Buzhans, so called because they sat along the Bug, and then began to be called Volynians.

The Polyans were from a Slavic family and only later were called Polyans, and the Drevlyans descended from the same Slavs and also did not immediately call themselves the Drevlyans; Radimichi and Vyatichi are from the family of Poles. After all, the Poles had two brothers - Radim, and the other - Vyatko; and they came and sat down: Radim on the Sozh, and from him they were called Radimichi, and Vyatko settled with his family along the Oka, from him they got their name Vyatichi.

Ethnonym " Poles" is the name of the inhabitants of Poland, which was awarded to them by the Eastern Slavs after the name of some local leader, whose name was Oleg. The name of a people by personal name is very common in history. Among the Western Slavs, “oleg” is the spirit of a person living in the lungs.

19th century Alexander Hilferding: “The Northwestern Slavs who made up the Lyash tribe, that is, the Polish and Baltic branches, never called themselves Lyakhs. Apparently, they did not feel like a single tribe. Their eastern neighbors, Lithuania and Russian Slavs called them Poles, expressing with this word the area in which they lived. Lyakh, without a doubt, meant an inhabitant of the lowlands, meadow lands. Yes, in LithuanianLenkas - Lyakh, andlenke - meadow, low-lying place; Polish (lag, leka) meadow, Russian (in Arkhangelsk province) lyaga - puddle, etc. refer to the same root. Having no tribal name, the Poles identified themselves with only one most general name of the entire generation, Slavs, and then knew only the private nicknames of individual branches, taken, like other Slavs, mostly from the locality ... "

Saki-Massagets, Bulgars, Balkars, Bulgarians and the Huns are one and the same people.

Procopius of Caesarea called the Huns Massagetae. And the ethnonym Huns arose in Europe and meant “union of tribes.” This ethnonym is of European origin. One can cite a similar later ethnonym - the Burgundians, meaning “union of cities”, which, apparently, referred more to the cities of the Hanseatic League. The ethnonym Massagetae is of Iranian origin and means fishermen or fish hunters. But if the word “fish” is translated into Turkic, it will sound like balyk, and the word Massageta, when translated into Turkic, will sound like balykar or balkar. Historians of the Bulgarian people remember that their ancestors lived in the North Caucasus, and the people were divided into two tribes that migrated north along the Volga River and west along the Black Sea coast. One people began to be called Bulgars - northern fishermen, since bulan - in their language - reindeer, and the other - Bulgarians - smart fishermen, since boyar (boyar) - in their language - a smart head. It is known that the highest authority of the tribal union was the Khasa - a general meeting of tribal leaders, at which organizational issues and elections of leaders - Khasanov-Khakanov-Kaganov - were decided. Thanks to this, the state arose Khazar Iya and the ethnonym Khazar are the Turkic analogue of the European word Hun. Inherited from Khazaria were the names of the cities Khasavyurt - the city where Khasa gathered, Astrakhan - Afanasy Nikitin mentioned this city as Khas-Tarkhan - exempt from taxes by decision of Khasa, Kazan - Khasan - the gathering place of Khasa.

Savirs, sabirs are people who wear fur or sable hats, since sabur is the Turkic name for sable. All Turkic tribes called the Khazars Sabirs. Close heirs of the ethnonym are the Bashkirs - “wearing wolf heads or fur wolf hats.” There is a possibility of the erroneous appearance of the ethnonym Savir due to the fact that it was used instead of the ethnonym Suvars, which is more typical for these places. This is what all Turkic-speaking peoples from the time of the Huns to the present day called the Finno-Ugric tribes. Suvars are peoples living along the banks of rivers (Turkic “su” - river), which corresponds to the modern ethnonym Mordovians. The Suvars could have included Vesi peoples, measuring, Meshchers, Muroms, Maris, Mordovians, Udmurts and Komi.

During the era of the Huns and Khazars, they lived much further south, occupying the territory between the Dnieper and the Urals. In the history of Herodotus they could be mentioned under the Physagetae, Massagetae, Agripaeans. The founding tribe was the Vesi tribe, which means water in Finnish. At the same time, part of the village lived in swamps and was called Suomi - swamp whole, part lived along the banks of lakes and was called Merya, Mari, the main tribes lived along the banks of rivers and were called Mordovians, Vyatichi, Vatka, Vatyaks (Udmurts), Em, Kem, Komi. Some tribes called the tributaries of the river cher, shur, sher, sha, so they called their daughter tribes tributaries of the Meri - Meshchera, Emi - Cheremsyn-Cheremisy (Ugric-Finnish name for the Mari). Alien tribes speaking a different language were called Chud, chuves-chuvash, i.e. The proto-Bulgars were not Finno-Ugric tribes, but were settlers who pushed the Suvar to the north.

Utigurs, Onogurs - Finno-Ugric tribes usually have numerals in their names - seven (Chuvash Uti) tribes, ten (Turkic On) tribes.

Chronicles dulebs. Throughout the Slavic world, from the Serbian river Duliba to the Novgorod village of Tulebli, from the Czech Dudlebov to the Moscow microdistrict Zhulebino - everywhere we encounter this expressive Slavic self-name. In Dahl's dictionary, "stupid woman" means "stupid, ugly, rude." It turns out, as O.N. showed. Trubachev, dulebs- from german daud-laiba - literally “property, inheritance of the deceased”, “escheated land”. But in the Finno-Ugric languages ​​duleby means snotty.

Cheremisy- Mari-El people, Mari.

Slaviyuns, Slavins, Slavs- the people of the Danube Bulgarians or Polans.

Before the Cumans-Cumans, the Oghuz tribes moved to the territory of the Black Sea region - Pechenegs. Byzantine sources called them pachinaki. Analyzing the Greek meaning of this word, we can cite a well-known Russian word that came from the Greek - pochinok - a new settlement, therefore pachinaki are new, the first settlers.

Turkologists associate this ethnonym with the tribal name of one of the Rough tribes - Berenche, however, an analysis of the formation of European ethnonyms shows that Byzantine authors rarely used other people's ethnonyms that they did not understand, but tried to use their own, indicating the characteristic features of one or another people. One can cite the Bulgarian word pechen – hay – as the basis for the formation of the ethnonym. Indeed, the main feature of the existence of these nomadic tribes, like the Cumans, was the procurement of hay and straw to feed livestock in the winter or its confiscation during raids on the population leading a sedentary lifestyle. The Russian princes were well aware of the dependence of nomadic raids on the availability of food supplies, so they regularly carried out operations to burn the hay of the Polovtsians and Pechenegs in the border areas. The nomads were forced to go to the southern regions and weakened, poorly fed horses did not allow them to raid the southern regions of Rus' in the winter. Considering that the word “chaff” used to mean straw, it is quite possible to use a double related ethnonym in relation to related tribes like hay - straw or Pechenegs - Polovtsians. It remains to find out where this ethnonym came from from Byzantium to Rus' or from Rus' to Byzantium. Most likely from Byzantium, i.e. initially it meant the first settlers, and then, given the phonetic similarity of the Pachinaks to the Pechenegs, it could also mean robbers stealing hay. The first to encounter the rump tribes were the Khazars-Bulgars. Considering the close contacts of the peoples of Rus' with the Khazars - Bulgars, it is quite acceptable to transfer the ethnonym Pechenegs from Bulgar to Rus'.

Analyzing the origin of the ethnonyms that Nestor used, we can focus on the author’s version of the explanation, but we can assume that the ethnonym clearing And Drevlyans They only referred to the population that presumably resettled in Polotsk-Polyan, and to the indigenous population of these places - the Drevlyans, the older ancient population of these places. In the language of that time it is difficult to find a more precise definition for the indigenous population of these places. It should be taken into account that the settlers tried to live on foreign territory, building fortified cities or fortresses in order to protect themselves from the indigenous population, who in every possible way hindered the settlers. Another option for dividing the glades and the Drevlyans could be a division based on the residence of new settlers in cities, which had the Greek name “pol”, and the rural residence of the indigenous or previously arrived population of the Drevlyans. In Greek sources, this division took shape in the form of the ethnonyms Slavs and Ants - ancient, old, indigenous, and how else could the Greeks emphasize the difference between two population groups living in the same territory.

Ugr o - Finnish origin. Again, delving into the dictionary of the Komi-Permyak language, the most archaic of all existing Finno-Ugric languages, Nikolai Rogov, published in 1869 (I bow to him for this.) you can find the meaning of the word wine - murder, killing by bloodletting, as it is associated with in the word vir - blood. In Russian this is reflected in the word wine, accusation. Yaroslav the Wise knew this word well, since in his code of laws there was a payment for murder - vira, i.e. payment for shedding blood. Thanks to this word, such an international word as wine becomes clear. In Ukrainian mythology, the legacy of this word remains in the person of the terrible Viy - a bloodsucker, a bloodletter. Based on this, we can conclude that the main occupation of the Veneti in the territory inhabited by the Finno-Ugric people was robbery and murder. And the literal translation of the word Viking into Finno-Ugric sounds like bloody hands, i.e. thugs, which was quite consistent with their essence in those days. The European meaning of the word sklavin is becoming clear - a slave, bound, guarded killer or killing with a sword. In the Russian language there is still a paired synonym sword - treasure.

The most transparent of all is the ethnonym Dregovichi, for which in the Russian language you can, if you really want, find the forgotten word dryagva - swamp. Considering the etymology of this word, it should be concluded that it is of Finno-Ugric origin and means a certain type of swamp, namely a swamp overgrown with small pine forest, although in the ethnonym dregov it can mean small forest, low forest, since “gov” means beggar , poor.

From a linguistic point of view, the ethnonym Dregovichi is also close in meaning to the later ethnonym Golyad, which can probably be used to track the possible migration of Dregovichi in the 15-16th century.

Based on this, in the 8th-9th century only the Slavic population can be attributed clearing,Polotsk, Novgorod and Volyn residents. It should be noted that all Slavic ethnonyms were given by the names of cities, which confirms the explanation of the ethnonym polyane from the Greek “pol” - city.

Regarding the Polotsk residents, Nestor gives information “... others settled along the Dvina and called themselves Polotsk residents, after the river flowing into the Dvina, called Polota, from which they were called Polotsk residents.”

The most mysterious is the ethnonym clearing. It is unclear where they lived, what they did, what cities they built. According to Nestor, they first sat in the field. In what field? Then they started to sit along the Dnieper. In what city. If in Kyiv, then the people of Kiev should be called. It is clear where the Polochans, Volynians and Novgorodians were sitting, and where the glades were sitting. The only thing that is known is that they collected tribute from the Drevlyans and Northerners and gave it to the princes. They didn’t even torture the Drevlyans and Northerners. This was done by the princely squad. And they also composed epics about Russian heroes. Apart from Nestor and Vladimir Monomakh, no one knew about the glades, judging by the sources. Then the clearings disappeared, leaving behind neither cities, nor towns, nor great men.

At one time, A. Schletser, due to the fact that in the first recount of the East Slavic tribes the Laurentian Chronicle does not mention the Krivichi, considered it impossible to classify the latter as Slavs and recognized them as Latvians. P. Safarik denied this idea. He noticed that the Latvians called all the Eastern Slavs "Krevs", which means Krivichi who were their immediate neighbors.

Speaking about the northerners, we mean just one specific tribe, about which the following is written in the PVL: “But friends withѣ dosha on gumsѣ , and along Semi, and along Sulѣ and druggedWith ѣ vero . And so I leftSlovenian language , Tѣ That’s why it was called the Slovenian letter.” This is an excerpt from Nestor’s famous story about the settlement of the Slavs expelled from the Danube by the Volochs. Everything seems simple and clear. But it is not so. In particular, Nestor is not clear about the reasons for the appearance of the ethnonym “ northerners" The northerners who settled on the Desna, Sula and Seimas are marked by the PVL as a Slavic people. History also knows the Savirs (Sabirs, Sabars), a people, although of Caucasian appearance, who speak a Turkic language. The Bulgarian chronicles tell us about the Serbians (Seberians, Surbians) tribes of Finno-Ugric and Hunnic origin. I will give two examples. Gazi-Baraj writes about the reign of Baltavar Masgut (late 6th century): “Being kind by nature, he bought one hundred Khon biys and a large number of their people from the Sabars and annexed them to the Bulgars under the nameSurbians ...». Here: Sula - Danube; Dzhalda - Crimea. Why then does Nestor call this tribe Slavic? The second passage tells about the wanderings of Bulumar, who was forced to migrate to the west in the mid-4th century. In western Siberia he encountered the Bashkorts: “The king was forced to go to the Bashkorts, who sheltered the hons and took from them the name “Seberians”("allies"). The Bashkorts, whom the Turks called Ugyrs, were self-willed...”

We have already touched on the history of the origin of the term “northerners”. He is inextricably linked with the Sauromatians, tribes of Indo-Aryan origin. The Sauromatians, according to Herodotus, spoke the language of the Scythians. This means that this people was Indo-Aryan and close to the Proto-Slavs.

Muroma- a Finno-Ugric tribe that lived in the Oka basin from the mid-1st millennium AD.

Mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years as non-Slavic and living at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. It was related to the Mordovians and came from tribes of the Gorodets and partly Moshchinsk cultures.

The tribe was engaged in agriculture, hunting, and crafts. By the 12th century it was assimilated by the Eastern Slavs at the initial stage of the formation of the Russian ethnic group.

The name “Muroma” most likely translates as “an elevated place by the water,” which is quite consistent with the location of the city of Murom.

Depending on position Cheremis settlements relative to the Volga in the literature, a division into mountain And meadow To a certain extent, this division is based on how the Ch. themselves designate individual groups of the tribe: the name “mountain” corresponds to the Cheremis “Kuruk-Mare”, which among the “meadow” denotes both the mountain Cheremis and the Chuvash; “meadow” forests are called forest forests in the mountains, spruce forests are called “Kozhla-Mar”, from the word kozhla = spruce forest.

There is an opinion that Volynians and Buzhanians were one tribe, and their independent names arose only as a result of different habitats.

Drevlyans lived in dense forests, getting their name from the word “tree” - tree.

VOLYNA- one of the tribal unions in the east. Slavs 2nd half. 1 thousand n. e. Other name - Buzhans. In the “Tale of Bygone Years”, when listing the heads of the tribes, it is said: “... the Buzhans, so called because they sat along the Bug, and then began to be called Volynians,” and further - “The Dulebs lived along the Bug, where the Volynians are now ... ". Hence it is believed that that part of the Dulebov, who lived in the Bug basin, originally. called Buzhans, and later - Volynians. Judging by the fact that the ethnonym "Buzhan" is mentioned in Western Europe. Chronicle 873, title. "IN." appeared later. The etymology of the ethnonyms "Buzhan" and "V" is transparent: Buzhan - from the hydronym Bug, V. - from the name. city ​​of Velyn (Volyn).

The opinion that the name Permian comes from the Komi word "parma" - an elevated area overgrown with spruce. But in this case, the land of the Permians would be called Parma the Great rather than Perm the Great.

According to the assumption of geographer N.I. Shishkin, the word “Perm” goes back to the names of two ancient tribes, Per and Em, who once inhabited this land. But this interpretation has not received recognition from experts.

According to another hypothesis, the origin of the word is connected with the name of the hero of the Komi-Permyak epic Pera - the hero. In some Finno-Ugric languages, “peri” means spirit (Udmurt “peri” is an evil spirit, Mordovian “peri” is the spirit of the winds). Perhaps the Kama Komi were called Permyaks because in ancient times they were patronized by the all-powerful spirit - the god Pera. However, the word "Perm" is much older than the legend about Per.

The most convincing version is that the word “Perm” was not born on the ancestral land of the Perm people. It came to the Kama region from the north-west and is found in different versions: in the Komi-Permyak dialect - Perem, in the Komi-Zyryan dialect - Perym, in the Komi-Yazva dialect - Perim. It appeared in different places, following the advance of the Russians to the east, sometimes as a designation of territory, sometimes as an ethnonym. And the concept of “land behind something”, “drag” in the Baltic-Finnish languages ​​is denoted by the phrase “Pera maa”, in the Vepsian language - “pera ma”. This name came into Russian as Perem, Perm.

The name of the tribe comes from the name of the river. Pechera or Pechora. An ancient Finnish tribe that lived, according to the chronicle, “between Perem and Samoyed,” that is, in the north of Perm, along the river. Pechore.

Russian name eat may be a modified Finnish name for Häme. This remains unclear because medieval sources used the names of distant tribes inconsistently, often misleadingly. In the east of Lake Onega along the Emttsa River (Fin. Jemtsajoki) in the Middle Ages there was a graveyard called Yem, and in principle it is possible that some military campaigns against Yem were directed there. Some details of the described military campaigns still indicate that the Yamy lived to the west.

First yam mentions the Tale of Bygone Years in 1042, when the Novgorod prince Vladimir, the son of Yaroslav the Wise, made a campaign against the Yami. If this really points to the territory of present-day Finland, and not to the pits from the Emtsa River, then we are talking about the very first written mention concerning the history of Finland. The Tale of Bygone Years does not mention the Novgorodians among the prince’s allies, but confirmation of this can be found in the earlier First Novgorod Chronicle. The Tale of Bygone Years also reports that the Yam paid tribute to the Rus.

Researchers' opinions regarding the origin of the ethnonym " Lithuania » disperse. In particular, there is an assumption about its connection with the name of the Litava River (Lietava, a tributary of the Viliya River (lit. Neris)).

Lithuania(« Lithuania") is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, where this word in different places refers to both the tribe and the country - the territory of the Lithuanian state. In Western European written sources the name " Lithuania» ( Lituae) first appears in the Quedlinburg Annals in an entry for 1009.

According to Vasmer's dictionary, the Russian name " Lithuania"goes back to Old Russian" Lithuania" According to the author, this word was borrowed from the Lithuanian " Lietuva» (« Lithuania»).

There are several ethnonyms in the Baltics that coincide with the ethnonyms of the ancient Mediterranean. In ancient times, part of Latvia was called Kurzeme, which literally means the land of chickens (from the Curonian people /Kori/ squirm); a better known name is Courland; The Indian Kurus, the East Siberian Kuri/Kurykan tribe, who lived near Lake Baikal, and the Samoyed Kuraki people, living in the Taimyr tundra, echo this ethnonym. There is another option: Kurshi, K-ursham, near RUSHI (Russians). That is, the names of both the first tribe and the second indicate that these tribes lived “neighborhood” with a people whose name clearly reads the syllable RU.

Narova. The self-name gave the name to the river Narva and the city of the same name.

Scythians.

Vasily Abaev, following Yuri Marr, erected the ethnonym skuta To *skul-ta, Where *skul(*skol) he thought " some important term for the pre-Iranian population of southern Russia" But K.T. Vitchak and S.V. Kullanda explain the Scythian self-name as follows: ancient Greek. Σκόλοτοι <*skula-ta<*skuδa-ta<*skuda-ta(that is, “archers”, with the natural transition *d > *l in Scythian). Moreover, the form *skuδa-ta existed in the 7th century BC. e., when the Greeks began to contact the Scythians (that’s why other Greek. Σκύϑαι ). At the same time, the Assyrian campaign of the Scythians took place - that’s why the Assyrians. Ašgūzai or Išgūzai. By the 5th century BC. e. - the time of Herodotus’s visit to Olbia, a transition had already occurred *δ >*l.

The ancient scholia to the Iliad mention the following etymology:

For the Laconians wear long hair, and from them all Hellenism... Scythians the first ones began to cut their hair, which is why they are called “ ossified(Greek: απεσκυθισμενοι).”

Ethnonym Ugrians is a transcription of the word ungor and is translated from Turkic languages ​​to mean “ten tribes”.

Origin of the ethnonym Croats , Basically, they explain something like this. Ageeva directly writes that “the origin of the ethnonym Croats,apparently, Iranian. The “Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages” (1981, issue 8, p. 151) talks about “ complete etymological identity" names Harvats And Sarmatians, which can be traced back to the Iranian adjective *sarma(n)t/ *harva(n)t– “feminine, replete with women.”

The famous archaeologist and ethnographer Maria Gimbutas in her book “Slavs” mentions the point of view of K. Moszczyński and suggests that “in the Iranian-speaking environment of the Sarmatians, the Slavic “serv” could have turned in "ksarv" and, if you add the suffix /at to it, it will work out a word very close to Hrvat, as the modern “Croatian” is called.

Ulichi.

The antiquity of the first version was justified by the clearer etymology of “from the corner,” as well as its mention in a chronicle fragment describing the resettlement of streets from the Lower Dnieper to the Dniester-Buzh region. Critics of this point of view proceeded from the fact that the episode of 940 was placed mainly only in later chronicles, which in the introductory part, when the streets are mentioned, do not contain the name “Uglichi”. The early Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles do not contain this option at all, either in the introductory part or in the dated part. The originality of the first option was recognized by a small number of researchers (Tatishchev 1963: 31-41, 210; Karamzin 1989: I, 267; Nadezhdin 1844: 243-253; Brun 1879: 101-106; Veselovsky 1900: 20). In fact, she did not speak out in post-revolutionary historiography. The only attempt to prove it again was made by O.N. Trubachev. At the same time, the researcher drew on the old basis - the presence of the Dnieper “corner”, from which, in his opinion, this name could have come (Trubachev 1961: 187). The fact that the form “uglichi” came from “angle”, in fact, no one has ever disputed. Whether it is original is another matter. The research of G.A. Khaburgaev, who criticized the point of view of O.N. Trubachev, confirmed the thesis, voiced in past historiography, that the name “Uglichi” is a later etymologization of chroniclers trying to comprehend the “incomprehensible” ethnic name in terms of “folk etymology” (Khaburgaev 1979: 198-199).

Tivertsy.

Probably a derivative of the name of the river *Tivr, which could go back to ir. compliance with other ind. tivras "fast, sharp", Tivra - the name of the river (Vasmer).

Vyatichi- a union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi supposedly comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate the origin of this name with the morpheme “ven” and the Veneds (or Venets/Vents) (the name “Vyatichi” was pronounced “Ventici”).

In the middle of the 10th century, Svyatoslav annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the 11th century these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned.

Since the 12th century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi preserved many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial site. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the ritual of cremation gradually fell out of use.

The Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi were mentioned in the chronicle under such a tribal name was in 1197.

Buzhans (Volynians)- a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); Since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the area of ​​Volyn).

Volynians- an East Slavic tribe or tribal union, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.

In 981, the Volynians were subjugated by the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galician-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.

Drevlyans- one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived in Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev.
The name Drevlyans, according to the chronicler's explanation, was given to them because they lived in forests.

From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlians, we can conclude that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial ritual testifies to the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves testifies to the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remains of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and tanning among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle breeding and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins gives reason to conclude that trade was barter.

The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; in later times, this center, apparently, moved to the city of Vruchy (Ovruch)

Dregovichi- an East Slavic tribal union that lived between Pripyat and the Western Dvina.

Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means “swamp”.

Under the name of the Druguvites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi were already known to Constantine the Porphyrogenitus as a tribe subordinate to Rus'. Being away from the “Road from the Varangians to the Greeks,” the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Rus'. The chronicle only mentions that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subordination of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably occurred very early. The Principality of Turov was subsequently formed on the territory of the Dregovichi, and the northwestern lands became part of the Principality of Polotsk.

Duleby(not Duleby) - a union of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volyn in the 6th - early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to an Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople. They split into tribes of Volynians and Buzhanians and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.

Krivichi- a large East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which in the 6th-10th centuries occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also considered to be Krivichi.

The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathian region to the northeast. Limited in their distribution to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the living Tamfinns.

Having settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the route from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Constantinople. They took part in Oleg and Igor’s campaigns against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; Oleg's agreement mentions their city of Polotsk.

Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.

It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichs, Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi were mentioned for the last time in 1128, and the Polotsk princes were called Krivichi in 1140 and 1162. After this, the Krivichi were no longer mentioned in the East Slavic chronicles. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used in foreign sources for quite a long time (until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.

The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with Finno-Ugric tribes.
The border between the settlement territory of the Krivichi and the Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long mounds among the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.

Polotsk residents- an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century.

Polotsk residents are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of the Polotsk people extended from Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polotsk people were one of the tribes from which the Principality of Polotsk was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.

Glade(poly) - the name of a Slavic tribe, during the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, who settled along the middle reaches of the Dnieper, on its right bank.

Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited by the flow of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpen; in the north-east it was adjacent to the village land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the south-west - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.

Calling the Slavs who settled here the Polans, the chronicler adds: “Sedyahu was in the field.” The Polyans differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in moral properties and in the forms of social life: “The Polans, for their father’s customs, are quiet and meek, and are ashamed of their daughters-in-law and to sisters and to their mothers... I have marriage customs.”

History finds the Polans already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is composed of two elements - communal and princely-retinue, and the first is greatly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and most ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - cattle breeding, farming, "timbering" and trade were more common among the Polyans than other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with its Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: from the coin hoards it is clear that trade with the East began in the 8th century, but ceased during the strife of the appanage princes.

At first, around the middle of the 8th century, the glades who paid tribute to the Khazars, thanks to their cultural and economic superiority, soon moved from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors to an offensive one; The Drevlyans, Dregovichs, northerners and others by the end of the 9th century were already subject to the glades. Christianity was established among them earlier than others. The center of the Polish (“Polish”) land was Kyiv; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Tripolye), Vasilyev (now Vasilkov) and others.

Zemlyapolyan with the city of Kiev became the center of the Rurikovich possessions in 882. The name of the polyans was mentioned for the last time in the chronicle in 944, on the occasion of Igor’s campaign against the Greeks, and was replaced, probably already at the end of the 10th century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1208, Polyana.

Radimichi- the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Desna.
Around 885 the Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the 12th century they mastered most of the Chernigov and southern part of the Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Radim.

Northerners(more correctly— North) - a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.

The origin of the name of the north is not fully understood. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to an obsolete ancient Slavic word meaning “relative”. The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northern of the Slavic tribes.

Slovenia(Ilmen Slavs) - an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of the Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of the Novgorod land.

Tivertsy- an East Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and Danube near the Black Sea coast. They were first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tiverts was agriculture. The Tiverts took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Constantinople in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tiverts became part of Kievan Rus.
The descendants of the Tiverts became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part underwent Romanization.

Ulichi- an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Peresechen. In the first half of the 10th century, the Ulichi fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but were nevertheless forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the Ulichi and neighboring Tivertsy were pushed north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the chronicle of the 970s.

Croats- an East Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves White Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word “shepherd, guardian of livestock,” which may indicate its main occupation—cattle breeding.

Bodrichi(Obodrity, Rarogi) - Polabian Slavs (lower Elbe) in the 8th-12th centuries. - union of Vagrs, Polabs, Glinyaks, Smolyans. Rarog (from the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichis. Mecklenburg State in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrichi tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrichi prince Godoslav (Godlav).

Vistula- a Western Slavic tribe that lived at least from the 7th century in Lesser Poland. In the 9th century, the Vistula people formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Stradow. At the end of the century they were conquered by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to accept baptism. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistula were conquered by the Polans and included in Poland.

Zlićane(Czech Zličane, Polish Zliczanie) - one of the ancient Czech tribes. They inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). Served as the center of the formation of the Zličany principality, which covered the beginning of the 10th century. Eastern and Southern Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The Libice princes Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, Zlicany was subordinated to the Přemyslids.

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs(German Sorben), Vends are an indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - regions that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e.

The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.

The Brockhaus and Euphron Dictionary gives the definition: “Sorbs are the name of the Wends and the Polabian Slavs in general.” Slavic people inhabiting a number of regions in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony.

Lusatian Serbs- one of the four officially recognized national minorities in Germany (along with the Gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60 thousand German citizens now have Serbian roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).

Lyutici (Viltsy, Velety)- a union of Western Slavic tribes that lived in the early Middle Ages in the territory of what is now eastern Germany. The center of the Lutich union was the “Radogost” sanctuary, in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.

The Lutici led the Slavic uprising of 983 against German colonization of the lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before this, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. It is known about his heir, Henry II, that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Boleslaw the Brave Poland.

Military and political successes strengthened the Lutichi's commitment to paganism and pagan customs, which also applied to the related Bodrichi. However, in the 1050s, an internecine war broke out among the Lutichs and changed their position. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon Duke Lothar in 1125, the union finally disintegrated. Over the next decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their possessions to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.

Pomeranians- Western Slavic tribes who lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryna coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population before their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian range ran along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and Notech in the south. They gave the name to the historical area of ​​Pomerania.

In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the Pomeranian lands into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians rebelled and regained independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded west from the Odra into the lands of the Lutich. On the initiative of Prince Wartislaw I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.

From the 1180s, German influence began to increase and German settlers began to arrive on the Pomeranian lands. Due to the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began.

The remnant of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.

Material from the encyclopedia "Holy Rus'"

Defining the Dulebs as one of the East Slavic tribal associations, modern Slavic scholars declare the impossibility of accurately determining the place or places of their settlement due to the wide scattering of their traces recorded on the map of Central and Eastern Europe. At the same time, N.M. Karamzin in his “History of the Russian State” directly points to the Bug River, which flows into the Vistula, as their place of residence and, together with the name of the Dulebs, mentions the Buzhans (whose name, of course, comes from the hydronym “Bug” ). Another prominent Russian historian M.T. Yablochkov, considering the Dulebs, Buzhans and Volynians in one group, also pointed out the Bug as the place of their settlement, simultaneously naming their southern neighbors - the Ulichs (Uglichs) and Tivirtsy (Tivertsy). By the way, currently the length of the Bug (Western Bug) is 772 km, and the area of ​​its basin is 49.4 thousand square meters. km. In the north and northeast, the Buzhans neighbored the Yatvingians and Dregovichs, in the east their neighbors were the Drevlyans, and in the southeast - the Polyans. Medieval written sources recorded Dulebs in the Czech Republic, Volyn, etc. Data from archaeological excavations of recent times (remains of agricultural settlements) indicate their presence, including in the territory of the current Lviv region of Ukraine.
According to the Primary Chronicle, at the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century. The Dulebs fought with the Avars (“Obras”) who invaded their borders, whose leader was Majak, who was killed in 593. It is also known that the Dulebs took part in the legendary campaign of the Prophetic Oleg to Constantinople in 907 as his allies (“Tolkovins”). During the time of the Arab historian and geographer Abu l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Masudi (c. 896 - 956), the Dulebs (as described by al-Masudi, the “Dulaba” tribe) already had their own princes (one of them is referred to by him as “king” ), which indicates the stratification of their society and the presence of prerequisites for creating their own state or the early feudal state of the Dulebs that already existed at that time.
It is believed that by the 10th century. The association of Dulebs disintegrated, and the remnants of this association became part of Kievan Rus under the name of Buzhans and Volynians. However, under the name of the Buzhans, apparently, there previously existed an East Slavic tribe that formed a powerful union of Ants, which disintegrated in 602 after the Avar pogrom, as a result of which a number of tribes, including the Buzhans, became isolated. Around 873, at the time when Askold and Dir reigned in Kiev, the Bavarian anonymous writer (also known as the Bavarian geographer and the East Frankish table of tribes) wrote about the Buzhans, in particular, who, among other things, informed his contemporaries about the Volynians (“Velynians”) and the existence they have 70 cities.
In Russian pre-revolutionary historiography, an equal sign was placed between the names of Buzhans and Volynians in the form of an adjunctive conjunction “or”. In Soviet historiography of the late 70s - mid-80s. last century, the “power of the Volynians” was described as an ally of Byzantium in a joint struggle with the nomads who penetrated at the end of the 6th and beginning of the 7th centuries. in the steppes of Eastern Europe, on the Danube and in Central Europe. It was also assumed that at that time there was a similar political entity in the Middle Dnieper region, associated with the names of Kiya, who “reigned in his family,” Shchek and Khoriv and their sister Lybid.
Currently, no difference is made at all between the Dulebs and Volynians.
In 981, the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Svyatoslavich subjugated the Przemysl and Cherven lands of the Volynians, and moved the administrative center from the city of Cherven to Vladimir-Volynsky, where he placed his son Vsevolod to reign. In the 10th century On the lands that previously belonged to the Volynians, the Vladimir-Volyn principality arose. As in the case of the name of the northerners, immortalized in the name of the city of Novgorod-Seversky, the name of the Volynians remained in Russian history in the name of the city of Vladimir-Volynsky.

Sedov V.V.

Eastern Slavs VI–VIII centuries. 1

Tribes of the forest zone of the Dnieper right bank

In the forest-steppe part of right-bank Ukraine, where settlements and burial grounds with ceramics of the Prague-Korchak type are known, on their basis by the 8th century. a culture is developing, which in the literature is called the Luka-Raikovetskaya type culture - according to one of the studied settlements in the Luka tract near the village. Raiki on the river Gnilopyat in the Zhytomyr region. (Goncharov V.K., 1950, p. 11-13; 1963, p. 283-315).

Excavations and reconnaissance surveys of monuments of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type in Pripyat Polesie and Volyn were carried out mainly by Yu. V. Kukharenko and I. P. Rusanova. They own consolidated regional works on these antiquities (Kukharenko Yu. V., 1961; Rusanova I. P., 1973).

A significant part of the settlements with ceramics of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type have cultural deposits from the period of the 6th-7th centuries. Settlements that arose in the 8th-9th centuries, but in topographical conditions do not differ from earlier ones. They are located on the indigenous banks of small and medium-sized rivers, not far from the water. Many settlements like Luka-Raikovetskaya occupy a larger area compared to earlier ones, although small settlements are still found. There is no doubt that the average size of settlements in the 8th-9th centuries. increases slightly, and there is a noticeable increase in the number of settlements.

Villages remained the main type of settlements. In the 8th century settlements appear here and there (Khotomel, Babka, Khilchitsy in Pripyat Polesie). In the 9th century. A large number of settlements are already being built (Gorodok on Teterev, Malin on Irsha, Belgorodka and Plesetskoye on Irpen, Raiki on Gnilopyat, Gorodok on Yaselda, etc.). These were settlements of a trade and craft nature.

One of the studied settlements, Khotomelskoe, is located in the western part of the hill, rising above the floodplain of the river. Goryn, and is protected on three sides by a swampy lowland. The oval platform, measuring 40x30 m, is surrounded by an earthen rampart. From the west and east the fortification has additional arched ramparts and ditches (Table XXIII, 8). Excavations of the ancient settlement were carried out by Yu. V. Kukharenko (Kukharenko Yu. V., 1957, p. 90-97; 1961, p. 7-11, 22-27).

The lower horizon of the cultural layer contains molded ceramics of the Prague-Korchak type. In the upper horizon, characterized by ceramics of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type, the remains of adobe ovens of above-ground dwellings were discovered. The buildings themselves have not been preserved, so their dimensions, interior and design features remain unknown.

A settlement adjoined the settlement from the southeast. Here, semi-dugout dwellings were discovered by excavations. Their dimensions range from 3-4 to 6 m, the depth of the pits is 0.2-0.5 m. In one of the corners of the dwellings there were adobe stoves on a wooden frame.

Similar half-dugouts with heater stoves or adobe stoves located in the corner are typical for settlements of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type (Table XXIII, 9, 11). They are completely identical to the recessed dwellings of earlier settlements of the Kor-Chak type. Along with semi-dugouts, above-ground dwellings were also built in settlements like Luka-Raikovetskaya. These were small log houses measuring from 3.5X3 to 4.5X3.5 m (Pl. XXIII, 10). The stoves, as in semi-dugouts, occupied a corner of the building. Later settlements, in contrast to earlier ones, are full of a large number of outbuildings; there are frequent grain and utility pits, varying in plan and size. The remains of production facilities are open only in isolated settlements.

During surveys and excavations of settlements, various materials were collected that characterize all aspects of the economic activities of the population.

The excavations of the Khotomel settlement and settlement yielded a particularly rich collection. The number of iron products includes knives, sickles, axes, hoes, spearheads, nozzles, crossbars, bits, buckles, arrowheads and spears, etc. (Table XXIV, 12-25, 27-29). Things made of non-ferrous metals are relatively rare - rings, bracelets, pendants, temple rings, etc. (Table XXIV, 4, 10). The seven-rayed temple ring, decorated with false grain, belongs to the early versions of jewelry of this type and dates back to the 9th-10th centuries. (Rybakov B. A., 1948, p. 110). Among the belt accessories, buckles are often found (Table XXIV, 6-8, 11). Horseshoe-shaped buckles with rolled ends predominate. Glass and glass beads are occasionally found (Pl. XXIV, 5). All clay whorls are biconical (Plate XXIV, 26). Unlike earlier ones, they have a small diameter hole.

One of the most characteristic features of antiquities of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type is ceramics (Table XXIII, 1-7). There is no clear line between the Prague-Korchak ceramics and the Luka-Raikowiecka type. The composition of the clay dough, firing, the method of molding the vessels and the range of forms remain the same. Development proceeded from slightly profiled vessels with an inwardly curved edge or with a short straight rim to more profiled vessels with a bent S-shaped edge. In parallel with the development of vessel profiling, a change in their proportions occurs - the vessels become lower and wider. In contrast to Prague-Korchak ceramics, which were devoid of ornamentation, dishes of the Luka-Raikowiecka type are sometimes decorated with various patterns - tucks or notches along the rim. On the walls of vessels there is a pitted or uneven wavy and linear pattern.

In the 9th century. molded vessels with tops turned on a potter's wheel appeared, and then vessels entirely made on a wheel. Late molded ceramics resemble the corresponding types of pottery in the shape of the vessels, profiling and ornamentation. The evolutionary paths from ceramics of the Prague-Korchak appearance to dishes of the Luka-Raikowiecka type are established at many monuments. They have been most thoroughly traced in the Zhytomyr region (Rusanova I.P., 1968, p. 576-581; 1973, p. 10-16).

In the VIII-IX centuries. the number of burial mounds increases, and those without burial mounds decreases.

In the IX-X centuries. The kurgan burial rite, apparently, completely replaces burials in ground burial grounds. In the VIII-IX centuries. The ritual of corpse burning still prevails. Only now the mounds usually contain single corpses burned, and the percentage of burials without urns is noticeably increasing. The remains of corpses burned, as in earlier times, are placed in the upper parts of the embankments or at their bases. As a rule, material material from burials is absent, and if it is found, it is in the form of melted pieces of glass and non-ferrous metals. Occasionally you come across iron knives. The urns are represented by pots of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type, and in the mounds of the 10th century. Old Russian pottery ceramics are already found.

Pottery of the Luka-Raikowiecka type is characteristic only of part of the area of ​​the Prague-Korczak ceramics culture. In other parts of it, the development of ceramics followed different paths. At this time, significant cultural differentiation was emerging across the vast Slavic territory. In this, apparently, we need to see the differentiation of the Slavs (Sklavens of Jordan) into separate tribes.

In the territory of distribution of Prague-Korchak ceramics, monuments of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type occupy a strip from the middle Dnieper in the east to the upper reaches of the Bug in the west and do not show any noticeable local differences (Map 10).

One of the ancient tribal formations of the Slavs were the Dulebs. During the period of compilation of the Tale of Bygone Years, the Dulebs no longer existed; the chronicle reports them as former inhabitants of Volyn: “The Dulebs live along the Bug, where the Velynians are now...” (PVL, T, p. 14). Other sources of the 10th century. (Konstantin Porphyrogenitus, anonymous Bavarian geographer) Dulebs are not called among the East Slavic tribes. "Duleba" Masudi (Garkavi A. Ya., 1870, p. 136) most likely were Danube (Czech) Dulebs. The last time Dulebs were mentioned on the pages of Russian chronicles was in 907 in the story of Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople. However, apparently, S. M. Seredonin is right, noting that the chronicler mentions the Dulebs here only because all the tribes known to him were supposed to participate in the campaign against Constantinople (Seredonin S. L/., 1916, p. 134).

The Russian chronicle speaks of Duleb in connection with the memory of the severe Avar yoke. The Dulebs were attacked by the Avars under the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610-641). Consequently, the Duleb tribe already at the beginning of the 7th century. undoubtedly existed.

Some researchers believe that the chronicle story about the violence of the Avars (Obrov) refers not to the Volyn, but to the Pannonian Dulebi (Kuczynski S. M., 1958, s. 226, 227; Korolyuk V.D., 1963, p. 24-31). However, this does not deny the antiquity of the Volyn Dulebs.

The name of the Dulebs dates back to the pre-Slavic era. (Grushevsky M. S., 1911, p. 248). This ethnonym is of West German origin (Fasmer M., 1964, p. 551; Trubachev O. Ya., 1974, p. 52, 53). There is no doubt that the Dulebs formed some part of the early medieval Slavic group, characterized by Prague-Korchak ceramics. Along with them, it included other Proto-Slavic tribes, whose names have not reached us. The West Germanic origin of the ethnonym Dulebs allows us to assume that this Proto-Slavic tribe arose back in the Roman period somewhere in the neighborhood of the West German population (Sedov V.V., 1979, p. 131-133). Medieval written sources record Dulebs in Volyn, in the Czech Republic, on the middle Danube between Lake Balaton and the Mursa River and in Khorutania on the upper Drava (Niederle L., 1910, s. 369, 370). The scattering of ethnonyms reflects the migration of Dulebs from one region in different directions.

Taking literally the message of the chronicle that the Dulebs lived along the Bug, where the Volynians settled in the chronicle, some researchers believed that the Dulebs were the same East Slavic tribe, which later became known as the Buzhans or Volynians. They admitted that in Volyn there was a consistent change of tribal names: Dulebs - Buzhans - Volynians (Barsov N.P., 1885, p. 101, 102; Andriyashev A. M., 1887, p. 7; Karetnikov S., 1905, p. 21, 22). Other researchers believed that the more ancient tribal formation of the Eastern Slavs - the Dulebs - marked the beginning of two chronicle tribes - the Volynians and Buzhans (Niederle L., 1956, p. 155, 156; Grushevsky M. S., 1904, p. 181; Seredonin S. M., 1916, p. 135). Standing apart is the hypothesis of A. A. Shakhmatov, according to which in Volyn there was not a change of tribal names, but a resettlement of tribes. The first Slavic tribe here were the Dulebs, who left here, and their place was taken by the Buzhans, who in turn were later forced out by the Volynians (Shakhmatov A. L., 1919a, p. 25).

Map 10. Monuments of the 8th-10th centuries. right bank part of the Middle Dnieper:

a - villages; b - fortifications; V - burial mounds; G - ground burial grounds; d- forest and swampy areas; e - burial mounds with clay platforms for corpses; and - ancient settlements of the Romny culture; h - border of forest and forest-steppe zones; And - alkaline soils 1 - Podgortsy; 2 - Romosh; 3 - Joy; 4 - Mourners; 5 - Headly; 6 - Zaturtsy; 7 - Passes; 8 - Miljanovici; 9 - Shepel; 10 - Grandma; 11 - Zaslavl; 12 - Mounds; 13 - Wheelmen; 14 - Peresoppitsa; 15 - Town; 16 - Miropol-Ulha; 17 - Suems; 18 - Big Gorbashi; 19 - Gulsk; 20 - Khotomol; 21 - Khilchitsy; 22 - Rychevo; 23 - Semuradtsy; 24 - Gardeners; 25 - Nezharovskie Khutori; 26 - Andreevichi; 27 - Zubkovichi; 28 - Strigalovskaya Sloboda; 29 - Boriskovichi; 30 - Avtyutsevichi; 31 - Rechitsa; 32 - Korosten; 33 - Mezhirichki; 34 - Loznica; 35 - Selets; 36 - Maly Shumsk; 37 - Beeches; 38 - Korczak; 39 - Grouse; 40 - Shumsk; 41 - Raiki; 42 - Kovali; 43 - Rudnya Borovaya; 44 - Malin; 45 - Bykovo; 46 - Vyshgorod; 47 - Kyiv (Andreevskaya Hill and Castle Hill); 48 - Kyiv necropolis; 49 - Scoops; 50 - Khodosovo; 51 - Markhalevka; 52 - Kitaev; 53 - Khalepye; 54 - Squirka; 55 - Karapyshi; 56 - Krasny Bereg; 57 - Bolshaya Olsa; 58 - Volosovichi; 59 - Lyubonichi; 60 - Gorivody; 61 - Kazazaevka; 62 - Stepanovna; 63 - Lefties; 64 - Kholmech; 65 - Mokhov; 66 - Senskoe; 67 - Pashkovichi; 68 - Maleyki; 69 - Lyubech; 70 - Transplantation; 71 - Seaberezh; 72 - Mokhnati; 73 - Golubovka; 74 -Galkov; 75 - Tabaevka; 76 - Belous Novy; 77 - Morovsk; 78 - Koropje; 79 - Shestovitsy; 80 - Sednev; 81 - Chernigov (Elovshchina tract); 82- Gushchino; 83 - Chernigov

Archaeological monuments of the Dulebs should be sought in Volyn among the antiquities of the 7th-8th centuries. The chronicle reports that the Dulebs lived along the Bug, but this does not mean that the territory of their settlement was limited exclusively to the basin of this river. After all, we are talking about the resettlement of a tribe that no longer existed during the period of Russian chronicles. Even for the tribes that are ethnographically clearly identified from the kurgan antiquities of the 11th-12th centuries, the chronicle does not give clear areas, but only indicates one of the landmarks.

It seems obvious that the monuments of the Dulebs are settlements and burial grounds with ceramics of the Luka-Rajkovetska type and earlier ones, characterized by Prague-Korchak ceramics. However, ceramics of the Prague-Korchak type cannot serve as a tribal characteristic of the Dulebs. It is widespread and, as noted above, is associated with the Sclavenians of Jordan. The Dulebs were some part of the Sklavens-Slavs. The chronicle Dulebs, in all likelihood, were that part of the carriers of the Prague-Korchak type culture that settled in Volyn and in the right bank part of the Middle Dnieper region. It must be assumed that a specifically Duleb culture was a culture of the Luka-Raikowiecka type, but only within the area of ​​Prague-Korchak ceramics. The carriers of the culture of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type in the territory of the former distribution of Prague-Penkov ceramics were ethnographically different from the Dulebs.

Thus, the chronicle Dulebs are an ancient tribal formation of the Slavs that did not live up to the time of the formation of the ancient Russian state. The cultural unity of the identified Duleb region is emphasized by the homogeneity of later mound materials.

In this territory, the chronicle localizes the Buzhans (Volynians), Drevlyans, Polyans and partly Dregovichi. Already A. A. Spitsyn, in his work that laid the foundation for the archaeological study of East Slavic tribes, noted that the mounds of the 9th-12th centuries. tribes of the southwestern group (to this group he included the Drevlyans, Volynians, Polyans and Dregovichi) both in the burial ritual and in the equipment they represent complete unity (Spitsyn A. A., 1899c, p. 326, 327).

The homogeneity of the kurgan antiquities of the southwestern group of the Eastern Slavs was also emphasized by E. I. Timofeev (Timofeev E.I., 19(51 i, p. 56). Indeed, the differences, for example, between the Drevlyanian and Volynian or between the Volynian and Dregovichi kurgan antiquities are no greater, even smaller, than between the kurgan materials of the Smolensk Krivichi and Polotsk, which were a branch of the same Krivichi.

The ethnographic features of the clothing of the Volynians, Drevlyans, Polyans and Dregovichi are undoubtedly common. All these tribes are characterized by simplicity and modesty of clothing, the absence of breast pendants, neck hryvnias, a small number of bracelets and the spread of the same type of jewelry - ring-shaped temple rings and rings of common Slavic types. Only coarse-grained metal beads in necklaces set the Dregovichi apart from other tribes of the southwestern group.

There is one very characteristic feature that most clearly emphasizes the ethnic closeness of the chronicle tribes of the southwestern group. Along with ring-shaped temple rings of the usual common Slavic type in the burial mounds of the 10th-12th centuries. According to the chronicles of the Volynians, Drevlyans, Dregovichi and Polyanians, peculiar temporal rings, called ring-shaped one and a half turn ones, became widespread. These are relatively small wire rings, the ends of which extend half a turn or more onto the ring, so that a one and a half turn spiral is obtained. Such temporal rings are not found in the settlement territory of the northern East Slavic tribes, nor are they typical for the Vyatichi mounds and the Dnieper left bank. Their range is almost exclusively limited to the area of ​​settlement of the tribes of the southwestern branch of the Eastern Slavs (Sedov V.V., 1962b, p. 197, 198).

If each of the East Slavic tribes of the forest zone - Krivichi, Slovene Novgorod, Vyatichi, Radimichi, as well as the Northerners - is characterized by peculiar temple rings as ethnically defining decorations, then in the southwest of the East Slavic area a whole group of tribes (Volynians, Drevlyans, Polyans and Dregovichi) had identical temple decorations.

The monotony of kurgan antiquities of the southwestern group of East Slavic tribes of the X-XII centuries. finds an explanation in the unity of the culture of this territory in the 8th-9th centuries. Obviously, the antiquities of the Volynians, Drevlyans, Polyans and Dregovichi of the X-XII centuries. are based on a single culture like Luka-Raikovetskaya.

The beginning of the formation of individual Slavic tribes in the study area apparently dates back to the 8th-9th centuries. As map 10 shows, settlements and burial grounds form here several more or less large nests, separated by forest and swampy areas. Several areas of concentration of monuments of the 8th-9th centuries are distinguished, of which four are of interest for the group considered here: 1) the upper reaches of the Bug, Styr and Goryn; 2) Teterev and Uzha basins; 3) the middle reaches of the Pripyat (in the vicinity of Turov); 4) the Kiev river of the Dnieper with Irpin and the lower Desna.

If we compare these areas with the areas of the chronicle tribes, as they are outlined in the burial mound materials of the 10th-12th centuries, it turns out that they generally correspond to tribal territories. So, the first region coincides with the region of the Volynians. The cluster of monuments in the upper reaches of the Uzh and Teterev rivers corresponds to the location of the Drevlyans. Memory group

niks of the 6th - 9th centuries, which are concentrated in that part of the Pripyat Polesie where the Dregovichi tribal center was founded - Turov, apparently connected with the Dregovichi. The Pripyat group is separated from other groups of similar monuments by significant swampy spaces, which later, in the 11th-12th centuries, were the dividing line between the Dregovichi region and the Drevlyansky land. The fourth group of monuments, located in the Kiev Dnieper region, is associated with the glades.

Thus, it is possible to believe that already in the VIII-IX centuries. as a result of nest-like settlement, separate territorial groups of Slavs were formed - carriers of a culture like Luka-Raikovetskaya. The territorial isolation of these groups over time led to some ethnographic isolation. The ethnonyms of most tribes of the southwestern group, named in Russian chronicles, are derived from the names of the areas where they lived: “...spread across the earth and were called by their names, where they sat in which place” (PVL, I, p. 11). The chronicle only notes that the Dulebs lived where the Volynians lived (at the time of the chronicle). This is apparently explained by the fact that by the 11th-12th centuries. the memory of the Dulebs was preserved only in the area of ​​settlement of the Volynians, just as the name of the large ethnic group of Eastern Slavs - Krivichi - was preserved only in the Smolensk land. In the Polotsk land, the Krivichi were called Polotsk residents in the chronicles.

Thus, the Drevlyans, Volynians, Polyans and Dregovichi in the third quarter of the 1st millennium AD. e. constituted one tribal group of the Slavs - the Dulebs, therefore in the X-XII centuries. they had the same temple rings and other decorations of the same type (Tables XXV; XXVIII).

The assumption that the ancient tribal formation of the Slavs who occupied Volyn and the right bank part of the Middle Dnieper region were called Dulebs is confirmed in topopimical material. Toponyms derived from the tribal name Duleby are widespread not only in the territory of the chronicled Volynians, but much wider. They are known in the basin of the upper Bug and the upper reaches of the Dniester, throughout the entire right-bank part of the Pripyat basin, in the Uzha basin and near Kiev. Plotting these toponyms on the map clearly shows that they are all located within the area of ​​ceramics of the Luka-Raikovetskaya type, where the Volynians, Drevlyans, Polyans and Dregovichi were formed (Sedov V.V., 19626, p. 202, fig. 3). An exception can be considered the village of Dulebno in b. Bobruisk district, village of Duleby in b. Chervensky district and the Duleba and Dulebka rivers in the lower Svisloch basin. But this region of Belarus was inhabited by the Dregovichi - one of the southwestern tribes of the Eastern Slavs, why the presence of such names here is quite understandable.

In connection with the solution to the question of the Dulebs as a tribal group of the 6th-7th centuries, from which the Volynians, Drevlyans, Polyans and Dregovichi were later formed, it is worth recalling the information contained in the work of an Arab chronicler of the mid-10th century. Masudi. He reports that one of the Slavic tribes, called “Valinana” (Volynians), in ancient times dominated over other tribes, but then strife arose between the tribes that were part of this union, the union broke up, the tribes were divided, and each tribe began to choose a leader (Gharkavi A. Ya., 1870, p. 135-138). V. O. Klyuchevsky identified this union of Slavic tribes, headed by the Volynians, with the Duleb tribal formation, known from the Russian chronicle (Klyuchevsky V. O., 1956, p. 109, 110), with which some other researchers agreed. In particular, L. Niederle adhered to this point of view (Niederle L., 1956, p. 155, 156).

This opinion has met with objections: firstly, Masudi’s “Valinana” is read differently by different researchers, and some of these readings are far from the ethnonym of the Volynians (Ivanov P. L., 1895, p. 32, 33); secondly, after describing the Slavic union of tribes under the leadership of the “valinan”, Masudi speaks of the Baltic-Polabian tribes neighboring the Polish Volynians, which allows us to doubt the attribution of the “valinan” to the Slavs of Volyn (Rybakov B. A., 1959, p. 240). Indeed, among the Slavic tribes named by Masudi, the Baltic-Polabian ones predominate, but at the same time, among the Slavic tribes, Croats and Dulebs are named. Neither one nor the other were ever neighbors of the Western (Polish) Volynians, but, on the contrary, lived close to the East Slavic Volynians. Regarding the different interpretations of the names of Masudi’s “Walinana” tribe, it should be noted that most experts tend to read this way. There is no reason to doubt the Slavic affiliation of the tribe named Masudi. We do not know of any other Slavic ethnonym that is close to those variations of “valinan” Masudi that are proposed by some researchers. Probably, all that remains is to recognize the correct reading of the name of the tribe “Valinana”.

The archaeological materials discussed above seem to support the point of view of L. Niederle, V. O. Klyuchevsky and other researchers.

Volynians

Volynians are a tribal group of Eastern Slavs, who had a second name - Buzhans. The chronicle connects it with the Bug: “This is only the Slovenian language in Rus': ... the Buzhans, who first rode along the Bug, then the Velynians” (PVL, I, p. 13), and further: “Dulebi lived along the Bug, where now Velynians" (PVL, I, p. 14). From these reports of the chronicler it follows that that part of the Dulebs that lived in the Bug basin was initially called Buzhans, and later this tribal name was replaced by a new one - Volynians. The so-called Bavarian geographer, whose records date back to 873, gives the ethnonym busani (Buzhans) - which means that the name Volynians appeared after the 9th century.

The etymology of the ethnonyms Buzhans and Volynians is transparent. The name Buzhane comes from the hydronym Bug (like Volzhane - from the Volga). Researchers derive the name Volynians from the city of Velyn (Volyn), from where historical Volyn (Fasmer M., 1964, p. 347). Similar toponyms are known in other Slavic lands: Polish Wolyn, several names Volyne in Czechoslovakia. The ancient city of Volyn on the Bug (the modern settlement of Zamchysko in Grudok Nadbuzhsky) has been examined by archaeologists. Its oval-shaped child (dimensions 80X70 m) is located on a cape formed by the Bug and its tributary Guchva. Until the 20s of the XX century. the ramparts of the roundabout city were visible. The emergence of a settlement on this site dates back to the 8th-9th centuries, but the current ramparts were built in the 11th century. (Rorre A., 1958, s. 235 - 269).

The brevity of the chronicle information about the territory of the Volynians caused discrepancies in determining its boundaries. Historians of the 19th century identified the population of the Volyn land in the 12th century. with the Volynians and on this basis outlined their area according to the borders of the Volyn principality (Andriyashev A.M., 1887; Ivanov P. A., 1895). However, researchers were aware that political-administrative territories could in a number of places diverge more or less significantly from tribal ones. Therefore, for the reconstruction of tribal areas at the end of the 19th century. began to attract burial mound materials.

The main burial mound excavations in the land of the Volynians were carried out in the second half of the last century. Already in the 50s of the XIX century. excavations of the Volyn burial mounds (Basov Kut, Glinsk, Krasne, Peresopnitsa) were carried out by N. Veselovsky and Y. Voloshinsky (Antonovich V.B..,1901a, p.39, 41,42,75). The studies of mounds in Velikiy and Glinsk in the Rivne region date back to the 60-70s. (Antonovich V. B., 1901a, p. 39, 75). In 1876-1882. in the regions of Volyn bordering the Dniester region, excavations were carried out by A. Kirkor (ZWAK, 1878, s. 9, 10; 1879, s. 23-32; 1882, s. 26; Janusz V., 1918, s. 129, 130, 227-237, 248, 249). Smaller studies of the same years belong to I. Kopernicki, W. Przybislawski, A. Schneider, V. Demetricevich and others (ZWAK, 1878, s. 19-72; 1879, pp. 70, 73; Janusz V., 1918, s. 94, 248, 249).

In 1895-1898. E. N. Melnik excavated about 250 mounds located in 23 burial grounds - Vorokhov, Vishkov, Gorka Polonka, Gorodishche, Krupa, Lyshcha, Lutsk, Poddubtsy, Stavok, Teremno, Usichi, Basov Kut, Belev, Vychevka, Kolodenka, Kornino, Novoselki, Peresopnitsa, Stary Zhukov (Melnik E. Ya., 1901, p. 479-510). The works of E. N. Melnyk covered large areas of Volyn and were performed at a high level. Therefore, they remain the most important in the study of the Volynians. In 1897-1900 Volyn burial mounds were explored by F.R. Shteingel, who excavated more than 40 mounds in nine burial grounds (Belev, Velikiy Stydyn, Gorodets, Grabov, Korost, Karpilovka, Rogachev, Stydynka, Teklevka) in the modern Rivne region. (Steingel F. R., 1904, p. 136-182). The 90s also include excavations by V. B. Antonovich, G. Volyansky, M. F. Belyashevsky and I. Zhitinsky in Veliko, Verbeni, Krasna, Ustilug (Antonovich V.B., 1901a, p. 66, 72; 19016, p. 134-140).

The first attempt to highlight the features of the Volynian burial mounds belongs to V. B. Antonovich (Antonovich V.B., 1901a, p. 38). It turned out to be unsuccessful, although the terms used by the researcher “mounds of the Volyn type” and “mounds of the Drevlyan type” took root in archaeological literature

tour. V.B. Antonovich classified all Slavic burial mounds located west of Goryn as Volyn burial mounds. Thus, the basis of its classification is a geographical feature. According to V.B. Antonovich’s description, Volynian mounds are small mounds with corpses either on the horizon or in ground pits, or above the base, sometimes in rectangular log houses. However, these signs cannot be tribal, since they are also characteristic of the mounds of other East Slavic tribes.

Map 11. Mounds of the Volynians

A - burial grounds, including burial mounds; b - burial mounds exclusively with corpses; V - mounds With characteristic Drevlyanian features; G - burial grounds with Dregovichi beads; d - burial grounds with stone mounds; e - burial grounds with subslab burials; and- swampy areas; h - forest areas.

1 - Golovno; 2 - Miljanovici; 3 - Passes; 4 - Dulibs; 5 - Ustilug; 6 - Novoselki; 7 - Winter; 8 - Mogilya; 9 - Bolshoy Povorsk; 10 - Town; 11 - Lyubcha; 12 - Hill Column; 13- Settlement; /4 - Lutsk town; 15 -Usichi; 16 - Usichi-Chekhovshchina; 17 - Shepel; 18 - Roars; 19 - Vechelok; 20 - Boremlya; 21 - Krasne; 22 - Lyshcha; 23 - Teremno; 24 - Poddubtsy; 25 - Cereals; 26 - rates; 27 - Gorodets; 28 - Scab; 29 - Nemovichi; 30 - Shame on you; 31 - Berestyan; 32 - Grabov; 33 - Rogachev; 34 - Belev; 35 - Town; 36 - Old Zhukov; 37 - Shame; 38 - Karpilovka: 39 - Basov Kut; 40 - Zdolbunov; 41 - Cornino; 42 - Kolodenka; 43 - Kamennopol; 44 - Vysotskoye; 45 - Swamps; 46 - Lugovoe; 47 - Podgortsy; 48 - Novoselki Lvivskie; 49 - Tarazh; 50 - Bukhnev; 51 - Spicolos; 52 - Bodaki; 53 - Bryakov; 54 - Suraj; 55 - Izyaslavl; 56 - Great Glubochek; 57 - Zbarazh; 58 - Cholgan region; 59 ~ dungeon; 60 - Osipovtsy; 61 - Semenov; 62 - Palashevka; 63 - Zhnibrody; 64 - Gusyatin/

By the beginning of the 20th century. Most mounds in Volyn turned out to have already been plowed or excavated, so their studies in the first half of the 20th century. less significant. In 1909 and 1912 excavations of the burial mounds (Green Guy and Palashenka) were carried out by K. Gadacek (Janusz V., 1918,3.100, 101, 272-274). In the 20-30s, their research was carried out by I. Savitskaya (Karpilovka), N. Ostrovsky (Listvin), T. Sulimirsky (Zelenyi Gai) and others (Sawicka/., 1928, s. 205, 247, 287; Sulimirski T., 1937, A. 226). More significant excavations (Berestyano, Gorodok, Perevaly, Poddubtsy, Ustye) belong to the Polish archaeologist J. Fitzke }