Analysis for C-peptide (how to take it and why it is needed). What types of stool tests are there, their interpretation and what can be detected Changes in biochemistry

16.04.2024

Determination method Immunoturbidimetric, highly sensitive (lower limit of detection - 0.1 mg/l).

Material under study Blood serum

Acute phase protein, the most sensitive and fastest indicator of tissue damage during inflammation, necrosis, and injury.

C-reactive protein got its name because of its ability to enter into a precipitation reaction with the C-polysaccharide of pneumococci (one of the body’s early defense mechanisms against infection). CRP stimulates immune reactions, including phagocytosis, participates in the interaction of T and B lymphocytes, and activates the classical complement system. It is synthesized mainly in hepatocytes, its synthesis is initiated by antigens, immune complexes, bacteria, fungi, and during injury (4 - 6 hours after injury). Absent in the serum of a healthy person.

The CRP test is most often compared to ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Both indicators increase sharply at the onset of the disease, but CRP appears and disappears before the ESR changes.

With successful treatment, the level of CRP decreases over the following days, returning to normal on days 6–10, while ESR decreases only after 2–4 weeks.

Thus, rapid normalization of CRP levels allows this test to be used to monitor the course of the disease and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. In any disease, or after surgery, the addition of a bacterial infection, be it a local process or sepsis, is accompanied by an increase in the levels of acute phase proteins.

The content of CRP is not affected by hormones, including during pregnancy; with the transition to the chronic stage of the disease, the level of C-reactive protein decreases until it completely disappears and increases again with an exacerbation of the process. The level of CRP increases slightly during viral and spirochetal infections, so in the absence of injury, high levels in the serum indicate the presence of a bacterial infection. In newborns, CRP can be used to diagnose sepsis. After surgery, the level of this indicator increases, but in the absence of bacterial infection in the postoperative period, it quickly normalizes. And the addition of a bacterial infection (local process or sepsis) is accompanied by an increase in CRP or the absence of its decrease.

Over the past decade, highly sensitive methods for the determination of CRP have been developed (< 0,5 мг/л). С такой чувствительностью может улавливаться изменение СРБ не только в условиях острого, но также и хронического, низкой степени выраженности эндогенного воспаления. Показано, что повышение СРБ даже в интервале концентраций < 10 мг/л и пограничных с верхней границей нормы значений у кажущихся здоровыми людей говорит о повышенном риске развития атеросклероза, а также первого инфаркта, тромбоэмболий.

The information value of the CRP indicator determined by sensitive methods in this regard, according to some data, is higher than the determination of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with increased CRP increases with parallel increases in other risk factors (cholesterol, fibrinogen, homocysteine, etc.).

Limits of detection: 0.1 mg/l-16160 mg/l

Cytology is a diagnostic method that allows you to study the structure of cells and detect the presence of atypical elements indicating the development of the disease. In gynecology, cytology analysis is a fairly common procedure.

The popularity of the method is easy to explain:

firstly, a diagnostic smear for cytology does not require large expenses;
secondly, a guarantee of reliable results in the shortest possible time;
thirdly, it helps prevent the development of precancerous and cancerous conditions.

Cytology, smear for cytology or oncocytology - these are all popular synonyms of the medical term - Papanicolaou test.

Analysis for cell research in gynecology

The cervical canal or cervix is the anatomical site for collecting cellular material for research in gynecology. This anatomical site functions with two types of epithelium:

stratified epithelium (covers the area of the vaginal part);
cylindrical epithelium (lining the cervical canal at the junction of the cervix and uterus).

According to physiological norms, cellular elements are regularly renewed. Taking a smear for cytology in these parts of the cervical canal helps to detect atypical cancer cells at the initial stage of development.

A cytology analysis helps identify initial changes in the cervical canal of the uterus that contribute to the development of cancer over a short period of time. Given this reason, a cytology test is a mandatory preventive method in gynecology.

Mass smear testing among women belonging to different age groups and segments of the population demonstrates positive dynamics in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer.

If your appointment sheet indicates a smear for cytology, do not panic! This does not mean that you have cancer or are at increased risk of developing it. By no means, a constant preventive examination and a smear for cytology delays the possibility of developing terrible diseases.

Women under 65 years of age should regularly visit a gynecologist and comply with all prescribed requirements. After 65 years, the frequency of submitting material for cytology is determined individually by the attending physician.

A Papanicolaou test is mandatory in the following cases:

All girls/women over 18 years of age. In this case, the analysis is carried out without medical requirements, at will;
Presence of sexual activity;
Women over 30 years of age are required to undergo a medical test once a year;
Pregnant women. Cytology is carried out according to the rules 3 times during the period of gestation;
Interruptions in the menstrual cycle, the presence of human papillomavirus and malignant tumors in close family members are the reasons for a cytology smear every six months.

Factors leading to gynecological diseases and a negative cytology test result:

Nicotine intake;
Insufficiency of vitamins A, C;
Immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV;
Infection with chlamydial and herpes infections;
Long-term inflammatory lesions of the female genital organs;
Isolation of human papillomavirus in the blood;
Systematic use of hormonal contraceptives;
Onset of sexual activity before 16 years of age;
Regular change of sexual partners;
Several births in the anamnesis.

Stages of preparation for the analysis

It is difficult to predict what the doctor will prescribe at your next visit to his office. But if you are going to undergo a regular preventive examination with a gynecologist and undergo a number of necessary tests, follow these simple recommendations:

Forget about nighttime pleasures for a few days;
Move all chemical products for intimate hygiene into the back drawer, stop douching;
Do not use medications, such as vaginal suppositories, sprays, etc. before taking a smear.

A smear for cytological examination is taken during a routine gynecological examination with speculum. The duration of all procedures, including examination, is 15 minutes.

Initially, the doctor assesses the condition of the vaginal walls and the visible part of the uterus after inserting a gynecological “mirror”. After this, the gynecologist proceeds directly to collecting the epithelium of the cervical canal. To do this, you will need a probe, a special swab or brush. Although the procedure is short and unpleasant, try to relax, otherwise the discomfort will increase due to muscle tension.

The resulting scraping is immediately sent to the laboratory for further study. Accurate results from the laboratory will arrive after 1 – 2 weeks.

The results will indicate either "positive" or "negative". It is absolutely clear that if the transcript contains the item “negative”, this means absolute health of the cervix, the absence of atypical cells.

The item “positive” is not a clinical diagnosis! Yes, such a result indicates the presence of atypical cells, but this does not mean that they will soon become cancerous or are already cancerous. An analysis with a positive result occurs in infectious diseases acquired sexually, and even in inflammatory processes.

The decoding additionally includes the stages of the identified process:

Stage 1 – the cytological picture is not changed;
Stage 2 – there are minor deviations from the norm due to inflammation;
Stage 3 – single cells with abnormalities of cellular elements (presumably malignant);
Stage 4 – single cells of an exclusively malignant nature;
Stage 5 – malignant cells in large numbers (exact diagnosis – cancer).

In case of a positive result, regardless of the stage, additional tests will be prescribed, for example, a repeat cytology test if the results are questionable, or colposcopy.

General condition after taking material for cytology

Do not worry if brownish-green discharge appears within 5 days after taking a smear. This is a normal reaction of the body and does not require treatment. On such not-so-joyful days, gynecologists advise using personal hygiene products.

To avoid pain and discomfort, take a week's break from sexual activity.

Consult a doctor immediately if, after taking the material for analysis, your body temperature rises, sharp pain in the lower abdomen and heavy bloody discharge appear.

In all Medok clinics you can take tests of almost all popular types. Including:

general urine analysis;
analysis for pinworm and helminth eggs for children;
cholesterol, calcium and glucose testing for older people;
analysis for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases (for women and men), and many others.

We are a licensed medical institution where all tests undergo quality control. The Medok clinics in Moscow and Moscow Region employ experienced, highly qualified medical personnel. Clinical studies are carried out in laboratories equipped with modern technology. With us you can be sure that any analysis will be performed accurately.

Tests in Moscow for women, men and children

Our clinics in Moscow and the Moscow region group tests into several categories for ease of search. Laboratories offer clinical studies of the following groups:

tests for pregnant women,
gynecological,
tests for older people,
for men,
for children.

for cholesterol;
for calcium;
for glucose;
for prostate-specific antigen, as well as general blood and urine tests.

The widest range of tests is in the group for pregnant women, which is not surprising, given our specialization. Pregnant women can donate from us:

blood group test;
general and clinical blood test;
tests for various types of antigens to viruses;
analysis for beta hCG, D dimer and others - more than 15 types in total.

Get tested close to home or work

Often, patients, in order to get tested in Moscow or the Moscow region, using the services of a reliable laboratory, need to go to the other end of the city where it is located. Having to stand in traffic jams for hours or waste time on the subway is not a pleasant prospect.

Everyone tries to find a medical facility closer to their place of residence or work, where they can undergo a high-quality clinical examination. It is for this purpose that the clinics of the Medok network are located in such a way that people from any area of the city can quickly get to us for testing.

In addition, we keep prices at an affordable level, guaranteeing decent quality results. The Medok Clinic is one of the few institutions in the capital where you can get tested inexpensively and in a comfortable environment. The delivery is organized in such a way that you do not waste time waiting in line.

Comprehensive analyzes - saving time and money

Most often, one analysis does not provide an accurate picture by which a doctor can determine the presence of pathology or assess the condition of the patient’s organs and systems. It needs to be complemented by others. In most cases, the optimal set of analyzes contains from 3 to 10 or more different types. It is expensive to donate each of them separately; in addition, repeated sampling of blood and other materials brings discomfort. Medoc network clinics offer complexes of tests: you contact us once and receive all the results at once. This saves your time and money (the complex is cheaper than individual tests).

Analyzes as part of comprehensive surveys

It often happens that the results of an analysis (and even several) do not provide complete information for making an accurate diagnosis or identifying the causes of the disease. In this case, it is optimal to undergo a comprehensive examination, based on the results of which you will receive a detailed consultation with a doctor. The complex usually includes several different tests and one or more examinations: ultrasound, ECG, examination by a specialist, and the like. Together, all these services cost less than if you bought them separately, but most importantly, they allow you to accurately diagnose the disease and assess your health.

Clinics of the Medok network in Moscow and Moscow Region offer several types of such comprehensive examinations, the prices and composition of which you can see on this page. This, for example, is a comprehensive health check of the expectant mother or father, preparation for medical examination, checking the cardiovascular system, and others.

– one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what a biochemical analysis from a vein shows, you can identify a number of serious ailments in the early stages, including - viral hepatitis , . Early detection of such pathologies makes it possible to apply the correct treatment and cure them.

The nurse collects blood for testing within a few minutes. Every patient should understand that this procedure does not cause any discomfort. The answer to the question of where blood is taken for analysis is clear: from a vein.

Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be taken into account that the results obtained are actually a kind of reflection of the general condition of the body. However, when trying to independently understand whether the analysis is normal or whether there are certain deviations from the normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what CK is (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what urea (urea), etc.

General information about blood biochemistry analysis - what it is and what you can find out by doing it, you will receive from this article. How much it costs to conduct such an analysis, how many days it takes to get results, should be found out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.

How do you prepare for biochemical analysis?

Before donating blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. Those who are interested in how to pass the test correctly need to take into account several fairly simple requirements:

You need to donate blood only on an empty stomach;
in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you should not drink strong coffee, tea, consume fatty foods, or alcoholic beverages (it is better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
do not smoke for at least an hour before the test;
the day before the test, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bathhouse, and also the person should not expose yourself to serious physical activity;
laboratory tests must be taken in the morning, before any medical procedures;
a person who is preparing for tests, upon arriving at the laboratory, should calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
the answer to the question of whether it is possible to brush your teeth before taking tests is negative: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, in the morning before the test you need to ignore this hygienic procedure, and also not drink tea and coffee;
You should not take hormonal medications, diuretics, etc. before taking blood;
two weeks before the study you need to stop taking medications that affect lipids in the blood, in particular statins ;
if you need to take a full analysis again, this must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.

If a clinical blood test has been performed, the readings are deciphered by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of biochemical blood test results can be carried out using a special table, which indicates normal test results in adults and children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult with a doctor who can correctly “read” all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: extended profile.

Interpretation table for biochemical blood tests in adults

Indicator in the study	Norm
Total protein	63-87 g/l
Protein fractions: albumin globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)
Creatinine	44-97 µmol per l – in women, 62-124 – in men
Urea	2.5-8.3 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.43 mmol/l - in men, 0.24-0.54 mmol/l - in women.
Total cholesterol	3.3-5.8 mmol/l
LDL	less than 3 mmol per l
HDL	greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per L - in women, 1 mmol per L - in men
Glucose	3.5-6.2 mmol per l
Total bilirubin	8.49-20.58 µmol/l
Direct bilirubin	2.2-5.1 µmol/l
Triglycerides	less than 1.7 mmol per l
Aspartate aminotransferase (abbreviated as AST)	alanine aminotransferase - normal in women and men - up to 42 U/l
Alanine aminotransferase (abbreviated as ALT)	up to 38 U/l
Gamma glutamyl transferase (abbreviated GGT)	normal GGT levels are up to 33.5 U/l in men, up to 48.6 U/l in women.
Creatine kinase (abbreviated as KK)	up to 180 U/l
Alkaline phosphatase (abbreviated as ALP)	up to 260 U/l
α-amylase	up to 110 E per liter
Potassium	3.35-5.35 mmol/l
Sodium	130-155 mmol/l

Thus, a biochemical blood test makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to assess the functioning of internal organs. Also, decoding the results allows you to adequately “read” which macro- and microelements, needed by the body. Blood biochemistry makes it possible to recognize the presence of pathologies.

If you correctly decipher the obtained indicators, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than CBC. After all, decoding the indicators of a general blood test does not allow one to obtain such detailed data.

It is very important to conduct such studies when. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not provide the opportunity to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is prescribed, as a rule, in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and poor health, this analysis is performed more often.

In modern laboratories they are able to conduct research and decipher the obtained indicators within a few hours. The patient is provided with a table containing all the data. Accordingly, it is even possible to independently track how normal blood counts are in adults and children.

Both the table for deciphering a general blood test in adults and biochemical tests are deciphered taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the norm of blood biochemistry, like the norm of a clinical blood test, can vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.

Hemogram is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological features, ratio, content, etc.

Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver tests. Decoding the analysis allows you to determine whether liver function is normal. Liver parameters are important for diagnosing pathologies of this organ. The following data make it possible to assess the structural and functional state of the liver: ALT, GGTP (the GGTP norm in women is slightly lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.

Cholinesterase determined for the purpose of diagnosing the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.

Blood sugar determined to assess the functions of the endocrine system. You can find out what a blood sugar test is called directly in the laboratory. The sugar symbol can be found on the results sheet. What is the name for sugar? It is referred to as "glucose" or "GLU" in English.

The norm is important CRP , since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Index AST indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.

Index M.I.D. in a blood test it is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development of infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the state of the human immune system.

ICSU is an indicator of the average concentration in . If MSHC is elevated, the reasons for this are associated with a deficiency of or, as well as congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - average value of the volume measured.

Lipidogram provides for the determination of total, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The lipid spectrum is determined to identify lipid metabolism disorders in the body.

Norm blood electrolytes indicates the normal course of metabolic processes in the body.

Seromucoid – this is a fraction of proteins, which includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about what seromucoid is, it should be taken into account that if the connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined to predict development.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - This is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.

Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnostics.

Analysis on ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular iron depot) is carried out if hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, or tumors are suspected.

Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing types of complications after a streptococcal infection.

In addition, other indicators are determined, and other investigations are carried out (protein electrophoresis, etc.). The norm of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the norm of a biochemical blood test in women; the table also provides information about normal values in men. But still, about how to decipher a general blood test and how to read the data of a biochemical analysis, it is better to ask a specialist who will adequately evaluate the results in a comprehensive manner and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Deciphering the biochemistry of blood in children is carried out by the specialist who ordered the studies. For this purpose, a table is also used, which indicates the norm for children of all indicators.

In veterinary medicine, there are also standards for biochemical blood parameters for dogs and cats - the corresponding tables indicate the biochemical composition of animal blood.

What some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.

Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of humoral proteins.

The composition of proteins includes 20 main proteins; they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.

The liquid part of the blood contains approximately 165 proteins, and their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:

globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
fibrinogen .

Since protein production occurs mainly in the liver, their level indicates its synthetic function.

If a proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein levels in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon is observed in the following cases:

during protein fasting - if a person follows a certain diet, practices vegetarianism;
if there is increased excretion of protein in the urine - with kidney disease;
if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
in case of serious burns;
with exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
with the development of malignant neoplasms;
if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
when absorption of substances decreases – when , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.

An increased level of protein in the body is hyperproteinemia . There is a distinction between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.

A relative increase in proteins develops in the event of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if you are worried about constant vomiting, with cholera.

An absolute increase in protein is noted if inflammatory processes or myeloma occur.

The concentrations of this substance change by 10% with changes in body position, as well as during physical activity.

Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?

Protein fractions – globulins, albumins, fibrinogen.

A standard blood biotest does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the blood clotting process. Coagulogram - analysis in which this indicator is determined.

When are protein levels elevated?

Albumin level:

if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
for burns.

A-globulins:

for systemic connective tissue diseases ( , );
with purulent inflammation in acute form;
for burns during the recovery period;
nephrotic syndrome in patients with glomerulonephritis.

B-globulins:

for hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes;
with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
with nephrotic syndrome;
at .

Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:

for viral and bacterial infections;
for systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
for allergies;
for burns;
with helminthic infestation.

When is the level of protein fractions reduced?

in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
for lungs;
during pregnancy;
for liver diseases;
with bleeding;
in case of plasma accumulation in body cavities;
for malignant tumors.

Not only cell construction occurs in the body. They also break down, and in the process, nitrogenous bases accumulate. They are formed in the human liver and are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen metabolism elevated, then there is likely to be a dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. Basic indicators of nitrogen metabolism – creatinine , urea . Less commonly detected are ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, and uric acid.

Urea (urea)

glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
nephrosclerosis;
poisoning with various substances - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
arterial hypertension;
crash syndrome;
polycystic disease or kidney;

Reasons causing the decrease:

increased urine output;
administration of glucose;
liver failure;
decrease in metabolic processes;
starvation;
hypothyroidism.

Creatinine

Reasons for the increase:

renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
decompensated;
acromegaly;
intestinal obstruction;
muscle dystrophy;
burns.

Uric acid

Reasons for the increase:

leukemia;
vitamin B-12 deficiency;
acute infectious diseases;
Vaquez disease;
liver diseases;
severe diabetes mellitus;
skin pathologies;
carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.

Glucose

Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is the main energy product that enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends specifically on oxygen and glucose. After a person has eaten, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen . These pancreatic processes are controlled - and glucagon . Due to a lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops; its excess indicates that hyperglycemia is occurring.

Violation of blood glucose concentration occurs in the following cases:

Hypoglycemia

with prolonged fasting;
in case of malabsorption of carbohydrates - with enteritis, etc.;
with hypothyroidism;
for chronic liver pathologies;
with chronic adrenal insufficiency;
with hypopituitarism;
in case of overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs taken orally;
with, insulinoma, meningoencephalitis, .

Hyperglycemia

for diabetes mellitus of the first and second types;
with thyrotoxicosis;
in case of tumor development;
with the development of tumors of the adrenal cortex;
with pheochromocytoma;
in people who practice treatment with glucocorticoids;
at ;
for injuries and brain tumors;
with psycho-emotional agitation;
if carbon monoxide poisoning occurs.

Specific colored proteins are peptides that contain metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of a red blood cell in the spleen ends, biliverdin reductase produces bilirubin, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since its rapid connection with blood albumin occurs, poisoning of the body does not occur.

At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis and hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, so the analysis shows a high level of bilirubin. Next, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid in liver cells, and it is converted into conjugated or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. Its high level is observed when Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesias . If liver tests are performed, they may show high levels of direct bilirubin if liver cells are damaged.

Rheumatic tests

Rheumatic tests – a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine rheumatoid factor, an analysis of circulating immune complexes, and the determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumatic tests can be carried out independently, as well as as part of studies that involve immunochemistry. Rheumatic tests should be carried out if there are complaints of joint pain.

conclusions

Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a full extended HD blood test or OBC in a clinic or laboratory, it is important to take into account that each laboratory uses a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other equipment. Consequently, the norms of indicators may vary, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or biochemistry results show. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that the form issued by the medical institution indicates the standards in order to interpret the test results correctly. The norm of OAC in children is also indicated on the forms, but a doctor must evaluate the results obtained.

Many people are interested in: blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is a test to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. An f50 analysis is done both when HIV is suspected and for the purpose of prevention in a healthy person. It is also worth properly preparing for such a study.

Education: Graduated from Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from Vinnitsa State Medical University named after. M.I. Pirogov and internship at his base.

Experience: From 2003 to 2013, she worked as a pharmacist and manager of a pharmacy kiosk. She was awarded diplomas and decorations for many years of conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

A general blood test is a simple and informative laboratory examination, the results of which can provide the necessary information for diagnosing many diseases, as well as assess their severity and monitor dynamics during treatment.

The UAC includes the following indicators:

hemoglobin
red blood cells
leukocytes and leukocyte formula (eosinophils, basophils, segmented and band neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
platelets
color index and hematocrit
highly specific indicators

The decision on how extensive a blood test to prescribe is made by the attending physician, based on the diagnostic purposes and existing diseases.

Abbreviations in the analysis printout

Very often, a printout of the results of a clinical blood test is presented in the form of abbreviations in English. Decoding abbreviations for a general blood test from English into Russian will help the average user navigate the indicators and adequately evaluate the result of a laboratory analysis.

Here is what is included in a clinical blood test (abbreviated in English):

MCV (HCT/RBC)
MCH (HGB/RBC)
MCHC (HGB/HCT)
LYM/Lymph (%, #)
MXD (%, #)
NEUT (NEU - %, #)
MON (%, #)
EO (%, #)
BA (%, #)
IMM (%, #)
ATL (%, #)
GR (%, #)
RDW (SD, CV)
P-LCR

Printout of clinical blood test

The use of such abbreviations in the OAC is convenient and practical: it does not take up much space in the analysis printout and complies with international standards for the designation of blood parameters. Hematologists and therapists can decipher them without much difficulty, and for highly specialized doctors and patients, a reminder of the designations of each indicator will be useful.

Decoding abbreviations

WBC

Decoding WBC in a general blood test - white blood cells, which in English means white blood cells. This is how a blood test identifies leukocytes, which under a microscope look like white cells. The unit of measurement is 10 9 /l.

(table)

R.B.C.

Decoding RBC in a blood test - red blood cells(red blood cells). In laboratory analysis, red blood cells are designated as such. Unit of measurement - 10 12 /l

(table)

HGB

HGB is a shortened version of the English word Hemoglobin. This is how hemoglobin is indicated on the blood test printout. Unit of measurement - g/l (g/l), g/dl (g/dl).

HCT

HCT stands for Hematocrit(hematocrit).

PLT

PLT stands for Platelets(blood plates). This is how platelets are encrypted in the clinical blood test printout.

MCV

MCV - short for Mean Corpuscular Volume, which means the average volume of a red blood cell. It is measured in µm 3 or femtoliters (fl).

As can be seen from the table, the MCV norm in a general blood test is not very different for adults and all ages of children, with the exception of newborns. Their red blood cell volume is much larger, which is associated with a higher content of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in their structure.

Name of red blood cells depending on size:

Normal - normocyte
More than normal - macrocyte
Less than normal - microcyte

MCH

The abbreviation MCH stands for - mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Translated as the average amount of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. Measured in picograms (pg).

MCH is an analogue, only not in relative numbers, but in picograms.

MCHC

MCHC - mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. The difference between this indicator and total hemoglobin in a blood test is that MCHC takes into account the volume of red blood cells only, and the total hemoglobin level is determined based on the volume of all blood (cells + plasma).

As can be seen from the table, the MCHC norm in the analysis does not change much with age.

MPV

MPV is short for mean platelet volume. Stands for average platelet volume. Platelets stay in the bloodstream for a short time and as they “mature” they decrease in size, so determining their volume (MPV) helps determine the degree of platelet maturity in the blood. The unit of MPV is femtoliter (fl), which is equal to µm 2 .

The MPV norm is when the volume of 83-90% of platelets corresponds to the age norm indicated in the table and only 10-17% of large and small (immature and old).

PDW

Decoding PDW in a blood test - platelet distribution width. The abbreviation refers to the relative width of the platelet distribution across the volume.

The PDW norm is 10-17%. This figure indicates what percentage of the total platelet count differs in volume from the mean value (MPV).

PCT

PCT is the full name in English platelet crit. Translated as thrombocrit. The indicator means how much volume platelets occupy in relation to the volume of whole blood.

The PCT norm in tests for children and adults is 0.15-0.4%.

LYM

LYM or Lymph in UAC stands for - lymphocyte This is the abbreviated name for lymphocytes in a blood test. The printout may contain 2 indicators:

LYM% (LY%) - relative content of lymphocytes
LYM# (LY#) - absolute lymphocyte content

MXD (MID)

The abbreviation MXD means mixed. An indicator of a mixture of types of leukocytes: monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. The results of the general analysis can be in 2 options:

MXD% (MID%) - relative cell content
MXD# (MID#) - absolute cell content

MXD norm: relative to all leukocytes - 5-10%, in absolute numbers - 0.25-0.9 * 10 9 /l.

NEUT

NEUT is short for neutrophils. This indicator in the general analysis means blood neutrophils. Determined in the analysis in 2 options:

NEUT% (NEU%) - relative content of neutrophils
NEUT# (NEU#) — absolute content of neutrophils

MON

MON is short for Monocyte. This is how the UAC denotes monocytes, the indicator of which in the analysis printout can be of 2 types:

MON% (MO%) - relative number of monocytes
MON# (MO#) - absolute number of monocytes

EO

EO can be deciphered from a general blood test as Eosinophils, which means eosinophils in English. The results of a clinical analysis may contain 2 indicators:

EO% - relative content of eosinophils
EO# - absolute eosinophil content

B.A.

BA - Basophils (basophils)

BA% - relative basophil content
BA# - absolute basophil content

IMM

The abbreviation IMM stands for immature granulocytes.

IMM% - relative content of immature granulocytes
IMM# - absolute content of immature granulocytes

ATL

ATL is the designation for atypical lymphocytes.

ATL% - relative content of atypical lymphocytes
ATL# - absolute content of atypical lymphocytes

GR

GR is the number of granulocytes in the blood. Granulocytes include: basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.

GR% - relative content of granulocytes. The norm in adults is 50-80%
GR# is the absolute content of granulocytes. The norm for adults is 2.2-8.8 * 10 9 / l

HCT/RBC

The HCT/RBC ratio refers to the average red blood cell volume. Same as MCV (see above)

HGB/RBC

HGB/RBC - this indicator determines the average hemoglobin content in a red blood cell. Same as MCH (see above).

HGB/HCT

HGB/HCT - average hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes. Same as MCHC (see above)

RDW

RDW - erythrocyte distribution width in %. Shows what percentage of red blood cells have sizes different from the norm (7-8 microns). The more microcytes in the blood (size<7 мкм) и макроцитов (размер >8 µm), the higher the RDW value.

The normal RDW in adults is 11.5–14.5%
The norm for newborns (up to 1 month) is 14.9–18.7%

In children older than 1 month, the RDW norm is practically no different from adults. In newborn children, the rate is much higher, because Fetal hemoglobin is still present in large quantities in their blood, which affects the size of red blood cells.

Exceeding RDW above the specified values is erythrocyte anisocytosis.

RDW-SD

RDW-SD is a measure that indicates the size gap between the smallest microcyte and the largest macrocyte.

RDW-CV

RDW-CV is the percentage distribution of red blood cells by size: % microcytes, % normocytes and % macrocytes.

P-LCR

P-LCR - large platelet ratio

ESR

ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is translated from English as erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The Russian abbreviation for this value is ESR (in old forms it may be designated ROE).

Having a transcript of the general blood test from English transcription into Russian will be useful not only for the patient, but also for doctors of various specialties, because In everyday practice, it is extremely rare to encounter all the variety of possible UAC indicators.