German artists of the 19th century and their paintings. Artists Germany

"Germany Artist Germany German artists (German artists)"

Germany Artists Germany Germanic artists (German artists) and painting in Germany

Germany is the official name of the Federal Republic of Germany.
State of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, or Germany; Deutschland or Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Bʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk dɔʏtʃlant]) is a state in Central Europe. Germany has common borders with Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. In the north, the natural border form the North and Baltic Sea.
Germany - the Russian name of this country comes from the tribe of the Germans.
Germany The capital of the Federal Republic of Germany is the city of Berlin.

Germany History of Germany Prehistoric period
In the era of the Upper and Middle Paleolitis, the territory of Germany was the migration site of the oldest hominid (Heidelbergian man, Neandertalez).
In the era of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic in Germany, there were several developed Paleolithic cultures (Hamburg, Arensburg, Federmsential).
In the era of Neolith, the territory of Germany was mainly the representatives of the Western branch of the culture of linear belt ceramics (Rosussen culture and her descendant - Michelsberg culture). During this period, dolmens are actively built in Germany. The Michelsberg culture gradually replaces the culture of the Trust Cup.
The bronze age is associated with carriers of the oldest Indo-European languages, although it was originally, it was apparently the ancestors of non-German, but the Celto-Italian peoples (culture of spherical amphorous, Badencan culture, culture of the fields of burial urns, etc.). The ancestors of the Germans occupied mainly the northern part of Germany, but since the Iron Age, they gradually displaced the Celts from Germany, partially assimilating them, especially in the south of Germany.

Germany History of Germany History of Ancient Germany
Germany History of Germany (Germans) in the time of the ancient era
The German tribes lived in the territory of Central Europe in the first millennium BC, a rather detailed description of their building and lifestyle gives Tacitis at the end of the i century. Linguistic studies suggest that the separation of German peoples from Balto-Slavs occurred in approximately the VIII-VI centuries to our era.

The Germans (German tribes) were divided at that time to several groups - Betava, Brukters, Hamava, Hutta and killed, lived between Rhine, Main and Weser. on the coast of the North Sea - Having, Angles, Varina, Friezes; from the middle and upper elba to Oder - Markomans, quads, Langobard and seeds; between Oder and Vistula - Vandals, Burgundy and Goths; In Scandinavia - Svids, Gautty.
Starting with II century n. e. The Germans (German tribes) are increasingly invaded within the Roman Empire. During this period, the Germans (German tribes) were gradually the breeding unions (Alemenna, Goths, Saxons, Frank) were gradually folded.
Germany History of Germany History of Ancient Germany
Germany History of Germany Great resettlement of peoples
Great relocation of peoples The conditional name of the set of ethnic movements in Europe in the IV-VII centuries, mainly from the periphery of the Roman Empire on its territory.
At the end of the IV century, the invasion of Asian nomadic peoples in Europe pushed to the resettlement of Germanians (German tribes). They settled the border lands of the Roman Empire, and soon they began armed invasions in her. In the V century, German tribes are ready, Vandals and others created their kingdoms on the territory of the collapsed Western Roman Empire. At the same time, in the territory of the current Germany, the primitive community system was mainly maintained.
Germany History Germany
Middle Ages Frank State
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the most significant role among the German tribes played the tribes of the Franks. In 481, Chlodvig I became the first king of the salicial francs. When Korole Gluli, and his descendants were conquered by Galliya, and Most of the Germans and most of the tribes of Franks were part of the state. Later, Aquitaine, Provence, Northern Italy, a small part of Spain were conquered, the Thuringias, Bavara, Saksa and other tribes. By 800, all Germany turned out to be part of a huge frank state.
In 800, the Franksky King of Charles Great was declared the Roman emperor. Until 800, the heiress of the Roman Empire was Byzantia (since the Western Roman Empire has already stopped its existence and only Eastern - Byzantium remained). Restored by Karl Empire was a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire, and Karl was considered the 68th emperor, the successor of the eastern line immediately after the deposited in 797 by Konstantin VI, and not the successor of Romulus Augustus. In 843, the Frankish Empire broke down, although different kings (more often than the Kings of Italy) with interruptions formally wore the title of emperor up to 924.

Germany History Germany
Middle Ages Beginning of German Statehood
The basics of the German state were laid in the Verden Treaty, which in 843 concluded the grandchildren of Charles Great. This contract divided the French empire into three parts - the French (West-Frankish kingdom), which was karla Lysoy, Italian-Larring (Middle Kingdom), whose king was the eldest son of Charles Great Lothar, and German, where the authorities went to Louis German.
Traditionally, the first German state is considered an East-Frank state. During the X century, the informal name "Reich Germans (REGNUM Teutonicorum)" appeared, which in several centuries became generally recognized (in the form of "Reich der Deutschen").
In 870, most of the Loraris kingdom was captured by the East-Franksky king Louis German. Thus, the East-Frank Kingdom united almost all the land populated by the Germans. During the IX-X centuries, wars were taking place with the Slavs, which led to the accession of a number of Slavic lands.
Germany History Germany

The Sacred Roman Empire of the German Nation (Lat. Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Teutonicae, it. Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation) - public education that existed from 962 to 1806 and uniting the territory of Central Europe. During the highest bloom in the empire, Germany, which was its core, northern and secondary Italy, Switzerland, Burgundy Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic, Silesia, Alsace and Lorraine. From 1134 formally consisted of three kingdoms: Germany, Italy and Burgundy. From 1135, the Kingdom of the Czech Republic was included in the empire. The official status of which in the empire was finally resolved in 1212.

Germany History Germany
History of the German State - the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
The Empire was founded in 962 by the German king of Otto I Great and was considered as a direct continuation of the ancient Roman Empire and the Frankish Empire of Charles Great. The processes of the formation of a single state in the Empire in the entire history of its existence were not completed, and it remained a decentralized formation with a complex feudal hierarchical structure, which united several hundreds of territorial-state formations. The Emperor stood at the head of the empire. The imperial title was not hereditary, but was assigned following the election of the college of Kurfürs. The power of the emperor was never absolute and limited to the highest aristocracy of Germany, and from the end of the 15th century - Reichstag, which presented the interests of the basic estates of the empire.
Germany History Germany
History of the German State - the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
The Sacred Roman Empire existed until 1806 and was eliminated during the Napoleonic Wars, when the Rhine Union was formed, and the last emperor Franz II was moving away from the throne.
Germany History Germany
History of the German State - Germany in the Epoch of Napoleonic Wars, the Rhine Union
By 1804, when Napoleon I became the French emperor, Germany remained a politically backward country. It retained the feudal fragmentation, there was a serfdom, there were medieval legislation everywhere. A number of German states previously fought with revolutionary France with varying success.
In the fall of 1805, Napoleon war began with a coalition in which Austria was included. Austria was broken. The German Emperor Franz II, which, just before that, in 1804, became the emperor of the Austrian multinational state, left the German throne under pressure from Napoleon. In July 1806, the Sacred Roman Empire was abolished, and instead she was proclaimed the Rhine Union. With Napoleon, the number of German principalities has significantly decreased by their association. Many cities lost their independence, the number of which was over eighties during their heyday. By 1808, all States of Germany, except Austria, Prussia, Swedish Pomerania and Danish Holt, included in the Rhine Union. Half of the territory of Prussia was taken away from her and partly entered the Rhine Union.
Almost in all of the Rhine Union, serfs were eliminated. In most States of the Rhine Union, Napoleonic Civil Code was introduced, which destroyed feudal privileges and opened the road for the development of capitalism.
The Rhine Union participated in the Napoleonic wars on the side of France. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1813, he actually stopped existence.

Germany History Germany
The history of the German state is the German Union
The German Union at the Vienna Congress (October 1814 - June 9, 1815) on June 8, 1815, the German Union was formed from 38 German states under the main region of Austria. The union states were completely independent. In 1848 throughout Germany, including Austria, a wave of liberal uprisings, which turned out to be repressed.
The German Union after the revolution of 1848, began to abandon the conflict between Prussia and Austria increasing its influence in the Gendian Union and in Europe as a whole. The Austro-Prussian-Italian War of 1866, which ended with the victory of Prussia, led to the dissolution of the German Union. Prussia has joined the territory of some of the North-German states who participated in the war on the side of Austria, thus the number of Germanic states also decreased.
Germany History Germany
History of the German State - Severogrertian Union and the Union of Germany
On August 18, 1866, Prussia and 17 of the North-German states (four more and four were joined) united in the North-German Union. In fact, it was a single state: he had one president (Prussian king), Chancellor, Reichstag and Bundesrat, a single army, a coin, a foreign policy department, post office and railway department.
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 led to the accession of four South German states and education on January 18, 1871 of the German Empire.
Germany History Germany
History of the German State - German Empire
The German Empire was a federal state that united 22 monarchies, 3 free cities and the land of Alsace Lorraine. According to the Constitution, the Emperor of the German Empire was the Prussian King. He appointed Reichskanzler. Reichstag was elected by universal voting. The empire had a single budget, an imperial bank, an army, a coin, a foreign policy department, post office and railway department.
The absence of customs borders in the German Empire, progressive legislation in the field of economy and French contribution led to a rapid increase in the economy of the German Empire. Thanks to a well-thought-out system of secondary education and universities, the flowering of science and progress of technology were observed. The strikes and legislative reforms conducted under the influence of the Social Democratic Party led to wage growth and softening social tensions.

Germany (German Empire) began to seize the colonies and was forced to look for ways to their redistribution. Germany concluded a three-way union with Austria-Hungary and Italy. Thanks to the huge military expenditures (up to half of the whole budget), the German Empire had an army by 1914 with the world's best weapons.
Germany History Germany
History of the German State - German Empire, First World War
On June 28, 1914, the murder of the Austrian heir to Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo served to the beginning of the First World War.
Military success accompanied the German Empire on the Eastern Front in 1915, this year of the German Empire managed to move deep into Russia and seize its territories such as Lithuania and Poland.
The German Empire failed to break the French army and the war in the West moved into its positional, with large human and material losses. The forces of the German Empire gradually escaped, and the US Entrance to the War accelerated the predetermined outcome, which the Brest Lithuanian world could not have influenced.
On September 26, 1918, the Antena's offensive on the West Front began. The allies of Germany were defeated and after each other signed a truce with the Entente (September 29, 1918 - Bulgaria, October 30 - Turkey, November 3 -Avstro-Hungary). On October 5, the German government requested a truce. It was concluded on November 11, 1918.

Germany History Germany
History of the German State - Weimar Republic
The events of November 1918 in Germany are known as the November Revolution. On November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II was moving away from the throne and fled from the country. On November 10, 1918, the Interim Government was established - the Council of People's Commissioners. November 11 was announced the cease-fire and the fighting was discontinued. On December 16, 1918, the so-called imperial congress of the Soviets took place in Berlin.
As a result, numerous reforms were conducted in Germany, women received voting rights, an eight-hour working day was introduced. The uprising of Spartakists in January 1919 was suppressed by Frokor, while the leaders of the Communists Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht were killed. Until the middle of 1919, all attempts of the establishment of the Socialist Soviet Republic in Germany were suppressed. The Bavarian Soviet Republic has become the latter, who fell on May 2, 1919.

On January 19, elections were held in the National Assembly. Selected deputies gathered at the first meeting not in the riots of Berlin, but in Weimara. The National Assembly elected Frederick Ebert Reichsview, and Reichskanzler - Philip Sheideman. In accordance with the Germany adopted by the German Constitution, Germany received parliamentary democracy and retained the name "Deutsches Reich" ("German Power"). The Constitution provided for a strong Reich Spronsident, which was actually a replacement of the Kaiser and even called ironically "Erzats-Kaiser", and for its change, a qualified majority was required.

On June 28, in accordance with the Versailles agreement, Germany lost a number of territories and their colonies. The union of Germany and Austria was banned. To Germany and its allies were assigned all the wines for the unleashing of war. Germany was also forced to pay reparations. Significant restrictions were imposed on the German army.

The lack of democratic transformations in the army, the authorities of justice and management, the Versailles Agreement, perceived in the country as "disgusting dictate", as well as the propagated the theory of the conspiracy, accused of defeating in the war of Jews and the Communists, lay heavy cargo on the shoulders of a young German state, critical " Republic without Republicans. "
- Weimar Republic
In 1920, the Kappov Patch took place and several political killings occurred. In the elections to Reichstag, extremist parties managed to significantly improve their indicators. The Versailles Agreement stipulated that the decision on the state affiliation of some border areas will be accepted on referendums. After two referendums, Schleswig was divided between Germany and Denmark. Northern Schleswig returned to Denmark, and South remained for Germany. After the referendum on July 11, the districts of Allenstein and Marienverder remained as part of Prussia. September 20, Eipsen and Malmondi (near Aachen) moved to Belgium.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
In March 1921, armed speeches of the Communists and Social Democrats in Central Germany took place. In 1921, Reichsver was created. Upper Silesia after a referendum, accompanied by clashes with the use of force, was divided between Germany and Poland.

Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
In January 1923, French troops in response to delays in reparations occupied the Ruhr region, which served as the beginning of the so-called Ruhr conflict. The government supported the resistance of local residents of the occupiers. The following months were accompanied by hyperinflation, the end of which was laid only by the November monetary reform. Hyperinflation crossed the impoverishment of the population and increased the number of supporters of both the communists and the extreme right forces.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
The leadership of the Comintern decided to implement an armed uprising in order to capture the authorities by the German Communists. The revolution was planned for October-November 1923, but was prevented as a result of government actions. Only the Communists of Hamburg on October 23 committed an attempt to master the city. Their uprising was suppressed by the troops.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
Bavaria became the refuge of the extreme right forces. There, Hitler on November 8, 1923 tried to carry out the so-called beer coup, but failed.
In 1924, a period of relative stability began. Despite all conflicts, democracy reached the first fruits of their work. New money and the loans appeared in the country according to Plan, marked the beginning in Germany "Golden Twenties".
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
In February 1925, Friedrich Ebert died, his successor in the post of Reichsday became Paul von Hindenburg.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Weimara Republic Gustav Schrtezman, together with his French counterpart Aristide Brianom, advanced along the path of rapprochement of the two countries and revising the Versailles Agreement, which was reflected in the Locarnian Locarnian Agreements and German entry into the League of Nations in 1926.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
The developed global economic crisis of 1929 became the beginning of the end of the Weimar Republic. In the summer of 1932, the number of unemployed in the country reached six million. Since 1930, the country has been managed by the Cabinets of Ministers, appointed by the Reich Supervision without taking into account the opinion of Parliament.
Economic problems were accompanied by the radicalization of the political situation, which resulted in street clashes between NSDAP and CSG. In 1931, the right-wing forces of Germany united in the Garzburg front, the NSDAP after the elections to Reichstag on July 31, 1932 became the largest parties in parliament. January 28, 1933 Reichskancler Kurt von Schleicher declared his resignation.
January 30, 1933 Adolf Hitler became Reichancler. This event marked the end of the Weimar Republic.
Germany History Germany
History of the German State - Third Reich
The regime that existed in Germany at the Nazis is called the Third Reich. On February 1, 1933, Reichstag was dissolved. The presidential decree of February 4, 1933 was the basis for prohibiting opposition newspapers and public speeches. Podzhogu Reichstag, gave the occasion to Hitler to start mass arrests. In view of the lack of places in prisons, concentration camps were created. Researches were appointed.
From the elections to Reichstag (March 5, 1933), NSDAP came out the winner. Voices filed with the communists were canceled. New Reichstag At its first meeting on March 23, the extraordinary authority of Hitler approved the extraordinary powers.

Part of the German intelligentsia (German intelligentsia) ran abroad. All parties except Nazi were eliminated. However, the activists of the right-hand parties were not only not arrested, but many of them were included in the NSDAP. Trade unions were dissolved, new, fully controlled by the government were created in their place. Strikes were forbidden, entrepreneurs were declared by the furers of enterprises. Soon the mandatory labor service was introduced.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich
In 1934, Hitler physically eliminated part of the top of his party ("Night of long knives"), as well as using the case, some of the disadvantageous people who did not have attitudes towards NSDAP.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich
Thanks to the end of the Great Depression, the destruction of every opposition and criticism, the elimination of unemployment, the propaganda, playing national feelings, and later - territorial acquisitions, Hitler increased its popularity. In addition, he achieved major success in the economy. In particular, under Hitler, Germany came to the first place in the world for the production of steel and aluminum.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich
In 1935, after Plebiscit, Saar was returned to the control of Germany.
In 1936, an anti-bouquenine pact was concluded between Germany and Japan. In 1937, Italy joined him, in 1939 - Hungary, Manchou and Spain.
On November 9, 1938, in Germany, the pogrom of Jews, known as the "Crystal Night", was produced. Starting from that time, mass arrests and the destruction of Jews began in the Third Reich.
In March 1938, Austria was annexed to Germany, in October - the Sudetening Region of Czechoslovakia, and in March 1939, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was created.
Germany History Germany

On September 1, 1939, German troops (German troops, the troops of the Third Reich) invaded the territory of Poland. The United Kingdom and France declared war in Germany. During 1939-1941, Germany defeated Poland, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, Norway. In 1941, Germany (Third Reich) began the war with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and occupied a significant part of its territory.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich, Second World War
With the beginning of World War II and especially with the beginning of hostilities against the USSR, due to a huge military load and universal mobilization, a lack of labor began to appear in Germany. At all occupied territories, the recruitment of wolne-free migrant workers was carried out. The Slavic territories also produced a massive hijacking of people to work in Germany (in slavery). In France, a compulsory set of workers was carried out, whose position in Germany was intermediate between the position of free-mounted and slaves.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich, Second World War
In the occupied territories, an intimidation mode was set. The mass destruction of Jews began, and in some areas - and the partial destruction of the Slavic population (as a rule, under the pretext of retaliation for the actions of the partisans). On the territory of Germany and some occupied territories grew the number of concentration camps, death camps and prison camps.
Cruelty in relation to the civilian population caused the growth of the partisan movement in the territory of the occupied USSR, Poland, Yugoslavia and other countries occupied by the fascists. Gradually, the partisan war has also turned on the occupied territories of Greece and France. In the territories of the occupied Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and in annexed Luxembourg, the regime was softer, however, there was anti-Nazi resistance. Individual underground organizations also acted in Germany.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich, Second World War
In 1944, the shortage of food began to be felt and citizens of Germany. Aviation of the countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition bombed the city of Germany. Almost completely destroyed Hamburg and Dresden.
On July 20, 1944, the military was failed attempting to an antihygler coup with an attempted Hitler.
Due to the large losses of the personnel of the Armed Forces of Germany in October 1944, the Volkssturm was created, which was mobilized by old people and young men. Vervolf detachments were prepared for future partisan-sabotage activities.
Germany History of the German State - World War II, the end of the Third Reich
On May 8, 1945, an act was signed on the capitulation of the Armed Forces of Germany.
On May 23, 1945, the Allies arrested the Government of the German Empire and stopped its state existence.

Germany History Germany
Germany History of the German State
Post-war occupation of Germany (Western Germany and Eastern Germany)
After the cessation of Germany's state existence on May 23, 1945, the territory of the former Austria was separated from its territory (divided into 4 occupation zones), Alsace and Lorraine (returned to France), the Sudechka region (returned to Czechoslovakia), the region of Eipen and Malmedi (returned Belgium), the statehood of Luxembourg was restored, was separated by the territory of Poland annexed in 1939 (Posen, Vartaland, part of Pomerania), Memel (Klaipeda) was transferred to the Lithuanian SSR. Eastern Prussia is divided between the USSR and Poland. The rest is divided into 4 occupying zones - Soviet, American, British and French. Part of its occupation zone east of the rivers Oder and Neurov of the USSR handed over Poland.

Members of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, primarily the United States, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and later France, first sought an agreed occupation policy. The main tasks in this policy were demilitarization and denatation.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
In the future, the political and economic association of American, British and French occupying zones in the so-called Tritony occurred, and since 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany) was formed in this territory.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
The capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, the city of Bonn became the capital of Germany. France tried to separate the Saar region from Germany, but as a result, in the Luxembourg Treaty of 1956, Saar was reunited with Germany.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
Thanks to the help of Americans according to the Marshall Plan in the 1950s, a rapid growth of the economy (German economic miracle) was achieved, which lasted until 1965. To meet the need for a cheap work force, Germany supported the influx of migrant workers, mainly from Turkey.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
Until 1969, the Territory of the CDS Party rules (usually in the CSS and less often in the CCDP). In the 1950s, a number of emergency laws were developed, many organizations were prohibited, including the Communist Party, bans were introduced into the profession. In 1955, Germany entered NATO.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
In 1969, Social Democrats came to power in West Germany. They recognized the inviolability of post-war borders, weakened the emergency legislation, conducted a number of social reforms. In the future, Social Democrats and Christian Democrats alternated in power.
Germany Post-war occupation of Germany (Western Germany and Eastern Germany)

A month after the proclamation of the Federal Republic of Germany, on October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was proclaimed in the Zone of Soviet occupation.
History of Germany - German Democratic Republic
Due to the fact that many territories of the USSR were completely destroyed by the war, the USSR brought from the Soviet occupation zone of the machine and the factory equipment, charged with the GDR repair. Only by 1950, industrial production in the GDR reached the level of 1936. Events June 17, 1953 in the GDR led to the fact that instead of recovery of reparations, the USSR began to provide GDR economic assistance.
History of Germany - German Democratic Republic
As proclaimed, citizens of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) had all democratic rights and freedoms. Although the dominant position in East Germany occupied the Socialist Unified Party of Germany (its leading role was enshrined in the Constitution), along with her for decades there were four other parties.

History of Germany - German Democratic Republic
The economic development pace of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was lower than in Germany, and the lowest among the states of the Warsaw Treaty. Nevertheless, the standard of living in the GDR remained the highest among Eastern European states. And by the 1980s, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) became a highly developed industrial country with intensive agriculture. In terms of industrial products, the GDR occupied the 6th place in Europe.
Germany History Germany
Germany History of the German State
Modern history of Germany
The system and personnel crisis in the USSR made it possible to unite Germany into a single state.
Gorbachev reforms in the USSR were alertness perceived by the authorities of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and enthusiastically - in the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany).

In 1989, tensions in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) began to increase. In the fall from his post of the Higher Party leader, a long-term leader of the country Erich Honekker was gone, his place was taken by the former leader of the Union of the Free German Youth Eaga Krenz. However, he stayed at the head of state for long, just a few weeks.
Modern history of Germany Union of Germany in a single state
In early November, a grand demonstration ended with the destruction of the Berlin Wall began in Berlin. This was the first step towards the unification of the two German states.
Modern history of Germany Union of Germany in a single state
Soon in the territory of the GDR, the German brand of Germany was included in the appeal, and in August 1990, an agreement was signed between the two parties to establish unity.
Modern history of Germany Union of Germany in a single state
The final association of Western and East Germany into a single state of the Federal Republic of Germany was carried out on October 3, 1990.

Germany Culture Germany Painting in Germany
Germany Artists Germany Germanic artists (German artists)

The culture of Germany includes the culture of both the modern Federal Republic of Germany and the peoples that make up modern Germany, before its association: Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, etc. The broader interpretation "German culture" also includes the culture of Austria, which is politically independent of Germany, but inhabited by the Germans and belongs to the same culture. German (German) culture is known from the V century BC. e.

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Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
For modern Germany, a variety and widespread culture is characterized. There is no centralization of cultural life and cultural property in one or more cities - they are dispersed literally throughout the country: along with famous Berlin, Munich, Weimar, Dresden or Cool there are many small, not so well-known, but culturally significant places: Rothenburg oblast -Tuber, Naumburg, Bayreuth, Celle, Wittenberg, Schleswig, etc.
Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
By 2000, in the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany) there were 4570 museums, and their number is growing. Per year they account for almost 100 million visits. The most famous museums are the Dresden Art Gallery, Old and New Pinakotheki in Munich, the German Museum in Munich, the Historical Museum in Berlin and many others.
Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
In the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany) there are also many museum-palaces (the most famous - San Sousi in Potsdam) and Museums-castles.
Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
Germany is the birthplace of many famous composers of writers, poets, playwrights, philosophers and artists.
Germany Art painting in Germany

Artist Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürera can be attributed to the most famous and significant artists of Germany (May 21, 1471, Nuremberg - April 6, 1528, Nuremberg).
Albrecht Durer is a German painter and schedule, one of the greatest masters of the Western European Art of the Renaissance.
Albrecht Dürer was born on May 21, 1471 in Nurekhta, in the family of Jeweler Albertht Dürera-senior, who came to this German city from Hungary in the middle of the XV century.
In the family of Albertht Dürer-senior, with Albrecht Durer, 8 children grew, of which the future great artist was the third child and the second son. His father, Albertht Dürer Sr., was the golden business master, his Hungarian surname Auntosh (Weng. Ajtósi, from the name of the village of Auntos, from the word ajtó - "Door"), he literally translated into German like Thürer; Subsequently, she began to record as Dürer.
At first, Father, Albertht Dürer Sr., tried to captivate his son with jewelry business, but he discovered the talent of the artist's talent.

At the age of 15, Albrecht Durer was aimed at learning to the workshop of the leading Nuremberg artist of the time Michael Wolgemut. There Albrecht Durer mastered not only painting, but also engraving on wood and copper. Study in 1490 by tradition ended with the journey - in four years, young Albrecht Dürer traveled a number of cities in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, continuing to improve in the visual arts and processing materials.
In 1494, Albrecht Dürerge returned to Nuremberg, and soon married. Then he in the same year takes a trip to Italy, where he gets acquainted with the work of Manteny, Polaya, Lorenzo Di Cours and other masters. In 1495, Albrecht Durer again returns to the native city of Nuremberg and for the next ten years creates a significant part of his engravings that have become famous now.
In 1505, Albrecht Durer travels to Italy.
In 1520, Albrecht Durer takes a trip to the Netherlands, where he illustrates an unknown disease that tormented him then until the end of his life.
In the last years of his life, Albrecht Durer pays a lot of attention to the improvement of defensive fortifications, which was caused by the development of firearms. In his work, "Guide to strengthening cities, castles and tesns", released in 1527, Albrecht Durer describes, in particular, a fundamentally new type of fortifications, which he called Baste.

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Artists of Germany Albrecht Dürer Magic Square Durera
Albrecht Durer was an innovator, he was the first in Europe the so-called magic square depicted on his Engraving "Melancholy". The merit of Albrecht Dürer lies in the fact that he managed to enter into a digital square of the number from 1 to 16, that sum 34 was obtained not only when the numbers were added vertically, horizontally and diagonally, but in all four quarters, in the central quadrangle, and even The addition of four angular cells. Also Durer managed to enter into a table the year of creating Engravings "Melancholy".
The "magic square" of Dürer remains a difficult mystery to this time.
Albrecht Durer was the first German artist who began to work simultaneously in both types of engravings - on a tree and copper.
Albrecht Durer's extraordinary skill achieved in a tree engraving, reforming the traditional manner of work and using the techniques of work in engraving on metal.
At the end of the 1490s, Albrecht Durer created a number of excellent xylography, including one of his masterpieces - a series of engraving on the Apocalypse tree (1498), which are a successful combination of late-old artistic language and Stylistics of the Italian Renaissance. In 1513-1514, Albrecht Durer created three graphic sheets included in the history of art called "Workshops Engravings": "Knight, Death and Devil", "Holy Jerome in the cell" and "Melancholy". The masterpiece of the cutting engraving on the metal in the execution of Dürer is the engraving "Adam and Eve" (1504).
Albrecht Durer died on April 6, 1528 in his homeland in Nuremberg.

Artists of Germany Famous German (German) Artists
Artist Philip Otto Runge (1777-1810)
The artist Philip Otto Runga can be called one of the brightest presents of romanticism in the German painting of the first half of the XIX century.
The artist Philip Otto Runge was born in Wolgast (city in the territory of modern Poland) in the family of the shipowner. In eighteen, he came to Hamburg to study the trade case, but felt a tendency to painting and began to take private drawing lessons. In 1799-1801, Runga studied at the Academy of Arts in Copenhagen, then moved to Dresden, where he entered the local Academy of Arts and met the poet and thinker Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

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Returning in 1803 in Hamburg, Philip Otto Runge was engaged in painting and at the same time served in the trading firm of his older brother Daniel.
Most of the creative heritage of the German artist Philip Otto Runge make up portraits. His portraits are in the expositions of the best museums in the world.
In 1802, Philippe Otto Runge conceived and began to create a picturesque cycle, depicting the days of day the morning, day, evening and night, replacing each other, were a symbol and human life for romantics, and earthly history; They embodied the eternal law, according to which everything in the world is born, grows, agitates and goes into oblivion - to revive again. Runga deeply felt this universal unity, like the inner relationship of different types of art: he assumed to expose "time of day" in a specially designed building, accompanying them with music and poetic text.
The artist Filippe Otto Runga did not have enough life to complete his creative intent. Of the four paintings, they are finished only one, "Morning" (1808). It is naive and light like a fairy tale. Baby lying on a yellow-green meadow symbolizes a newborn day; Women's figure amid the Golden Sky and Siren Dalea - the ancient Roman goddess of the morning dawn of Aurora. According to the freshness of the paints and the ease of the tone transitions, this picture is much superior to the old works of the artist.

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La Douleur Passe, La Beauté Reste (c) Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Karl Gustav Cum (03.01.1789-1869) - one of the largest representatives of the German romantic landscape.
Rod from Leipzig, Karl Gustav got a great education first at school, and then at the University of Leipzig. Painting accompanied him from the young age, but still with his profession the kub chose gynecology and obstetrics. In Dresden, he became a professor at the Department of Obstetrics, and the clinic at the university is now carrying his name.
The Karus "philosophical" approach to art was inherent in much greater than any of the landscape players of that era. The chub was not an artist for education and came to painting from his who had already been established, scientific and philosophical views. The well-known Dresden scientist-naturalist, thinker and doctor, he, like many outstanding people of that time, possessed spiritual universalism, allowed to refer to various types of activities - science, art, literature - and in each to say their word.
The great example of such universalism at that time was Goethe, who combined the poet, artist and scientist. But he himself, Goethe in one of the letters, wrote a car: "The right, you connect so many properties of the personality, abilities, skills, the deep living link whom is surprising." Their friendship and scientific communication, which began at the time when the kurus was still a young obstetric professor in Dresden, continued until the death of Goethe. As you know, the merger enriches the interpenetration of art and science was no less characteristic of the era of romanticism than the appeal of art to the fairy tale, myth, fantasy. Romantic natural philosophy turned over the insight into the universe, gave everything new, spiritualizing justification - and in the eyes of romantics, concrete sciences about nature were new, mysterious and even poetic meaning. The poet Novisa occupied the structure of rocks, the artist Runge was engaged in physical theory of color, the quarus due to its picturesque tasks began for the scientific study of atmospheric phenomena, the laws of formation and structure of the clouds ...
The romantic worldview put facing the face of nature and man, seeing both in the other, the manifestation of a single and endless spiritual principle. In the representation of the romantics, the spirit that lives unconsciously creative life in nature, generating all the variety of its forms, manifests itself in a person as a consciousness, a variety of feelings, thoughts, activities. A person feels a relatively creature in nature, he knows and expresses it - both in science and in art; The spiritual essence of man is committed to merging with the spiritual essence of the world. Therefore, no wonder the naturalist and artist in that epoch was so close to each other, and the most fruitful direction of romantic art in Germany was the landscape.
The kubar, in the spirit of romantic philosophy, so determined the attitude of art to science: Science learns the part, the art of the whole spirit of the whole, for in art, a person will be partly as unconsciously creating nature. The truth is in their combination. Scientific data acquire the final meaning in holistic artistic terms, and art, if it meets the goal, should be based on a deep scientific knowledge. This combination and determined the romantic personality of a car.
As already mentioned, the quarus did not study painting, he was self-taught. The first works are directly related to his scientific activities - these are anatomical and botanical studios. And only gradually an interest in the landscape. But truly his way in the art of Kubur found when he moved from Leipzig, where he ended the university, in Dresden and met Caspar David Friedrich (in 1817). Friedrich first opened the specific language of the romantic landscape. Probably, his paintings and can not be called landscapes in the traditional sense of the word, in which this genre was formed and existed before him in European art. This is not an image of the terrain - real or ideal, - but, expressing the language of romanticism, philosophical, spiritual contemplation in the forms of the visible nature. Cubar found for this new kind of art designation - he offered to call him not a landscape, but "the image of the life of the Earth." He was so deeply perceived by the principles of the art of Friedrich, which still there is still doubt about some pictures - they belong to the "teacher" or "student".
Personalized by Friedrich, in his footsteps, the recurrence in 1819 goes on a trip to Rügen Island, where, like Friedrich, he writes sea landscapes. The sea and the sky in these canvases serve as an artist, as it were, in order to give the concept of the most infinity of nature. In the picture "Surf on a Ruegen", only a narrow strip of rocky shores and large, monotonously raised wave shafts to the horizon itself are shown. The landscape is striking with its majestic lightness; The artist wanted to convey the nature of the Great, powerful and deaf, such as she is in itself, and not what it usually perceives and adapts to his needs to be an irreflexing person. In the picture "Moonlight on Rugen", the artist removes the last support - coast; We see the sea as a person can not see him, - in the midst of the water desert, from above, like fluttering close to seagulls; And we can not tear the eye from the luminous ripples spreading under us. The artist is peering into an infinite natural element with retirement and waiting, as he would have peered in the face of a person.
The fact that Nature endowed with the Spirit, like a person, can have his own "expression", consonant with human feelings, is a conviction expressed by the quarus in his theoretically philosophical work "nine letters about landscape painting." Such expressions - sadness, peace, updates, etc., give the picture of nature the time of the day, the time of year. The susceptibility of the romantic artist, convinced of the inner kinship of nature and man sees in a certain combination of natural motives is not an accident, but the symbols of the spiritual state. Having imbued with this mindset, we will understand, for example, the artist's thought in the painting "The cemetery of the monastery of Oboy" (1828): the ruins of the church, the graves under the snow are a decay, stupor, non-existence; Mighty green spruce fighters in the center of the composition is a premonition of the coming revival.

In the work of a car there are a number of paintings directly devoted to the theme of spiritual kinship and a silent secret dialogue of man and nature. In these paintings, a person is not located naturally on the lap of nature, as the Staffezh in the classic landscape. He is always out of her, looks at her from the window, from the opening, from the terrace, but merged with the scenery differently - empathy, the generality of the spiritual state. Such is the "lady on the terrace" (1824), asked a look into a dawn dawn. Such is one of the most famous paintings of the Karusa "Moving in Barke through ELBU" (1827). From the dark space of the indoor Barka, the eyes of a young elegant girl sitting here, we look at the river and shining away on the opposite shore, dissolving in the sunlight of the landscape with the silhouette of Dresden and penetrate it with the state of joyful expectation, gust from darkness to light, from everyuality to the miracle. Finally, one of the most peculiar paintings of the car - "Terrace Brill in Dresden" (1830). Dusk. Wet fog. From the very fog, like a wonderful vision, a pointed silhouette of Dresden Hofkirhe arises. In the foreground in the parapet of the terraces - figures of the vagrants or wanderers: sitting, as if in a stupor, the baked old man, whose knees of which pressed the child, the dog lies at their legs. Grezzing man, and the city is immersed in fog, as in a dream. At this hour, they seem to merge with each other in no one who did not know the mute conversation, full of secret meaning.
A special topic is woven into painting a car motif of art, creativity. Picture "Balcony in Naples" (1829-1830) Something reminds "Moving through the Elbe": from the room, through the open balcony door, we see the city flooded with the sun on the other side of the bay. It seems not enough only one person - looking into this distance; True, there is no man here, but there is his song - the violin set at the door itself. There is also no man and on another picture of the artist's workshop in the lunar light (1826). The light squares of the window on the transparent curtain are crossed out with a dark silhouette of easel and turbulent. And no more contrasts, everything is immersed in the enveloping MGLU, rest. It is felt that unclear, vague, but a tense-spiritual state, in which the images are born while they sleep the mind and the will of the artist. Few people managed to transfer with such a power to the mysterious atmosphere of creativity than this scientist-naturalist, a professor and a philosopher, which touched and turned into an artist a spiritual rush of romanticism.

Franz von Stuck (him. Franz Von Stuck; February 23, 1863, Tettenweiss - August 30, 1928, Munich) - German painter and sculptor.
The son of a rustic miller, Franz von pieces studied at the Royal School of Arts and Crafts in Munich, and then in the Munich Academy of Arts. The background of the pieces was fond of new art technicians and genres and together with Wilhelm Trubner founded Munich Special Special Council in 1892.
Since 1895, the professor of the Academy of Arts, among his students - Vasily Kandinsky, Paul Clee, Josef Hengge, Georg Kars, Paul Gllyreiter and Heinrich Shtrinffler. In 1906, Franz von pieces received a noble title. In one row with Franz, the background of Lenbach and Friedrich Augustus, Caulbach, the background of the pieces of the Munich School of Fine Arts is a bright representative of the Munich School of Fine Art.
Inspired by the works of Arnold Böhlin, pieces wrote soaring-unreal pictures on the plots from the world of fantasies and allegories, symbolic images, such as his "sin" (1893) and "War" (1894). Many of its large-format works are distinguished by an ambiguous erotic atmosphere. Pictures background of the thing, depicting often naked women's and men's bodies, received an unusually strong artistic perception with a slightly "hysterical" feature in the Victorian era.

The most famous artist in Germany of the end of the XIX - early XX century was the landscape of Hans Toma (Hans Thoma). He painted naturally and simply, mainly the Schwarzvald - a forest array in the south of Germany, with whom a number of myths and legends of German folklore are associated. Contemporaries called him the greatest German artist, and Adolf Hitler and considered Tom the greatest artist of all times and peoples. A dozen streets and squares were named after his name in German cities, and he was honored during his lifetime.
After 1945, the glory of Hans Tom began to rapidly flicker, and today his canvas are rather skeptical smile, rather than delight, if someone else remembers about them.

Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (It. Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix, December 2, 1891, Gera, Thuringia, German Empire - July 25, 1969, Zingen, Baden, Germany) - German expressionist artist and schedule, author emotionally tense capable of shocking paintings.
Avant-gardeist, in the 1920s was associated with Dadaism and expressionism. Along with George Gross Dix was a representative of the so-called "new substance". Dix canvases are distinguished by social and pacifist motives, painful spiritual quest.
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Death and war go hand in hand. These are two best girlfriends. One prepares the field for a well-honed braid. If you agree with the thesis that the history of mankind is the history of wars, then the latter is one of the important and influential means of human interaction. The phenomenon of war is reflected in ideological constructs, political dinner, in philosophical treatises and debates, and of course in the mirror of the visual art.
For a long time, death in the war was made to depict the heroic, clean, symbolic. But, all the shifts on its path, the striking machine guns, grinding thousands of guns, chlorine clouds and tracked monsters in the history of mankind, the First World War broke. She thoroughly changed the whole world, changed the attitude of people to the war itself and the perception of death on it. Naturally, a primary role in creating and disseminating new meanings on this occasion was played (not counting the very first world, which was involved in millions of people throughout the world) media and art. Of course, Romans and Hemingway immediately come to the mind, which largely determined the attitude towards war in the mass consciousness of the modern "civilized world". We will talk about another representative of the generation that made the world war, but not related to literary creativity.
War and death by the eyes of the German artist-expressionist Otto Dix ... His painting still excites the mass of disputes and is susceptible to the most original interpretations. The military series of the etchings, published in 1924 (a few more works on the topic of war were written in the 1930s, for example, the Triptych "War" 1929-1932), the artist plans on the front, making sketches in the endless trenches of the Western Front (on which "nothing new", if literally translate the name of the famous Roman remark). Like many young men of his generation, which yielded to the member of Ernst Junger "Hmel War", Otto goes to the front volunteer. Later he explains its decision with natural curiosity: "Obviously, I'm just too curious. I had to see all this - hunger, lice, dirt and other abominations. I had to experience these terrible depths of life on myself, that's why I went to war voluntarily. " All this Dix saw enough, involved in the whirlpool of "Big War", he fights long four years, gets wound and iron cross. And this image complements another interesting fact: he passed the whole war with Tomik Nietzsche and the Bible. At the front, it is guided not only by the military charter, but also by the instructions of Nietzsche for artists: "I have a terrible and controversial thing there is an instinct of will and the grandeur of the artist, he should not be afraid of this."
The horror-free soul, the inevitability and sense of constant presence of death - that is what characterizes the work of the Dix military series. At the same time, death in his works is always disgusting and grieved with his ordinary.
War and her companion - Death in the universe Otto Dix appears in front of us an incredible cataclysm, the elements that does not spare anyone, turns the consciousness and immerses the state of the dope and the unreality of what is happening. Death ceases to be out of a series of outgoing an event, loses her heroic halo and is exposed to the level of ordness and appears before us in the most unsightly light.
In the third Reich, Dix works were recognized as "degenerative" and "degenerate." He is expelled from the Dresden Academy. The artist was destined to get to the war again. At the age of 53, Otto Dix was called in Volkssturm (People's Militia) in 1945. But he had to participate in the battles not long, just a few days. After he captures the French troops and will be released only in 1946. D. Zhodynev: "Otto Dix: Death and War"

Richard Müller (1874-1954) - Professor of the Dresden Art Academy from 1900 to 1935.
With the coming to power of the Nazis, he was removed from office, because He was married to the American singer Lilian Sanderson, who did not refuse American citizenship.

Sasha Schneider , Karl Alexander Schneider (him. Sascha Schneider, Karl Alexander Schneider, September 21, 1870, St. Petersburg - August 18, 1927, Sveteynde, now Swinoujscie) - German Artist's Artist, famous for the Romans of Karla May. The early years of the future artist passed in St. Petersburg. After the death of his father, Mother moved along with children to Dresden. In 1881, Schneaders settled in Zurich. Karl Alexander studied in the gymnasium, and then at the Academy of Fine Arts in Dresden. In 1903, he met Carl Mahe, engaged in illustrating his books. From 1904 - Art school teacher in Weimar. Due to the threats of the humor, to reveal his homosexual inclinations, pursued by the German laws, moved to Italy, where such inclinations did not follow the number of crimes. Traveled, including - in the Caucasus. Suffered diabetes. He wants to drink on the ship approaching the leader, by mistake drank a poisonous stainover. He was buried in a hosjor - now Dresden.

Oskar Zwintscher.

Oscar Zwinccher (It. Oskar Zwintscher; May 2, 1870, Leipzig - February 12, 1916, Dresden) - German symbolist artist.
Son of the musical teacher Bruno Zwincher, Brother Pianist Rudolph Zwincher. Artistic education received at the Academy of Arts of Leipzig (1887-1890) and - under the leadership of Leon Field and Ferdinand Puvels - at the Academy of Arts Dresden (1890-1892). After the end of study, for three years, he lives as a free artist in Meissen, receiving a scholarship from the Mkelch Foundation for Saxon artists. In 1898, first puts his work on a wide review by winning the chocolate magnate Prize Ludwig Tonglomka. In 1898, a series of its works "Seasons" is published, in 1900 she follows the "bad weather" series. In 1904, he himself is a member of the Committee on the award of awards from the "Manufacturer of Chocolate, Cocoa and Champagne Firm Stolmk". Since 1903, the artist is a professor of the Dresden Academy of Arts.
The Zwincher canvas imitate the painting of the painting of the Staroneese Masters - Lucas Kranech-senior, Hans Golbaine Jr. and others. Great influence on his work was provided by German symbolists: Arnold Böklin, Ludwig Richter, Moritz von Schwind. He discharged her work thoroughly until the smallest details; He was a principled opponent of impressionism. I was a close friend of the artist and sculptor Sasha Schneider, who owns the authorship of the creation of the sculpture of the Efeka with a torch installed on the grave of O. Tsvincher at the Hosjor Cemetery in Dresden.

Of great importance in the work of Klinker was held by the schedule in which he was a virtuoso master and which he in his book "Painting and drawing", released in 1891, gives special, independent importance in the display of the outside world. At the same time, Klinger believed that the schedule would tend to transmit demonic-dark aspects of life adequately expressed in a linear and contrasting manner, which makes it possible to consider Klinger as one of the foremost surrealists. The image of the "cycles" of action with the image of the fantastic-symbolistic imaginary realities, Klinger himself compared with the musical work ("opus"). The painting itself remained for the artist with a realistic-positive means of expression. Under the special influence of Klinger was Puwa de Chavann, who created a series of allegorical, monumental works of wall painting in Paris. His goal in art, Klinger saw the unification of painting, plastics and architecture. Write-written religious paintings show influence on the Master of the Italian Renaissance.
"I live in myself and walking between the reflexes of my eyes: gas lights - mirrors - people." Klinger, who wrote this sentence of 1883 in his diary, absorbed everything surrounding him, eyes. Painting was in his representation to the means holding the "external world". Fantasy could only be expressed in the drawing and engraving. In this sense, Klinger worked in both technicians, to whom he later added the talent of the sculptor. The outside world and the inner world excited him equally, and he saw them always as opposites.

Death and beauty
An Die Schonheit. At the shore of the sea, on a flowering meadow, high trees spun in lace patterns. Exactly dreams of a desert land, they are ascended to the sky and listen to the gentle noises of the surf. There, in a junk sunny day, a man came and saw that the world was beautiful. He fell on his knees and began to pray, closing his face with his hands. And the tears flowed out of his eyes, the irreparable tears of delight and flour before mystery beauty. The one who adored the nature who was given to all the gusts of the heart and the thoughts of the great charm of her incomprehensibility - will understand why this reconciling chord graduated from Max Klinger's last series of his etchings: "On death".
Death…
None of the modern artists came to thinking about death more often and focusing by Klinger. Nobody delve deeper into the silence of otherworldly rock, the horror of people.
Death. She does not know the mercy. She is at the end of all roads. Her inexorable proximity equates all lots. Happy and suffering, wise and insane. It is equally insignificant to her: and the warrior, tempting the ghost of glory, and the Lord in Gold and Purple, dying as a slave at the foot of the lush throne, and the sailor, abandoned the beard on the rocks, and the girl behind the work on the hometown, and the child in the cradle, near the mother , carelessly asleep on the bench, near the evening pond ...
Death lies everywhere. She has a thousand forms and symbols. She sneaks towards a person when he least expects himself and when it was tired of waiting, - ruthless, mute death, then mockingly evil, as a skeleton in the monastic robe, as a flock of crows, tearing into hospital quarters, then sad-silent, like a white angel ...
And the artist insists on the prophest images stubbornly, methodically, with the ruthless refinement of the one who does not spare others, because he does not spare herself. These death engravings alternate before us, the finished, inevitable, as if the vision of the "Melancholy" Durera, who reads the word Vanitas in the sky, and the poetry of insane sadness and silence, resembling rows of Village:
JE SUIS UN BERCEAU
QU "UNE MAIN BALANCE
Au Fond Definite "Un Caveau.
Silence, Silence ...
But does this mean that death refutation of life? Does this mean that people should indulge in despair waiting for the last hour?
Not. It is necessary to overcome the sorrowful knowledge about the terrible, inevitable end. The artist tells us: "Scary forms of death, but death itself." No, because there is something stronger than the truth of death, is the truth of beauty.
Beauty wins death. In the rays of the beauty of the Spirit man comes to eternity. In beauty - his premonition about the incomprehensible communication of the earthly being - weak, temporary, random with the original and incredit health, which he calls: the Universe.
So reveals the meaning of this prayer. The same prayer sounds in all the works of Klinger. That is why the majority of its works can make such strict peace, such a solemn brief, despite the predominance of gloomy melodies.
(from)


wiki.

Back Into Nothingness, Plate Fifteen From A Life
Peeing Death (Der Pinkelden Tod)
Untitled.

Karl Wilhelm Difenbach (It. Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach; February 21, 1851, Hadamar - December 15, 1913, Capri) - German artist, representative of symbolism and modern style. The founder was also known as a public figure, the founder of the communal settlement of Himmelhof in Ober-Saint Feit.
Life and art
Karl Difenbach was born in the artist's family, teacher drawing in the gymnasium, Leonard Difenbach. He studied painting in the Munich Academy of Arts, originally was under the creative influence of Arnold Böhklin and Franz von pieces. The paintings created by Karl Difenbach began to be fame back in his youth.
Overgames in a heavy form of a typhoid, the artist became a disabled person - his right hand remained crippled. Since Carl Difenbach believed that only the return to the natural, close to nature lifestyle and natural products could cure it, it falls under the influence of the popularizers known in Germany in Germany and Eduard Balzer. In 1881, difenbach also rustles with the official church. Closed in a risse and sandals, he preached his teaching in Munich.
The main ideas of Karl Difenbach were as follows: to live in accordance with the laws of nature, the refusal of monogamy, vegetarianism, the rejection of any religion, more movement in the fresh air and reverence of the naked body. All this caused ridicule of contemporaries, called Diphenbach "Apostol Kohlrabi". After the police took him under surveillance, the artist leaves Munich and justifies in an abandoned quarry. The Assistant is becoming a young artist Hugo Höptpener ("Fidus"). The joint work is a big frieze through thorns to the stars (Per Aspera Ad Astra). In 1892, Difenbach exposes his work in Vienna. This exposition had a stunning success and made his name known, but due to the fraud of the leadership of the Austrian Art Society, Difenbach lost all his paintings. After this catastrophe, the artist leaves to Egypt, where the ancient Egyptian temples study. Then, in order to return its web, he returns to Vienna in 1897, it is planning a publication of Humanitas magazine here and organizes a new big exhibition. The artist finds support among the intellectual elite of the Austrian capital, including pathetists Berth von Zutner and Publicist Michael Conrad. Difenbach is justified in the settlement of Himmelhof near Vienna, and about 20 of his students will settle with it there. Among them were artists, Konstantinos Parthenis and Gustav Glower, as well as the defender of animal rights Magnus Shvarta.
In his "teaching", Karl Difenbach was clearly inconsistent. In the colonies, Himmelhof he did numerous crossings, lived at the same time with two "wives", and at the same time, the disciples demanded modesty and complete submission. He personally controlled the correspondence of each of them. After the year of the existence of the Commune, Difenbach went to the island of Capri, where there was a large artist's fame, while in his homeland his work was oblivious. Died on Capri due to the wardrobe.

Karl Friedrich Lessing (It. Karl Friedrich Lessing; February 15, 1808, Breslau - June 5, 1880, Karlsruhe) - German artist of the romantic direction.

Fredinand Keller (1842-1922) - "Grave Becklin"

Wilhelm Scheuchzer "Der Alte Südfriedhof" 1830

Rudolf Wiegmann. Das Grab Des Lederfabrikanten Söhlmann Auf Dem St.-Nicolai-Kirchhof in Hannover. IN DEM AQUARELL VON 1835

Franz Reinhold

Marie Egner "Alter Friedhof C1883-1884"

Peter Heinrich Happel

Kapelle Im Mondschein by Fritz Von Wille, 1912

CARL STRATHMANN (1866-1939)

Max Wislicenus (1861-1957)

Ferdinand Staeger (1880-1976)

Rudolf Schiestl. (August 8, 1878, Würzburg - November 30, 1931, Nuremberg) - German painter, engraver, artist-glassware and one of the pioneers of expressionism. Engravings from the Basel Death series (about 1910) are based on the folk medieval song of 1539, 8 engravings by 7 versions. The song is on how a young man from Basel married an old woman who "drove" on the third day, then he went to the cemetery and asked death to pick up a grumpy woman. When he returned, the wife already died. A young man harness horses and taped a dead old woman in a cemetery, where the grave was already ready, in which she had to shut up forever. After that, he returned home and took his young wife, who beat him on the third day. Well, he pulled the death: "It would be better if old!"

In the art of Germany, the end of the 19th century was marked by the origin and development of various currents. Modern style, who received a particularly widespread style, finds its expression not only in architecture and applied art, but also in painting and in the chart, often closed with decadent, the reaction course of symbolism. On the path of symbolism, such German artists develop as Franz pieces (1863-1928), Max Klinger (1857-1920) and the Swiss Arnold Becklin (1827-1901) lived in Germany. Conscious isolation from modern public life, care of the world of distracted, mystical ideas, the appeal to the contiguous fantastic or literary plots is characteristic, although in varying degrees, for the work of these artists. The nerve expressivity of the images, the complicated form of expression is often combined in their work with dryness and naturalistic care. Ornamental decorativeness and deliberate complexity of compositions and drawings indicate the proximity of these artists to Modern style. Conditional, marked by the features of painful gang, the art of symbolists was at the end of the 19th century the most striking expression of the crisis of the bourgeois culture of Germany.
Impressionism. Max Lieberman. In the late 1880s - early 1890s, significant development receives impressionism in the art of Germany. The largest artist who joined the flow was Max Lieberman (1847-1935). At the beginning of his creative path, he developed the traditions of the realistic art of Mentsell in portraits and genre paintings. In the latter, he depicted mostly folk life, often scenes of labor. They differed in the realism of the interpretation, the democratic nature of the images ("workshop of the shoemaker", 1881, Berlin, National Gallery; "Cooking Canned", 1880, Leipzig, Museum). Later, since the beginning of the 1890s, Lieberman becomes predominantly by the Life-Festival of secular society, especially by reading the various scenes outdoors. In the interpretation they should decide and receiving French impressionists.
The most famous German impressionists also include a painter and a graph of Corint (1858-1925).

It is more than beautiful pictures, this is a reflection of reality. In the works of great artists, you can see how the world and consciousness of people changed.

Art is also an attempt to create an alternative reality where you can hide from the horrors of your time, or the desire to change the world. The art of the XX century rightly occupies a special place in history. People who lived and worked in those days have survived social shocks, war, unprecedented science development; And all this found a fingerprint on their canvases. Artists of the 20th century took part in creating a modern vision of the world.

Someone's names are still pronounced with a swim, and someone's unfairly forgotten. Someone had such a controversial creative way that we still could not give him an unequivocal assessment. This review is devoted to the greatest artists of the 20th century. Camille Pisarro- French painter. An outstanding representative of impressionism. The artist's work was influenced by John Consthebla, Camille Coro, Jean Francois Mill.
Born on July 10, 1830 in the city of Saint-Thomas, died on November 13, 1903 in Paris.

Hermitage in Pontoise, 1868

Operable passage in Paris, 1898

Sunset in Varenzhville, 1899

Edgar Degas -french homeward, one of the greatest impressionists. At the work of the degi, the influence of Japanese graphics was born on July 19, 1834 in Paris, died on September 27, 1917 in Paris.

Absinttle, 1876.

Star, 1877.

Breathable woman, 1885

Paul Cezanne -french artist, one of the greatest postsionism representatives. In his work, it was striving for the disclosure of harmony and equilibrium of nature. His creativity had a huge influence on the worldview of the artists of the 20th century.
Born on January 19, 1839 in the city of Ex-en-Provence, France, died on October 22, 1906 in ex-en-Provence.

Games, 1893.

Modern Olympia, 1873

Still life with turtles, 1900

Claude Monet - Outstanding French painter. One of the founders of impressionism. In his works, Monet was striving to convey the wealth and saturation of the world. For its late period, decolation and
For the late period of MONE creativity, decolation is characterized, increasing dissolution of the subject forms in sophisticated combinations of color spots.
Born on November 14, 1840 in Paris, died on December 5, 1926 in the belly.

Rock Welk in Purville, 1882

After Lunch, 1873-1876

Erthet, Sunset, 1883

Archka Queenji -famous Russian artist, master of landscape painting. Early lost his parents. From an early age, love for painting began to manifest. The work of the Archproun is a great influence on Nikolai Roerich.
Born on January 15, 1841 in Mariupol, died on July 11, 1910 in St. Petersburg.

Volga, 1890-1895

"North", 1879

"View of the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye", 1882

Pierre Auguste Renoir -french artist, schedule, sculptor, one of the prominent representatives of impressionism. Also known as a master of a secular portrait. Auguste Roden became the first impressionist who became popular among wealthy Parisians.
Born on February 25, 1841 in Limoges France, died on December 2, 1919 in Paris.

Art Bridge in Paris, 1867

Ball in Moulin de la Gaette, 1876

Zhanna Samari, 1877

Paul Gajen - French artist, sculptor-ceramist, schedule. On a par with a field of Cesan and Vincent Van Goghom is one of the most prominent representatives of postmingness. The artist lived in poverty, because his paintings were not in demand.
Born on June 7, 1848 in Paris, died on May 8, 1903 on the island of Hiva-Oa, French Polynesia.

Breton Landscape, 1894

Breton village in the snow, 1888

Are you jealous? 1892.

Saints Day, 1894

Vasily Kandinsky -russian and German artist, poet, theorist of art. It is considered one of the leaders of the avant-garde of the 1st half of the 20th century. It is among the founders of abstract art.
Born on November 22, 1866 in Moscow, died on December 13, 1944 in the town of Neu-sur-Sene, France.

Couple traveling riding on horse, 1918

PEST LIFE, 1907

Moscow 1, 1916

In gray, 1919

Henri Matisse -one of the greatest French artists and sculptors. One of the founders of the flow of walkers. In his work, it was striving for the transfer of emotions through color. At his work experienced the impact of the Islamic culture of Western Maghreb. Born on December 31, 1869 in the city of Le Kato, died on November 3, 1954 in the town of Symode.

Square in Saint-Tropez, 1904

Outlines notre-lads at night, 1902

Woman in hat, 1905

Dance, 1909.

Italian, 1919.

Portrait of Deleign, 1934

Nikolai Roerich - Russian artist, writer, scientist, mystic. For your life, more than 7000 paintings wrote. One of the outstanding cultural figures of the XX century, the founder of the "World through Culture" movement.
Born on October 27, 1874 in St. Petersburg, died on December 13, 1947 in the city of Kulu, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Overseas guests, 1901

Great Spirit Himalayev, 1923

Message Shambhala, 1933

Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin -russian artist, schedule, theorist, writer, teacher. It was one of the ideologues to reorganize art education in the USSR.
Born on November 5, 1878 in the city of Sharnsk Saratov Province, died on February 15, 1939 in Leningrad.

"1918 in Petrograd", 1920

"Playing boys", 1911

Swimming Red Kony, 1912

Portrait of Anna Ahmatova.

Kazimir Malevich - Russian artist, founder of Suprematism - directions in abstract art, teacher, art theorist and philosopher
Born on February 23, 1879 in Kiev, died on May 15, 1935 in Moscow.

Recreation (society in cylinders), 1908

"Peasants with buckets", 1912-1913

Black Suprematic Square, 1915

Suprematic painting, 1916

On Boulevard, 1903

Pablo Picasso - Spanish artist, sculptor, sculptor, designer ceramist. One of the founders of the cubism. Creativity Pablo Picasso had a significant impact on the development of painting of the 20th century. According to the results of the survey of readers of the Time magazine
Born on October 25, 1881 in the city of Malaga Spain, died on April 8, 1973 in Music, France.

Girl on a bowl, 1905

Portrait of Ambruz Vallora, 1910

Three Graces

Portrait of Olga

Dance, 1919.

Woman with flower, 1930

Amadeo Modiganiani - Italian artist, sculptor. One of the brightest representatives of expressionism. During his lifetime, had only one exhibition in December 1917 in Paris. Born on July 12, 1884 in the city of Livorno, Italy, died on January 24, 1920 from Tuberculosis. World recognition received posthumously global recognition received posthumously.

Cellist, 1909.

Spouses, 1917.

Joan Ebutern, 1918

Mediterranean landscape, 1918

Diego Rivera - Mexican painter, Mural, politician. He was a spouse Frida Calo. In their house, found a shelter for a short time Lion Trotsky.
Born on December 8, 1886 in Guanajuato, died on December 21, 1957 in Mexico City.

Notre Dame de beta in the rain, 1909

Woman at the well, 1913

Union of peasant and worker, 1924

Detroit Industry, 1932

Mark Shagal - Russian and french painter, schedule, illustrator, theater artist. One of the greatest representatives of Avangonds.
Born on June 24, 1887 in the city of Liozino, Mogilev province, died on March 28, 1985 in Saint-Paul-de-Provence.

Annie (sister portrait), 1910

Bride with fan, 1911

I and the village, 1911

Adam and Eve, 1912

Mark Rotko (Nast. Mark Rotkovich) is an American artist, one of the founders of abstract expressionism and the founder of painting the color field.
The first works of the artist were created in realistic spirit, however, then by the mid-40s Mark Rotko appeals to surrealism. By 1947, the most important fracture in the work of Mark Rotko happens, he creates its own style - abstract expressionism, which departs from subject elements.
Born on September 25, 1903 in the city of Dvinsk (now Daugavpils), died on February 25, 1970 in New York.

Untitled

Number 7 or 11

Orange and yellow

Salvador Dali - Painter, schedule, sculptor, writer, designer, director. Perhaps the most famous representative of surrealism and one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.
The author of the design of Chupa Chups.
Born on May 11, 1904 in the city of Figueras, Spain, died on January 23, 1989 in Spain.

Temptation of St. Anthony, 1946

Last Supper, 1955

Woman with heads from roses, 1935

My wife Gala, naked, looks at her body, 1945

Frida Kalo -mexican artist and schedule, one of the brightest representatives of surrealism.
Frida Kalo began to draw after the car accident, which was the result of a year chained to the bed for a year.
It was married to the famous Mexican artist-Communist Diego River. They didn't find a lion Trotsky in the house for a long time.
Born on July 6, 1907 in the city of Koyoacan, Mexico, died on July 13, 1954 in Koyoacan.

Hugs of Universal Love, Earth, I, Diego and Cathl, 1949

Moses (core of creation), 1945

Two Frida, 1939

Andy Warhole (Nasty. Andrei Varchol) - American artist, designer, director, producer, publisher, writer, collector. The founder of pop art, is of one of the most anti-cultivatic personalities in the history of culture. In the life of the artist, several films were shot.
Born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, died in 1963 in New York.

The biggest complaints to current artists at all times was not the fact that the art of their ugly and is incomprehensible. And the fact that artists are most often uneducated, impatient, do not know how to read books, and do not want to know that everything has already been invented before them; Only better, more beautiful and with a more slender aesthetic base. And the bright artists of the past on which they are oriented, there are no single in the skyscoon, but in the form of constellations.

For example, Joseph Bois treated the movement "New Wild", which in two related texts told Natalie Nikolenko . The first post is dedicated to, in fact, the movement and the story of what methods were guided by its representatives in finding expressive means. Here are the excerpts from it:

Since the 60s, the 20th century among European artists is aware of the interest in expressionism and FOVIZM, which has been reborn in the early 80s in the "New Wild" movement (the name reminds of vigors - "old wild"). The goal of the flow is based on the work of the older generation masters, to update the artistic vision, resorting to various means, even aesthetic shock.

Particularly consistent in the search for new expressive agents and those were German and Austrian artists who have been impulsive, emotionality, opposing conceptuality and hyperealism. Their painting, preserving figurativeness, is distinguished by peculiar "barbaric lyrics", includes a lot of mysterious signs, it is often closed with a graffiti style.

The exhibition held in Berlin in 1982, pursued a goal of looking at the artistic legacy of the past from the standpoint of postmodern culture. They wanted to free themselves through their art from repressive intelligence restrictions in art in the last decade. This desire was so intrusive that even in some German critical articles, the direction, new wild, is called "obsessive painting"
One of the most influential artists and theorists of postmodernism of the 20th century, a member of the 1982 exhibition in Berlin was Joseph Bois (it. Joseph Beuys, 1921-1986), a former Luftwaffe pilot, who visited Russian and English captivity, the former and dismissed Professor of the Dusseldorf Art Academy, left oppositionist adhered to anarcho-utopian principles

The second post is to continue the list of artists Neue Wilde, with an additional slideshow under psychedelic music:

The visiting cards of the German avant-garde of the beginning of the 20th century was expressionism and abstract painting, but then Germany lost not only a common-flower aesthetic context, but also lost in the period of national socialism of cultural continuity. The meaning of "Wild", the post-war generation of Western German artists - representatives of neo -expressionism, in the fact that they returned to European art lost in the post-war period world glory, which pulled to the time to American abstract expressionism. The "new wild" phenomenon is the synthesis of German expressionism regenerated at the new historical stage, abstract painting and American abstract expressionism with certain allusions on romantic traditions in German culture. It can be called with confidence with an epochable event of the history of the XX century culture.

We will continue our story about several "new wild" - leading representatives, in my opinion, of this direction in painting.

Hans_peter_adamski (Hans_peter_adamski, 1947), German artist and schedule, a bright representative of the "new wild" 80s in Cologne, studied in Münssell and Düsseldorf, 5 years traveled in India, Afghanistan and Indonesia, worked in Italy, France and the USA . Today he works at the Academy of Fine Arts in Dresden.