The highest point of the Himalayan mountains. Himalayan mountains where are located on the map

13.10.2019

The Himalayas are the highest mountain system in the world.

"Only mountains can be better than mountains." Even from school, everyone knows that the highest mountains in the world, as well as the most picturesque and mysterious are the Himalayas.

The mythical Shambhala, the mysterious and formidable Bigfoot, is just a small part of the myths and legends hidden from us by the eternal white ice of the mountain peaks.

Geographical location and characteristics

On the vast territory of Central Asia, the highest mountain system on the planet is spread - the Himalayas, which in Sanskrit means “the abode of snows”. They are located on the territory of the following states:

People's Republic of China (Tibetan region);
Nepal;
India;
Pakistan;
Bangladesh (a small part of it).

The mountain range, stretching nearly 2,400 km in length, was formed about 50-70 million years ago as a result of the movement and collision of the Eurasian and Indo-American tectonic plates. But, in spite of such an ancient age by the Earth years, by geological standards these mountains are still young. The growth process of the Himalayas continues to this day, for example, the highest point of the planet - Mount Chomolungma (Everest) grows by about 6 cm per year.

Sharp as peaks mountain peaks of the Himalayas rise in the Indo-Gangetic valley and consist of three steps:

The Greater Himalayas - the highest part of the mountain range, rises 4 km above sea level and higher. By the way, in the Himalayas there are 10 of the 14 "eight-thousanders" - mountain peaks, the height of which exceeds 8 km, as well as the highest point in the world - Mount Chomolungma, as the locals call it Everest, by the name of geodesist George Everest, who in the middle of the 19th century determined the exact height of the top. It amounted to as much as 8848 m.

Slightly lower, at an altitude of 2-4 km above sea level, there are fertile valleys, for example, Kathmandu and Kashmir, alternating with mountain ranges. These are the so-called Lesser Himalayas. Pre-Himalayas, the second name is Sivalik. These are the youngest and lowest elevations in the mountain system, their height does not exceed 2 km.

The area of the ice sheet, located mainly on the slopes of high mountains, is 33 thousand square kilometers. The largest glacier is the Gangotri (26 km long), it gives rise to the Ganges - the sacred river of the Hindus. There are also many picturesque alpine lakes in the Himalayas, for example, Lake Tilicho is located at an altitude of 4919 meters!

Himalayas on the map

The rivers

Such largest rivers of the planet as the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra originate from the Himalayas and carry their stormy waters.

Climate

Monsoons carrying warm air from the Indian Ocean supply life-giving moisture to the southern slopes of the mountains for most of the year. The same cannot be said for the northern slopes of the Himalayas. Warm southern air is unable to overcome the mountain heights, so there is an arid continental climate.

The air temperature in the mountains reaches -40 degrees Celsius in winter, and the wind speed sometimes reaches as much as 150 km / h. The Himalayas have the third largest amount of snow and ice on the planet after the Arctic and Antarctic.

Flora and fauna of the Himalayas

The diversity of the Himalayan flora is directly proportional to the height. At the southern foothills of the mountains there is a real jungle, which here are called "terai", a little higher they are replaced by tropical forests, then mixed, coniferous, and finally - alpine meadows.

meadows in the himalayas photos

On drier and deserted northern slopes, semi-deserts, steppes and mixed forests replace each other. In the Himalayas, very valuable tree species grow, for example, dhak, fat tree. The boundaries of the ice sheet are approximately 6 km from the north and 4.5 km from the south. Above 4 km, vegetation of the tundra type is already found - mosses, dwarf shrubs, rhododendrons.

Sigarmatha National Park is located on the territory of Nepal, which is a UNESCO cultural heritage site. Here is the highest peak in the world, the well-known Mount Everest, and two eight-thousanders, as well as endemic species (rare and endangered species of animals and plants) such as (snow leopard), Tibetan fox, black fox and others.

himalayan sheep photos

On the south side rhinos, tigers, leopards live and feel very comfortable. The north is home to bears, antelopes, yaks, wild horses and ibex.

Population

It is worth saying a little about the population of this mountainous region, because it is quite diverse. Already 8000 years BC, these mountains were inhabited by tribes. In the south lived the ancient Aryans, in the west - the Persian and Turkic peoples, the Tibetan tribes - in the east. They lived in isolated valleys, where they created their own state formations and closed ethnic groups.

In the 19th century, the Himalayas were the possessions of the British Empire, and in 1947 - a zone of military conflict due to the division of India and Pakistan. The population is still engaged in subsistence farming. Grain crops are grown on the humid southern slopes, while distant pastures are used in drier and less fertile areas.

Mastering and Interesting Facts

Among all eight-thousanders, Chomolungma has always attracted special interest. Local tribes did not climb its peaks for a long time, considering the mountain sacred. Everest was first conquered in 1953 by New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa (Sherpas - people living in Eastern Nepal) Tenzing Norgay.

The first Soviet expedition took place in 1982. Since 1953, Everest has been conquered more than 3700 times, however, there is another, more sad statistics - about 570 people died during the ascent. In addition to Everest, the most dangerous "eight-thousander" is the Annapurna mountain range, the mortality rate among climbers for the entire time since the first ascent is as much as 41%! True, according to statistics for 1990-2008, Kanchenjunga (8586 meters above sea level) was considered the most dangerous peak, the mortality rate over these years was 22%.

flora of the Himalayas photo

The Himalayas are becoming more and more "inhabited" regions of the planet every year. The flow of tourists from season to season increases, which entails the development of infrastructure and the entire tourism system as a whole. Not so long ago, the authorities of China and Nepal agreed to develop transport links between their countries through the construction of a railway tunnel. It is expected to pass under the planet's highest peak - Everest! Preparatory work is already underway on this project.

In 2011, a dinner party was held in the Himalayas at an altitude of 6805 meters! Climbers in the number of seven climbed to a record height, taking with them a table, chairs, appliances and food. Lunch took place in spite of the cold and strong wind. Initially, the climbing group wanted to dine at an altitude of 7045 meters, but the hurricane wind did not allow it.

Ever since school days, we all know that the highest mountain on the planet is Everest, and it is located in the Himalayas. But not everyone has a clear idea of where, in fact, are the mountains of the Himalayas? In recent years, mountain tourism has become very popular, and if you are fond of it, then this miracle of nature - the Himalayas, is definitely worth a visit!

And these mountains are located on the territory of five states: India, China, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan. The total length of the largest mountain system on our planet is 2,400 kilometers, and its width is 350 kilometers. In terms of height, many peaks of the Himalayas are record holders. There are ten of the highest peaks on the planet, more than eight thousand meters high.

The highest point of the Himalayas is Everest or Chomolungma, 8848 meters above sea level. The highest mountain in the Himalayas was subdued to man only in 1953. All the ascents that have taken place before have not been crowned with success, because the slopes of the mountain are very steep and dangerous. Strong winds blow at the summit, which, combined with very low night temperatures, are difficult tests for those who dared to conquer this inaccessible peak. Everest itself is located on the border of two states - China and Nepal.

In India, the Himalayas, thanks to their gentler slopes, which are not so dangerous, have become a refuge for monks preaching Buddhism and Hinduism. Their monasteries are located in large numbers in the Himalayas in India and Nepal. Pilgrims, followers of these religions and just tourists from all over the world flock here. Thanks to this, the Himalayas in these regions are very visited.

But ski tourism in the Himalayas is not popular, since there are no suitable gentle slopes for skiing that could attract tourists en masse.

Where are the Himalayas? Coordinates, map and photo.

All states where the Himalayas are located are popular mainly among climbers and pilgrims.

Traveling through the Himalayas is not such an easy adventure, it can only be done by a hardy and strong spirit. And if you have these forces in stock, then you should definitely go to India or Nepal. Here you can visit the most beautiful temples and monasteries, spread out on the picturesque slopes, take part in the evening prayer of Buddhist monks, and at dawn indulge in relaxing meditation and hatha yoga classes conducted by Indian gurus. Traveling through the mountains, you will personally see where such great rivers as the Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra originate.

Continental movement: 2. Age of the Himalayas

Location, climate, attractions of the Himalayas

Of all the mountain systems of the Earth, the Himalayas are the highest and most grandiose: many people note that the first impression from acquaintance with this regal mountain range was amazing and even shocking - at the sight of endless mountain ranges under the blue sky, all "worldly" thoughts disappear somewhere.

Himalayas - location and climate

Geographically, the Himalayas "capture" the territory of five states at once: Pakistan in the west, India, Nepal and China, and Bhutan in the southeast. The Himalayas create a natural border between India and China; on the same border, Nepal and Bhutan are located - we can say that these are mountainous countries. The Himalayas stretch for more than 2,400 kilometers, and the widest places reach 350 km - the climate throughout their territory is completely different and even contrasting. On the southern slopes, it rains a lot in summer - flora and fauna are rich and diverse, while on the northern slopes the climate is cold and dry. In the highest mountainous regions, frosts in winter are not weak - about -40 ° C, and even in summer in some places real winter is down to -25 ° C. To this can be added the strongest winds - hurricanes, and sudden temperature changes.

Briefly about the history of the Himalayas

Geologists believe that tens of millions of years ago, the Himalayas were the bottom of the ocean. Of course, then these rocks were not high mountains - the growth of the peaks began due to the collision of tectonic plates, and lasted for millions of years, but the mountains turned out "wonderfully well": no other mountain system in the world has so many seven and eight-thousanders as here.

Since ancient times, people have been striving to get to the peaks of the Himalayas... Then they were driven by other desires: if the majority of modern climbers, first of all, want to become winners, then earlier those who hoped to join the greatest secrets of the Universe and come into contact with amazing entities - however, there are enough such people today, and gradually they getting bigger.

The development of the Himalayas began in the 7th century A.D.- then trade routes passed here, but the first explorers arrived here only in the XVIII-XIX centuries. It was extremely difficult to make maps of the area, but this only increased the interest of European scientists: many of them lived in the Himalayas for years, and sincerely fell in love with these places and their inhabitants, despite the difference in worldview.

There were many expeditions to Everest - the highest peak in the world did not give people peace, beckoning with their grandeur and inaccessibility, but for the first time it was conquered only in the middle of the XX century. Two climbers who walked in a bundle managed to do this - Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Norgay Tenzing from Nepal.

Some sights of the Himalayas

Attractions - cultural, historical and natural, in the Himalayas great amount, and many are considered "important" and "essential". There are about 3200 Buddhist monasteries in Tibet alone, which perfectly coexist with Hindu and Muslim shrines.

In North India there is the Ladakh area - it is called the country of the Buddha Maitreya - the Future. For Buddhists, and especially Tibetan, this place is extremely important, and tourists come here from all over the world because here you can see life as it was many centuries ago. Local residents are still engaged in agriculture and crafts, using the methods of distant ancestors; observe ancient traditions and customs and even wear national costumes - in Russia, for example, few know exactly what the Russian national costume looks like. Monasteries operate in the same way as 1000 years ago, and remain the most important centers of culture - they say that there is no such thing even in classical Tibet.

In the northwest of India, in the Punjab, there is the city of Amritsar: this is the sacred city of the Sikhs - followers of an amazing religion that preaches simple and eternal values. This is a brotherly attitude towards all people of the Earth, respect and love, free will and good deeds. With all this, the Sikhs are an independent people, and they are ready to defend their rights and freedoms very seriously: according to the rules, each Sikh must wear a dagger or short sword under his clothes, which is never used as a weapon of violence.

The main attraction of Amritsar is the Golden Temple, or Harimandir Sahib, built in the 16th century: its lining is really made of real gold, and it is a mesmerizing sight, reflected in the waters of the lake in the center of which it is located.

Photo: sights of the Himalayas

Of course, the lake is also sacred: it is called the Lake of Immortality, and the locals bathe in its waters, wanting to improve their health or heal from diseases. Any tourist who knows how to treat local religious traditions with respect can enter this temple: shoes must be removed, and a headscarf must be covered - they are given out at the entrance.

Of course, in the Himalayas now you can not only visit sights and shrines, but also have a great rest - outdoor activities in the mountains are becoming very popular among tourists from different countries. One of the types of such recreation is trekking, or hiking - hiking along trails in the mountains, allowing you to get good physical activity and at the same time admire the surrounding nature. For those who do not want to load the muscles, you can ride small horses - they are provided by the drivers for rent, and they also lead them on the reins, so everything is quite safe. Fans of more intense sensations will love rafting on mountain rivers: even those who have never rafted on fast water can afford it - there are levels for beginners and professionals.

Interesting excursions are organized around historical places, and in a short time tourists manage to visit different climatic zones: there are several of them in the Himalayas - from swampy jungles and subequatorial moist forests at the foot of the mountains to eternal snow and ice on their tops.

Valley of Flowers in the Himalayas

Photo: sights of the Himalayas

Natural wonders in the Himalayas are enough, but not all of them are in immediate accessibility: perhaps this is even for the best - this way they remain "safe and sound." Fortunately, in the Himalayas, many areas are protected by the state.

In the western part of the Himalayas, in a high-mountainous region, there is the Valley of Flowers, now declared a National Park and inscribed by UNESCO on its List. These are not the alpine meadows, of which there are many in the mountains of different countries - this is really a valley, completely covered with flower carpets, and the colors here are the most unexpected - for example, fields of bright blue Himalayan poppies. There are many hundreds of species of flowers here, and there are some that are not found anywhere else on the planet. Those who manage to get here during the flowering season - from June to September, will be very lucky, but for a European tourist it is not so easy. First, you need to drive a long car, then walk about 14 km along a beautiful but narrow gorge to a special camp, and from there, by a specially organized route, you can get to the Valley of Flowers.

When is the best time to go to the Himalayas? It depends on what you are going to do there and what kind of weather you need. April to June - fog and rain, but the sunsets are very beautiful; then the air becomes cleaner and fresher, and from September to November it is warm and sunny. It is frosty in the mountains in winter, but the sun is also usually bright, and the snow is fluffy and soft - an excellent combination for ski lovers.

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Himalayas - "abode of the snows", hindi.

Geography

Himalayas - the highest mountain system in the world, located in Asia (India, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Bhutan), between the Tibetan plateau (in the north) and the Indo-Gangetic plain (in the south). The Himalayas extend from 73 ° E in the northwest to 95 ° E in the southeast. The total length is more than 2,400 km, the maximum width is 350 km. The average height is about 6000 m. The height is up to 8848 m (Mount Everest), 11 peaks are more than 8 thousand meters.

The Himalayas are divided into three steps from south to north.

Southern, lower step (Pre-Himalayas). Sivalik mountains, they are the Dundva, Chouriagati ranges (average height 900 m), Solya-Singi, Potvarskoe plateau, Kala-Chitta and Margala. The width of the step ranges from 10 to 50 km, the height is not more than 1000 m.

Small Himalayas, second stage. Vast highlands 80 - 100 km wide, average height - 3500 - 4000 m.Maximum height - 6500 m.

It includes a part of the Kashmir Himalayas - Pir Panjal (Kharamush - 5142 m).

Between the marginal ridge of the second stage, called Dauladar "White Mountains"(average height - 3000 m) and the Main Himalayas at an altitude of 1350 - 1650 m lie the valleys of Srinagar (Kashmir Valley) and Kathmandu.

The third stage is the Great Himalayas. This step is highly dissected and forms a large chain of ridges. The maximum width is 90 km, the height is 8848 m. The average height of the passes reaches 4500 m, some exceed 6000 m. The Greater Himalayas are subdivided into Assam, Nepal, Kumaon and Punjab Himalayas.

- The main Himalayan ridge. The average height is 5500 - 6000 m. Here, on the site between the Sutlej and Arun rivers, there are eight out of ten Himalayan eight-thousanders.

In the southern spur - Dhualagiri (8221 m); in the east, between the Miristi and Marsengdi rivers - the Annapurna massif (8091 m); further in the eastern spur - Manaslu (8128 m) and Himalchuli (7864 m); further north - Shisha Pangma (8013 m); Cho Oyu (8153 m), Kyanchung Kang (7922 m) and the highest peak of the Himalayas - Everest (8848 m), surrounded by Lhotse (8501 m), Nuptse (7879 m) and Changjie (7537 m); east of Lhotse - Makalu (8470 m) and Chomolonzo (7804 m).

Behind the gorge of the Arun River, the Main ridge drops slightly - Jonsang Peak (7459 m), a branched spur with the Kanchenjunga massif departs from it to the south, four peaks of which exceed the height of 8000 m (maximum height - 8585 m).

Between the Indus and Sutlej, the Main Ridge divides into the Western Himalayas and the Northern Ridge.

- Northern ridge. In the north-western part it is called Deosai, and in the south-eastern part it is called Zanskar ("white copper") (the highest point is Kamet peak, 7756 m). To the north is the Indus Valley, behind which in the north is the Karakorum mountain system.

- Western Himalayas(Nanga Parbat, 8126 m). Between This ridge and Deosai lies the Deosai Valley. South-east - Rupshu valley.

Unlike the southern slopes of the Himalayas, the northern ones do not have sharp outlines and are comparatively little dissected.

On which continent and in which part are the Himalayan mountains

The Himalayas are characterized by powerful glaciation (an area of over 33 thousand square km), the main form of glaciers is dendritic, when glaciation from small formations in the upper part gradually merges into one large glacier below (Ronggbuk glacier (Everest)). The largest centers of glaciation are the Kanchenjunga regions (Zemu glacier (26 km)), the upper Ganges - Gangotri (26 km), Drung-Drung glacier (24 km), Rongbuk glacier (19 km) and Nanga Parbata - Rakhiot glacier (15 km) ...

Geology

The Himalayas were formed during the Alpine orogeny. The central crystalline core (gneisses, crystalline schists, granites, phyllites) of the mountain system is surrounded by sedimentary rocks of various ages (composed mainly of sandstones and conglomerates). These rocks were formed at the bottom of prehistoric seas that once covered large areas of modern Asia. In later times, the layers of the earth's crust were crushed into huge folds by the colossal force of the movement of continental blocks.

These folds, often overlapped and broken, form powerful thrust systems. In such formations, strata of earlier origin are often found to lie on strata that were formed much later. The resulting mountain system separated the Indian subcontinent from the central regions of Asia by a giant mountain barrier.

Climate

Literature

1. Rototaev PS P79 Conquered giants. Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. M., "Thought", 1975. 283 p. from maps .; 16 l. silt

2. Scientific-geographical encyclopedia.

Links

Himalayas. View from space Kathmandu Valley Everest Rongbuk glacier

Hissar fat tail sheep is the largest lard-and-meat sheep in the world. The breed is classified as coarse-haired, the weight of an adult uterus is about 90 kilograms, the weight of a ram reaches 120 kilograms. The best individuals weigh up to 190 kilograms, with the total mass of the fat-tailed part containing fat and lard from 10 to 20, and sometimes even 30 kilograms.

The uniqueness of the Indian Himalayas

Sheep are distinguished by early maturity and rapid growth, and also have a number of indisputable advantages, which manifest themselves to varying degrees in industrial and domestic breeding of the breed:

Animals are able to withstand any harsh weather conditions without much damage to their weight and appearance, therefore they are suitable for breeding in the most unfavorable regions of the world;
Hissar sheep feed on almost one pasture, finding it even in the semi-desert and steppes scorched by the sun;
The breed does not require any improvement in productivity, since it was not bred artificially, but in the course of many years of non-targeted crossbreeding of sheep of various steppe and mountain breeds. The birthplace of the breed is Tajikistan, where it is still one of the most popular among local livestock breeders today;
Sheep can easily graze both in the steppe and on steep mountain slopes, thanks to which they find food almost all year round;
Keeping sheep does not require large expenses, with the correct organization of the lambing time, the sheep do not even need a sheepfold, their skin and wool are so warm and dense.

External signs of the Hissar breed

The Hissar sheep does not differ in its beautiful appearance, a long body, high and straight legs, a well-built torso and short hair give the impression that the animal is poorly nourished and does not have a sufficient degree of fat content. The height of an adult sheep at the withers can reach 1 meter or more. Sheep are distinguished by a small head, at the base of the nasal part of the skull there is a clearly visible hump. Hanging and very long ears adorn the head. The sheep's neck is short, but very wide. The chest protrudes forward a certain distance, which is also clearly visible and allows an experienced specialist to determine the purity of the breed.

Sheep do not wear horns; even rams do not have horns. Sheep have a raised and clearly visible fat tail, its weight reaches 40 kilograms with good fattening in greasy type sheep, while the rest of the sheep weighs a fat tail on average 25 kilograms. The color of the sheep's wool is dark brown, or black, the overgrowth of the animal is weak, the annual cut of wool with two haircuts is no more than 2 kilograms from a ram and 1 kilogram from a uterus. In short, coarse wool there is a large admixture of dead hair and awn, so these sheep are unsuitable for obtaining and selling wool for the production of expensive products.

General characteristics

The sheep of the Hissar breed are among the best in the world in terms of the delivery of lard and meat. In addition, sheep have good milk qualities, the milk yield of sheep is so high that it allows the farmer to receive up to 120 liters of milk in two months from one sheep, that is, the animal is capable of producing up to 2.5 liters of milk per day, provided that the lambs are transferred to artificial fattening.

Young animals grow very quickly, it is possible to graze from the second day of life, with proper organized grazing, additional feed and juicy nutritious grasses, a lamb can gain up to 600 grams in weight per day.

Sheep are very hardy, they can move day and night, when driving over long distances, for example, from summer pastures to winter ones and vice versa, the Hissar sheep is able to cover a distance of 500 kilometers, which in no way affects its physical condition, because the breed is for and this is derived.

Use of wool

Another disadvantage of the breed, in addition to wool that is not suitable for production, is insufficiently high fertility, which is only 110 -115%, that is, the birth of three or more lambs in a flock is rare.

Sheep types

The Gissar breed of sheep is of three types, which differ in terms of productivity:

Greasy type of sheep with a large fat tail. The total amount of fat during the slaughter of a sheep is much higher than that of animals of the other two types, the fat tail, in which almost the entire fat reserve is concentrated in sheep, occupies more than a third of the total length of the animal's body.
Meat-greasy type of sheep. Sheep belonging to this type have a rather large fat tail tail pulled up to the level of the back.
Meat type of Hissar sheep. The fat tail in this type of sheep practically does not stand out and outwardly is not noticeable in any way, due to the fact that it is pulled high to the back.

Regardless of the type of productive orientation, the sheep of the Gissar breed are kept the same everywhere. In winter, they are driven higher into the mountains, where there is no snow, in summer, they go down with them to summer pastures, closer to home. Heat, cold, strong wind and rain can frighten only the shepherd, while the sheep are practically not afraid of them. Short hair dries quickly in the sun, regular haircuts protect against increased amounts. The only thing that sheep do not tolerate is moisture, like most fat-tailed sheep, they prefer dry areas, fields and grazing in non-wetlands. Sheep can endure frost, naturally, building a sheath will not hurt, but if there is not enough funds and materials, you can do with a simple shed, where the sheep could take refuge in a very severe cold, as well as during the lambing period.

The Hissar breed of sheep is nomadic, they are accustomed to covering long distances in a day, so it is not profitable to breed them in areas where there is no possibility of long-term grazing in the fresh air. Tatars, in whom the Hissar breed of sheep is widespread, most of all roam with animals throughout the year, milk, shear, take offspring and mate also in a nomadic state.

Mating, pregnancy period, offspring care

The mating takes place the same way as in all sheep, with one exception - it is almost always free, in the steppe the shepherds do not particularly follow the manifestation of the hunt in the queens, but simply graze the rams and queens in the herd together, which allows them to get offspring from the sheep throughout the year ... Lambs reach a lot of weight very quickly, the meat type of the Hissar sheep can be slaughtered as early as 4-5 months.

In free mating, the ram covers the queens randomly and as much as it can make coverings per day, usually no more than 10-15, and it also independently detects the hunt.

The offspring of the Hissar sheep breed no more than 145 days, which is typical for any breed of sheep. During the growing season, the sheep are transferred to the most fertile pastures and kept there until the offspring appear. As soon as the lambs begin to get stronger and gain weight, they are either handed over for meat or driven to poorer pastures, in principle, young animals and adult animals can find food for themselves in any place where there is at least some kind of vegetation. As well as all other sheep, the animals of the Hissar breed bear offspring once a year.

Sheep are resistant to colds, practically do not get sick, but, as a rule, they still need some vaccinations, so after purchasing the sheep they will find their own food, gain weight and do not require absolutely any supervision and care. Caring for the lambs, shearing, milking, slaughtering - all these are the types of work that a sheep breeder will have to do when he wants to breed Hissar sheep.

Slaughter

Getting good lamb meat is possible only when young rams and bright sheep are slaughtered, therefore sheep of the Hissark breed are sent for slaughter already at 3-4 months, or even earlier, they do it en masse. Usually, by this time, several hundred lambs are born in flocks, ready for slaughter for meat, the output of which is very good, farmers of the steppe and mountain regions feed and live off the sale of meat, lard and milk of sheep. But there is no need to move to the steppe regions to breed the breed, the sheep feels great in any place where there are large pastures and a lot of free space. Mass slaughter takes place in specially equipped slaughterhouses, slaughtering a sheep at home is quite simple, for this you just need to hang it upside down, cut the cervical arteries and let the blood drain. The process takes no more than 5 minutes, after which you can start cutting the carcass.

So, the Hissar breed of sheep is the most unpretentious to any conditions of keeping, feeding and care, a large sheep quickly reaches a large weight, an amount of pure meat and fat, which is what tempts the majority of livestock breeders.

Video: Hissar breed of sheep

Himalayas (Skt. himalaya - abode of snows, from hima - snow and alaya - dwelling)

the highest mountain system in the world, located in India, China, Nepal, and Pakistan, between the Tibetan Plateau (see the Tibetan Plateau) (in the north) and the Indo-Gangetic Plain (see the Indo-Gangetic Plain) (in the south). G. is the most powerful mountain system of the Earth with the highest peaks, the greatest height differences at short distances, and deep (up to 4-5 km) gorges. Length over 2400 km, width from 180 to 350 km, area about 650 thous. km 2... Average altitude around 6000 m, 11 peaks over 8000 m(Chomolungma city - 8848 m- the highest peak in the world). Georgia has clear morphological and physical-geographical boundaries: in the north, there are the longitudinal tectonic valleys of the upper reaches of the Indus and Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) rivers; in the south, the northern edge of the Indo-Gangetic Plain; - the Hinduraj ridge, in the east - the gorge of the river. Brahmaputra. G. is the largest orographic, climatic, and floristic barrier between the deserts of Central Asia and the tropical landscapes of South Asia. However, due to the presence of end-to-end antecedent gorges of the Indus, Sutlej, Karnali, and Arun rivers, the watershed of the Indian Ocean basin and the drainless region of Central Asia runs not along the Gulf, but along the mountain systems neighboring the north — the Karakorum and Trans-Himalayas.

Relief... Georgia rises steeply over the Indo-Gangetic Plain in three grandiose steps; the first step is formed by the southern foothills of Georgia, the Sivalik Range, which is heavily dissected by deeply incised gorges of numerous rivers (120 km, to the east of 88 ° east. etc. narrows down to 5-10 km), average height 900-1200 m... This ridge is separated from the next stage by a large fault, along the line of which there is a number of intermontane basins (dunes), which were occupied by lakes in the past. 2nd stage - Small (Low) G. - a system of separate mountain ranges and ridges (average height 3000-4000 m, peaks up to 6000 m). The mountains are highly dissected and are characterized by steep southern and more gentle northern slopes. The western part - the Pir-Panjal ridge - a jagged narrow ridge on a wide flattened base: in the central part (the Dhaoladhar, Mahabharat ranges) the mountains rise sharply (up to 5000 m), characterized by sharp ridges and deep valleys. To the east of the tectonic valley of the river. The Tista southern slope is divided by hanging valleys and is called "duar" (doors). The second stage is separated from the third stage by an extensive depression with a chain of tectonic intermontane depressions and ancient glacial basins (Kathmandu, Srinagar, etc.). 3rd stage - Large (High) G., or the Main Himalayan ridge, width 50-90 km... Starts in S.-Z. from the Nangaparbat massif (8126 m), where it is widest (over 300 km), has raised edges, between which there are high plateaus (Deosai, Rushpu, etc.). To Yu.-V. from the valley of the river. Sutlej Bolshaya G. form a powerful ridge with a number of the highest massifs and peaks covered with glaciers. To V. from the river. Tista Large G. are significantly reduced. Deeply incised river valleys, relatively poorly dissected massifs and dome-shaped peaks are common here.

Geological structure and minerals. The geological structure of Georgia is distinguished (from north to south) by a number of parallel tectonic zones (see Figs. Tectonic scheme ). The Pre-Himalayan (Indo-Gangetic) foothill trough, filled with Cenozoic terrigenous molasse deposits, with a total thickness of up to 10 km... The bedding of the rocks is horizontal in the south, slightly sloping to the north, with folds and thrust faults overturned to the south in the Sivalik mountains.

The main boundary fault (of a deep-seated type) separates the Pre-Himalayan trough from the zone of development of Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Small and Bolshoi G. Among the Precambrian rocks of the Small G., blocks of Paleozoic formations (Krol Formation) and presumably Mesozoic (Tal Formation) are tectonically clamped. here are also known continental accumulations of the Gondwana system (Upper Paleozoic) and effusive rocks of the basic composition (Panjal traps). Cases of thrusting of some strata onto others from north to south are known, but the true amplitudes of thrust faults cannot be determined due to poor knowledge of the stratigraphy of ancient strata. Many researchers (A. Ganser et al.) Believe that there are large thrusts and shallow overlaps. The complex of Precambrian rocks of Bolshoye Georgia (the southern slope and axial part of the Main Himalayan Range) - gneisses, crystalline schists, phyllites, and other deeply metamorphosed strata - is complicated by micro-folding, flattening, and forms large dome-shaped uplifts.

A deep fault ("Indus structural suture"), represented by a system of steep fractures inclined to the north, and accompanied by ophiolites, separates the next tectonic zone (Tibetan G.), which occupies the northern slope of the Main Himalayan Range, part of the Kashmir Basin, the upper Indus and Brahmaputra and is composed of a continuous section of weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the Upper Precambrian to the Cretaceous and Paleogene inclusive. Structurally, it is a system of large synclinoria, complicated on the wings by smaller folds tilted towards the synclinorium nucleus. The best section has been studied in the river valley. Spiti (a tributary of the Sutlej River).

The geological history of Georgia is interpreted by researchers in different ways. According to the Soviet geologists M. V. Muratov, I. V. Arkhipov, G. P. Gorshkov, and others, G. belong to the Alpine geosynclinal (folded) region (see Alpine geosynclinal region), which arose within the Tethys geosyncline; Soviet scientists B.P.Barkhatov, D.P. Rezvoy, V.M.Sinitsyn, A. Ganser, B.A. that G. formed as a result of processing and activation in the Neogene-Anthropogenic time of the northern part of the Precambrian Indian platform; in this geological history differs sharply from those located to the southwest. Suleimanovy mountains and lying to the south-east. the Arakan-Yoma mountains, which arose from the alpine geosynclines.

Mineral resources are represented by deposits of copper, gold, chromite, and sapphire, associated with the complex of metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Small and Big G. In the Pre-Himalayan foothill trough, oil and gas deposits are known.

Climate. Georgia forms a sharp climatic boundary between the equatorial monsoon region of Hindustan and the continental region of Central Asia. The climate in the western sector of Georgia is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature and strong winds. Winter is cold (average January temperature -10, -18 ° С), above 2500 m- with snowstorms. Summers are warm (average July temperature is about 18 ° C), dry. The influence of the monsoon is insignificant and affects only a slight increase in humidity and cloudiness in July - August. Precipitation (about 1000 mm per year) are associated with cyclones, and in valleys and basins they fall 3-4 times less than on mountain slopes. The main passes are cleared of snow at the end of May. In western Georgia at an altitude of 1800-2200 m most of the climatic resorts of India (Shimla, etc.) are located. The eastern sector has a hotter and more humid climate with a monsoon humidification regime (85-95% of annual precipitation falls from May to October). Summer at an altitude of 1500 m temperatures rise to 35 ° C on the slopes, and even up to 45 ° C in the valleys. It rains almost continuously. On the southern slopes (at an altitude of 3000-4000 m) drops from 2500 mm(to the west) up to 5500 mm(on V.); in the interior - about 1000 mm... In winter at an altitude of 1800 m average January temperature 4 ° С, above 3000 m- temperatures are negative. Snowfalls occur annually above 2200-2500 m, thick fogs in the valleys. North. the slopes of Georgia have a cold, mountainous desert climate. Daily temperature amplitudes up to 45 ° С, precipitation about 100 mm in year. In summer at an altitude of 5000-6000 m only during the day there are positive temperatures. Relative air humidity 30-60%. In winter, snow often evaporates without melting.

Rivers and lakes... The river network is more developed on the southern slope. In the upper reaches, the rivers are fed by snow and glaciers with sharp fluctuations in discharge during the day; in the middle and lower reaches - rainfall, with the maximum flow in summer. The valleys are narrow and deep. There are many rapids and waterfalls. Lakes of tectonic origin and glacial; there are especially many of them in the western part of Georgia (Vular, Tsomorari, and others).

Glaciation. The total area of glaciation is over 33 thousand sq. km 2... The longest glaciers on the Chomolungma massifs (up to 19 km) and Kanchenjunga (26 and 16 km); in Kumaon G. - Milam glaciers (20 km) and Gangotri (32 km), in Punjabi G. - Durung-Drung (24 km), Barmal (15 km). In Kashmir, the lower limit of glaciers is 2500 m, in central G. - 4000 m... Glaciation is more developed in the western part of Georgia. In the west, the height of the snow boundary on the southern slopes is 5,000 m, on the north - 5700-5900 m, on the east - respectively 4500-4800 m and 6100 m... Glaciers of predominantly dendritic (Himalayan) type, descend at 1300-1600 m below the snow line. There are glaciers of the Turkestan type, which have small firn basins in comparison with the runoff areas and feed mainly on avalanches and falls of hanging glaciers. The northern slopes are characterized by giant curtains of corrugated ice that cover many of the peaks to their summits.

Landscapes G... very diverse, especially on the southern slopes. Along the foot of the mountains from the east to the valley of the river. Jamna stretches a swampy strip of terai - tree and shrub thickets (jungle) of soap trees, mimosas, fan palms, bamboos, bananas, mangoes - on black silty soils. Higher, up to 1000-1200 m on the windward slopes of the mountains and along river valleys, evergreen tropical rainforests of palms, laurels, pandanuses, tree ferns, bamboos interwoven with vines (up to 400 species) grow. Above 1200 m on the west and 1500 m in the east there is a belt of evergreen broad-leaved forests consisting of different types oak, magnolia, above 2200 m forests of a temperate type appear from deciduous (alder, hazel, birch, maple) and coniferous (Himalayan cedar, blue pine, silver spruce) species with mosses and lichens covering the soil and tree trunks. At an altitude of 2700-3600 m coniferous forests of silver fir, larch, hemlock, juniper dominate with dense undergrowth of rhododendrons. The lower part of the forest belt is characterized by red soils, higher - brown forest soils. In the subalpine belt, there are juniper-rhododendron thickets. Upper limit of alpine meadows ca.5,000 m, although individual plants (arenaria, edelweiss) go above 6000 m.

The landscapes of western Georgia are more xerophytic. Terai are absent, the lower parts of the slopes are occupied by sparse xerophytic forests and shrubs, higher - monsoon deciduous forests with a predominance of fat. From a height of 1200-1500 m Mediterranean subtropical species appear: evergreen stone oak, golden-leaved olive, acacia, in coniferous forests - Himalayan cedar, long-coniferous pine (broad), Macedonian blue pine. The shrub undergrowth is poorer than in the east, and the alpine vegetation is richer. The forest belt is dominated by red soils, low-humus brown forest soils, higher - brown pseudopodzolic; in the alpine zone - mountain meadow. In the forests of the lower slopes of the mountains and in the terai, large mammals live - elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, wild boars, antelopes, and among predators - tigers and leopards; there are many monkeys (mainly macaques and beetles) and birds (peacocks, pheasants, parrots).

The northern slopes of Georgia are dominated by mountain-desert landscapes with rare dry grasses and bushes. Woody vegetation (groves of low-growing poplars) - mainly along river valleys. Among the animals, representatives of the Tibetan fauna dominate - Himalayan bears, wild goats, wild rams, yaks. There are many rodents. Up to a height of 2500 m slopes are processed. Plantation crops predominate - tea bush, citrus fruits. On irrigated terraces - rice. On S. Himalayas, naked barley rises to a height of 4500 m... (Cm. map ).

Lit .: Ryabchikov A. M., Nature of India, M., 1950; Speight OGK, India and Pakistan, trans. from English, M., 1957; Arkhipov IV, Muratov MV, Postelnikov ES, Main features of the structure and history of the development of the Alpine geosynclinal area, in the book: International Geological Congress, 22nd, 1964. Reports of Soviet geologists. Problem 11. Himalayan and Alpine orogenesis, M., 1964; DP Rezvoy, On the great geo-division of the Asian continent, ibid; him, Tectonics of the Himalayas, in the book: Folded regions of Eurasia (Materials of the meeting on the problems of tectonics in Moscow), M., 1964; Ganser A., Geology of the Himalayas, trans. from English., M., 1967; Direnfurt G., Third Pole, trans. from it., M., 1970.

L. I. Kurakova, A. M. Ryabchikov, D. P. Rezvoy(geological structure and minerals).

South slope of the Eastern Himalayas in Bhutan at an altitude of 4500 m.

Chomolungma massif in the Central Himalayas. On the right is Mount Makalu (8470 m).

Himalayas. Orography scheme.

Himalayas. Tectonic scheme.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

See what "Himalayas" is in other dictionaries:

Himalayas- Himalayas. View from space Himalayas abode of snows, Hindi. Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Climate 4 Literature 5 Links Geography of the Himalayas ... Tourist encyclopedia

The highest mountain system of the Earth; India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan. Name from nepal. himal snow mountain; Himalayas is a generalized name for many individual Himals, which have their own names. The widespread interpretation of the name Himalaya as ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

The highest mountain system in the world, between the Tibetan Plateau (in the north) and the Indo-Gangetic Plain (in the south). The length of St. 2,400 km, width up to 350 km. Among the high ridges approx. 6000 m, maximum altitude up to 8848 m, Chomolungma (Everest) is the highest ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Himalayas. View from space

Himalayas - "abode of the snows", hindi.

Geography

The Himalayas are divided into three steps from south to north.

Southern, lower step (Pre-Himalayas). Sivalik mountains, they are the Dundva, Chouriagati ranges (average height 900 m), Solya-Singi, Potvarskoe plateau, Kala-Chitta and Margala. The width of the step ranges from 10 to 50 km, the height is not more than 1000 m.

Kathmandu Valley

Small Himalayas, second stage. Vast highlands 80 - 100 km wide, average height - 3500 - 4000 m.Maximum height - 6500 m.

It includes a part of the Kashmir Himalayas - Pir Panjal (Kharamush - 5142 m).

The third stage is the Great Himalayas. This step is highly dissected and forms a large chain of ridges. The maximum width is 90 km, the height is 8848 m. The average height of the passes reaches 4500 m, some exceed 6000 m. The Greater Himalayas are subdivided into Assam, Nepal, Kumaon and Punjab Himalayas.

- The main Himalayan ridge. The average height is 5500 - 6000 m. Here, on the site between the Sutlej and Arun rivers, there are eight out of ten Himalayan eight-thousanders.

Between the Indus and Sutlej, the Main Ridge divides into the Western Himalayas and the Northern Ridge.

The Himalayas are the largest mountain range throughout Asia. All the largest mountains, including Everest, are located here. This is a kind of group

The Himalayas are the largest mountain range throughout Asia. All the largest mountains, including Everest, are located here. This is a certain group, consisting of a certain number of mountainous regions. They are located in the territories of countries such as Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal, India and Tibet. The Himalayas are home to 9 of the highest mountain peaks in the world and they consist of 30 mountains. The Himalayas stretch for 2,400 kilometers. In mythology, the Himalayas are far from the last place. And how many times they are mentioned in the religion of the peoples of all South Asia, and you can not count. Climbers from all over the world consider the Himalayas to be their center. This article invites you to familiarize yourself with the most interesting facts about the Himalayas.

The total area of the Himalayas is 153,295,000 square kilometers, and occupy 0.4 of the entire globe.

The Himalayas include not only the green valleys that all artists strive to capture, but also the winter peaks.

It is believed that the Himalayas are the most inaccessible area in the whole world.

Every year people die trying to conquer Everest.

Oddly enough, it is the Himalayas that are the source of the three main river systems of the world.

The word "Himalayas" itself has a literal translation, which sounds like "Abode of Snow".

The higher to the peaks of the Himalayas, the colder it is. This is the climate in the area.

Hindu mythology says that the Himalayas are the abode of the god Shiva.

The Himalayan region has the third largest amount of snow in the world. The first two places fall on the Antarctic and the Arctic.

The purest medicinal herbs grow in the foothills of the Himalayas.

Rivers as large in size as the Mekong, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze and Ing originate in the Himalayas or from the Tibetan plateau. It is worth noting that these rivers are much older than the mountains themselves.

About 70 million years ago, the Eurasian and Indo-American plates collided. As a result of this collision, the Himalayan Range was formed.

No plants grow on the peaks of the Himalayan mountains. This is due to the fact that there is a very harsh climate: cold, lack of oxygen, and strong winds.

The highest peak was first climbed on May 29, 1953. The first to appear at the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary.

Between the ranges of the Himalayas, there are several settlements consisting of the local population. It is worth noting that it is quite insignificant.

Sadly, all the animals that live in the Himalayas are under constant threat. This is because people are constantly cutting down forests, thereby inexorably reducing their habitat.