SRB blood test - interpretation and norm. The essence of cytological analysis and its application in gynecology Preparation for analysis

16.04.2024

Cytology is a diagnostic method that allows you to study the structure of cells and detect the presence of atypical elements indicating the development of the disease. In gynecology, cytology analysis is a fairly common procedure.

The popularity of the method is easy to explain:

firstly, a diagnostic smear for cytology does not require large expenses;
secondly, a guarantee of reliable results in the shortest possible time;
thirdly, it helps prevent the development of precancerous and cancerous conditions.

Cytology, smear for cytology or oncocytology - these are all popular synonyms of the medical term - Papanicolaou test.

Analysis for cell research in gynecology

The cervical canal or cervix is the anatomical site for collecting cellular material for research in gynecology. This anatomical site functions with two types of epithelium:

stratified epithelium (covers the area of the vaginal part);
columnar epithelium (lining the cervical canal at the junction of the cervix and uterus).

According to physiological norms, cellular elements are regularly renewed. Taking a smear for cytology in these parts of the cervical canal helps to detect atypical cancer cells at the initial stage of development.

A cytology analysis helps identify initial changes in the cervical canal of the uterus that contribute to the development of cancer over a short period of time. Given this reason, a cytology test is a mandatory preventive method in gynecology.

Mass smear testing among women belonging to different age groups and segments of the population demonstrates positive dynamics in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer.

If your appointment sheet indicates a smear for cytology, do not panic! This does not mean that you have cancer or are at increased risk of developing it. By no means, constant preventive examination and performing a smear for cytology delays the possibility of developing terrible diseases.

Women under 65 years of age should regularly visit a gynecologist and comply with all prescribed requirements. After 65 years, the frequency of submitting material for cytology is determined individually by the attending physician.

A Papanicolaou test is mandatory in the following cases:

All girls/women over 18 years of age. In this case, the analysis is carried out without medical requirements, at will;
Having sexual activity;
Women over 30 years of age are required to undergo a medical test once a year;
Pregnant women. Cytology is carried out according to the rules 3 times during the period of gestation;
Interruptions in the menstrual cycle, the presence of human papillomavirus and malignant tumors in close family members are the reasons for a cytology smear every six months.

Factors leading to gynecological diseases and a negative cytology test result:

Nicotine intake;
Insufficiency of vitamins A, C;
Immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV;
Infection with chlamydial and herpes infections;
Long-term inflammatory lesions of the female genital organs;
Isolation of human papillomavirus in the blood;
Systematic use of hormonal contraceptives;
Onset of sexual activity before 16 years of age;
Regular change of sexual partners;
Several births in the anamnesis.

Stages of preparation for the analysis

It is difficult to predict what the doctor will prescribe at your next visit to his office. But if you are going to undergo a regular preventive examination with a gynecologist and undergo a number of necessary tests, follow these simple recommendations:

Forget about nighttime pleasures for a few days;
Move all chemical products for intimate hygiene into the back drawer, stop douching;
Do not use medications, such as vaginal suppositories, sprays, etc. before taking a smear.

A smear for cytological examination is taken during a routine gynecological examination with speculum. The duration of all procedures, including examination, is 15 minutes.

Initially, the doctor assesses the condition of the vaginal walls and the visible part of the uterus after inserting a gynecological “mirror”. After this, the gynecologist proceeds directly to collecting the epithelium of the cervical canal. To do this, you will need a probe, a special swab or brush. Although the procedure is short and unpleasant, try to relax, otherwise the discomfort will increase due to muscle tension.

The resulting scraping is immediately sent to the laboratory for further study. Accurate results from the laboratory will arrive after 1 – 2 weeks.

The results will indicate either "positive" or "negative". It is absolutely clear that if the transcript contains the clause “negative”, this means absolute health of the cervix, the absence of atypical cells.

The item “positive” is not a clinical diagnosis! Yes, such a result indicates the presence of atypical cells, but this does not mean that they will soon become cancerous or are already cancerous. An analysis with a positive result occurs in infectious diseases acquired sexually, and even in inflammatory processes.

The decoding additionally includes the stages of the identified process:

Stage 1 – the cytological picture is not changed;
Stage 2 – there are minor deviations from the norm due to inflammation;
Stage 3 – single cells with abnormalities of cellular elements (presumably malignant);
Stage 4 – single cells of an exclusively malignant nature;
Stage 5 – malignant cells in large numbers (exact diagnosis – cancer).

In case of a positive result, regardless of the stage, additional tests will be prescribed, for example, a repeat cytology test if the results are questionable, or colposcopy.

General condition after taking material for cytology

Do not worry if brownish-green discharge appears within 5 days after taking a smear. This is a normal reaction of the body and does not require treatment. On such not very joyful days, gynecologists advise using personal hygiene products.

To avoid pain and discomfort, take a week's break from sexual activity.

Consult a doctor immediately if, after taking the material for analysis, your body temperature rises, sharp pain in the lower abdomen and heavy bloody discharge appear.

It is not always possible to diagnose genital disease in women. Especially when it comes to the initial stages of the disease. As a result, valuable time necessary for successful treatment is lost. The development of oncology in most cases occurs asymptomatically. It is impossible to find out about the presence of cancer without a special examination. One of the methods that allows you to reliably determine the development of cancer cells in the early stages is cytology analysis.

What does a gynecological examination show?

Cytology in gynecology is one of the ways to study cellular material. The gynecologist collects a smear from the cervix and cervical canal to find or exclude pathological cells and dysplasia.

The most important test in gynecology is the analysis of a smear from the cervical canal.

The test is carried out under a powerful microscope and makes it possible to promptly recognize atypical cells, showing their shape, size and location.

When deciphering the test, the number of epithelial cells as a percentage is indicated. Classification of results most often occurs using the Papanicolaou method. Only cells with a pictonic nucleus are taken into account. Changes in cervical tissue according to the standard method are divided into several types:

Stages 2, 3, 4 of changes may indicate the presence of certain sexual diseases, namely:

vaginitis;
genital herpes;
candidiasis;
papillomavirus.

You need to understand that this study shows existing inflammations and sexually transmitted infections, but does not determine the cause that caused them.

Analysis results

The test must be interpreted by a qualified medical professional. The information found on the Internet is for informational purposes only and is not accurate.

What data does the analysis result contain:

In addition, you need to remember some features of cytology studies:

The test is reliable in 90% of cases. Therefore, it can be carried out after a year or two. Repeating the procedure is necessary to completely eliminate the risk of disease.
2% of all smears are uninformative due to a lack of test materials.
Pathological changes in a smear do not always indicate the presence of cancer.
A woman cannot be given a definitive diagnosis based on a Pap test alone.

Deciphering the results can be done using various methods. In modern gynecology, along with the PAP test, other interpretation options are also taken into account, for example, the Bethesda system.

In cytology, a result is considered normal in which there are completely no changes in cellular material. Healthy cells must meet certain standards in shape and size.

In addition, the analysis of a healthy woman must meet certain requirements:

The cells of the cervix consist of single-layer columnar epithelium. Stratified epithelium is acceptable on a vaginal smear.
No pathological changes were found in the stratified epithelium.
The number of leukocytes does not exceed 15 units.

Sometimes the results show the presence of benign cellular material. The situation is not considered normal, but is not a cause for severe anxiety due to oncology.

Indications for the procedure and preparation for it

Indications for histology analysis are obesity and diabetes mellitus. Women over 40 years of age are recommended to undergo testing at least once a year.

To maximize the reliability of the result, before going to the gynecologist, you must follow the following instructions:

Avoid taking topical medications, such as suppositories and vaginal tampons.
Do not perform the procedure during menstruation, as well as in case of inflammatory diseases with strong secretion. A smear is done only after complete recovery.
Do not go to the toilet several hours before taking the material.
2 days before the test you should abstain from sexual activity.
Do not douche.

These simple rules will help you avoid going to the gynecologist again. Taking a smear lasts no more than 15 minutes along with an examination by a gynecologist. The procedure is carried out as follows:

The reaction of the biological material and the dye allows us to draw a conclusion about the possibility of developing cancer. If the test was carried out taking into account all the requirements, then studying the material will take 7-8 days. The woman will be able to learn about the test results from her doctor 2 weeks after the procedure. If the analysis was carried out in cito mode, then the indicators will be known within a few days.

A general blood test is a simple and informative laboratory examination, the results of which can provide the necessary information for diagnosing many diseases, as well as assess their severity and monitor dynamics during treatment.

The UAC includes the following indicators:

hemoglobin
red blood cells
leukocytes and leukocyte formula (eosinophils, basophils, segmented and band neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
platelets
color index and hematocrit
highly specific indicators

The decision on how extensive a blood test to prescribe is made by the attending physician, based on the diagnostic purposes and existing diseases.

Abbreviations in the analysis printout

Very often, a printout of the results of a clinical blood test is presented in the form of abbreviations in English. Decoding abbreviations for a general blood test from English into Russian will help the average user navigate the indicators and adequately evaluate the result of a laboratory analysis.

Here is what is included in a clinical blood test (abbreviated in English):

MCV (HCT/RBC)
MCH (HGB/RBC)
MCHC (HGB/HCT)
LYM/Lymph (%, #)
MXD (%, #)
NEUT (NEU - %, #)
MON (%, #)
EO (%, #)
BA (%, #)
IMM (%, #)
ATL (%, #)
GR (%, #)
RDW (SD, CV)
P-LCR

Printout of clinical blood test

The use of such abbreviations in the OAC is convenient and practical: it does not take up much space in the analysis printout and complies with international standards for the designation of blood parameters. Hematologists and therapists can decipher them without much difficulty, and for highly specialized doctors and patients, a reminder of the designations of each indicator will be useful.

Decoding abbreviations

WBC

Decoding WBC in a general blood test - white blood cells, which in English means white blood cells. This is how a blood test identifies leukocytes, which under a microscope look like white cells. The unit of measurement is 10 9 /l.

(table)

R.B.C.

Decoding RBC in a blood test - red blood cells(red blood cells). In laboratory analysis, red blood cells are designated as such. Unit of measurement - 10 12 /l

(table)

HGB

HGB is a shortened version of the English word Hemoglobin. This is how hemoglobin is indicated on the blood test printout. Unit of measurement - g/l (g/l), g/dl (g/dl).

HCT

HCT stands for Hematocrit(hematocrit).

PLT

PLT stands for Platelets(blood plates). This is how platelets are encrypted in the clinical blood test printout.

MCV

MCV - short for Mean Corpuscular Volume, which means the average volume of a red blood cell. It is measured in µm 3 or femtoliters (fl).

As can be seen from the table, the MCV norm in a general blood test is not very different for adults and all ages of children, with the exception of newborns. Their red blood cell volume is significantly larger, which is associated with a higher content of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in their structure.

Name of red blood cells depending on size:

Normal - normocyte
More than normal - macrocyte
Less than normal - microcyte

MCH

The abbreviation MCH stands for - mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Translated as the average amount of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. Measured in picograms (pg).

MCH is an analogue, only not in relative numbers, but in picograms.

MCHC

MCHC - mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. The difference between this indicator and total hemoglobin in a blood test is that MCHC takes into account the volume of red blood cells only, and the total hemoglobin level is determined based on the volume of all blood (cells + plasma).

As can be seen from the table, the MCHC norm in the analysis does not change much with age.

MPV

MPV is short for mean platelet volume. Stands for average platelet volume. Platelets stay in the bloodstream for a short time and as they “mature” they decrease in size, so determining their volume (MPV) helps determine the degree of platelet maturity in the blood. The unit of MPV is femtoliter (fl), which is equal to µm 2 .

The MPV norm is when the volume of 83-90% of platelets corresponds to the age norm indicated in the table and only 10-17% of large and small (immature and old).

PDW

Decoding PDW in a blood test - platelet distribution width. The abbreviation refers to the relative width of the platelet distribution across the volume.

The PDW norm is 10-17%. This figure indicates what percentage of the total platelet count differs in volume from the mean value (MPV).

PCT

PCT is the full name in English platelet crit. Translated as thrombocrit. The indicator means how much volume platelets occupy in relation to the volume of whole blood.

The PCT norm in tests for children and adults is 0.15-0.4%.

LYM

LYM or Lymph in UAC stands for - lymphocyte This is how lymphocytes are abbreviated in a blood test. The printout may contain 2 indicators:

LYM% (LY%) - relative content of lymphocytes
LYM# (LY#) - absolute lymphocyte content

MXD (MID)

The abbreviation MXD means mixed. An indicator of a mixture of types of leukocytes: monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. The results of the general analysis can be in 2 options:

MXD% (MID%) - relative cell content
MXD# (MID#) - absolute cell content

MXD norm: relative to all leukocytes - 5-10%, in absolute numbers - 0.25-0.9 * 10 9 /l.

NEUT

NEUT is short for neutrophils. This indicator in the general analysis means blood neutrophils. Determined in the analysis in 2 options:

NEUT% (NEU%) - relative content of neutrophils
NEUT# (NEU#) — absolute content of neutrophils

MON

MON is short for Monocyte. This is how the UAC denotes monocytes, the indicator of which in the analysis printout can be of 2 types:

MON% (MO%) - relative number of monocytes
MON# (MO#) - absolute number of monocytes

EO

EO can be deciphered from a general blood test as Eosinophils, which in English means eosinophils. The results of a clinical analysis may contain 2 indicators:

EO% - relative content of eosinophils
EO# - absolute eosinophil content

B.A.

BA - Basophils (basophils)

BA% - relative basophil content
BA# - absolute basophil content

IMM

The abbreviation IMM stands for immature granulocytes.

IMM% - relative content of immature granulocytes
IMM# - absolute content of immature granulocytes

ATL

ATL is the designation for atypical lymphocytes.

ATL% - relative content of atypical lymphocytes
ATL# - absolute content of atypical lymphocytes

GR

GR is the number of granulocytes in the blood. Granulocytes include: basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.

GR% - relative content of granulocytes. The norm in adults is 50-80%
GR# is the absolute content of granulocytes. The norm for adults is 2.2-8.8 * 10 9 / l

HCT/RBC

The HCT/RBC ratio refers to the average red blood cell volume. Same as MCV (see above)

HGB/RBC

HGB/RBC - this indicator determines the average hemoglobin content in a red blood cell. Same as MCH (see above).

HGB/HCT

HGB/HCT - average hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes. Same as MCHC (see above)

RDW

RDW - erythrocyte distribution width in %. Shows what percentage of red blood cells have sizes that differ from the norm (7-8 microns). The more microcytes in the blood (size<7 мкм) и макроцитов (размер >8 µm), the higher the RDW value.

The normal RDW in adults is 11.5–14.5%
The norm for newborns (up to 1 month) is 14.9–18.7%

In children older than 1 month, the RDW norm is practically no different from adults. In newborn children, the rate is much higher, because Fetal hemoglobin is still present in large quantities in their blood, which affects the size of red blood cells.

Exceeding RDW above the specified values is erythrocyte anisocytosis.

RDW-SD

RDW-SD is a measure that indicates the size gap between the smallest microcyte and the largest macrocyte.

RDW-CV

RDW-CV is the percentage distribution of red blood cells by size: % microcytes, % normocytes and % macrocytes.

P-LCR

P-LCR - large platelet ratio

ESR

ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is translated from English as erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The Russian abbreviation for this value is ESR (in old forms it may be designated ROE).

Having a transcript of the general blood test from English transcription into Russian will be useful not only for the patient, but also for doctors of various specialties, because In everyday practice, it is extremely rare to encounter all the variety of possible UAC indicators.

In all Medok clinics you can take tests of almost all popular types. Including:

general urine analysis;
analysis for pinworm and helminth eggs for children;
cholesterol, calcium and glucose testing for older people;
analysis for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases (for women and men), and many others.

We are a licensed medical institution where all tests undergo quality control. The Medok clinics in Moscow and Moscow Region employ experienced, highly qualified medical personnel. Clinical studies are carried out in laboratories equipped with modern technology. With us you can be sure that any analysis will be performed accurately.

Tests in Moscow for women, men and children

Our clinics in Moscow and the Moscow region group tests into several categories for ease of search. Laboratories offer clinical studies of the following groups:

tests for pregnant women,
gynecological,
tests for older people,
for men,
for children.

for cholesterol;
for calcium;
for glucose;
for prostate-specific antigen, as well as general blood and urine tests.

The widest range of tests is in the group for pregnant women, which is not surprising, given our specialization. Pregnant women can donate from us:

blood group test;
general and clinical blood test;
tests for various types of antigens to viruses;
analysis for beta hCG, D dimer and others - more than 15 types in total.

Get tested close to home or work

Often, patients, in order to get tested in Moscow or the Moscow region, using the services of a reliable laboratory, need to go to the other end of the city where it is located. Having to stand in traffic jams for hours or waste time on the subway is not a pleasant prospect.

Everyone tries to find a medical facility closer to their place of residence or work, where they can undergo a high-quality clinical examination. It is for this purpose that the clinics of the Medok network are located in such a way that people from any area of the city can quickly get to us for tests.

In addition, we keep prices at an affordable level, guaranteeing decent quality results. The Medok Clinic is one of the few institutions in the capital where you can get tested inexpensively and in a comfortable environment. The delivery is organized in such a way that you do not waste time waiting in line.

Comprehensive analyzes - saving time and money

Most often, one analysis does not provide an accurate picture by which a doctor can determine the presence of pathology or assess the condition of the patient’s organs and systems. It needs to be complemented by others. In most cases, the optimal set of analyzes contains from 3 to 10 or more different types. It is expensive to donate each of them separately; in addition, repeated sampling of blood and other materials brings discomfort. Medoc network clinics offer complexes of tests: you contact us once and receive all the results at once. This saves your time and money (the complex is cheaper than individual tests).

Analyzes as part of comprehensive surveys

It often happens that the results of an analysis (and even several) do not provide complete information for making an accurate diagnosis or identifying the causes of the disease. In this case, it is optimal to undergo a comprehensive examination, based on the results of which you will receive a detailed consultation with a doctor. The complex usually includes several different tests and one or more examinations: ultrasound, ECG, examination by a specialist, and the like. Together, all these services cost less than if you bought them separately, but most importantly, they allow you to accurately diagnose the disease and assess your health.

Clinics of the Medok network in Moscow and Moscow Region offer several types of such comprehensive examinations, the prices and composition of which you can see on this page. This, for example, is a comprehensive health check of the expectant mother or father, preparation for medical examination, checking the cardiovascular system, and others.

Food, passing through the gastrointestinal tract, undergoes successive transformations and is gradually absorbed. Feces are the result of the digestive system. When examining feces, the condition of the digestive system and various digestion defects are assessed. Therefore, scatology is an indispensable component in the diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and helminthiases.

There are different types of stool examinations. Which of them will be done is determined by the purpose of the study. This can be a diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathology, helminthiases, and changes in microflora. Clinical analysis of stool is sometimes carried out selectively, only according to the parameters necessary in a particular case.

General analysis

Examination of excrement can be divided into general stool analysis and examination under a microscope (called a coprogram). In general, the quantity, smell, color, consistency, impurities are examined; microscopic analysis reveals undigested muscle and plant fibers, salts, acids and other inclusions. Nowadays, a coprogram is often called general analysis. Thus, CPG is the study of the physical, chemical properties of feces and the pathological components in them.

Stool tests to detect protozoa are carried out if amoebiasis or trichomoniasis is suspected. Trichomonas are difficult to see in feces. When taking material for this purpose, you cannot use enemas, laxatives, or treat the feces container with disinfectant liquids. The interpretation will be correct only if examined immediately, a maximum of 15 minutes after collecting the material. The search for cysts does not require such urgency; they are stable in the external environment. To reliably detect Shigella, a piece of feces with blood or mucus is taken and placed in a container with a special preservative.

Clinical picture

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Stool analysis shows the presence of intestinal pathogens in the body and the ratio of different types of bacteria.

Sowing on nutrient media will make it possible to objectify quantitative and qualitative changes in the intestinal microflora.

Stool analysis should be carried out no later than three hours after taking the morning portion of stool. It is advisable to store the sample refrigerated (). Stool analysis cannot be performed during antibiotic therapy, optimally two weeks after its completion. It is important to avoid urine and vaginal discharge, especially during menstruation. The volume of the sample should be at least 10 ml, the sample should be taken from different parts of the feces, making sure to include areas with mucus and blood.

Analysis of stool by scraping in the perianal area is carried out to detect pinworm eggs. The material must be examined no later than three hours after collection.

So what does the analysis show:

protozoa and microbes that cause intestinal infections;
the presence of helminths and their eggs;
state of microflora;
digestion defects;
effectiveness of treatment (with follow-up);
in children - signs of cystic fibrosis and lactose deficiency.

Rules for conducting research

To obtain reliable data, you need to know how to properly collect feces and when a stool analysis should be deciphered.

An example of a correctly taken sample:

Before the examination, you should be on a diet for several days that excludes flatulence, stained stools, retention or diarrhea.
A scatological analysis of stool should be taken during natural bowel movements. Enemas, laxatives, including rectal suppositories, Microlax microenemas cannot be used, as the true picture of the study may be distorted.
A general stool analysis is reliable if, within three days before collecting the material, the patient did not take medications that could change the color or character of feces (barium, iron, bismuth).
A scatological analysis of stool should be carried out no later than five hours after collecting the material.
The optimal volume for testing is about two teaspoons (about 30 grams of feces).
To detect helminthiasis, it is better to take samples from different parts of a portion of excrement.
The material should be collected in a sterile container.

Decoding the research results

It is very important to correctly decipher the stool analysis. To do this, you need to know the research algorithm and normal indicators.

The patient's decoding includes three main points: macroscopy (examination), biochemistry, microscopy (the actual coprogram).

Inspection

Clinical analysis of stool begins with its visual assessment. The norm implies a dense consistency and dark color of excrement, the absence of mucus, blood, foul odor, undigested food particles and other pathological impurities.

Biochemistry

A chemical analysis of stool is performed.

A normal stool analysis implies the following negative biochemical reactions to the following elements:

occult blood;
bilirubin;
iodophilic flora;
starch;
protein;
fatty acid.

The reaction to stercobilin should be positive (75–350 mg per day). It provides color and reflects the functioning of the liver and large intestine; its amount increases with hemolytic anemia and decreases with disorders of the outflow of bile.

Ammonia is normally 20–40 mmol/kg.

It is important to determine the acid-base state of excrement using litmus paper; the pH of feces should be close to neutral values (6-8). Changes in the acidity of intestinal contents are possible due to microflora or diet disorders.

Microscopy

A stool analysis under a microscope is also necessary. The coprogram carries information about the presence of pathological components in excrement and allows one to assess the quality of food digestion. Examination of stool in children will help in the diagnosis of infections and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, cystic fibrosis, enzymatic and dysbacterial disorders, and helminthic infestations.

The norm implies the absence of the following substances:

undigested fat and its derivatives;
muscle fibers;
connective tissue;
crystals from the remains of destroyed blood cells.

Yeast and other fungi are also normally absent in stool analysis.

Stool microscopy is also used to objectively assess the dynamics of the patient’s condition.

What diseases can a stool test help diagnose?

What do certain deviations from the norm that were found during laboratory examination of excrement indicate? Options for changing normal stool parameters exist for various diseases.

Deviations during macroscopy

Discoloration indicates cholelithiasis, since the stones disrupt the flow of bile, stercobilin does not enter the intestines, and the stool loses its dark color. This phenomenon is observed in pancreatic cancer, hepatitis, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Black color and tar consistency are a sign of a peptic ulcer, a tumor complicated by gastric bleeding.

Reddish color of stool causes bleeding in the lower intestines.

The foul odor is due to rotting or fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract. Its appearance is possible with chronic pancreatitis, dysbacteriosis, and cancer.

Elements of undigested food may be found in excrement. This indicates a deficiency of gastric juice, bile, enzymes, or an acceleration of peristalsis when food simply does not have time to be absorbed.

Fresh blood is possible for anal fissures, hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis

Mucus plays a protective role. Its detection indicates the presence of inflammation of the intestinal walls. , dysentery, colitis are characterized by a large amount of mucus in the excrement. Mucus is also found in cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, malabsorption syndromes, irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, and polyps.

Changes in biochemistry

If there is a change in the acid-base properties of the stool being examined, this indicates disturbances in the digestion of food. The alkaline environment of excrement is a consequence of putrefactive processes due to impaired protein breakdown, the acidic environment is due to fermentation, which is observed with excess consumption or impaired absorption of carbohydrates.

Occult blood testing is used to detect gastric and intestinal bleeding in peptic ulcers, polyps, cancer of various parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and the presence of helminths. To avoid erroneous results, three days before the intended collection of material, foods containing iron should be excluded from the diet, and traumatic procedures such as FGDS and colonoscopy should not be performed. If you have periodontal disease, it is better not to brush your teeth on the day of the test so that there is no admixture of blood from the diseased gums.

Bilirubin can be detected in acute poisoning and gastroenteritis.

Protein is found in pancreatitis and atrophic gastritis.

If starch appears, it is necessary to exclude pancreatitis, malabsorption, and pathology of the small intestine.

Iodophilic flora appears in dysbacteriosis, pathology of the pancreas, stomach, and fermentative dyspepsia. They are especially often found during fermentation, acid reaction of intestinal contents and acceleration of its evacuation.

Ammonia increases during putrefactive processes, against the background of inflammation and impaired protein digestion.

Deviations of microscopic analysis

Many muscle fibers in excrement are observed in pancreatitis and atrophic gastritis. They can be found in young children with diarrhea and poor chewing of tough meat.

Connective fibers can be found in gastritis with low acidity, pancreatitis, and when eating poorly cooked meat.

If neutral fat, elements of fatty acids and their salts are detected, this indicates insufficient production of bile and pancreatic enzymes. Possible reasons:

pancreatitis;
pancreatic tumor;
stones in the bile ducts;
increased peristalsis when fats do not have time to be absorbed;
malabsorption in the intestine;
eating too fatty foods;
use of rectal suppositories.

In children, the presence of fat may be associated with incompletely developed digestive function.

When the acidity of excrement changes to the alkaline side, soaps (salts of undigested fatty acids) are found. Their detection in large quantities in adults is possible due to accelerated peristalsis and pathology of the biliary tract.

Soluble plant fiber indicates decreased production of gastric juice and other enzymes.

The appearance of yeast-like fungi indicates dysbiosis due to immunodeficiency or antibiotic therapy.

In stool analysis, a high level of leukocytes is noted in cases of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, rectal fissures, and oncology.