completely abandoned the civil service and, at the personal request of Nikolai Nekrasov, became one of the key employees of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. Ten years later, he became editor-in-chief. Until 1884, when Otechestvennye Zapiski was banned, Saltykov-Shchedrin devoted himself entirely to working on them, having published almost two dozen collections. This period saw the publication of one of the best and most popular works of the author - "The History of a City".

Having lost his most beloved edition, Mikhail Evgrafovich was published in the "Bulletin of Europe", which included the most grotesque collections: "Poshekhonskaya antiquity", "Fairy tales", "Little things in life".

The main motives of creativity

Saltykov-Shchedrin became the popularizer of the social-satirical fairy tale. In his stories and stories, he exposed human vices, the relationship between the government and the people, bureaucratic crime and tyranny, as well as landlord's cruelty. The novel "Lord Golovlevs" depicts the physical and spiritual decay of the nobility of the late 19th century.

After the closure of Otechestvennye zapiski, Saltykov-Shchedrin directed his writing talent to the highest levels of government in Russia, creating exclusively grotesque works. A distinctive feature of the author's style is the depiction of the vices of the bureaucratic and power apparatus not from the outside, but through the eyes of a person who is part of this environment.

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin- Russian writer, journalist, editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, Ryazan and Tver vice-governors. Saltykov-Shchedrin was the master of the island of words and was the author of many.

He managed to create wonderful works in the genre of satire and realism, as well as help the reader to analyze his mistakes.

Perhaps his most famous graduate was.

During his studies at the Lyceum, Saltykov-Shchedrin stopped taking care of his appearance, began to swear, smoke, and also often ended up in a punishment cell for unworthy behavior.

As a result, the student graduated from the Lyceum with the rank of collegiate secretary. It is interesting that it was during this period of his biography that he tried to write his first works.

After that, Mikhail began working in the office of the military department. He continued to engage in writing and became seriously interested in the work of the French socialists.

Link to Vyatka

The first stories in the biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin were "A Confused Case" and "Contradictions". In them, he raised important issues that run counter to the policy of the current government.

When in 1855 he was on the throne (see), he was allowed to return home. The following year, he was appointed Special Assignment Officer under the Ministry of the Interior.

Creativity Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin is one of the most prominent representatives of satire in c. He had a subtle sense of humor and knew how to brilliantly convey it on paper.

An interesting fact is that it was he who invented such expressions as "bungling", "soft" and "stupidity".

One of the most popular portraits of the writer M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

After Saltykov-Shchedrin returned from exile, he published a collection of short stories "Provincial Essays" under the name of Nikolai Shchedrin.

It is worth noting that even after he gained all-Russian popularity, many of his admirers will remember this particular work.

In his stories, Saltykov-Shchedrin portrayed many different heroes, who, in his opinion, were outstanding representatives.

In 1870 Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote one of the most famous stories in his biography - "The History of a City".

It is worth noting that this work was not initially appreciated at its true worth, since it contained a lot of allegories and unusual comparisons.

Some critics even accused Mikhail Evgrafovich of deliberate distortion. The story presented ordinary people of different minds and who implicitly obeyed the authorities.

Soon from the pen of Saltykov-Shchedrin came out a very interesting and deep in content fairy tale "The Wise Piskar". It told about the whole fearful piskar, who until his death lived in fear and loneliness.

Then he began working as an editor in the publication "Otechestvennye zapiski", which he owned. In this magazine, in addition to his direct duties, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin also published his own works.

In 1880 Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote the genius novel "The Lord Golovlevs". It told about a family that all their adult life thought only about increasing their capital. Ultimately, this led the entire family to spiritual and moral decay.

Personal life

In the biography of the writer there was only one wife - Elizaveta Boltina. Saltykov-Shchedrin met her during his exile. The girl was the daughter of the lieutenant governor and was 14 years younger than the groom.

Initially, the father did not want to give Elizabeth in marriage to the disgraced writer, however, after talking with him, he changed his mind.

An interesting fact is that Mikhail's mother was categorically against him marrying Boltina. The reason for this was the young age of the bride, as well as the small dowry. In the end, in 1856 Saltykov-Shchedrin did get married.

Saltykov-Shchedrin with his wife

Soon, frequent quarrels began to occur between the newlyweds. By nature, Saltykov-Shchedrin was a direct and courageous person. Elizabeth, on the other hand, was a calm and patient girl. In addition, she did not have a sharp mind.

According to the recollections of friends of Mikhail Evgrafovich, Boltina loved to interfere with the conversation, saying a lot of unnecessary things, which, moreover, were often irrelevant.

At such moments, the writer simply lost his temper. In addition, the wife of Saltykov-Shchedrin loved luxury, which further increased the distance between the spouses.

Despite this, they lived together all their lives. In this marriage, they had a girl, Elizabeth, and a boy, Constantine.

Biographers of Saltykov-Shchedrin claim that he was good at wines, played on and was an expert in matters related to profanity.

Death

In recent years, the writer suffered seriously from rheumatism. In addition, his health deteriorated after the Otechestvennye Zapiski was closed in 1884. Censorship considered the publication to be a distributor of harmful ideas.

Shortly before his death, Saltykov-Shchedrin was bedridden, in need of outside help and care. However, he did not lose his optimism and sense of humor.

Often, when he could not receive guests due to weakness, he asked to convey to them: "I am very busy - I am dying."

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin died on April 28, 1889 at the age of 63. According to his request, he was buried next to the grave at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

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Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin, a famous Russian prose writer and pamphleteer, was born in January 1826 in the village. Spas-Corner of the Tver province. The writer's father is from an ancient noble family, and his mother is from a merchant family. All the observations made by the young Saltykov on the family estate of his father in the midst of serfdom formed the basis of many of his works.

Mikhail received a very good education at home, despite the fact that the Saltykovs' estate was located in a remote and uncultured place. At the age of 10, the boy was accepted as a boarder at the Moscow Noble Institute, after two years of study in which, he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The creative air of this institution influenced Mikhail Saltykov, who began to write poetry.

After graduating from the Lyceum, he began serving as an official in the office of the Ministry of War. Faced with the brutality of the army, equal to and sometimes exceeding the brutality of the feudal landlords, he concludes that everywhere "duty, everywhere coercion, everywhere boredom and lies." He is interested in a completely different life. The circle of his communication is literary men, scientists, philosophers, military men, who are united by an anti-serfdom mood.

The first stories of the novice writer Saltykov frightened the authorities, with their acute social problem, and he was exiled to Vyatka as an unreliable person. Here Saltykov lived for more than eight years and served as an adviser in the provincial government, often traveled around the province and was able to closely get acquainted with the life of officials. The writer will later reflect all his observations in his works - stories and fairy tales.

After the death of Emperor Nicholas I, the writer returned to St. Petersburg and began to engage in literary work very intensively. Published in 1857, "Provincial Essays" gained immense popularity, and the name of Saltykov under the pseudonym N. Shchedrin became known to all reading and thinking Russia. Changes are taking place in the personal life of Mikhail Evgrafovich, he marries the daughter of the vice-governor of Vyatka E. Boltina.

In the civil service, he was vice-governor of Ryazan, later of Tver. I tried to surround myself in the service with young, honest, educated people. He was always merciless to bribe-takers and embezzlers. After retirement he lives in St. Petersburg and writes for Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski.

The culmination in the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin was such works as "Modern idyll", "Lord Golovlevs", "Poshekhonskie stories".
In recent years, he has turned to such a genre as Fairy Tales. Just a few days before his death, Saltykov-Shchedrin began a new work "Forgotten Words", in which he wanted to remind the Russian people of the lost words: Fatherland, conscience, humanity and many others. The writer's works are filled with pain for the Russian people - powerless, downtrodden and obedient ...

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889) - prose writer, publicist, critic.

The great Russian satirist Saltykov-Shchedrin was born and raised in a wealthy landowner family, but the house had an atmosphere of stinginess, mutual enmity, hypocrisy and inhumanity.

Saltykov studied first at the Moscow Noble Institute and as an excellent student was sent to St. Petersburg, to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. In 1844, Saltykov graduated from the Lyceum and entered the military service.

In his first works, the writer spoke out against social inequality. To the hero of his story "The Confused Business" (1848), the social system of Russia was presented in the form of a huge pyramid of people, at the base of which are the poor, hunted by the unbearable hardships of life. Nicholas I found in the story "a desire to spread revolutionary ideas", so in 1848 the young writer was exiled to Vyatka, where he spent 8 years. Only after the death of the tsar, in 1855, the writer was able to return to St. Petersburg.

In 1857, a new book by the writer, "Provincial Essays", was published. The work was directed against landlord oppression and bureaucratic arbitrariness.

In the 60s, the great satirist decisively opposed the autocracy in his wonderful book "The History of a City" (1869-1870), in which he sought to destroy the people's faith in the "good tsar". In this work, Shchedrin painted a terrifying picture of the people's lack of rights, grief and poverty (see "The History of a City").

From 1868 to 1884, he published all his works only on the pages of Notes of the Fatherland. The readers of the magazine get acquainted with the series of satirical stories and essays by Saltykov: "Pompadours and pompadours" (1863-1874), "Letters about the province" (1868), "Signs of the times" (1868), "Lord of Tashkent" (1869-1872), " Well-intentioned speeches "(1872-1876)," In the midst of moderation and accuracy "(1874-1877)," Refuge of Mon Repos "(1878-1879)," Letters to aunt "(1881-1882), the novels" Lord Golovlevs "(1875 -1880) and "Modern Idyll" (1877-1883). Saltykov creates a kind of satirical encyclopedia of Russian life.

The most popular are the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin. His first fairy tales were published in 1869: "Wild landowner", "How one man fed two generals."

Fairy tales are the result of many years of life observations of the writer. In them, he acts as a defender of popular interests, an exponent of popular ideals, progressive ideas of his time (see "The Tales of M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin").

In the novel "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" the writer painted terrible pictures of serf life, and in the book "Little Things in Life" (1886) Shchedrin showed the tragedy of the life of "little", ordinary people.

Many Shchedrin satirical types survived both their era and their creator. They have become common nouns, denoting new and at the same time having their own long lineage of social phenomena of Russian and world life.

Throughout his life, Saltykov-Shchedrin retained faith in his people, his history. "I love Russia to the point of heartache and I can't even imagine myself anywhere but Russia."