Ecology problems related to water. Environmental Pollution: Environmental Problems of Nature

15.10.2019

Water is the most valuable natural resource. Its role is to participate in the process of exchanging all substances that are the basis of any vital form. It is impossible to imagine the activities of industrial, agricultural enterprises without water use, it is indispensable in human household life. Water is necessary for all: people, animals, plants. For someone, it is a habitat.

The rapid development of human life, the unanimicious use of resources led to the fact thatcOLOGICAL PROBLEMS (water pollution including) became too sharp. Their decision stands in mankind in the first place. Scientists, environmentalists of the whole world beat the alarm and are trying to find a solution to the world problem

Sources of water pollution

The causes of pollution are quite a lot, and does not always blame the human factor. Natural cataclysms also harm with pure water bodies, violate environmental equilibrium.

The most common sources of water pollution are considered:

Industrial, household wastewater. The system of purification from chemical harmful substances, they, falling in the pond, provoke an ecological catastrophe.

Tertiary cleaning. Water is processed by powders, special compositions, multi-stage filtered, killing the harmful organisms and destroying other substances. Used for household needs of citizens, as well as in the food industry, in agriculture.

- radioactive water pollution

The main sources that pollute the world ocean include the following radioactive factors:

tests of nuclear weapons;
discharges of radioactive waste;
major accidents (ships with atomic reactors, Chernobyl
burial at the bottom of the oceans, the seas of radioactive waste.

Environmental problems and water pollution including directly related to infection with radioactive waste. For example, French and English atomic plants infected almost the entire North Atlantic. Our country has become the culprit of pollution of the Arctic Ocean. Three atomic underground reactors, as well as the production of Krasnoyarsk-26, climbed the largest River Yenisei. Obviously, radioactive foods fell into the ocean.

Worldwide pollution with radionuclides

The problem of pollution of the world's ocean is acute. Briefly list the most dangerous radionuclides falling into it: cesium-137; Cerium-144; strontium-90; niobium-95; yttrium-91. All of them have a high bioaccumulating ability, go on food chains and concentrated in marine organisms. This creates a danger of both human and hydrobionts.

The water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic seas is exposed to strong pollution of various sources of radionuclides. People carelessly dump dangerous waste into the ocean, thereby turning it into the dead. The man probably forgot that the ocean is the main wealth of the earth. It has powerful biological and mineral resources. And if we want to survive, you must urgently take action on its salvation.

Ways Solutions

Rational water consumption, protection against pollution - the main tasks of humanity. Ways to solve environmental problems on water pollution lead to the fact that, first of all, much attention should be paid to the discharges of hazardous substances in the river. In an industrial scale, it is necessary to improve technologies for wastewater treatment. In Russia, it is necessary to introduce a law that has increased charge charges. The proceeds should be sent to the development and construction of new environmental technologies. For the smallest emissions, the fee must be reduced, it will serve as a motivation to the preservation of a healthy environmental situation.

The growing of the younger generation is played in solving environmental problems. From the early years it is necessary to teach children to respect, love for nature. Insolve that the Earth is our big house, for the order in which every person is responsible. Water must be preserved, not pouring it mindlessly, try so that foreign objects and harmful substances will not fall into the sewage system.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I want to say thatecological problems of Russia and water pollution worry, perhaps everyone. Thoughtless wasting of water resources, the litter of rivers by various garbage led to the fact that in nature there are quite a bit clean, safe corners.Environmentalists have become much more vague, multiple measures are being taken to restore order in the environment. If each of us thinks about the consequences of our barbaric, consumer relationship, the situation can be corrected. Only Mankind will be able to save the reservoirs, the world ocean and, possibly, the life of future generations.

Pollution of water is a decrease in its quality as a result of getting into rivers, streams, lakes, seas and oceans of various physical, chemical or biological substances. Pollution of water has many reasons.

Wastewater

Industrial estates containing inorganic and organic waste are often descended in the rivers and the sea. Every year thousands of chemicals fall into water sources, which are not known to the environment in advance. Hundreds of these substances are new connections. Although industrial drains are in many cases subjected to pre-clean, they still contain toxic substances that are difficult to detect.

Household wastewater containing, for example, synthetic detergents in the end fall into the rivers and the sea. Fertilizers, washed from the surface of the soil, fall into the drains leading to the lakes and seas. All these reasons lead to strong water pollution, especially in closed lake pools, bays and fjords.

Solid waste. If there are a large amount of suspended solids in water, they make it opaque for sunlight and thus prevent photosynthesis process in water basins. This in turn causes violations in the power chain in such basins. In addition, solid waste causes draining rivers and shipping channels, which leads to the need for frequent dredging work.

Eutrophication. In industrial and agricultural wastewater, which fall into water sources, the content of nitrates and phosphates is great. This leads to the degree of closed reservoirs with fertile substances and causes a strengthened growth of the simplest algae microorganisms. Sine-green algae is particularly growing. But, unfortunately, it is inedible for most species of fish. The growth of algae leads to an absorption of more oxygen from water, which can naturally be formed in it. As a result, an increase in MIC such water occurs. Biological waste entering water, such as wood pulp or untreated sewer waters, also leads to an increase in MIC. Other plants and living beings cannot survive in such an environment. However, microorganisms capable of decaying dead vegetable and animal fabric are highly multiplied in it. These microorganisms absorb even more oxygen and form even more nitrates and phosphates. Gradually, in such a water reservoir, the number of plant and animal species is significantly reduced. Pisces are the most important victims of the process of what is happening. In the end, the decrease in oxygen concentration as a result of the growth of algae and microorganisms, decomposing dead fabric, leads to the aging of the lakes and their swallowing. This process is called eutrophication.

The classic example of Eutrophic is Lake Erie in the United States. For 25 years, nitrogen content in this lake rose by 50%, and the phosphorus content is 500%. The reason was mainly in the lake of household wastewater containing synthetic detergents. Synthetic detergents contain many phosphates.

Wastewater purification does not give the necessary effect, since it allows removed from water only solids and only a small share of nutrients dissolved in it.

Toxicity of inorganic waste. The reset of industrial wastewater in the river and the sea leads to an increase in the concentration of toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium, mercury and lead. The essential part is absorbed or adsorbed by certain substances, and it is sometimes called the self-cleaning process. However, in closed basins, heavy metals can reach dangerous high levels.

The most famous case of this kind occurred in the Bay of Minamata in Japan. In this bay, industrial wastewater was reset, containing methyl mercury acetate. As a result, mercury began to fall into the power circuit. She was absorbed by algae who eaten mollusks; Molluscs were fed fish, and the fish was used in food by the local population. The mercury content in the fish was so high that it led to the emergence of children with congenital deformities and deaths. This disease received the name of Minaamata's disease.

Great concern is also raised to increase the level of nitrates observed in drinking water. It is expressed that the high content of nitrates in water can lead to the occurrence of gastric cancer and cause increased infant mortality.

However, the problem of water pollution and its unsanitary state is not limited to developing countries. The fourth part of the entire Mediterranean coast is considered dangerous polluted. According to the report on the pollution of the Mediterranean Sea, published in 1983, within the framework of the UN Environmental Protection Program, the use of molluscs and lobster foods is unsafe for health. In this region, typhoid, parasip, dysentery, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are distributed, periodically arose cholera flashes. Most of these diseases are caused by a discharge into a sea of \u200b\u200buntreated wastewater. According to the available estimates, 85% of the waste from 120 coastal cities is reset to the Mediterranean Sea, in which there are holidaymakers and local residents. Between Barcelona and Genoa, approximately 200 tons of discharged waste per year account for each mile of the coastline per year.

Pesticides.

The most toxic pesticides are halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, such as DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls. Although DDT is prohibited for use in many countries, in other countries, it still continues to be applied, and approximately 25% of the amount of this substance used reaches the sea. Unfortunately, these halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons are chemically stable and not decomposed by microorganisms. Therefore, they accumulate in the power chain. DDT can destroy everything alive on the scale of whole river basins; He also prevents the breeding of birds.

Oil leakage

Only in the United States annually occurs approximately 13,000 cases of oil leakage. In the sea water annually falls up to 12 million tons of oil. In the UK, annually poured into a sewage system over 1 million tons of used engine oil.

Oil spilled in marine water has many unfavorable effects on the life of the sea. First of all, the birds are dying, drown, overheat in the sun or are deprived of food. Oil blinds animal-sealers living in water, Nerpen. It reduces the permeability of light into closed reservoirs and can increase the water temperature. This is especially detrimental to organisms capable of exist only in a limited temperature range. Oil contains toxic components, such as aromatic hydrocarbons, which are destructive effect on some forms of water life, even in such concentrations as several million dollars.

O.V. Mosin

Introduction

1. The essence of the problem of pure water

1.1 Reducing freshwater reserves

1.2 Pollution of water with household, agricultural and industrial runoff

1.3 Water Heat Pollution

1.4 Oil pollution of the World Ocean

1.5 Other water pollution

2. Possible solutions

2.1 Water purification

2.2 Reuse of water

2.3 Malt Waters

Conclusion

List of sources used

application

Introduction

You can, perhaps, say that

purpose of man as if

is to

destroy your race

after making a globe

unsuitable for habitat.

J.-B. Lamarc

Once people were content with the water, which they found in rivers, lakes, streams and wells. But with the development of industry and the growth of the population, there was a need for much more carefully to manage water supply in order to avoid harm to human health and environmental damage.

Formerly, an inexhaustible resource - fresh clean water - becomes exhausted. Today, water suitable for drinking, industrial production and irrigation is lacking in many parts of the world. Already, due to dioxin pollution of water bodies in Russia, 20 thousand people die every year.

The topic chosen by me is currently relevant more than ever, because if we are not, then our children will definitely protect the effect of anthropogenic environmental pollution. However, if during the problem and follow the paths of its solution, the environmental disaster can be avoided.

The purpose of this work is to get acquainted with the problem of clean water as a global environmental problem. Significant attention will be paid to reasons, environmental consequences and possible ways to solve this problem.

1. The essence of the problem of pure water

Among the chemical compounds with which the person has to face in his daily life, water is probably the most common and at the same time the strangest. Her amazing properties have always attracted the attention of scientists, and in recent years they have become in addition and reason for a variety of accurate speculation. Water is not a passive solvent, as it is considered, is an active acting person in molecular biology; When freezing, it expands, and does not decrease in the volume as most of the liquids, reaching the highest density at 4 ° C. So far, none of theoretics working on the overall theory of liquids approached the description of its strange properties.

Separate mention is worthy of weak hydrogen bonds, thanks to which the water molecules form quite complex structures for a short time. Many noise has made a published in 2004 in the Science magazine Lars Petterson (Lars Pettersson) and his colleagues from Stockholm University (Stockholm University). In particular, it was argued that each water molecule is associated with hydrogen bonds in accuracy with two others. Because of this, there are chains and rings, the length of the order of hundreds of molecules. It is on this path that researchers hope to find a rational explanation of water oddities.

But for the inhabitants of our planet, the water is primarily interesting to the water: without clean drinking water, they will simply be cleaned, and the availability of it over the years is becoming increasingly problematic. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) currently, 1.2 billion people do not have it in the required quantity, millions of people die annually from diseases caused by substances dissolved in water. In January 2008, at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008), which was held in Switzerland, was argued that by 2025 the population of more than half of the world will experience a lack of clean water, and by 2050 - 75%.

The problem of the cleavage is coming from all sides: for example, scientists suggest that in the next 30 years, the melting of glaciers (one of the main stocks of fresh water on Earth) will lead to strong jumps in the level of many large rivers, such as Brahmaputra, Gang, Huangha, which will deliver One and a half billion inhabitants of Southeast Asia, threatening the lack of drinking water. At the same time, water consumption is already now, for example, from the Juanhe River is so great that it periodically does not reach the sea.

1.1 Reducing fresh reserveswater

Freshwater resources exist thanks to the eternal cycle of water. As a result of evaporation, a giant volume of water is formed, reaching 525 thousand km3 per year. 86% of this amount falls on the salted waters of the World Ocean and the inland seas - Caspian, Aralsky, etc.; The rest evaporates on land, and half due to the transpiration of moisture by plants. Every year a layer of water is evaporated with a thickness of about 1250 mm. Part of it again falls out of precipitation into the ocean, and the part is transferred to the winds to the land and here feeds rivers and lakes, glaciers and groundwater. The natural distiller is powered by the energy of the Sun and selects about 20% of this energy.

Only 2% of the hydrosphere falls on fresh water, but they are constantly renewed. Resumption rate and determines resources available to humanity. Most of fresh water (85%) focused in the ice of polar zones and glaciers. The speed of water exchange is less than in the ocean, and is 8,000 years. Sushi surface waters are updated approximately 500 times faster than in the ocean. Even faster, about 10-12 days, the water of rivers are updated. The greatest practical importance for humanity has freshwater rivers.

Rivers have always been a source of fresh water. But in the modern era, they began to transport waste. Waste on the catchment area of \u200b\u200brivers flows flow into the sea and oceans. Most of the river water used is returned to rivers and water bodies in the form of wastewater. Until now, the growth of sewage treatment plants has lagged from the growth of water consumption. And at first glance this is the root of evil. In fact, everything is much more serious. Even with the most perfect purification, including biological, all dissolved inorganic substances and up to 10% of organic pollutants remain in purified wastewater. Such water can again become suitable for consumption only after repeated dilution with clean natural water. And here for a person, the ratio of the absolute amount of wastewater, at least the purified, and water flow of rivers is important.

The global water balance showed that all types of water use are spent 2,200 km of water per year. The dilution of wastewater is almost 20% of freshwater resources of the world. Calculations for 2000 under the assumption that water consumption standards decrease, and cleaning will cover all wastewater, showed that it will still need 30-35 thousand km3 of fresh water to dilute wastewater. This means that the resources of full global river flow will be close to exhaustion, and in many parts of the world they have already been exhausted. After all, 1 km3 of purified wastewater "spoils" 10 km3 river water, and not purified - 3-5 times more. The amount of fresh water does not decrease, but its quality drops sharply, it becomes not suitable for consumption.

Humanity will have to change the water use strategy. The need for isolate the anthropogenic water cycle from natural. Almost this means the transition to closed water supply, on low-water or low-waste, and then on "dry" or waste-free technology, accompanied by a sharp decrease in water consumption and purified wastewater.

Freshwater reserves are potentially large. However, in any area of \u200b\u200bthe world they can exhausted due to irrational water use or pollution. The number of such places is growing, covering whole geographic areas. The need for water is not satisfied in 20% of the city and 75% of the rural population of the world. The volume of water consumed depend on the region and the standard of living and ranges from 3 to 700 liters per day per person.

Water consumption industry also depends on the economic development of this area. For example, in Canada, the industry consumes 84% \u200b\u200bof the total water intake, and in India - 1%. The water industry industries - steel, chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper and food. They leave almost 70% of all water spent in industry (see Appendix). On average in the world to industry, approximately 20% of the water consumed. The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture: it takes 70-80% of all fresh water. The irrigated agriculture occupies only 15-17% of the area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land, but gives half of all products. Almost 70% of cotton sowing in the world exists due to irrigation.

The total flow of the CIS (USSR) rivers for the year is 4720 km. But water resources are distributed extremely unevenly. In the most oblivion of regions where up to 80% of industrial products live and there are 90% of land suitable for agriculture, the share of water resources is only 20%. Many areas of the country are not sufficiently provided with water. It is the south and southeast of the European part of the CIS, the Caspian lowland, the south of Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, and some other regions of Central Asia, the south of Transbaikalia, Central Yakutia. The most secured water of the northern regions of the CIS, Baltic States, the mountainous regions of the Caucasus, Central Asia, Sayan and the Far East.

River stock varies depending on climate fluctuations. Human intervention in natural processes touched upon the river stock. In agriculture, most of the water returns to the river, but is consumed on the evaporation and formation of plant mass, since at photosynthesis hydrogen from water molecules goes into organic compounds. To regulate the flow of rivers that is not uniform during the year, 1500 reservoirs were built (they regulate up to 9% of all the drains). At the drain of the Far East, Siberia and the North of the European part of the country, man's economic activity has not yet affected. However, in the most expensive areas, it decreased by 8%, and in such rivers, like Terek, Don, Dniester and the Urals by 11-20%. Water drain decreased noticeably in the Volga, Syrdarya and Amu Durier. As a result, the inflow of water to the Azov Sea decreased - by 23%, to Aralsky - by 33%. The level of Aral fell by 12.5 m.

Limited and even scant in many countries, freshwater reserves are significantly reduced due to pollution. Typically, pollutants are divided into several classes depending on their nature, chemical structure and origin.

1.2 Water pollution by lifeagricultural andindustrial runoff.

Organic materials come from domestic, agricultural or industrial effluents. Their decomposition occurs under the action of microorganisms and is accompanied by consumption of oxygen dissolved in water. If the oxygen in water is sufficient and the amount of waste is small, then aerobic bacteria are quite quickly turning them into relatively harmless residues. Otherwise, aerobic bacteria activity is suppressed, the oxygen content drops sharply, rotting processes develop. When the oxygen content in water is below 5 mg per 1 liter, and in spawning areas - below 7 mg, many species of fish are dying.

Pathological microorganisms and viruses are contained in poorly processed or not at all processed sewer dockery and livestock farms. Finding into drinking water, pathogenic microbes and viruses cause various epidemic, such as salmonellosis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, etc. In developed countries, the spread of epidemics through public water supply is rare. Food can be infected, such as vegetables grown on the fields, which fell by sludge after cleaning household wastewater (from it. Schlamme is literally dirt). Water invertebrates, such as oysters or other mollusks, served from infected reservoirs often causes of abdominal outbreaks.

The nutrient elements, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, are enrolled in water bodies with household and agricultural wastewater. The increase in the content of nitrites and nitrates in surface and groundwater leads to contamination of drinking water and to the development of certain diseases, and the growth of these substances in water bodies causes them enhanced eutrophication (an increase in stocks of biogenic and organic substances, which is rapidly developed by plankton and algae, absorbing All oxygen in water).

The inorganic and organic substances also include compounds of heavy metals, petroleum products, pesticides (keriformicates), synthetic detergents (detergents), phenols. They enroll in water bodies with waste industry, domestic and agricultural wastewater. Many of them are not decomposed in the aquatic environment at all, or decompose very slowly and are able to accumulate in food chains.

An increase in bottom sediments belongs to one of the hydrological effects of urbanization. Their amount in rivers and water bodies is constantly increasing due to soil erosion as a result of improper agriculture, family information, as well as the registered river flow. This phenomenon leads to a violation of environmental equilibrium in water systems, bottom organisms are adversely.

1.3 Heat pollution of water

The source of thermal pollution is heated discrepancies of thermal power plants and industry. An increase in natural water temperature changes natural conditions for aquatic organisms, reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen, changes the rate of metabolism. Many inhabitants of rivers, lakes or reservoirs are dying, the development of others is suppressed.

A few decades ago, polluted waters were as if of the islands in a relatively clean natural environment. Now the picture has changed, solid arrays of contaminated territories were formed.

1.4 Petroleum pollutionWorldocean

Oil pollution of the World Ocean is undoubtedly the most common phenomenon. From 2 to 4% of the aqueous surface of the quiet and atlantic oceans is constantly covered with oil film. Up to 6 million tons of oil hydrocarbons comes to 6 million tons of petroleum hydrocarbons. Almost half of this amount is associated with the transportation and development of deposits on the shelf. Continental oil pollution enters the ocean through the river stock.

The rivers of the world annually put more than 1.8 million tons of petroleum products into marine and oceanic waters.

In the sea, petroleum pollution has various forms. It can cover the surface of the water with a thin film, and with spills, the thickness of the oil coating can be at first several centimeters. Over time, oil emulsion is formed in water or water in oil. Later there are lumps of severe oil fraction, oil units that are capable of swimming for a long time on the sea surface. Different petty animals are attached to the floating lumps of fuel oil, which felt fish and messenger whales eat. Together with them they swallow and oil. Some fish from this are dying, others are soaked in oil and become unsuitable for eating because of the unpleasant odor and taste. .

All components of oil toxic for marine organisms. Oil affects the structure of the marine animal community. With oil pollution, the ratio of species changes and their diversity is reduced. Thus, microorganisms emitted with oil hydrocarbons are abundantly developed, and biomass of these microorganisms of poisonous for many marine inhabitants. It has been proven that a very dangerous long chronic effect of even small oil concentrations. At the same time, the primary biological productivity of the sea is gradually falling. Oil has another unpleasant cell. Its hydrocarbons can dissolve a number of other pollutants, such as pesticides, heavy metals, which, together with oil, are concentrated in the near-surface layer and even more poisoning it. The aromatic fraction of oil contains substances of mutagenic and carcinogenic nature, such as benzpins. Numerous evidence has been obtained numerous evidence of mutagenic effects of a polluted marine environment. Benzpins actively circulates on marine food chains and enters into the food of people.

The greatest amounts of oil are concentrated in a thin surface layer of sea water, which plays a particularly important role for various aspects of the ocean life. Many organisms are concentrated in it, this layer plays the role of "kindergarten" for many populations. Surface oil films violate gas exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. We undergo changes to the processes of dissolution and isolation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, heat exchange, changes the reflectivity (albedo) of sea water.

Most of all suffering from the poultry oil, especially when coastal waters are polluted. Oil gluits the operenses, it loses heat insulating properties, and, in addition, a bird that is poured into oil cannot float. Birds freeze and drown. Even the cleaning of feathers with solvents does not allow you to save all the victims. The remaining inhabitants of the sea suffer less. Numerous studies have shown that oil that fell into the sea does not create a constant nor long-term danger to organisms living in water and does not accumulate in them, so it is excluded in the food chain in person.

According to the latest data, significant damage to the FLORE and the fauna can be applied only in some cases. For example, much more dangerous crude oil made of oil produced from it - gasoline, diesel fuel and so on. Havingals are dangerous high oil concentrations on the littoral (tidal and tidying zone), especially on the sandy shore, in these cases the concentration of oil remains high, and it causes much harm. But fortunately such cases are rare.

Usually, with disasters of tankers, oil quickly diverges on water, it is diluted, its decomposition begins. It has been shown that oil hydrocarbons can be carried out without harm to marine organisms through their digestive tract and even through the fabrics: such experiments were carried out with crabs, double mollusks, different types of small fish, and no harmful effects of indoor animals were detected.

1.5 Other water pollution

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, widely used as means of combating pests of agriculture and forestry, with carriers of infectious diseases, for many decades, together with the runoff of rivers and flow through the atmosphere in the world ocean. DDT and its derivatives, polychlorbiphenyls and other sustainable connections of this class are now found everywhere in the World Ocean, including the Arctic and Antarctic. They are easily soluble in fats and therefore accumulate in the organs of fish, mammals, seabirds. Being xenobiotics, i.e. substances of fully artificial origin, they do not have among the microorganisms of their "consumers" and therefore almost do not decompose in natural conditions, but only accumulate in the World Ocean. At the same time, they are sharply toxic, affect the hematopoietic system, suppress enzymatic activity, strongly affect heredity.

Together with the river runoff across the ocean, heavy metals are received, many of which have toxic properties. The total river flow is 46 thousand km of water per year. Together with him in the world ocean, up to 2 million tons of lead, up to 20 thousand tons of cadmium and up to 10 thousand tons of mercury. The highest levels of pollution have coastal water and inland seas. A considerable role in the pollution of the World Ocean plays the atmosphere. For example, up to 30% of all mercury and 50% of lead entering the ocean is transferred annually through the atmosphere. In its toxic action in the marine environment, a special danger represents mercury. Under the influence of microbiological processes, toxic inorganic mercury turns into a much more toxic organic forms of mercury. Accumulated due to bioaccumulation in fish or in molluscs, the compound of methylated mercury is a direct threat to the life and health of people. Recall at least the infamous disease "Minamato", called the name from the Japanese bay where the poisoning of local residents of mercury was clearly manifested. She took a lot of lives and undermined the health of many people who used sea products from this bay, at the bottom of which there was a lot of mercury from the waste of the nearby plant. Mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, chrome, arsenic and other heavy metals are not only accumulated in marine organisms, thereby poisoning sea food, but the most adversely affects the inhabitants of the sea. The accumulation coefficients of toxic metals, i.e., the concentration of them per unit of weight in marine organisms relative to sea water, change over wide range - from hundreds to hundreds of thousands, depending on the nature of metals and types of organisms. These coefficients show how harmful substances are accumulated in fish, mollusks, crustaceans, plankton and other organisms. The scale of pollution of the products of the seas and oceans is so great that in many countries the sanitary standards are established for the content of these or other harmful substances in them. It is interesting to note that at the concentration of mercury in water, only 10 times more of its natural content, pollution of oysters already exceeds the norm established in some countries. This shows how close is the limit of pollution of the seas, which cannot be crossed without harmful consequences for the life and health of people.

2. Possible solutions

In order to avoid a water crisis, new technologies for cleaning and disinfection of water, its desalization, as well as methods of its reuse are being developed. However, in addition to scientific research, there are effective methods of organizing control over water resources of countries: unfortunately, in most states, several organizations are engaged in the use and planning of water resources (in the US, more than twenty different federal agencies are engaged in these). This topic has become the main for the Nature Scientific Journal of March 19, 2007. In particular, Mark Shannon (Mark Shannon) and his colleagues from Illinois University in Erbane-Champane (USA) reviewed new scientific developments and new generation systems in the following areas: disinfection of water and removal of pathogens without using an excessive chemical reagent and the formation of toxic side products; detection and removal of pollutants in low concentration; Reuse of water, as well as desalination of sea and water from inland reservoirs. What is important, these technologies should be relatively inexpensive and useful in developing countries.

2.1 Water purification

Disinfection is especially important in developing countries of Southeast Asia and subsacher: it is there that pathogens living in water are most often caused by mass disease. Along with the pathogenic organisms, such as helminths (worms), the simplest unicellular, mushrooms and bacteria, enhanced danger represent viruses and prions. Free chlorine is the most common in the world (as well as the cheapest and one of the most efficient) disinfector - perfectly copes with intestinal viruses, but is powerless against the CPRVUM or mycobacterium causing diarrhea. The situation is complicated by the fact that many diseases of diseases live in thin biofilms on the walls of water pipes.

New effective disinfection methods should consist of several barriers: removal using physicochemical reactions (for example, coagulation, sedimentation or membrane filtering) and neutralizing with ultraviolet and chemical reagents. Regarding the photochemical neutralization of pathogens, the light of the visible spectrum began to use again, and in some cases it is effective to efficiently combine the combination of UV with chlorine or with ozone. True, this approach sometimes causes adverse harmful substances: for example, carcinogen bromal may appear on the action of ozone in water containing bromide ions.

In India, where the need for disinfection of water is quite acute, zavleva water is used for these purposes.

In developing countries, disinfection technology has been used by water terephthalate polyethylene bottles (PET) with, firstly, sunlight, secondly, sodium hypochloride (this method is used mainly in rural areas). Thanks to chlorine, it was possible to reduce the frequency of gastrointestinal diseases, however, in areas where ammonia contains ammonia and organic nitrogen in water, the method does not work: with these substances chlorine forms compounds and becomes inactive.

It is assumed that in the future, disinfection methods will include the effect of ultraviolet and nanostructures. Ultraviolet radiation is effectively in the fight against bacteria living in water, with cysts of the simplest, but does not act on viruses. Nevertheless, ultraviolet is able to activate photocatalytic compounds, for example, titanium (TiO2), which in turn are able to kill viruses. In addition, new compounds, such as TiO2 with nitrogen (Tion) or with nitrogen and some metals (palladium), can be activated by the emission of the visible part of the spectrum, which requires less energy costs than with ultraviolet irradiation, or even just sunlight. True, such installations for disinfection have extremely small performance.

Another important task in purification of water is the removal of harmful substances from it. There is a huge amount of toxic substances and compounds (such as arsenic, heavy metals, halogen-containing aromatic compounds, nitrosoamines, nitrates, phosphates and many others). The list of presumably harmful substances is constantly growing, and many of them are toxic even in insignificant quantities. Detect these substances in water, and then remove them in the presence of other, non-toxic impurities, the content of which can be an order of magnitude higher, is difficult and expensive. And among other things, this search for one toxin may interfere with the detection of another, more dangerous. Methods for monitoring pollutants are inevitably associated with the use of complex laboratory equipment and attracting qualified personnel, so it is very important wherever possible to find inexpensive and relatively simple ways to identify pollution.

It is important here and a kind of "specialization": for example, arsenic trioxide (AS-III) times in 50 toxic than pentoxide (AS-V), and therefore it is necessary to measure their content together, and separately, for subsequent neutralization or removal. The existing methods of measurement or have a low limit of accuracy, or require qualified specialists.

Scientists believe that a promising direction in the development of methods for detecting harmful substances is the Molecular Recognition Method (Molecular Recognition Motif), based on the use of sensory reagents (like a familiar with a lactium paper school), along with micro or nanofulation (Micro / Nanofluidic Manipulation) and Telemetry. Such biosensory methods can also be applied to pathogenic microborovamm living in water. However, in this case, it is necessary to monitor the presence of anions in water: their presence can neutralize enough effective - under other conditions - methods. Thus, when processing water ozone, the bacteria is dying, but if BR- ions are in water, there is oxidation to Bro3, that is, one type of contamination changes to another.

water opposite side. In accordance with the laws of hydrostatics, water seeps through the membrane, cleansing to the road. In general, there are two ways to combat harmful substances - an influence on a microclash with the help of chemical or biochemical reagents until it proceeds to a non-hazardous shape, or its removal from water. This issue is resolved depending on the terrain. So, in the wells to Bangladesh use Sono filtration technology, and in the factories in the US - reverse osmosis (Reverse Osmosis), to solve the same problem - removal from the water arsenic.

The reverse osmosis system used in the USA: water pressure from the other side of the synthetic membrane, where pollutants are located, exceeds the pressure of the refinement of the opposite side. In accordance with the laws of hydrostatics, water seeps through the membrane, cleansing to the road.

Currently, organic harmful substances in water are trying through reactions to turn into innocent nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Serious anionic pollutants, such as nitrates and perchlorates, are removed using ion exchange resins and reverse osmosis, and toxic brines is drained into storages. In the future, bimetallic catalysts may be used to mineralize these brine, as well as active nanocatalysts in the membranes for the transformation of anions.

2.2 Reuse of water

Now, nature protection specialists selflessly dream of reuses of industrial and urban wastewater, previously informed to the quality of drinking water. But in this case, it is necessary to deal with a huge number of all sorts of pollutants and pathogens, as well as organic substances that should be removed or transformed into harmless compounds. Consequently, all operations increase and complicate.

Urban wastewater usually undergo treatment in sewage treatment plants, in which microbes that remove the organic and remains of food substances are in suspended state, and then in the excretizing tanks, where solid and liquid fractions are separated. Water after such purification can be cast into surface reservoirs, as well as used for limited irrigation and some factory needs. Currently, one of the actively introduced technologies is membrane bioreactor (Membrane Bioreactor). This technology combines the use of biomass suspended in water (as in conventional sewage treatment plants) and aqueous micro and ultra-thin membranes instead of sumps. Water after the ICBM can be freely used for irrigation and for factory needs.

The ICBR can also bring more benefits in developing countries with poor sewage, especially in fast-growing megalopolis: they allow you to handle directly wastewater, separating the useful substances, clean water, nitrogen and phosphorus. MBR is also used as preliminary treatment of water for reverse osmosis; If then process its UV (or photocatalytic substances reacting to visible light), it will be suitable for drinking. In the future, it is possible that the system for "reuse of water" will consist only of two stages: ICBM with a nanofiltration membrane (which will eliminate the need for a reverse osmosis stage) and a photocatalytic reactor, which will serve as a barrier for pathogens and destroy organic pollutants with a small molecular weight. True, one of the serious obstacles is the rapid clogging of the membrane, and the success of the development of this direction of water purification largely depends on the new modifications and the properties of the membrane.

The laws on the protection of the environment are a considerable barrier: in many countries, reuse of water for utilities is strictly prohibited. However, due to the shortage of water resources, it changes: so, in the US, the reuse of water increases annually by 15%.

2.3 Depression of salty water

Increase fresh water with the help of desalination of the waters of the seas, oceans and saline inland reservoirs is a very seductive goal, because these reserves are 97.5% of all water on Earth. The technologies of desalination stepped far ahead, especially over the past decade, but still they require a lot of energy and investment, which holds back their distribution. Most likely, the proportion of large water densities in the traditional (thermal) method will decrease: they spend too much energy and strongly suffer from corrosion.

It is assumed that the future for small desalination systems designed for one or more families (this applies mainly to developing countries).

Modern technologies of desalination use membrane separation using reverse osmosis and temperature distillation. The restraining factors for the development of desalination are, as already mentioned, high energy consumption and operating costs, rapid pollution of the membranes of installations, as well as the problem of utilization of the salt brine and the presence of low molecular weight pollutants in water, for example, boron.

The prospects of research in this direction is determined primarily by a decrease in the specific costs of energy, and here there is no definite progress: if in the 1980s, they averaged 10 kWh / m3, then they are currently reduced to 4 kWh / m3. But there are other important progress: the creation of new materials for membranes (for example, from carbon nanotubes), as well as the creation of new sewage biotechnology.

It remains to hope that in the coming years, science and technology are really much stepped forward - after all, even staying for many almost inconspicuous, the ghost of the water crisis has long wandered not only in Europe, but also around the world.

Conclusion

The problem of ensuring proper quantity and quality of water is one of the most important and has a global value.

Currently, humanity uses 3.8 thousand km3 water annually, and you can increase consumption to a maximum of up to 12 thousand km3. At the current growth rate of water consumption, this is enough for the next 25-30 years. Ringing groundwater leads to deposits of soil and buildings (Mexico City, Bangkok) and a decrease in the levels of groundwater for dozens of meters (manila).

Since the population on Earth is continuously increasing, then the needs in clean fresh water are still tirelessly. Currently, the lack of fresh water is experiencing not only territories that nature have sentenced water resources, but many regions that have recently considered prosperous in this regard. Currently, the need for fresh water is not satisfied in 20% of the city and 75% of the rural population of the planet.

The limited supply of freshwater is even more reduced due to their pollution.

The main danger is wastewater (industrial, agricultural and domestic). The latter, falling into surface and underground water sources, pollute them with harmful toxic impurities, dangerous to human health, as a result of which the already limited reserves of fresh water are reduced. A person needs pure high-quality fresh water and only in his power to keep her reserves.

LISTUsedSources

1. Materials of the scientific journal Nature for 2007

2. Artamonov, V.I. Plants and purity of the natural environment. - M.: Science, 1986. - 206 p.

3. Nichardze, G. I. Technology for cleaning natural waters. - M.: Higher School, 1987. - 132 p.

4. Posynova, E.V. Technical means of environmental protection. - M., 1980. - 158 p.

5. Voronkov, N. A. Ecology. - M.: Aar, 2000. - 257 p.

With younger classes, we are taught that man and nature are one that you can not separate one of the other. We know the development of our planet, the features of its structure and device. These areas affect our well-being: the atmosphere, soil, the water of the earth is, perhaps, the most important components of the normal life of a person. But why then every year environmental pollution goes further and gets out of all big scales? Let's consider the main environmental problems.

Environmental pollution, under which the natural medium is also understood and the biosphere is an increased content of physical, chemical or biological reagents that are not characteristic of this medium listed from the outside, the presence of which leads to negative consequences.

Scientists have been alarming about a close ecological catastrophe for several decades. Conducted studies in different areas lead to the conclusion that we are already faced with global climate change and the external environment under the influence of human activity. Pollution of the oceans due to leaks of oil and petroleum products, as well as garbage reached the huge scale, which affects the reduction of populations of many species of animals and the ecosystem as a whole. The growing number of machines each year leads to a large emission into the atmosphere, which, in turn, leads to the drainage of land, abundant precipitation on the continent, to reduce the amount of oxygen in the air. Some countries are already forced to bring water and even buy canned air, since production has spoiled the environment in the country. Many people have already realized the danger and very sensitively react to negative changes in nature and the main environmental problems, but we still perceive the possibility of disaster, as something unnecessary and distant. Is it really or a threat close and immediately need to do something - let's understand.

Types and main sources of environmental pollution

The main types of pollution class environmental pollution sources themselves:

biological;
chemical
physical;
mechanical.

In the first case, environmental pollutants are the activities of living organisms or anthropogenic factors. In the second case, there is a change in the natural chemical composition of the polluted sphere by adding other chemicals to it. In the third case, the physical characteristics of the environment are changing. These types of pollution include thermal, radiation, noise and other types of radiation. The last type of pollution is also associated with human activity and waste emissions to the biosphere.

All kinds of contaminants may be present as separately by themselves and flow from one to another or exist together. Consider how they affect the separate areas of the biosphere.

People who have undergone long way in the wilderness will certainly be able to call the price of every drop of water. Although most likely these drops will be priceless, because the life of a person depends on them. In ordinary life, we, alas, give water not as great importance, because it has a lot of it, and it is available at any time. Only in the future it is not quite so. In percentage ratio, only 3% of the entire global stock of fresh water remained ungubble. Understanding the importance of water for people does not prevent a person to pollute the important source of life of oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, radioactive substances, inorganic pollution, sewer and synthetic fertilizers.

In polluted water, contains a large number of xenobiotics - substances, alien organisms of a person or an animal. If such water falls into the food chain, it can lead to serious food poisoning and even a fatal outcome of all chain participants. Of course, it is also contained in the products of volcanic activities that pollute water and without human assistance, but the activities of the metallurgical industry and chemical plants have the prevailing importance.

With the advent of nuclear research, nature is prone to quite significant harm in all areas, including water. The charged particles that have fallen into it bear great harm to living organisms and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Waste waters of factories, ships with nuclear reactors and just rain or snow in the zone of nuclear testing can lead to water infection with decomposition products.

Sewer stocks carrying a set of garbage: detergents, food residues, small household waste and more, in turn contribute to the reproduction by other pathogenic organisms, which, if a person's injury, give a number of diseases such as abdominal typhoids, dysentery and others.

Perhaps it does not make sense to explain how much soil is an important part of a person's life. Most of the food that the person feeds is powered by soil: from cereal crops to rare species of fruits and vegetables. So that it continues further, it is necessary to maintain the condition of the soil at the proper level for the normal cycle of water. But anthropogenic pollution has already led to the fact that 27% of the planet lands are subject to erosion.

Soil contamination is to enter it toxic chemicals and garbage in high quantities that impede the normal flow cycle of soil systems. Main sources of soil pollution:

residential buildings;
industrial enterprises;
transport;
agriculture;
nuclear power.

In the first case, the soil contamination occurs due to the usual garbage, which is ejected in the wrong places. But the main reason should be called dumps. Gained waste leads to clogging of large areas, and burning products spoil the soil is irretrievably, taking the whole environment.

Industrial enterprises throw out many toxic substances, heavy metals and chemical compounds that affect not only on the soil, but also on the lives of living organisms. It is this source of pollution leads to technogenic soil pollution.

Transport emissions, hydrocarbons, methane and lead, falling into the soil, affect the food chains - enter the human body through food.
Excessive fallout of land, pesticides, pesticides and fertilizers, which contain sufficient mercury and heavy metals, lead to significant soil erosion and desertification. Abundant irrigation can also be called a positive factor, as it leads to saline of the soil.

Today, they burst in Earth to 98% of radioactive waste of nuclear power plants, mainly uranium splitting products, which leads to degradation and depletion of land resources.

The atmosphere in the form of a gaseous shell of the Earth is greater value, because it protects the planet from cosmic radiation, affects the relief, determines the climate of the Earth and its thermal background. It is impossible to say that the composition of the atmosphere was homogeneous and only with the advent of man began to change. But it was after the start of active activity of people, the heterogeneous composition "enriched" with dangerous impurities.

The main pollutants in this case are chemical plants, fuel and energy complex, agriculture and cars. They lead to the appearance of copper, mercury, mercury, and other metals. Of course, in industrial zones, air pollution is most felt.

The thermal power plants carry light and heat into our homes, however, in parallel, they throw away a huge amount of carbon dioxide, and soot into the atmosphere.
The cause of acid rains are waste emitted from chemical plants, for example, sulfur oxide or nitrogen. These oxides can be reacted with other elements of the biosphere, which contributes to the appearance of more destructive compounds.

Modern cars are quite good for design and technical characteristics, but the problem with the atmosphere has not yet been able to solve. The ash and fuel processing products not only spoil the atmosphere of cities, but also settle on the soil and lead to its disrepair.

In many industrial and industrial areas, the use has become an integral part of life precisely because of environmental pollution by plants and transport. Therefore, if you are concerned about the condition of the air in your apartment, with the help of a bizer you can create a healthy microclimate at home, which, unfortunately, does not cancel the planer problems of environmental pollution, but at least it allows you to protect yourself and loved ones.

Water is one of the most important natural resources, and in our power to prevent its pollution. Minor changes in habits, for example, the use of natural cleaning products instead of toxic chemicals at home, growing trees and flowers in the garden, can play great importance. For more large-scale changes, try not to silence the facts of the discharge of dirty stocks of enterprises in local reservoirs. Any action can lead to a positive result.

Steps

Changes in household habits

Use as little chemicals as possible when cleaning at home. This simple step can significantly affect the situation. The use of such toxic chemicals as bleach or ammonia is not only harmful to water resources, but they simply do not need. Natural cleaning products are also effective for housekeeping, but they do not harm the environment and water resources of the planet.

Dispose of waste correctly. Never drain waste into sewage, which are not decomposed. When you use toxic substances, such as paints or ammonia, take action on their proper disposal. If you do not know how to properly dispose of them, consult in the rack of dangerous waste collection or look for information on the Internet. Here is a list of some substances that can never be drained into the sewer:

Paints
Motor oil
Solvents and cleaners
Ammonia
Chemicals for the pool

Do not wash off the medication in the sewer. Medicines are made from substances that may be harmful to the environment. If you have overdue medicines, hand them out to the reception point of hazardous waste, for example, mobile reception points - "Ekomobili". So medications will not fall into the reservoir, do not harm people and animals.

Do not wash the garbage into the sewer. Washed in the toilet such objects such as diapers, wet wipes, plastic applicators from tampons, you can create sewage problems. In addition, these items will clog rivers and lakes, and it can destroy fish and other river and marine inhabitants. Instead of flushing such items in the toilet, respectively, simply throw them away into the garbage.
- You can use tissue diapers, dustproof toilet paper, biodegradable tampons to minimize items that ultimately turn out to be on the landfill.
Save as much water as possible. Water savings are very important to maintain water resources of the planet. Cleaning drinking water and water to keep a household requires a lot of effort and energy resources, so save as much water as possible, especially during drought. Here are some useful habits that will help you save water:

Try not to use plastic. Since plastic is not biodegradable, it accumulates in rivers, lakes, seas, because he has nowhere else to go. For example, a large Pacific garbage stain, or an oriental trash can, or the Pacific "grudge" - rubbish accumulated in the Pacific Ocean. Garbage, polluting rivers, sea and lake, damages marine inhabitants and people. If possible, use glass containers or fabric packages instead of plastic.
Collect and compost garden waste. If waste is stored as hit, they can get into the sewer, ditch, drains. Even if your waste does not contain herbicides and pesticides, a large number of branches, leaves, beveled herbs can overstat the water with nutrient elements.
- Store compost in the box or barrel, so that the compost does not blur over the site. In some countries, such drawers are provided free of charge, or at a low price.
- Use a lawnmower with mulching instead of a lawn mower with a bag for collecting grass. The mulching lawn mower adds a natural layer of compost on your lawn, and you also do not need to deal with the utilization of bevelled grass.
- Properly dispose of garden waste and beveled grass. If you do not have a compost, learn whether there are points to dispose of such waste in your area.
Follow the status of your car. If gasoline or other liquids leaks in the car, remember that they enter the input through the soil. Conduct the inspection of the machine regularly, eliminate all malfunctions in a timely manner.
- In addition to the above, do not forget to properly utilize the engine oil instead of just pouring it into the sewer.
Distribution of your ideas and achievements
1. Be active in school or at work. At school or at work, you can take the same steps as at home. Examine the Rules of the School or Office, determine which areas it is necessary to make changes to improve the situation with the state of water and the environment as a whole. Engage friends, teachers, colleagues in this process, tell them about the possibilities of preserving water purity.
  - For example, you can recommend environmentally friendly cleaning facilities at your school or office, tell which of these funds are most effective.
  - You can arrange signs that resemble people about the need to save water in the kitchen and in the bathroom.
2. Help clean the garbage around the reservoirs. If you live near the local water source, you can do a lot in order to protect it from pollution. Find out whether the subbates are organized by the cleaning of the territories near the water reservoir, be sure to participate in such cleaning as a volunteer to clean the banks of the river, lakes, the sea.